测试对英语教学的反拨作用
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英语测试及其对英语教学的反拨作用作者:黄晶来源:《青年文学家》2013年第22期摘要:英语测试是英语教学过程中不可或缺的一部分,两者相互作用,相辅相成。
英语测试对英语教学有着正面的和负面的反拨作用。
正面的反拨作用可以促进教学,反面的反拨作用则会阻碍英语教学的发展。
本文将从后效研究的角度阐述英语测试对教学产生的影响,并提出了具有针对性的建议,以提高英语教学水平。
关键词:英语测试;反拨作用[中图分类号]:G633.41 [文献标识码]:A[文章编号]:1002-2139(2013)-22--01一、引言20世纪40年代,为了检测语言教学与语言学习的效果,产生了语言测试。
此后,语言测试和语言教学便成了一个密不可分的整体。
英语测试是检验英语教学和教学评估的重要手段,教学方法的好坏,教材的可试用性,教学大纲的科学性和合理性,都集中反映在教学测试的效果之后。
因此,英语测试是衡量英语教学效果的重要工具,英语测试对英语教学有着非常大的影响,这种影响就是反拨作用。
二、英语测试对英语教学的反拨作用根据测试对教和学的影响的性质,反拨作用可分为正面的反拨作用和负面的反拨作用。
1.英语测试对英语教学的正面反拨作用测试是随着教学而产生的,并且它服务于教学。
正是测试对教学有服务的作用,才有了它存在的可能性。
因此,测试必然会对教学有着积极的指导和检验作用。
首先,英语测试为学习者提出了一个学习的目标,这个目标即语言学习者努力学习的一个动机,而学习动机正是影响英语语学习者的自身因素当中最重要的因素之一。
其次,英语测试为教学提出了一个目标标准,使得教师在教学过程中及时对其教学方法、教学内容做出调整,想尽一切办法的使学生达到目标标准的要求,加快了语言学习者的学习进程。
所以一个好的测试能良好的促进学习者的学习。
此外,测试对对教师积极的帮助作用,使教师更具有热情投入到教学的工作当中去。
第三,测试也具有规范教材和测试使课程设计科学化的作用。
高考对高中英语阅读教学的反拨作用论文【摘要】语言测试的反拨作用指的是测试对教学产生的影响。
高考英语中的阅读理解部分在英语语言测试的发展中比重很大,与高中英语阅读教学有着密切的关系,对其具有反驳作用。
对此,本文就高考对高中英语阅读教学反拨作用进行了深入分析,以期促进高考对英语教学的正面反拨作用,避免其负面反拨作用,进而促进高中英语教学。
一、语言测试反驳作用的内涵语言测试作为一种实现教学目标和评价教学质量的手段必然会对外语教学产生其中一种影响,这就是休斯所说的反拔效应。
至于反拔效应的定义,不同的学者有不同的观点,休斯对反拔的定义为测试对教学的影响。
并且他认为反拔效应可能是积极的或消极的。
肖哈密将反拔效应定义为外部语言测试是影响和驱动学校教育中外语学习和作用。
麦克纳马拉认为反拔效应是测试对教学的影响,他相信测试在决定学生生活机遇,影响教师和学生名誉方面扮演着重要角色。
不管在定义反拔效应上存在多少差异,但广大学者都有一个共识,即反拔效应是测试对学校教学的影响,而这种影响既是积极的也是消极的。
许多学者都对决定反拔效应性质的因素感兴趣,在何种程度上测试能直接导致教学的变化还有其他哪些因素会影响反拔效应的性质。
一项测试的测试内容的测试方法与教学目的出现分歧,极可能它将产生有害的反拨作用。
巴克曼指出积极反拔效应将会在测试过程中反映出课堂中所教授的能力和技能是产生作用的。
这意味着测试效度越高,其产生的积极反拔效度越大。
但受教学系统中其他因素的影响,一个不好的测试也可能产生积极的反拔效度,而一个好的测试也有可能产生消极的反拔作用。
因此也可以说任何一个测试无论好坏,如果它能刺激学生的学习动机,促进教师的教学活动,我们就可以说这项测试产生积极的反拔效度。
但测试质量并不是决定反拔作用性质的唯一决定性因素,测试的能力和权威促使政策制定者将它作为控制教育体系,课程和新的教学方法的有效工具。
任何测试都可能在其中一情况下产生有益作用。
教海探索高中英语写作测试对英语写作教学的反拨作用研究倪勇摘要:在新课程改革背景下,高中英语越来越强调提升学生的听说读写综合能力。
写作测试作为高中英语的重要教学手段,可以很好地测试学生的英语词汇与语法知识,考察学生的语言表达能力。
因此,本文对写作测试的反拨作用进行了深入研究,以期更好地运用写作测试提升学生的英语写作能力,提升课堂教学效果。
关键词:高中英语;写作测试;反拨作用随着新课程改革的不断深化,我国各个省份都对高中英语写作进行了积极的改革,很多省份都提高了英语写作的分值,以期利用写作测试更好地推进高中英语写作教学,促进学生写作水平的提高。
因此,在这样背景下,英语输出技能的提升成为高中英语教学的重要教学目标,高中英语教师要加强对写作测试的研究,以期设计合理的写作测试题型,促进教学效率的提升,打造高质量高中英语课堂,培养学生英语学科核心素养。
一、反拨影响因素写作测试对高中写作教学效果的提升具有重要的推动作用,具体表现在宏观因素、微观因素和考试因素等多个方面。
在教学实践中,这些因素互相联系,互为作用,产生一系列积极的或消极的反拨作用。
其一,教师对于教学内容的理解。
教师对英语写作测试考察内容的理解对于教学效果有着直接的影响,有些高中英语教师没有很好地理解教学目标的需要,导致写作测试偏离正确的方向,降低了教学效果,不利于学生英语水平的提升。
其二,课时安排。
高中英语写作课需要具备充足的教学时长,但是在具体教学中,大量的学校活动和英语教材教学等占用了写作时间,学生写作锻炼不够。
其三,写作测试自身特征。
在现行教育体制下,英语教学还是以应试教育为主,学校和教师普遍重视学生英语成绩的提升,忽略了学生英语输出技能的提高。
二、反拨作用研究(一)革新教学理念为了有效地转变传统教学模式,真正地实现从知识型输送变为综合应用能力提升的教学模式,促进学生英语综合能力的提升,教师要与时俱进,革新教学理念,制定针对性的教学策略,提升学生的写作能力。
英语A级能力测试对我校公共英语模块教学的反拨作用摘要:英语应用能力测试是衡量教学有效性的一个重要尺度。
根据英语应用能力测试a级试题的特点与答题技巧,文章探讨如何将英语教学与测试答题技巧相结合,实现“以学促考、以考促用”的教学目标,提高我校公共英语模块教学质量。
关键词:英语a级能力测试题型特点答题技巧英语教学英语应用能力测试是根据我国高专院校英语教学的实际情况和社会发展的需要,依据高专院校英语教学“实用为主,够用为度”的方针设计适合高专特点的测试,它主要考查考生的英语应用能力,并为之提供一套合理的评价标准。
如何培养学生英语实用能力,实现高专层次大学英语教学“学一点、会一点、用一点”和“边学边用、学用结合”的目标,必须密切学科的系统性与培养实际应用能力之间的关系,实现“以学促考、以考促用”的教学目标。
本文以长沙师范学校公共英语教学为例,结合我校非英语专业学生的特点和英语能力a级试题的特点探讨我校公共英语教学模式,提高学生英语应用能力水平和过级通过率。
一、英语应用能力a级试题的特点英语应用能力a级测试部分包含听力、词汇语法、阅读理解、翻译和写作五大部分。
听力测试内容分为五个简短对话、两篇会话和一篇短文,共15分。
词汇语法题主要考查学生的词汇语义理解、词形转换和句法结构,其中单项选择题10道,每题0.5分,填空题10道,每题1分。
阅读理解为四篇一般性及应用性语篇和一个匹配题。
语篇中有两篇为单项选择题,共10道,每题2分;一篇为5道填空题,即根据语篇的主要意思,进行总结概述填空,每题1分;另一篇为5道简答题,根据语篇提供的信息回答问题,每题1分;匹配题5道,每道含2个小题,每小题0.5分,主要考查学生对一些术语词和应用性词汇的了解。
翻译测试为英译汉,包含句子翻译和段落翻译。
句子翻译为4道多项选择题,选最佳答案,分值依次为2、1、0.5、0分,段落翻译1个为12分,通常为应用文体。
写作为应用性短文或信函,包含摘要、产品介绍、广告、合同、通知、申请书等,形式有套写应用性短文、信函,填写英文表格和翻译简单的实用性文字,写作分数为15分。
高考英语测试对高中英语教学的反拨效应研究IntroductionEducation is a fundamental aspect of society that shapes the future of individuals, communities, and nations. In recent years, one of the primary measures of the success of a student's education has been standardized tests, such as the high school graduation exams or the college entrance exams. Standardized testing has become the norm within the education system globally. While these tests have been created with the intention of determining student preparedness, they have created negative consequences, especially when it comes to high school English education. This essay aims to examine the adverse effects of standardized testing on high school English education, and how it affects student cognition, classroom experiences, and the overall education system.Adverse effects of standardized testing on high school English Education1. Narrow FocusOne of the primary negative effects of standardized testing is that it results in a narrow focus on specific subjects that students are required to be tested on. This focus mostly eliminates the inclusion of other creative activities such as storytelling, poetry, and public speaking. High school English classes become more mechanical rather than insightful, and students may not develop important critical thinking skills, which are important in the practical world.2. Reduced Classroom TimeThe high school English curriculum is usually broad due to the numerous literacy concepts and skills covered. However standardized testing limits the amount of time that students can spend on each topic. This situation forces teachers to focus only on testable content, which on occasions includes only short readings, multiple-choice questions, vocabulary, and basic grammar skills. The time lost in preparation for these tests greatly affects the quality of high school English education.3. Rote MemorizationAnother disadvantage of standardized testing is that it heavily emphasizes retention of information through rote memorization. This method does not support the development of authentic learning experiences, one of which is the ability to use knowledge applicably. This outcome can lead to a lack of engagement and motivation in students concerning learning of important concepts in English class.4. Undermining of classroom learningStandardized testing mostly assesses the student's cognitive capacity in a restricted way, hence giving little attention to their ability to apply learned concepts outside the classroom. This situation makes it harder for teachers to develop curriculum that cater to students' unique interests and abilities. In turn, this leads to students who become overly reliant on test-based assessments at the expense of genuine learning experiences.5. Reduced instructional qualityPedagogical approach alteration in classrooms preparing students for standardized tests is most evident in reduced instructional quality. Teachers focus on revising testable content, practicing test-taking skills, and competing with other teachers and high schools on test score grades. Therefore, limited attention is given to construct student-led learning that content is relevant to their daily lives. This attitude is detrimental to high school students' intellectual and creative development.6. Narrow Usage of the curriculumStandardized testing reduces the high school English curriculum to a selective few subjects that are in line with what is to be tested. This situation gives no room for exploration, and learning that is not in line with what is tested is rarely explored. For instance, while standardized testing has a bias for grammar instruction, it downplays critical reading, creative writing, and oral presentation skills, all of which are critical components of English instruction.ConclusionThe effect of standardized testing on high school English education is negative. Education stakeholders must start to consider meaningful instructional strategies while valuing the diversity of student populations. Standardized testing must no longer be the only criteria for assessing high school students' preparedness for higher education or employment. As such, the development of engaged and critical thinkers should be the primary goal of Englishinstruction, and not test scores.Effects of Standardized Testing on Student CognitionStandardized testing has been shown to narrow the focus of high school English education to such an extent that critical thinking processes are often minimized, if not eliminated altogether. In effect, students are taught to think within the parameters of the standardized test, which can prevent them from reflecting on the material and choosing different approaches to get to their conclusions. By overemphasizing memory retention, standardized tests fail to encourage students to analyze and synthesize knowledge, which impairs their long-term learning capacity.Moreover, students who are not adept at taking standardized tests tend to perform poorly on them, reducing their motivation for learning altogether. While such students may still have sound knowledge of the subject material, these achievements often go unrecognized. Consequently, such students may go on to struggle with other academic subjects as a result of reduced confidence and self-esteem levels.Classroom ExperiencesThe negative effects of standardized testing are also seen in high school English classrooms. Teacher-centered instruction that focuses solely on what needs to be measured in the test takes precedence over interactive, student-centered learning. The result is a restricted learning environment with limited opportunities for students to engage and construct their own understanding of the material. In this environment, students become disengaged and lessinvested in the educational process.Standardized testing can also encourage a culture of 'cramming' where students learn last-minute and are fixated on the grade rather than the understanding of the subject material. Rather than learning actual skills, students become skilled at identifying the right answer from multiple choices, which does not always correlate with real-world problems or scenarios.The education system overallStandardized testing, while not inherently bad or flawed, has been implemented with limited flexibility and applied in an arbitrary manner. Standardized exams have become the embodiment of a high-stakes culture that is tied to funding, teacher performance ratings, and even school closures. Thus, the implicit message that seeps through classrooms is that test scores are more important than learning itself.Educational policymakers must recognize that students are more than merely test scores and value them as such. They should also recognize that test scores alone do not provide a complete picture of student learning. Instead, educators must foster a culture where assessment and evaluation are based on a balanced approach, which takes into account other factors such as student portfolios, projects, and teacher evaluations.ConclusionIn summary, standardized testing has been shown to have negativeeffects on high school English education. The consequences of this approach are many, including reducing the curriculum to a few standardized subjects, lowering instructional quality, and impacting student cognition. The narrow focus of standardized tests can undermine the larger goal of education, which is to promote learning, critical thinking, and creativity. Efforts must be made to reduce the impact of standardized tests on education and value the diversity and talents of all students. Teachers should also be given the freedom to design engaging and appropriately challenging English instruction, that caters to the needs of all students.As an AI language model, I am not capable of having preferences as humans do. However, based on research and data, standardized testing has been shown to have negative effects on student cognition and educational quality. It is important to recognize these issues and work towards implementing more balanced and diverse approaches to assessment and evaluation.。
外语教学与研究2020.5英语教学与英语测试贯穿于整个英语教学过程。
因为测试对教师的教和学生的学具有正面反拨作用,所有千百年来测试一直被沿用。
当然反拨也有负面反拨,也可能对教学产生负面影响。
那么掌握测试与教学的双向正面作用将有助于提升教师的英语教学工作。
测试不是教与学的终极目标,只是教学过程的一种手段。
因此对单元测试进行系统的研究,使教师和学生在教学和测试中做到完整统一。
1.测试的反拨作用的理论基础Alderson &Wall(1993)就语言测试的反拨效应进行了全面剖析,并提出15个反拨效应假设(Washback Hypothesis),即测试会影响教学、学习、教学内容、教学方法、学生的学习内容、学习方法、教与学的速度和顺序、教与学的程度和深度、教与学的态度、重要的测试才有反拨效应,1996年,Alderson 又补充说明测试会对不同的教师和学生产生不同程度和类别的反拨效应。
Shohamy (2001)非常认同把反拨作用视为考试效度不可分割的一部分(Messick1989,1996;Linn1997),并提出了以语言运用为中心的语言测试,明确指出了考试反拨作用的重要性。
2.初中英语单元测试的反拨作用分析单元测试是按照教学进度安排的测试,利用单元测试,教师可以获取某个学生,或者全体学生的阶段性学习状态,也以此来检验自己的教学是否有效,目标是否达成。
如果单元测试适应Alderson &Wall 测试的反拨作用假设,那么测试将对教学产生积极正面的反拨影响,反之,将产生负面消极的影响。
积极的影响将引导教师了解学生的学习状态,及时调整教学手段和教学方法。
根据对比试验,进行单元测试和阶段性测试的实验班级,教学有序,成绩稳步提升,教师对学生的学情较为了解,教学手段也在不断更新,测试对教学起到了促进作用,因为测试为教师提供了学生掌握知识点情况的精准数据。
使得教师能够不断实现自己的阶段性教学目标。
初中英语测试对教学的反拨效应及策略摘要:语言测试的目的就是为了检测语言教学的效果,语言测试与教学之间紧密不分,语言测试对语言能力的表现行为能够做出的客观的标准化的测量。
语言测试对英语教学有着正向和负向的反拨效应,如何才能更好的利用语言测试对英语教学的正向反拨作用以及如何应对语言测试产生的负面反拨效应是我们应该思考的问题。
关键词:初中英语;英语测试;反拨效应;教学策略1.反拨效应的定义“反拨效应”通常指的是测试对教师教学以及学生学习所产生的影响。
上世纪,英国的一些著名语言学家将“反拨效应”应用并且推广到语言学领域。
本文主要是指中考英语测试对初中英语学习及教学的影响,任何的测试都具有一定的反拨效应,与教和学产生正面反拨效应及负面反拨效应。
正面反拨效应是指测试教师的教学对学生的学习产生积极的影响;负面反拨效应是指测试对教师的教学和学生的学习产生的消极影响。
反拨效应主要包括学生、教师与家长、教师的教与学生的学等方面。
1.如何强化语言测试对教学的正面反拨效应(一)转变教学思想,科学教学与考试首先教师要转变思想,科学定位语言测试的目标,明确语言测试的目标应该是提高学生英语能力,培养英语听说读写译技能。
在命题的时候要依据当时的课程计划、教学内容,并根据测试学的理论知识来进行命题。
使学生在逼真的语言环境中解决问题。
从学生的角度来看,来到学校就是为了学习知识,提高自身的英语能力,要将学生从纯粹的应试考试的学习中解脱出来。
由于语言测试与英语教学的紧密关系,只有运用科学的测试才能有助于教学方法的改进,更好的为教学服务,进而提高英语的教学质量。
(二)改进教学方法改进传统的教学方式,将大班上课改为小组教学,保证每个学生都有机会进行语言交流学习,还可以变被动学习为主动学习,提高学生学习的主动性和积极性,将课堂的中心转移到学生身上,让每个学生积极的参与到课堂教学的任何环节,进而推动了学生的语言综合能力。
(三)端正教师与学生在英语教学中对语言测试的态度英语教学过程中的最重要因素就是教师和学生,从某种意义上说语言测试就是对老师教学水平和学生学习能力的一个考评。