Checklist for Starter

14 590 36 Rev. --XT650, XT675, XT775Owner's ManualIMPORTANT:Read all safety precautions and instructions carefully before operatingequipment. Refer to operating instruction of equipment that this engine powers.Ensure engine is stopped and level before performing any maintenance or service.Warranty coverage as outlined in the warranty card and on . Please review carefully as it provides your specifi c rights and obligations.To maintain compliance with applicable emission regulations, exhaust system backpressure may not exceed limits which can be found on . Search by Model No., then select Specs tab.Kohler Engines has published CO2 values on website.Record engine information to reference when ordering parts or obtaining warranty coverage.Engine Model Specifi cation Serial Number Purchase DateEN ESSFRC214 590 36 Rev. -- Explosive Fuel can cause fiand severe burns.Do not fitank whileengine is hot or running.Gasoline is extremelyWARNINGHot Parts can cause severe burns.Do not touch engine while operating or just after stopping.Never operate engine with heat shields or guardsremoved.WARNINGRotating Parts can cause severe injury.Stay away while engine is in operation.Keep hands, feet, hair, and clothing away from all moving parts to preventinjury. Never operate engine with covers, shrouds, orguards removed.WARNING AccidentalStarts can cause severe injury or death.Disconnect and ground spark plug lead(s)before servicing.Before working on engine or equipment, disable engine as follows: 1) Disconnect spark plug lead(s). 2) Disconnect negative (–)battery cable from battery.WARNINGCarbonMonoxide can cause severe nausea, fainting or death.Avoid inhaling exhaust fumes. Never runengine indoors or in enclosed spaces.Engine exhaust gases contain poisonous carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is odorless, colorless, and can cause death if inhaled.WARNING: A hazard that could result in death, serious injury, or substantial property damage.CAUTION: A hazard that could result in minor personal injury or property damage.NOTE:is used to notify people of important installation, operation, or maintenance information.CAUTIONElectrical Shock can cause injury.Do not touch wires while engine is running.WARNING: This product can expose you to chemicalsincluding carbon monoxide and benzene, which are known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. For more information go to.Visit for service parts information and purchasing options.Pre-Start Checklist1. Check oil level. Add oil if low. Do not overfi ll.2. Check fuel level. Add fuel if low. Check fuel system components and lines for leaks.3. Check and clean cooling areas, air intake areas and external surfaces of engine (particularlyafter storage).4. Check that air cleaner components and all shrouds, equipment covers, and guards are in placeand securely fastened.5. Check spark arrestor (if equipped).14 590 36 Rev. 3414 590 36 Rev. -- 5. Gradually return choke control to OFF position after engine starts and warms up. Engine/equipment may be operated during warm up period, but it may be necessary to leave choke partially on until engine warms up.1. Use proper oil for temperature expected.2. Disengage all possible external loads.3. Use fresh winter grade fuel. Winter grade fuel has higher volatility to improve starting.Stopping1. If possible, remove load by disengaging all PTO driven attachments.2. If equipped, move throttle control to slow or idle position; stop engine.3. If equipped, close fuel shut-off valve.Refer to operating instructions of equipment this engine powers. Do not operate this engine exceeding maximum angle of operation; see specifi cation table. Engine damage could result from insuffi cient lubrication.NOTE: Do not tamper with governor setting toincrease maximum engine speed. Overspeed is hazardous and will void warranty.If this engine is operated at an altitude of4000 ft. (1219 meters) or above, a high altitude carburetor kit is required. To obtain high altitude carburetor kit information or to fi nd a Kohler authorized dealer, visit or call 1-800-544-2444 (U.S. and Canada).This engine should be operated in its original confi guration below 4000 ft. (1219 meters).Operating this engine with the wrong engine confi guration at a given altitude may increase its emissions, decrease fuel effi ciency and performance, and result in damage to the engine.WARNINGCarbon Monoxide can cause severe nausea, fainting or death.Avoid inhaling exhaust fumes. Never run engine indoors or in enclosed spaces.Engine exhaust gases contain poisonous carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is odorless, colorless, and can cause death ifinhaled.WARNINGRotating Parts can cause severe injury.Stay away while engine is in operation.Keep hands, feet, hair, and clothing away from all moving parts to prevent injury. Never operate engine with covers, shrouds, or guards removed.NOTE: Choke position for starting may varydepending upon temperature and other factors. Once engine is running and warm, turn choke to OFF position.NOTE: Extend starter cord periodically tocheck its condition. If cord is frayed have it replaced immediately by a Kohler authorized dealer.1. Turn fuel shut-off valve to ON position (if equipped).2. Turn engine on/off switch to ON position (if equipped).3. Start engine as follows: a. Manual Choke Models: Cold engine: Place throttle control to FAST position. Pull choke control into CHOKE/ON position.Warm engine: place throttle control to RUN/FAST position.orb. Smart-Choke ™ Models: this feature automatically adjusts choke on start-up.4. Retractable Start: Slowly pull starter handle until just past compression-STOP! Return starter handle; fi rmly pull straight out to avoid excessive rope wear from starter rope guide. Electric Start: Key switch (refer to operating instructions of equipment that this engine powers).514 590 36 Rev. ENWARNINGBefore working on engine or equipment, disable engine as follows: 1) Disconnect spark pluglead(s). 2) Disconnect negative (–) battery cable from battery.Accidental Starts can cause severe injury or death.Disconnect and ground spark plug lead(s) before servicing.Normal maintenance, replacement or repair of emission control devices and systems may beperformed by any repair establishment or individual; however, warranty repairs must be performedby a Kohler authorized dealer found at or 1-800-544-2444 (U.S. and Canada).Oil RecommendationsWe recommend use of Kohler oils for best performance. Other high-quality detergent oils (including synthetic) of API (American Petroleum Institute) service class SJ or higher are acceptable. Select viscosity based on airCheck Oil LevelNOTE: To prevent extensive engine wear ordamage, never run engine with oil level below or above operating range indicator on dipstick.Ensure engine is cool. Clean oil fi ll cap/dipstick areas of any debris.1. Remove dipstick; wipe oil off .a. 1/4 turn cap: reinsert dipstick into tube; press completely down and turn 1/4 turn.orb. Threaded cap: reinsert dipstick intotube; rest cap on tube, do not thread cap onto tube.2. Remove dipstick; check oil level. Level should be at top of indicator on dipstick.3. If oil is low on indicator, add oil up to top of indicator mark.4. Reinstall and secure dipstick.Change oil while engine is warm.Dipstick tube:1. Clean area around oil fi ll cap/dipstick.2. Remove oil fi ll cap/dipstick. Tilt engine on itsside with air cleaner facing up. Drain oil into appropriate container.3. After crankcase is drained completely, tiltengine upright.4. Fill crankcase with new oil. Level should beat top of indicator on dipstick.5. Reinstall oil fi ll cap/dipstick and tightensecurely.6. Dispose of used oil in accordance with localordinances.Crankcase plug:1. Disable engine by disconnecting spark plug.2. Clean area around oil fi ll cap/dipstick.Remove oil fi ll cap/dipstick.3. Remove crankcase plug on bottom ofengine; drain oil into appropriate container.4. Apply thread sealant around three fullthreads of drain plug; reinstall drain plug.Torque to 120 in. lb. (13.6 N·m).5. Fill crankcase with new oil. Level should beat top of indicator on dipstick.6. Reinstall oil fi ll cap/dipstick and tightensecurely.7. Dispose of used oil in accordance with localordinances.Explosive Fuel can cause fiand severe burns.ll fuel tank while engine ishot or running.Gasoline is extremely fl ammable andits vapors can explode if ignited. Store gasoline only in approved containers, inwell ventilated, unoccupied buildings, awayames. Spilled fuel couldand should NOT be used; eff ects ofold, stale or contaminated fuel are notwarrantable.Fuel must meet these requirements:● Clean, fresh, unleaded gasoline.● Octane rating of 87 (R+M)/2 or higher.● Research Octane Number (RON) 90 octaneminimum.● Gasoline up to 10% ethyl alcohol, 90%unleaded is acceptable.● Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) andunleaded gasoline blend (max 15% MTBE by volume) are approved.● Do not add oil to gasoline.● Do not overfi ll fuel tank.● Do not use gasoline older than 30 days.Explosive Fuel can cause fiand severe burns.ll fuel tank while engine ishot or running.Gasoline is extremely fl ammable andits vapors can explode if ignited. Store gasoline only in approved containers, inwell ventilated, unoccupied buildings, awayames. Spilled fuel could1. Clean area around fuel cap.2. Remove fuel cap. Fill to base of fi ller neck.Do not overfi ll fuel tank. Leave room for fuel to expand.3. Reinstall fuel cap and tighten securely.Fuel LineLow permeation fuel line must be installed on carbureted Kohler Co. engines to maintain EPA and CARB regulatory compliance.614 590 36 Rev. --ENCAUTIONElectrical Shock can cause injury.Do not touch wires while engineis running.Clean out spark plug recess. Remove plug andreplace.1. Check gap using wire feeler gauge. Adjustgap, see specifi cation table for adjustment.2. Install plug into cylinder head.3. Torque plug to 20 ft. lb. (27 N·m).NOTE: Operating engine with loose ordamaged air cleaner componentscould cause premature wear andfailure. Replace all bent or damagedcomponents.NOTE: Paper element cannot be blown outwith compressed air.Loosen knob and remove air cleaner cover.Precleaner (if equipped):1. Remove precleaner.2. Replace or wash precleaner in warm waterwith detergent. Rinse and allow to air dry.3. Reinstall precleaner into cover, aligning holein precleaner with upper cover knob.Paper Element:1. Remove paper element from base andreplace.2. Install element with pleated side out and seatrubber seal onto edges of base.Foam Element:1. Remove foam element from base andreplace.2. Install element with foam side out and seatrubber seal onto edges of base.Reinstall air cleaner cover and secure withknob.Ensure both ends of breather tube are properlyconnected.WARNINGHot Parts can cause severeburns.Do not touch engine whileoperating or just after stopping.Never operate engine with heat shields orguards removed.Proper cooling is essential. To prevent overheating, clean screens, cooling fi ns, and otherexternal surfaces of engine. Avoid sprayingwater at wiring harness or any electricalcomponents. See Maintenance Schedule.We recommend that you use a Kohlerauthorized dealer for all maintenance,service, and replacement parts for engine.To fi nd a Kohler authorized dealer visit or call 1-800-544-2444(U.S. and Canada).StorageIf engine will be out of service for 2 months ormore follow procedure below.1. Add Kohler PRO Series fuel treatment orequivalent to fuel tank. Run engine 2-3minutes to get stabilized fuel into fuel system(failures due to untreated fuel are notwarrantable).2. Change oil while engine is still warm fromoperation. Remove spark plug(s) and pourabout 1 oz. of engine oil into cylinder(s).Replace spark plug(s) and crank engineslowly to distribute oil.3. Disconnect negative (-) battery cable.4. Store engine in a clean, dry place.7 14 590 36 Rev. Do not attempt to service or replace major engine components, or any items that require specialtiming or adjustment procedures. This work should be performed by a Kohler authorized dealer.*Exceeding maximum angle of operation may cause engine damage from insuffi cient lubrication. Additional specifi cation information can be found in service manual at .Any and all horsepower (hp) references by Kohler are Certifi ed Power Ratings and per SAE J1940 & J1995 hp standards. Details on Certifi ed Power Ratings can be found at .Emission Control SystemExhaust Emission Control System for models XT650, XT675, XT775 is EM for U.S. EPA, California, and Europe.NOTE: Tampering with the engine and its emission control system voids the EPA Certifi cate of Conformity, ARB Executive Order, and EU type-approval.814 590 36 Rev. --。

checklist英文作文Title: The Importance of Checklists in Daily Life。

Checklists play a crucial role in various aspects of our lives, aiding us in organization, productivity, and efficiency. Whether it's for work, travel, or daily tasks, checklists serve as a valuable tool to ensure nothing is overlooked and everything is completed accurately and on time.Firstly, checklists are instrumental in enhancing productivity. By listing down tasks that need to be accomplished, individuals can prioritize their work effectively. This prevents them from feeling overwhelmed by the multitude of tasks they need to complete, allowing them to focus on one task at a time and complete it efficiently before moving on to the next.Moreover, checklists serve as a guide, ensuring that nothing important is forgotten or overlooked. Inprofessions where precision and accuracy are paramount, such as aviation and healthcare, checklists are indispensable tools for ensuring that every step of a complex process is followed meticulously. For example, in the aviation industry, pilots rely on pre-flight checklists to verify that all safety procedures have been adhered to before takeoff, reducing the risk of human error and enhancing passenger safety.In addition to improving productivity and accuracy, checklists also contribute to better organization. By breaking down larger tasks into smaller, manageable steps, individuals can approach their work systematically, making it easier to track progress and stay on schedule. This is particularly beneficial in project management, where large-scale projects require careful planning and execution. A well-structured checklist ensures that all aspects of the project are accounted for, from initial planning stages to final implementation, thereby minimizing the risk of delays or oversights.Furthermore, checklists promote consistency andstandardization, especially in industries where adherence to protocols and procedures is crucial. For example, in the healthcare sector, medical professionals use checklists to ensure that patient care is delivered consistently and according to established guidelines. This not only improves patient outcomes but also reduces the likelihood of medical errors and malpractice.Moreover, checklists are invaluable tools for personal development and self-improvement. By creating a checklist of personal goals and aspirations, individuals can track their progress and hold themselves accountable for their actions. Whether it's learning a new skill, adopting healthier habits, or achieving professional milestones, a well-designed checklist serves as a roadmap for personal growth and development.In conclusion, checklists are indispensable tools that enhance productivity, accuracy, organization, and consistency in various aspects of our lives. Whether in professional settings or personal endeavors, the use of checklists enables individuals to streamline processes,mitigate risks, and achieve their goals more effectively. By harnessing the power of checklists, we can optimize our time, resources, and efforts, ultimately leading to greater success and fulfillment in both our professional and personal lives.。

雅思听力场景词汇之购物篇shopping n. 购物，买东西动词shop的现在分词形式general n. 一般,将军,大体adj. 一般的,普遍的v. 指挥,作...将军mall n. 林荫大道,商业街,购物商场purchase n. 购买, 购买的物品n. 支点; 紧握, 抓紧vt. 购买, 赢得; (用设备)举起, 移动customer n. 顾客，家伙budget n. 预算vt. 编预算,为…做预算vi. 节省开支adj. 不贵的，廉价的subscription n. 签名,同意,签署物,订阅retail n. 零售vt. 零售adj. 零售的adv. 以零售形式wholesale n. 批发adj. 批发的, 大规模的, 草率的adv. 大规模, 照批发, 草率地bargain n. 交易,买卖,物美价廉的东西vi. 议价vt. 议价交易discount n. 折扣, 贴现率vt. 打折扣, 贴现, 不重视，不全信vi. 贴现, 减息贷款rebate n. 回扣vt. 减少, 变钝vi. 减少receipt n. 收据invoice n. 发票, 发货单, 货物vt. 开票, 寄发票, 开清单price tag n. 价格标签label n.标签；称标记，符号；[建] 门或窗户上面的线脚vt.贴标签于；把…称为；把…列为；[化]用放射性元素使（元素或原子等）示踪sale price n. 特价promotion n. 促进,提升,推广article n. 文章,物品,条款,冠词vt. 定契约item n. 项目,条款，一件商品（或物品）adv. 也display n. 显示,陈列,炫耀vt. 显示,表现,夸示convenience store n.(全天或长时间营业的)便利商店boutique n. 专卖流行衣服的小商店grocery n. 杂货店grocer n. 食品杂货商, 杂货店checklist n. (核对用的)一览表worksheet n. (学生的)活页练习题，工作记录表cotton n. 棉花,棉vi. 向…讨好，明白，领悟nylon n. 尼龙（复数）nylons：女长袜wool n. 毛线,毛织品,羊毛velvet n. 天鹅绒，[俚语]赌博赢的钱；意外的赢利(或收益) adj. 天鹅绒的silk adj. 丝的n. 丝, 绸rubber adj. 橡胶的n. 合成橡胶,橡胶timber n. 木材,木料model n. 模型, 模范, 模特儿adj. 模范的, 作模型用的v. 做模型, 塑造, 模仿stripe n. 条纹vt. 使...带有条纹的pattern n. 图案, 式样, 典范v. 以图案装饰; 仿造, 模仿texture n. 质地；纹理；结构；本质，实质size n. 尺寸, 大小vt. 按大小排列(或分类) adj. 一定大小的vt. 用...填充(某物)small adj. 小的,少的adv. 些许地n. 狭小部分average n. 平均数,平均水平adj. 一般的,通常的,平均的vt. &vi. 取平均值，达到平均水平demand n. 要求; 需求v. 要求, 查问; 需要supply n. 补给,供给,供应，贮备vt. 补给,供给,提供,提供足够以满足must aux.必须；必然要；（做出逻辑推断）；（表示坚持）n.必须做的事，必不可少的事物；葡萄汁；霉臭；麝香vt.& vi.（表示必要或很重要）必须；（提出建议）应该；得；（表示很可能或符合逻辑）一定adj.不可或缺的；狂暴的goods n. 货物, 商品sample n. 样品,标本vt. 采样,品尝adj. 样例的parcel n. 包裹，小包vt. 打包；捆扎cosmetics n. 化妆品souvenir n. 纪念品perfume n. 香水,香气v. 洒香水于,薰香stationary adj. 不动的(稳定的) n. 固定物(驻军)ink n. 墨水paper clip 纸夹，回形针balloon n. 气球vt. 使膨胀vi. 如气球般膨胀,激增adj. 气球状的string n. 线,一串,字串vt. 串起,成串,收紧, 悬挂；系；扎vi. 给…装弦adj. 线的frame n. 框,结构,骨架v. 构成，把...框起来，陷害adj. 木结构的leather adj. 皮革制的n. 皮革vt. 用皮革覆盖, 鞭打raw material 原材料，素材tool n. 工具,用具,受人利用的人,印压的图案vt. 驾驶,用工具加工,印压图案于vi. 驾驶,用工具加工motor adj. 机动的,有引擎的，汽车的n. 发动机,马达，汽车vt. & vi. （用引擎）驱动moderate adj. 适度的, 稳健的, 温和的, 中等的v. 节制, 使...稳定, 使...缓和n. 稳健的人efficient adj. 效率高的,有能力的rare adj. 稀罕的, 罕见的, 珍贵的second-hand adj. 旧的,用过的essential adj.基本的；必要的；本质的；精华的n.必需品；基本要素；必不可少的东西precious adj. 宝贵的,珍贵的,矫揉造作的adv. 极其地fashionable adj. 流行的, 时髦的satisfactory adj. 令人满意的dangerous adj. 危险的,引起危险的sharp adj. 刺耳的,锋利的,急剧的adv. [时刻]正,准夏普(财富500强公司之一，总部所在地日本,主要经营电子电气)proper adj. 适当的,正确的,合适的,正当的,规矩的smooth adj. 平稳的,流畅的,安祥的,圆滑的,搅拌均匀的vt. 使光滑,磨光,安慰,理顺(羽毛) vi. 变光滑soft adj. 柔软的,温和的,不强烈的,细腻的,轻的adv. 柔软地,温和地n. 柔软的东西negative adj. 否定的,负的,消极的n. 底片，负数，否定vt. 否定expensive adj. 昂贵的,豪华的attractive adj. 有吸引力的, 引起注意的effective adj. 有效的,有影响的conservative adj. 保守的,守旧的n. 保守派(党),保守的人artificial adj. 人造的,虚伪的,武断的wealthy adj. 富有的n. 富人favourite adj. 特别喜爱的n. 特别喜爱的人(或物)reasonable adj. 合理的,有道理的,适度,通情达理的adv. 合理地comfortable adj. 舒适的,充裕的complex adj. 复杂的n. 复合体relevant adj. 相关的, 切题的, 中肯的man-made adj. 人造的，人为的chemical adj. 化学的n. 化学制品reliable adj. 可靠的,可信的cheap adj. 便宜的,品质低的,虚伪的adv. 便宜地distinctive adj. 有特色的,出众的masterpiece n. 杰作realistic adj. 现实的, 现实主义的useful adj. 有用的valuable adj. 贵重的, 有价值的n. (pl.)贵重物品solid adj. 固体的,结实的,可靠的,实心的n. 固体,实心transparent adj. 透明的, 明显的, 清晰的labour-saving adj. 省力的；降低劳动强度的helpful adj. 有帮助的, 有益的old-fashioned adj. 老式的，老派的，守旧的n. 古典鸡尾酒a range of 在...范围sophisticated adj. 复杂的；精致的；久经世故的；富有经验的v. 使变得世故；使迷惑；篡改（sophisticate的过去分词形式）magnificent adj. 壮丽的,宏伟的,极好的exotic adj. 异国的,外来的,奇异的,脱衣舞的n. (复数)异国风格的事物,脱衣舞者stunning adj. 足以使人晕倒的,极好的state-of-the-art adj.最新式的, 使用了最先进技术的, 顶尖水准的score n.得分；分数；总谱；20个v.得分；记分；评分；获得胜利restaurant n. 餐馆,饭店waiter n. 侍者,(男)服务员n. 托盘catering service 饮食服务canteen n.小卖部；食堂，小饭馆；水罐；餐具盒，炊具箱dining room n. 食堂take away vt. 拿走(减去, 解除)buffet n. 打击, 饮食柜台, 自助餐vt. 打击, 连续猛击adj. 受到非正式接待的(如同冷餐会般随意的)vending machine 自动贩卖机drive-in adj. 免下车的n. 顾客无需下车即可得到服务的餐馆menu n. 菜单plate n. 碟,盘,金属板,板块vt. 镀金,电镀,为...制印版,, 给...装钢板,用金属板固定bowl n. 碗, 物体的碗状部分, 季后赛, 圆形露天剧场vi. 打保龄球, 快速移动vt. 投球, 投球得分cup n. 杯子v. (使)成杯形vt. 使成杯形tray n. 盘,托盘,碟fork n. 叉,叉状物vt. &vi. 叉起,耙,成叉状knife n. 刀v. 用刀切割, 如刀割般spoon n. 匙,匙形的铲子vt. 以匙舀起napkin n. 餐巾,一小块布或毛巾,卫生巾tip n. 顶, 尖端, 小费，指点v. 提出建议或意见, 倾斜, 给小费, 轻触food n. 食物starter n. 起动机，发射架, 开端，发起者, 调度员，（竞赛的)参加者，（起跑或开车)发令员，开胃菜salad n. 色拉,凉拌生菜,杂烩chocolate n. 巧克力, 巧克力糖, 巧克力饮品adj. 巧克力的, 有巧克力糖衣的, 巧克力色的seafood n. 海产食品，海味herring n. 青鱼,鲱,紧密lemonade n. 柠檬水lean meat n. 瘦肉cheese n.奶酪；<俚>微笑vt.<俚>停止cake n. 蛋糕, 薄饼, 块状物, 小菜一碟(容易做成的事) vt. 涂厚厚的一层, 覆盖, 填满vi. 结成块hamburger n. 汉堡包sandwich n. 三明治vt. 插入,夹在中间juice n. 细胞液,内在本质,汽油,果汁,唾液, 体液vt. 加液体,榨出...的汁液mineral water 矿泉水nut n. 坚果,螺母, 螺帽,难对付的人(事) vi. 采坚果rice n. 稻,饭,米lentil n. 扁豆curry n. 咖哩粉, 咖哩饭菜vt. 用咖哩粉调味, 用马栉梳, 制革olive oil 橄榄油chicken n. 鸡,鸡肉,胆小,懦夫adj. 懦弱的,胆小的honey adj. 蜂蜜似的,深爱的n. (复数)蜂蜜,宝贝,爱人vt. 加蜜使甜,对...说甜言蜜语vi. 说甜言蜜语,奉承cigar n. 雪茄烟beef n. 牛肉v. 抱怨, 诉苦lamb n. 羔羊,小羊,羔羊肉,温顺的人vt. &vi. 产羊羔pork n. 猪肉联邦或州政府用以笼络人心的工程或款项noodle n. 面条bread n. 面包,食物,生计vt. 撒面包屑pizza n. 比萨饼french fries 炸薯条，炸土豆片hot dog n. 热狗(红肠面包)egg roll 鸡蛋卷butter n. 黄油,阿谀奉承vt. 涂黄油jam n. 果酱,拥塞之物,堵塞, 窘境vt. &vi. 挤,塞满,混杂bacon n. 咸肉,熏肉steak n. 牛排ham n. 火腿,后腿,股部和臀部,拙劣的表演者,业余无线电台的操作者vt. &vi. 表演过火,做戏sausage n. 香肠,腊肠turkey n. (Turkey)土耳其,火鸡,笨蛋,失败之作crab n. 蟹v. 捕蟹，使横行n. 爱争吵的人n. [植]山楂子v. 批评，抱怨shrimp n. 虾,瘦小的人事物vi. 钓虾oyster n. 牡蛎carrot n. 胡萝卜,报酬,好处chili n. 辣椒cucumber n. 黄瓜mushroom n. 蘑菇,菌菇状物,暴发户vi. 扩张,迅速增加,采蘑菇sweet potato 白薯, 山芋onion n. 洋葱broccoli n. 绿菜花,花椰菜cabbage n. 卷心菜,洋白菜cauliflower n. 花椰菜celery n. 芹菜corn n. 谷物,谷粒,陈词滥调,鸡眼vt. 使成颗粒状,用盐水腌制,用谷物喂vi. 变成颗粒garlic n. 大蒜lettuce n. [园艺] 生菜；莴苣；（美）纸币spinach n. 菠菜。

关于starter知识点总结IntroductionIn the world of engines and automobiles, a starter is an essential component. It is responsible for starting the engine by turning over the engine. The starter is a vital part of the vehicle's electrical system, and without a properly functioning starter, the vehicle will not be able to start. In this article, we will explore the various aspects of starter knowledge points, including the function of a starter, its components, types, working principles, common problems, and maintenance tips.Function of a StarterThe function of a starter is to provide the initial rotation for the engine to start. When the ignition key is turned, it activates the starter solenoid, which then engages the starter motor with the flywheel to turn the engine over. The starter motor draws power from the vehicle's battery to generate the necessary torque to start the engine. Once the engine is running, the starter disengages from the flywheel, and the engine takes over the power generation.Components of a StarterA typical starter system consists of several key components. These include the starter motor, solenoid, starter relay, ignition switch, and battery. The starter motor is a powerful electric motor that drives the engine's flywheel to start the engine. The solenoid is an electromagnetic switch that engages the starter motor with the flywheel when the ignition key is turned. The starter relay is a high-amperage switch that controls power to the starter motor. The ignition switch activates the starter system, while the battery supplies the necessary electrical power to the starter system.Types of StartersThere are two main types of starters: direct drive starters and gear reduction starters. Direct drive starters have a simple design and are usually used in smaller engines. They feature a direct connection between the starter motor and the flywheel. Gear reduction starters, on the other hand, use a gear reduction mechanism to increase torque output and reduce the load on the starter motor. They are commonly used in larger engines and heavy-duty applications.Working Principles of a StarterThe working principle of a starter involves several key steps. When the ignition key is turned, it sends an electrical signal to the starter solenoid, which then engages the starter motor with the flywheel. The starter motor draws power from the battery and generates the necessary torque to turn the engine over. Once the engine is running, the starter disengages from the flywheel, and the engine takes over the power generation. The entire process is controlled by the starter relay, which ensures the proper sequence of events.Common Problems with StartersLike any other automotive component, starters can experience various problems. Common issues with starters include worn-out brushes, damaged solenoids, faulty relays, and worn-out gear teeth. Additionally, starters can also suffer from electrical problems such as loose or corroded connections, damaged wiring, and a weak battery. These problems can result in symptoms such as slow cranking, clicking noises, or no start condition.Maintenance Tips for StartersTo ensure the proper functioning of the starter, regular maintenance is essential. Some maintenance tips for starters include checking the battery for proper voltage and connections, inspecting the starter motor for wear and tear, and testing the solenoid and relay for proper operation. Additionally, ensuring the flywheel and starter gear teeth are in good condition is important. Keeping the electrical connections clean and tight is also crucial for the proper functioning of the starter system.ConclusionStarters are vital components in the automotive world, and understanding their various aspects is important for proper vehicle maintenance and operation. By knowing the function of a starter, its components, types, working principles, common problems, and maintenance tips, vehicle owners and mechanics can effectively diagnose, repair, and maintain the starter system. This knowledge can help ensure the reliable starting of the engine and the overall performance of the vehicle.。

名词解释ADF:自动信标接收机,指示NDB电台的方位ALT:高度AP:自动驾驶仪ATIS:机场气象广播,包括风,能见度,云,修正海压,使用的跑道等等CHECKLIST:检查单,飞机起飞,爬升,平飞,下降,着陆前所作的的检查COM:甚高频通讯机,118.0-135.95MHZ,用于陆空对话及A TIS接收DME:测距机,用来测量DME台的距离EFIS:特指有阴极射线管的电子仪表系统FLAP:襟翼,机翼后缘可转动部分,通常用于起飞落地GEAR:起落架HDG:HEADING,航向IAS:指示空速ILS:精密仪表进近,俗称盲降,包括航向道和下滑道,引导飞机至60米高度NA V:甚高频导航接收机,108.00-117.95MHZ,用于接收VOR/DME及ILS信号NDB:导航用广播电台,可听见莫尔斯码TRANSPONDER:二次雷达应答机,采用8进制编码,自动报告飞机位置V1:起飞决断速度,高于此速度不可中断起飞,否则将冲出跑道Vr,(Rotate):起飞抬头速度VOR:全向信标机,提供稳定的方位信号AA/B Autobrake 自动刹车ABS Absolute 绝对ABV Above 上方A/C Aircraft；Air Conditioning 飞机；空调AC Alternating Current 交流电ACARS ARINC Communication Addressing and Reporting System 航空无线电通讯地址和报告系统ACC Aft Core Cowl 发动机后核心整流罩ACCEL Acceleration, Accelerate (d), Accelerometers 加速，加速度计ACIA Asynchronous Communication Interface Adapter 异步通讯接口转接头ACM Air Cycle Machine 空气循环机ACN Aircraft Classification Number 飞机分类编号ACMP Alternating Current Motor Pump 交流马达泵ACP Audio Control Panel 音响控制面板ACP Automatic Control Panel 自动控制面板ACPC AC Power Center 交流电源中心ACSC Air Conditioning System Controller 空调系统控制器ACSU Adjustable Cam Switch Unit 可调凸轮电门组件ACT Active 工作的,有效的,生效的,正在使用的ACU Air Conditioning Unit 空调组件3D (3-D) Three dimensional 三维的，立体的AD Airworthiness Directive 适航性指令A/D Analog-to-Digital 模拟-数字，模-数ADC Air Data Computer 大气数据计算机ADC Autodeploy Computer 自动放出计算机ADCU Autodeploy Control Unit 自动放出控制组件ADDR Address 地址，广播ADF Automatic Direction Finder 自动定向仪，无线电罗盘ADG Air Driven Generator 空气驱动发电机ADGPC ADG Power Center 空气驱动发电机电源中心ADI Attitude Director Indicator 姿态指引仪ADIRS Air Data Inertial Reference System 大气数据惯性基准系统ADIRU Air Data Inertial Reference Unit 大气数据惯性基准组件ADM Air Data Module 大气数据模件ADP Air Driven Pump 空气驱动泵ADS Air Data System 大气数据系统ADSHC Air Data Sensor Heater Controllers 大气数据传感器加温控制器ADV Advance 提前，预先AECU Audio Electronic Control Unit 音响电子控制组件AEPC APU/External Power Contactor APU/外部电源接头AFCS Automatic Flight Control System 自动飞行控制系统AFDS Autopilot Flight Director System 自动驾驶飞行指引系统AFM Airplane Flight Manual 飞机飞行手册（FAA批准）AFT Afterward 向后AGB Accessory Gearbox 附件齿轮箱AGC Automatic Gain Control 自动增益控制A/G Air/Ground 空中/地面，空/地AGL Above Ground Level 高于地面AH Alert Height 警戒高度AHC Attitude and Heading Computer 姿态和航向计算机AHRS Attitude and Heading Reference System 姿态和航向基准系统AHS Attitude Heading System 姿态航向系统AHM Attitude Hold Mode 姿态保持方式A/ICE Anti-Ice 防冰AID Aircraft Interface DiscrepancyAircraft Installation Delay 飞机接口误差（故障）飞机安装延误AIDS Aircraft Integrated Data System 飞机综合数据系统AIL Aileron 副翼AILC Anti-Ice and Leak Detection Controller 防冰与渗漏检测控制器AIS Audio Integrating System 音响综合系统ALIGN Aligning, Alignment 校准，对准ALPHA Alpha 字母，迎角ALT Altitude 高度ALT Altitude Hold (PFD/FD) 高度保持（主显/飞行指引仪上）ALT ACQ Altitude Acquire 高度获取ALT CAP Altitude Capture (PFD/FD) 高度截获（主显/飞行指引仪上）ALTM Altimeter 高度表ALTN Alternate 备用ALTS Altitude Select 高度选择AM Amplitude Modulation 调幅AMA Audio Monitor Adapter 音响监控接头AMB Ambient 外部，外界AME Amplitude Modulation Equivalent 等值调幅AMI Airline Modifiable Information 航线可变更信息AMM Aircraft Maintenance Manual 飞机维护手册AMP Amperes 安培AMPL Amplifier 放大（器）AMTOSS Aircraft Maintenance Task Oriented Support System 飞机维护任务保障系统AN/CDU Alternate Navigation on CDU 控制显示组件的备用导航ANN ANNUN Annunciator 告示牌，信号牌（灯）ANP Actual Navigation Performance 实际导航性能ANS Alternate Navigation System 备用导航系统ANT Antenna 天线AOA Angle of Attack 迎角AOC Airline Operational Communication Data Link 航空公司运作通讯数据链AOG Aircraft On Ground 停飞飞机，飞机停飞A/P Autopilot 自动驾驶仪AP Autopilot; Auxiliary Power 自动驾驶仪；辅助电源APC Auxiliary Power Control 辅助电源控制APC/EPC Auxiliary Power Contactor/External Power Contactor 辅助电源接触器/外部电源接触器APD Approach Progress Display 进近进程显示APD/CL Access Panels and Doors/Component Location 盖板和舱门/部件位置APL Airplane 飞机APM Airport Planning Manual 机场计划手册APP Approach 进近APPR Approach 进近APPROX Approximately 大约APR Automatic Power Reserve 自动功率储备APR Automatic Performance Reserve 自动性能储备APU Auxiliary Power Unit 辅助动力装置AR As Required 按需要ARINC Aeronautical Radio Incorporated 航空无线电公司ARM Aircraft Recovery Manual 飞机修复手册ARP Air Data Reference Panel 大气数据基准面板ARPT Airport 机场ARR Arrival 到达，进港A/S Airspeed；Antiskid 空速；防滞ASA Aircraft Separation Assurance 飞机之间间隔的确保（确保飞机之间的间隔）ASA Autoland Status Annunciator 自动着陆状态信号牌ASCA APU Starter-Contactor Assembly APU起动机接触器组件ASCV Anti-Skid Control Valve 防止控制活门ASYM Asymmetrical 不对称的ASCU Antiskid Control Unit 防滞控制组件ASI Airspeed Indicator 空速表A/SKID Anti-Skid 防滞ASP Audio Selector Panel 音响选择板ASR Airport Surveillance Radar 机场监视雷达ASSY Assembly 组件，组装Asym Asymmetric/Asymmetry 不对称A/T Autothrottle 自动油门ATA Actual Time of Arrival 实际到达时间ATA 100 Air Transport Association of America Specification No.100 美国航空运输协会第100号规范ATC Air Traffic Control 空中交通管制ATCRBS Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System 空中交通管制雷达信标系统ATD Advanced Training Device 先进训练设备ATE Auto Test Equipment 自动测试设备ATO Aborted Takeoff 中断（止）起飞ATP Acceptance Test Procedure 验收测试（试飞）程序ATR Automatic Throttle Retarder 自动收油门装置ATS Air Turbine Starter 空气涡轮起动机ATSCV Air Turbine Starter Control Valve 空气涡轮起动机控制活门ATT Attitude；Attendant 姿态ATTD Attitude，姿态；乘务员ATTND Attendant （空中）服务员AUTO Automatic 自动AUTO BAL Automatic Balance 自动平衡AUTOTHROT Autothrottle 自动油门ATTO XFER Automatic Transfer 自动转换AUX Auxiliary 辅助A V Avionics 航空电子设备A V AIL Available 存在，可用，有A VG Average 平均A VM Airborne Vibration Monitor 机载震动监视器AZ Azimuth 方位BB/AIR Bleed Air 引气，放气BAL Balance 平衡BARO Barometric Pressure 气压压力BA TT Battery 电瓶BAT Battery 电瓶BB Broad Band 宽带BBL Body Buttock Line 机身纵剖线B/CRS Back Course 背台航道B/C Back Course (Localizer) 背台航道（航道台）BDI Bearing Distance Indicator 方位距离指示器BCD Binary Coded Decimal 二进制-十进制编码BFN Binary Fractional Notation 二进分式计数法BFO Beat Frequency Oscillator 拍频振荡器BIT Built-In Test 自检，自测，内装测试BITE Built-In Test Equipment 自测设备，内装测试设备BK Break 中断，打断BKGRD Background 背景BKR Breaker 断电器BL Buttock Line 纵剖线BLD Bleed 引气，放气B/LEAK Bleed Leak 引气渗漏BLK Black; Block 黑色；块，堵塞，BLW Below 下方BMS Boeing Material Specification 波音材料规格（书）BMV Brake Metering Valve 剎车计量活门Bnr，bnr Burner 燃烧室BPCU Bus Power Control Unit 汇流条电源控制组件BPI Brake Pressure Indicator 剎车压力指示器BPSU Brake and Position Sensor Unit 刹车和位置传感器组件BRG Bearing 方位; 轴承BRK Brake 剎车（装置），制动（装置）BRT Bright; Brightness (stroke intensity control) 亮度（频闪灯亮度控制）BS, B/S Body Station 机身站位BSI Borescope Inspection 孔探仪检查BTB Bus Tie Breaker 汇流条连接接触器(断路器)BTBR Bus Tie Breaker Relay 汇流连接接触器继电器BTL Bottle 氧气瓶，灭火瓶BTMS Brake Temperature Monitoring System 刹车温度监视系统BTMU Brake Temperature Monitoring Unit 刹车温度监视组件BTS Bleed Temperature Sensor 引气温度传感器BUTE Bent-up Trailing Edge 上弯后缘BVCU Bleed Valve Control Unit 引气活门控制组件CC Center, Caution, Cable, Captain, Celsius, Cool，Cabin，Cycles 中心，注意，电缆，机长，摄氏，冷却，座舱, 循环CAA Civil Aviation Authority （英国）民航局Cab Cabin 客舱CAI Cabin Altitude Indicator 客舱高度指示器CAIV Cowl Anti-Ice Valves 整流罩防冰活门CAL Calibrate 校正，校准CAP Capture 载获CAPT or C Captain 机长CAS Calibrated Airspeed 校准空速CAS Crew Alerting System, Calibrated Airspeed 机组警告系统, 校准空速CAT Category 目录，类CA TII Category II 二类飞行标准CB C/B Circuit Breaker 跳开关，电路断路器CBIT Continuous BIT 连续自检CB Circuit Breaker （电路）跳开关CBP Circuit Breaker Panel 跳开关面板CBT Computer Based Training 计算机辅助飞行训练CBV Cross Bleed Valve 交叉引气活门CBW Cross Bleed Wing Valve 交叉引气机翼(防冰)活门CCA Circuit Card Assembly 电路板组件CCDL Cross Channel Data Link 交输通道数据链路CCP Compass Control Panel 罗盘控制面板CCW Counter-clockwise 逆时针反时针CDH Clearance Delivery Head 放飞主任CDI Course Deviation Indicator 偏航指示器CDL Configuration Deviation List 配置缺差清单，缺件清单CDP Compressor Discharge Pressure 压气机出口压力CDTS Compressor Discharge Temperature Sensor 压缩机出口温度传感器CDU Control Display Unit 控制显示组件CES Canadair Equipment Specification 加空设备规格（范）CESM Commercial Engine Service Memorandum 商用发动机服务备忘录CFM Cubic Feet Per Minute 立方英尺/分钟CFMI Joint company GE/SNECMA CFM国际公司（由美国的GE和法国的SNECMA联合的公司）CG Center of Gravity 重心CH Chapter, Channel 章，通道CHAN Channel 通道CHGR Charger 充电器，加注器CHR Chronometer 精密计时器，秒表CIT Compressor Inlet Temperature 压气机进口温度CK Check 检查CKPT Cockpit 驾驶舱CKT Circuit 电路CL Close 关闭，闭合C/L Centerline 中心线CLB Climb, Maximum Climb 爬高，爬升；最大爬升CLK Clock 时钟CLR Clear 清除CM Centimeters 厘米CMM Component Maintenance Manual 部件维护手册CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor 互补型金属氧化物半导体CMPS Compass 罗盘CMPTR Computer 计算机CNTRL，Cntrl Control 控制，操纵（机构）CO Carbon Dioxide；Company 二氧化碳；公司COAX Coax Coaxial 同轴（的）Col Column 驾驶杆，栏（目）COM Communication 通讯，连络Comb Combustor；Combination 燃烧室; 结合，组合COMM Communication 通讯，联络COMND Command 指令，指挥COMP Compartment; Comparator 舱; 比较器COMP Compressor；Compensate, Compensator 压气机；补偿补偿器COND Condition，conditioning; Continued 条件，状态；调节；继续CONFIG Configuration 配置，布局，形态CONN Connection 连接，接头CONT Control, Continuous, Contactor, Controller 控制,操纵,连续的,接触器,控制器COOL Cooling 冷却，散热CORR Correction 修正CPAM Cabin Pressure Acquisition Module 座舱压力采集组件CPC Cabin Pressure Controller 座舱压力控制器CPCP Cabin Pressure Control Panel 座舱压力控制面板CPCS Cabin Pressure Control System 座舱压力控制系统CPLT Copilot 副驾驶CPOST Computer Power-On Self-Test 计算机电源接通后自检CPT Cockpit Procedures Trainer 驾驶舱程序训练器cps Cycles per second 循环数/秒CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理器CRES Corrosion Resistant Steel 防（耐）腐钢CRF Compressor Rear Frame 压气机后框架CRS Course 航道，航线CRT Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管CRZ Cruise 巡航CSD Constant Speed Drive 恒速传动装置CSDB Collins Serial Data Bus 柯林斯串行数据总线CSEU Control System Electronics Unit 控制（操纵）系通电子组件CSI Cycles Since Installed 安装后（以来）循环数CSM Current Service Messages 当前勤务信息CSN Cycles Since New 总循环数CSU Centralized Strapping Unit, Configuration Strapping Unit 中央搭（连）接组件，配置连接组件CT Control Transformer 控制变压器CT Current Transformer 电流互感器CTA Current Transformer Assembly 电流互感器组件CTD Column Timer Decoder 柱状定时解吗器CTL Control; COMM/NA V Tuning Unit 控制；通讯导航调谐组件CTR; ctr Contour; Center 轮廓；中央，中心CU Copper 铜CU Control Unit 控制组件CVR Cockpit Voice Recorder 驾驶舱话音记录器cw Clockwise 顺时针CW Continuous Wave 连续波CWS Control Wheel Steering 驾驶盘操纵CWS Caution and Warning System 警告和提示系统DDA Drift Angle 偏流角，偏航角DA（H） Decision Altitude（Height）决断高度D/A Digital to Analog 数字-模拟DAC Digital to Analog Converter 数-模转换器DADC Digital Air Data Computer 数字式大气数据计算机DADS Digital Air Data System 数字式大气数据系统DAP Digital Audio Playback 数字式音响播放DB, dB Decibel 分贝DBU Data Base Unit 数据库组件DC Direct Current 直流电D&C Delays & Cancellations (飞行)延误和取消DCP Display Control Panel 显示控制面板DCPC DC Power Center 直流电源中心DCPCS Digital Cabin Pressure Control System 数字式座舱压力调节系统DCTCU Direct Current Tie Control Unit 直流连接条控制组件DCU Data Concentrator Unit 数据集中组件DCV Directional Control Valve 方向控制活门D/D Direct Descent 直接下降DDG Dispatch Deviations Guide 放飞缺件指南DDM Difference in Depth of Modulation 调制深度差DECEL，decel Decelerate 减速Deg Degree 度DEFL Defuel 放油，抽油DEL Delete 删除DEMUX Demultiplexer 信号分离器Den Density 密度DEP Departure 离港，离开DEPR Depressurize 释压, 减压DEPT Departure 离港，离场DES Descent 下降DEST Destination 目的地DET Detector 探测器DEV Deviation 偏离，偏差，缺差DFDAU Digital Flight Data Acquisition Unit 数字式飞行数据采集组件DFDR Digital Flight Data Recorder 数字式飞行数据记录器DFIS Designated Flight Instrument System 指定的飞行仪表系统DG Directional Gyro 方位陀螺DGAC Direction Generale I’Aviation Civile（法）民航总局DH Decision Height 决断高度dia Diameter 直径diag Diagonal 对角（线）的diag Diagram 图diam Diameter 直径DIFF，diff Difference, Differential 差，压差，差别的Dig, dig Digital 数字的Dim, dim Dimension 尺寸DIR，dir Direct; Direction 直接，直飞; 方向DISC Disconnect 脱开，断开DISCH Discharge 释放，放电，出口（气）DISEG, diseg Disengage 断开，脱开Disp disp Dispatch 派遣，放飞DIST Distance 距离DISTR, distr Distribution, or Distributor 分配，分配器DITS Digital Information Transfer System 数字信息转换系统Div, div Division 部分，一格，分隔DK Deck 舱DME Distance Measuring Equipment 测距机Dmax Maximum Diameter 最大直径Dmin Minimum Diameter 最小直径DN Down 下，向下，放下DNTKFX Down Track Fix 下航道（道）定位点DOT Department of Transport 运输部DP Differential Pressure 压差DPCT Differential Protection Current Transformer 差动保护电流互感器DPDT Double Pole Double Throw 双极双排（电门）DPI Differential Pressure Indicator 压差指示器，压差表DPST Double Pole Single Throw 双极单排（电门）DPL Detailed Parts List 详细零部件清单DPV Directional Pilot Valve 导流活门DR Dead Reckoning 推测领航DSDD Double Sided Double Density 双边双密度DSP Digital Signal Processor 数字式信号处理器DSP Display Select Panel 显示选择面板DSPL Display 显示，显示器DST Desktop Simulation Trainer 台式（计算机）模拟训练器DTG Distance To Go 待飞距离DTY dty Duty 负荷，负载，DU Display Unit 显示组件，显示器EEADI Electronic Attitude Director Indicator 电子姿态指引仪EAROM Electrically Alterable Read-only Memory 电可变只读存储器EAS Equivalent Airspeed 相应空速，等效空速EBS Engine Bleed System 发动机引气系统EBU Engine Build-up 发动机组装ECON，econ Economy 经济ECP EICAS Control Panel EICAS控制面板ECS Environmental Control System 环境控制系统ECU Electronic Control Unit 电子控制组件E/D End of Descent 下降结束，下降终点ED EICAS Display EICAS显示器ED1 EICAS Primary Display EICAS主显示器ED2 EICAS Secondary Display EICAS副显示器EDP Engine Driven Pump 发动机驱动泵EDU Electronic Display Unit 电子显示组件E/E Electrical/Electronic 电气/电子（设备）EEC Electronic Engine Control 电子发动机控制装置EED Engine Exceedance Data 发动机超限数据EFD Electronic Flight Display 电子飞行显示器EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory 电气可抹除可编程只读存储器EFH Engine Flight Hours 发动机飞行小时EFI Electronic Flight Instrument 电子飞行仪表EFIS Electronic Flight Instrument System 电子飞行仪表系统EGT Exhaust Gas Temperature 排气温度EHSI Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator 电子水平状态指示仪EHSV Electro Hydraulic Servo Valve 电子液压伺服活门EICAS Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System 发动机指示和机组警告系统EIS Entry into Service 投入使用EIU Engine Interface Unit 发动机接口组件EL Elevation 标高ELCU Electrical Load Control Unit 电气负荷控制组件Elec elec Electrical 电电气Elev elev Elevator 升降舵Elex elex Electronics 电子设备ELT Emergency Locator Transmitter 应急定位发射机ELEC Electrical 电气的，电的ELVE Elevator 升降舵EMER, EMG Emergency 应急EMF/emf Electromotive Force 电动势EMI Electromagnetic Interference 电磁干扰EMU Engine Maintenance Unit 发动机维护组件Enbl enbl Enable 接通, 导通，使。

HMI—Human Machine Interface（人机界面）HTML—Hyper Text Markup Language（超文本链接标示语言）CM——Control Module控制模块SCM——Sequential Control Module顺序控制模块CPM——Control Processing Module控制处理模块CEE——Control Execution Environment控制执行环境CNI——Control Net Interface控制网络接口C200——Control processor控制处理器RM——Redundancy Module冗余模块IOMs——input/output Modules输入/输出模块SCE——Simulation Control Module模拟控制模块ACE——Application Control Module应用控制模块IOLIM——IO Link Interface Module接口模块FIM——Fieldbus Inerface Module现场总线模块PMIO—Process Manager Input/Output流程管理器输入/输出FTA-Field Termination AssembliesIOP——Input/Output Processor (card)输入/输出处理器（卡）ERDB——Engineering Repository Database工程数据库EMDB—Enterprise model database企业模型数据库RTDB—Real Time Database实时数据库ODBC—Open Database Connectivity开放式数据库连接SQL—Structured Query Language结构化查询语言PV—Process Value工艺价值SCADA—Supervisory control and data acquisition监督控制和数据采集FTE-fault tolerant Ethernet容错以太网CP-control processor控制处理器CNI-control net interface控制网接口FTEB-fault tolerant Ethernet bridge容错以太网桥RM-redundancy module冗余模块FIM-fieldbus interface module现场总线接口模块OPC-OLE for process control用于过程控制ACE-application control environment（应用控制环境）DSA-distributed system architecture分布式系统架构CEE-control execute environment控制执行环境ES-CE --Console Extension Station控制扩展控制站ES-F --Experion Flex StationES-C --Experion Console StationFTA--Field Termination Assembly (for Serial Interface) CDA server ：Contorl Data Access Server 控制数据接入服务器OPC：OLE for process controlDSA：disbuted system Architecture 分布式系统结构FTE：fault tolerant Ethernet 容错以太网RTD：热电阻T/C：热电偶PIM：pulse Input Module 脉冲输入模块SIM：Serial Interface Module 串口接口模块SIEMENS PLC常用英语缩写表集散控制系统——Distributed Control System（DCS）现场总线控制系统——Fieldbus Control System（FCS）监控及数据采集系统——Supervisory Control And Data Acqusition（SCADA）可编程序控制器——Programmable Logic Controller（PLC）可编程计算机控制器——Programmable Computer Controller（PCC）工厂自动化——Factory Automation（FA）过程自动化——Process Automation（PA）办公自动化——Office Automation（OA）管理信息系统——Management Information System（MIS）楼宇自动化系统——Building Automation System人机界面——Human Machine Interface（HMI）工控机——Industrial Personal Computer（IPC）单片机——Single Chip Microprocessor计算机数控（CNC）远程测控终端——Remote Terminal Unit（RTU）上位机——Supervisory Computer图形用户界面（GUI）人工智能——Artificial Intelligent（AI）智能终端——Intelligent Terminal模糊控制——Fuzzy Control组态——Configuration仿真——Simulation冗余——Redundant客户/服务器——Client/Server网络——Network设备网——DeviceNET基金会现场总线——foundation fieldbus（FF）现场总线——Fieldbus以太网——Ethernet变频器——Inverter脉宽调制——Pulse Width Modulation（PWM）伺服驱动器——Servo Driver软起动器——Soft Starter步进——Step-by-Step控制阀——Control Valver流量计——Flowmeter仪表——Instrument记录仪—— Recorder传感器——Sensor智能传感器——Smart Sensor智能变送器——Smart Transducer虚拟仪器——Virtual Instrument主站/从站——Master Station/Slave station操作员站/工程师站/管理员站——Operator Station/Engineer Station/Manager StationDCS画面常用常用缩写词语1ST1级FRQ频率A报警FSH末级过热器ADS自动调度系统FSSS炉膛安全监测系统AGC自动发电机控制FW给水AH空气预热器FWP给水泵AS轴向位移GC高压调门控制ATC汽轮机自动控制GEN发电机AUTO自动GV（高压）调节汽门AUX辅助的HH高高BASE基本HAV暖通BCP炉水循环泵HDR联箱，集箱BD排污HP高压缸BF锅炉跟随HTR加热器BFP锅炉给水泵IC中压调门控制BMCR锅炉最大连续出力ID标志，标识BMP燃烧器管理系统IDF引风机BOP轴承油泵IMP冲动式（级）BP旁路INCR提高，增加BRG轴承INTERM定期，间断BTG锅炉－汽机－发电机IV中压调门C切换LL低低CAF冷却风机LDC负荷指令计算机CAMP控制＋报警＋监测＋保护LOP顶轴油泵CCCW闭式循环冷却水Lp低压CCS协调控制系统LSH低温过热器CDSR凝汽器LUB润滑油COND凝结MANU手动（方式）CON连续的MCR最大连续出力COOR连续的MCS模拟量控制系统CORR校正，修正MEH小型汽轮机电液调节CRT显示器MFT主燃料失去保护CRH低温再热器MIN最小CSH包覆过热器MS主蒸汽CW循环水MW兆瓦D NO编号，第。