欧盟农产品进出口政策解读（Interpretation of EU agricultural products import and export policy）欧盟农产品进出口政策解读(Interpretation of EU agriculturalproducts import and export policy)Interpretation of EU agricultural products import and export policy Article source: China County Economic NewsEditor's note:In recent years, China's agricultural exports continued to grow. In 2005, exports of agricultural products reached 27 billion 200 million US dollars, ranking fifth in the world. However, the international agricultural products market is changing rapidly. Multilateral agricultural trade rules and agricultural trade policies of various countries are constantly being adjusted, and import inspection and quarantine requirements and technical barriers to trade continue to increase.At present, China's agricultural products export enterprises nearly 1.8 million, the annual export amount of more than $10 million in less than 500 years, while exports less than $1 million in small and medium-sized enterprises more than 1, accounted for more than 70% of all export enterprises. These enterprises especially small and medium-sized enterprises of county agricultural product export market entry time is short, small scale, weak anti risk ability, poor information channels,the special needs of government departments to provide agricultural products export policy and market information.In order to help China's agricultural products export enterprises quickly and accurately grasp the international agricultural product market information, help enterprises to develop agricultural products export market, from the date we have published foreign agricultural products import and export policy and information.Agricultural productionThe European Union is rich in land resources, and food productioncan be self-sufficient. In 2005, the European Union's agricultural and fishery output accounted for only 2.5% of GDP, but the EU remains a major food export area and the world's largest food importer.25 of the country's imports of food and agricultural products accounted for 6.4% of all imports, and exports of food and agricultural products accounted for 6.5% of all exports, roughly the same as imports and exports. However, the total import volume of the 25 countries in the EU was larger than that of exports, and the trade deficit in 2003 was 2 billion 159 million euros.The European Union's agricultural production is diverse, producing the main agricultural products, including livestock, grains and dairy products, which account for nearly half of the EU's agricultural output value (three). In addition, other important agricultural products are wine (the largest wine producing region in the world), fresh vegetablesand fruits, eggs and poultry. The crop planting occupies an important position in the European Union, which contains a wide range, mainly refers to some important annual crops, including wheat, barley, rye, corn, rapeseed, sunflower, peas, etc.. Field crops account for 40% of the EU farming area. Since 1992, the crop was included in the EU area support system based on, it also applies to farmland land "Fallow" measures on crop support is the largest one, so the EU budget, the greatest impact is the EU common agricultural policy reform. TheEU's internal price of grain products is higher than the world price, resulting in the EU to provide a large amount of export subsidies for cereal products.In recent years, organic agriculture has developed very rapidly in the European union. In the early 80s of the last century, the organic food market in the European Union began to develop as a result of growing consumer concern about health and nutrition and the growing awareness of environmental protection. At present, the EU has become the world's largest consumer market for organic food.Rural development policyRural development is a big part of the common agricultural policy of the European union. Part of the EU budget increase is also mainly for rural development. After the enlargement of the European Union, more than half of the population live in rural areas, while the rural areas cover 90% of the EU region, which makes rural development an important policy of the eu. At present, the EU's agricultural policy has shiftedfrom supporting agricultural production to direct payment to producers, facing the sustainable development of agriculture. Dedicated to food safety, food quality, product diversity,animal welfare, good environment, and natural and rural landscapes.EU agricultural domestic support policyThe common agricultural policy of the European Union is implemented through the common market organization, the product common price system, the European agricultural guidance and assurance fund EAGGF. Specifically, is the unity of agricultural product market and price, to establish the common agricultural funds, subsidies for agricultural exports; foreign is adjusted with the change of the market supply price taxes, quotas and other trade barriers, the EU agriculture from external competition of cheap agricultural products. These mechanisms, on the one hand, provide a strong guarantee for the implementation of the common agricultural policy of the European Union, as well as a high degree of protection.Trade in agricultural productsThe EU uses export subsidies to support its exports of agricultural products. The number of subsidies fell from 55% of agricultural exports in 1992 to 5.2% in 2001. In absolute terms, it fell from 10 billion euros to 2 billion 800 million euros. In the Doha round of agricultural negotiations, the European Union and most of the WTO members promised to scrap any form of export subsidies. However,The export subsidies still used by the European Union have had an impact on trade.In order to help EU export enterprises occupy the "third country" market, and provide more guarantee for policies, information services and funds to consolidate and expand the share of the European Union's agricultural products in the international market. In January 1999, the European Commission formally proposed to the EU Council of agricultural products trade promotion project proposals, recommended the development of EU wide coordinated trade promotion policy, promote the export of agricultural products, to provide information services for export enterprises and carry out various business activities to provide each year is about 15 million euros of funds support.In September 24, 2004, the European Union approved the first batchof 8 overseas promotion projects this year. In 2004 the project relates to the "third country" target markets were the United States, Canada, Japan, Russia, China, Australia and other 6 countries or regions; the products are Wine, fruits and vegetables, olive oil, potato and Mediterranean specialty products; the total project budget of 10 million 90 thousand euros, the EU funds 5 million 30 thousand euros.Import management policyImport procedureAlthough the 25 member states of the European Union have applied the uniform customs code and its implementing regulations, the relevant customs and tariff laws in the European Union have granted freediscretion to the customs authorities of the European Union member countries. This resulted in disunity incustoms management among member states. First of all, the European Union customs member of the product classification and valuation, as well as classification and valuation procedures inconsistent, including the information provided to the importer inconsistent. Second, the procedures for the import and export of goods are inconsistent. For example, some EU Member States to use automatic import and export goods program, some do not use, depending on the certificate of origin requirements on the implementation of different inspection standards; the food import licensing requirements does not handle express shipment shunt procedures are also different. The procedure for fines and fines for violation of customs rules is different.Tariff management measuresThe European Union implements a common tariff system, and implements uniform tariff rates and management systems. Council of the European Union, CouncilRule Regulaton2913/92 provides that import duties are determined by the tariff classification and value of the goods. Member States implement a customs union within the European Union, i.e., goods imported from third parties, and impose a uniform tariff within the European union. Once a certain import is cleared in a member country, it can flow freely within the European union.The most of the product is suitable for ad valorem tax, on the partof agricultural products for composite tax, mixed tax or other technical duties of non ad valorem tax. A variety oftechnical tariffs, including seasonal tariffs, are set up for some agricultural products. In 2005, the tax rate is lower than 10% of the products accounted for 79% of the total, the zero tariff products accounted for 27% of the total, the enlargement of the European Union,in addition to Hungary and Malta to follow the transitional arrangements, other new members from the date of accession to implement a unified external tariff, on the whole, the average tariff level of 10 new members according to the volume of trade weighted from 9% to 4%.1. tariff peak. In 2005, the European Union still maintained tariff peaks on imports of meat, vegetables, fruits, vegetable oil, food, beverages, tobacco, textiles and so on. In addition to tobacco and cigarette ad valorem tax rate was as high as 74.9% and 57.6%, many ofthe non ad valorem tax means high tariffs still exist in these products. China's exports to the EU of vegetables, fruits, fish, food, tobacco and other agricultural products belong to the EU tariff peak range of products involved.2. seasonal tariff. In 2005, the European Union imposed seasonaltariffs on tomatoes, oranges, oranges, grapes, apples, pears, apricots, cherries, peaches and plums. In addition to tomatoes, oranges indifferent seasons to tax levy composite seasonal tariffs, the EU for these other products to ad valorem tax, tax and tax composite mixeddifferent seasonal import tariffs levied. In addition, the EU announced standard import values for most of these products and made frequent changes to them. This approach leads to complicated taxation methods and variable tax rates. As China exports a lot of these products to the EU, the complex seasonal tariffs in the EU have led tomore uncertainty about Chinese exports to europe.3. other technical tariffs. In the part of the EU sugar products, cocoa food, biscuits, bread, potato import tax, not only to impose import duties ad valorem tax, also according to the different content of the agricultural ingredients (such as anhydrous milk fat, milk, sucrose and starch) additional tax tariff. The European Union publishes a specific tax policy every year. The method of Taxation with agricultural elements as the calculation of tariff parameters is more unforeseen and increases the export risk of enterprises.In 2004, the EU's simple average tariff rate (MFN) was 6.5%, with tariffs ranging from 0 to 209.9%. The tariff rate for agricultural products is the highest. 2004ad valorem taxes accounted for 90%, the remaining 10% non ad valorem tariff. Non ad valorem tariff quotas for general agricultural products, with an average of 67%. Agricultural products (defined by WTO) are the most heavily protected, with an average tariff rate of 16.5%, while the average tariff rate for non-agricultural products is only 4.1%.The highest level of tariffs on products including: whey andproducts containing raw milk composition (209.9%); edible offal ofcattle, pigs, sheep, goats, horses, donkeys and mules (192.2%); sheepand goat meat (fresh, frozen and chilled) (172.9%) (150.1%); garlic; frozen beef (149.9%); (134.5%); mushroom pork (fresh, frozen and chilled) (120.8%); banana (contains coke) (118.1%); cassava(117.9%) beet sugar (114.4%); live cattle (107.8%); milk and cheese (103.3%); coarse rice flour and fine flour (101.1%).The EU has a total of 89 tariff quotas on agricultural products, and the quota management measures are made by the European Commission The "first come, first use" method is managed by 20 items; 22 items under the "imported" management; and 47 by mixed methods. The annual quota utilization is 67% on average. In 2002/03, the import of products following the full use of tariff quotas: live sheep and goats, sheep and goat meat, poultry meat, butter, cheese, segmentation of individualfruit (apple, pear, grape, cherry and apricot), vegetables (potatoes, carrots, peppers). Wheat, pork, bran, and sweet potatoes are not fully used. A recent study by the world bank shows that 38% of agricultural products are protected by tariff quotas. Import requirements for quota controlled products are subject to import licensing.(selected from the Ministry of Commerce, China's export market guidelines for agricultural products)- EU farmers regulationsThe European Union introduced new regulations on the transport of movable goodsThe European Commission says stricter European Union transport rules came into effect in January 5, 2007. The head of the European Commission for health and Consumer Protection said the main aim of the newregulations was to "reduce the stresses anddangers faced by animals during land and sea transportation."".The new regulations provide that vehicles carrying animals over 8hours must be upgraded and must have the technology to keep temperaturesin boats and vehicles healthy for animals. The new regulations also ban the transportation of female animals that will be produced within a week.EU revised standards for the processing of feed, milk and dairy productsThe European Union issued a circular on November 29, 2006, informing the European Union of revising the standards for the processing of feed, milk and dairy products. The amendment requires the import of feed with milk and milk products must be approved by one of the following methods: (1) the lowest level F03 sterilization; (2) high temperature short-time (HTST) two; (3) high temperature short-time processing and the combination of the following two ways,A. physical means include: product in dry treatment, additionalheating to 72 degrees or more; or pH value below 6, for one day.B. dairy products were manufactured 21 days before the shipment,during which no foot-and-mouth disease occurred in the country of origin;The milk and dairy products used for feed in accordance with theabove conditions may be approved for import. The revised standard will come into effect at the end of March 2007.New EU intervention on corn quality standardsRecently, the European Commission has formulated new qualitystandards for interfering with corn.The new standards, the highest moisture content of corn intervention was 13.5%, compared to previous 14.5%; the lowest density was 71 kg / hl. Broken rate is 5%, compared to previous 10%. The excess grain rate was0.5%, compared to 3% earlier.The quality standard has been put into effect since November 1, 2006.In terms of tradeTariff (Customs, Duty)Tariff is the import and export of goods through the territory of a country, set up by the government to the import and export business tax collection. Therefore, it is a frontier tariff. "Frontier" refers to the Economic Frontier of a country, namely the territory of customs duty. If the economy is not the country, although not to impose tariffs by goods, for example, through the free port of goods that are not taxable. In addition, tariff is the taxation of goods through the territory. If itis not "goods", it is not the object of taxation. For example, when passengers enter and leave the country, they are engaged in the transportation of goods and passengers, although they pass through the territory without taxation. Customs duties can be divided into importand export taxes in accordance with the direction of goods through. But nowadays few imposition ofexport tariffs, so the general tariff import tariffs levied in accordance with the standard means; and can be divided into ad valorem tax, from the amount of tax, tax and tax in accordance with the composite; on purpose,Can be divided into financial tariffs, protective tariffs, anti-dumping duties and retaliatory tariffs.Protective tariffs (Protective, Tariff)A protective tariff is a tariff imposed by a country on the import of goods in order to protect its own industry and agriculture. Thetariff rate of protective tariffs can sometimes be as high as several hundred percent, which is actually tantamount to prohibiting imports, thus achieving the purpose of protection. At present, although the import license and import quota to restrict imports, and by dumping, export of capital and other measures to break through tariff restrictions, to protect the effect of a tariff is relatively reduced, but it is still an important measure of trade protection policy.Export rebate (Export Rebates)The export tax rebate is a measure that the state uses fiscal measures to encourage export production and enhance export competitiveness. For example, the export of certain components or manufactured goods can be refunded in full or in part if it has paid import taxes and domestic taxes on imported raw materials so as toincrease production costs. Some countries have stipulated that the products should be appreciated in thecountry, so that they can enjoy the export tax rebate at a certain percentage. Some countries also provide tax refund deadlines which are invalid after the time limit. No refund shall be made for the re export of imported goods which are not processed domestically.。
