西方社会学理论课件修订(1月4号最新)

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• Far from being of theoretical interest alone, the social sciences, like the natural sciences, must ultimately be of concrete benefit to man and play a major part in the amelioration of the human condition.
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4. Divergent methodology of social theory Macrocosm vs microcosm Positivism vs anti-positivism
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Chapter one : Auguste Comte (1798—1857)
An Introduction to Western Social Theory
1.The significance of studying western social theory
1.1 The developing tendency of social
science 1.2 The sociology’s researching target 1.3 The independence of sociology
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• In the summer of 1817 Comte was introduced to Henri Saint-Simon • who was to have a major and lasting influence on Comte's life and works. • In 1824 Comte finally broke with his master.
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• Natural science, Comte argued, had succeeded in establishing the lawfulness of natural phenomena. • the new science relied on "reasoning and observation, duly combined" as the only legitimate means of attaining knowledge.
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• At the positive stage, which rejects the validity of metaphysical speculation, the existence of final causes, and the knowableness of the absolute, and confines itself to the study of experimental facts and their relations, represents the perfection of human knowledge.
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2.the characteristics of social theory 2.1 accumulation 2.2 development stage 2.3 diversification
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3.The four stages of social theory 3.1 The first stage: from 1837 to the beginning of 20 century---the foundation of sociology 3.2 The second stage: from 1920’s to 1960’s---the general theory appearance
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ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
• began to publish his course of philosophy in 1826. • Because of his unhappy life, • He realized that mere intellectual development is insufficient for life, and, having presented Positivism as the scientific doctrine and method, he aimed at making it a religion, the religion of humanity.
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• In 1837, Spencer joined the staff of the London and Birmingham Railway as an engineer. In 1848, he found a stable position and assured income as a subeditor with the London Economist. While working on the Economist, Spencer finished his first book, Social Statics, which was published in 1851.
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A Summary of Ideas • Comte's aim was to create a naturalistic science of society, which would both explain the past development of mankind and predict its future course. The study of social dynamics and social statics--of change and stability--are the twin pillars of his systems.
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• Comte's chief works are his "Cours de philosophie positive" [6 vols.: Phiosophie mathé matique (1830), astronomique et physique (1835), chimique et biologique (1838), partie dogmatique de la philosophie sociale (1839), partie historique (1840), complé ment de la philosophie sociale et conclusions (1842);
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• "For it is only by knowing the laws of phenomena, and thus being able to foresee them, that we can . . . set them to modify one another for our advantage. . . . From Science comes Prevision; from Prevision comes Action." (Savoir pour prevoir et prevoir pour pouvoir.)
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• The fundamental principle of Positivism is that sense experience is the only object of human knwledge. science cannot be, as Aristotle conceived it, the knowledge of things through their ultimate causes, since material and formal causes are unknowable, final causes illusions, while metaphysics, under any form, is illegitimate. Positivism is thus a continuation of crude Empiricism and Associationism.onism,

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3.3 The third stage: from 1960’s to 1980’s --- the prosperity of social theory 3.4 The forth stage: from 1980’s till now---the integration of social theory
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• Every scientific theory must be based on observed facts, but it is equally true that "facts cannot be observed without the guidance of some theory
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• The Law of Human Progress • the theological---the metaphysical--- the positive • Comte pointed out that the evolution of the human mind passed through three successive stages: the theological---the metaphysical--- the positive
• • • • • The Person A Summary of Ideas 1 the law of human progress 2 hierarchy of science 3 social statics and dynamics