九强生物：关于持股5%以上股东减持股份计划时间过半的进展公告 (1)

第五章应用指令5.1 数据传送指令5-15.1.1 MOV, MOVP, DMOV, DMOVP ..................................................... 5-15.1.2 CMOV, CMOVP, DCMOV, DCMOVP .......................................... 5-35.1.3 GMOV, GMOVP .................................................................................. 5-65.1.4 FMOV, FMOVP ................................................................................... 5-85.1.5 BMOV, BMOVP ................................................................................ 5-10 5.2 转换指令5-125.1.1 BCD, BCDP, DBCD, DBCDP ......................................................... 5-125.2.2 BIN, BINP, DBIN, DBINP .............................................................. 5-15 5.3 比拟指令5-185.3.1 CMP, CMPP, DCMP, DCMPP ...................................................... 5-185.3.2 TCMP, TCMPP, DTCMP, DTCMPP .............................................. 5-225.3.3 LD ( =, >, <, >=, <=, <> ) ..................................................... 5-245.3.4 AND ( =, >, <, >=, <=, <>) ................................................... 5-255.3.5 OR ( =, >, <, >=, <=, <>) ...................................................... 5-27 5.4 增加/减少运算5-295.4.1 INC, INCP, DINC, DINCP ............................................................. 5-295.4.2 DEC, DECP, DDEC, DDECP .......................................................... 5-31 5.5 回转指令5-345.5.1 ROL, ROLP, DROL, DROLP .......................................................... 5-345.5.2 ROR, RORP, DROR, DRORP ....................................................... 5-375.5.3 RCL, RCLP, DRCL, DRCLP ............................................................ 5-395.5.4 RCR, RCRP, DRCR, DRCRP .......................................................... 5-425.6 移位指令5-445.6.1 BSFT, BSFTP ...................................................................................... 5-445.6.2 WSFT, WSFTP ................................................................................... 5-465.6.3 SR.......................................................................................................... 5-48 5.7 交换指令5-515.7.1 XCHG, XCHGP, DXCHG, DXCHGP ............................................ 5-51 5.8 BIN 算术指令5-535.8.1 ADD, ADDP, DADD, DADDP ...................................................... 5-535.8.2 SUB, SUBP, DSUB, DSUBP .......................................................... 5-555.8.3 MUL, MULP, DMUL, DMULP ..................................................... 5-575.8.4 MULS, MULSP, DMULS, DMULSP ............................................ 5-605.8.5 DIV, DIVP, DDIV, DDIVP ............................................................... 5-635.8.6 DIVS, DIVSP, DDIVS, DDIVSP .................................................... 5-65 5.9 BCD算术指令5-685.9.1 ADDB, ADDBP, DADDB, DADDBP ........................................... 5-685.9.2 SUBB, SUBBP, DSUBB, DSUBBP ................................................ 5-705.9.3 MULB, MULBP, DMULB, DMULBP ........................................... 5-745.9.4 DIVB, DIVBP, DDIVB, DDIVBP ................................................... 5-76 5.10 逻辑算术指令5-795.10.1 WAND, WANDP, DWAND, DWANDP ..................................... 5-795.10.2 WOR, WORP, DWOR, DWORP ................................................. 5-825.10.3 WXOR, WXORP, DWXOR, DWXORP ....................................... 5-845.10.4 WXNR, WXNRP, DWXNR, DWXNRP ...................................... 5-86 5.11 数据处理指令5-885.11.1 SEG, SEGP ......................................................................................... 5-895.11.2 ASC, ASCP ......................................................................................... 5-925.11.3 BSUM, BSUMP, DBSUM, DBSUMP .......................................... 5-945.11.4 ENCO, ENCOP .................................................................................. 5-975.11.5 DECO, DECOP ................................................................................ 5-1005.11.6 FILR, FILRP, DFILR, DFILRP ....................................................... 5-1025.11.7 FILW, FILWP, DFILW, DFILWP .................................................. 5-1055.11.8 DIS, DISP ......................................................................................... 5-1075.11.9 UNI, UNIP ........................................................................................ 5-1105.11.10 IORF, IORFP .................................................................................... 5-112 5.12 系统指令5-1145.12.1 FALS ................................................................................................... 5-1145.12.2 DUTY ................................................................................................. 5-1155.12.3 WDT, WDTP .................................................................................... 5-1185.12.4 OUTOFF ............................................................................................ 5-1205.12.5 STOP .................................................................................................. 5-121 5.13 跳转指令5-1225.13.1 JMP, JME .......................................................................................... 5-1225.13.2 CALL, CALLP, SBRT, RET ............................................................ 5-124 5.14 循环指令5-1265.14.1 FOR, NEXT ...................................................................................... 5-1275.14.2 BREAK ............................................................................................... 5-128 5.15 标志指令5-1295.15.1 STC, CLC ........................................................................................... 5-1295.15.2 CLE ..................................................................................................... 5-131 5.16 特殊模块指令5-1325.16.1 GET, GETP ........................................................................................ 5-1335.16.2 PUT, PUTP ....................................................................................... 5-135 5.17 数据连接指令5-1375.17.1 READ ................................................................................................. 5-1385.17.2 WRITE ................................................................................................ 5-1415.17.3 RGET .................................................................................................. 5-1435.17.4 RPUT .................................................................................................. 5-1475.17.5 STATUS .............................................................................................. 5-150 5.18 中断指令5-1525.18.1 EI, DI .................................................................................................. 5-1525.18.2 TDINT, IRET ..................................................................................... 5-1535.18.3 INT, IRET .......................................................................................... 5-1555.19 符号反转指令5-1565.19.1 NEG, NEGP, DNEG, DNEGP...................................................... 5-156 5.20 位接触指令5-1595.20.1 BLD, BLDN ....................................................................................... 5-1595.20.2 BAND, BANDN .............................................................................. 5-1605.20.3 BOR, BORN ..................................................................................... 5-1615.20.4 BOUT ................................................................................................. 5-1635.20.5 BSET, BRST ...................................................................................... 5-164 5.21 计算机连接模块指令5-1655.21.1 SND .................................................................................................... 5-1655.21.2 RCV .................................................................................................... 5-166 5.22 高速计数器指令5-1675.22.1 HST ..................................................................................................... 5-1675.22.2 HSC .................................................................................................... 5-170 5.23 RS-485 通讯指令5-1715.23.1 RECV .................................................................................................. 5-1725.23.2 SEND ................................................................................................. 5-1735应用指令5.1.1MOV, MOVP, DMOV, DMOVP1)功能-MOV(P) : 传送在[ S ]中的16位数据至指定的设备[ D ].16 位- DMOV(P) : 传送在指定设备[ S+1, S ]中的32位数据到指定的设备[ D+1, D ].-2) 编程举例在P020检测到一个上升沿，‘h70F3’被传送到P04。

LG变频器说明书iS5-中⽂说明书感谢您选购LG 变频调速器！安全注意事项●始终遵守安全注意事项可以防⽌意外事故及潜在危险的发⽣。

●在本使⽤⼿册中，安全等级分类如下：危险注意在本说明书中，全篇使⽤以下两个图标以使你能明⽩安全注意事项。

在某些确定的条件下可以识别导致⼈⾝伤害的危险。

由于危险电压可能已出现，所以应有意识地特别注意。

在某些确定的条件下可以识别潜在的危险。

仔细阅读相关信息并遵守相关指令。

●为了⽅便取阅使⽤说明书，请就近保存。

●仔细阅读本说明书，使 SV-iS5 系列变频器的性能达到最佳化，并确保安全地使⽤。

危险●当电源已经送电或变频器处于运⾏状态时，不要打开变频器的外壳。

否则，可能发⽣电击。

●变频器前盖被打开时，不要运⾏变频器。

否则，你可能受到⾼压端⼦或裸露在外的充电电容的电击。

●除了进⾏定期检查或者接线外，不要打开变频器的外壳，即使变频器未接输⼊电源。

否则，你可能由于接近充电回路⽽受到电击。

●接线和定期检查应该在拆除输⼊电源并使⽤仪器对直流侧电压进⾏放电（低于DC 30V ）⾄少10分钟以后再操作。

否则，你可能受到电击。

●⽤⼲燥的⼿启动开关。

否则，你可能受到电击。

●不要使⽤绝缘层已经破损的电缆。

否则，你可能受到电击。

●不要使电缆受到擦伤，挤压，超电压和过负载。

否则，你可能受到电击。

不正确的操作可能导致轻微的⼈⾝伤害或物体硬件的损坏。

不正确的操作可能导致严重的⼈⾝伤害或死亡。

注意变频器要安装在不易燃的表⾯，附近不要放置可燃性材料。

否则可能发⽣⽕灾。

如果变频器受到损坏，⽴刻断开输⼊电源。

否则可能导致设备的⼆次损坏和⽕灾。

输⼊电源存在或断开后，变频器残存的热量还会保持⼏分钟。

否则，你可能受到⾝体伤害（例如：⽪肤烧伤或伤害）。

不要给已经受损的或零件缺少的变频器通电，即使安装已经完成。

否则可能发⽣电击。

不允许⿇布，纸屑，⽊屑，灰尘，⾦属碎⽚或其他杂物体进⼊变频器。

否则可能发⽣⽕灾或意外事故。

操作防范●维护与安装按照产品的重量处理。

基本操作操作参数范围 1.取决于RLO吗? 典型处功能解释英语德语 2.影响RLO吗? 理时间3.重新装入RLO吗? 微秒布尔逻辑操作 1 2 3A I U E I0.0 -- I127.7 N Y N 1.6 扫描输入操作数是否为"1",且通过逻辑"与"和RLo运算A Q U A Q0.0 -- Q127.7 N Y N 1.6 扫描输出操作数是否为"1",且通过逻辑"与"和RLO运算A F U M F0.0 -- F255.7 N Y N 1.6 扫描标志操作数是否为"1",且通过逻辑"与"和RLO运算A D 注1 U D 注1 D0.00-- D255.15 N Y N 1.6 扫描数据操作数是否为"1",且通过逻辑"与"和RLO运算A T U T T0 -- T255 N Y N 1.6 扫描计时操作数是否为"1",且通过逻辑"与"和RLO运算A C U Z C0 -- C255 N Y N 1.6 扫描计数操作数是否为"1",且通过逻辑"与"和RLO运算AN I UN E I0.0 -- I127.7 N Y N 1.6 扫描输入操作数是否为"0",且通过逻辑"与"和RLO运算AN Q UN A Q0.0 -- Q127.7 NS I S E I0.0 -- I127.7 Y N Y 1.6 输入操作数置"1"S Q S A Q0.0 -- Q127.7 Y N Y 1.6 输出操作数置"1"S F S M F0.0 -- F127.7 Y N Y 1.6 标志操作数置"1"S D S D D0.00-- D255.15 Y N Y 1.6 数据操作数置"1"R I R E I0.0 -- I127.7 Y N Y 1.6 输入操作数置"0"R Q R A Q0.0 -- Q127.7 Y N Y 1.6 输出操作数置"0"R F R M F0.0 -- F127.7 Y N Y 1.6 标志操作数置"0"R D R D D0.00-- D255.15 Y N Y 1.6 数据操作数置"0"= I = E I0.0 -- I127.7 Y N Y 1.6 把ROL的值赋给输入操作数= Q = A Q0.0 -- Q127.7 Y N Y 1.6 把ROL的值赋给输出操作数= F = M F0.0 -- F127.7 Y N Y 1.6 把ROL的值赋给标志操作数= D = D D0.00-- D255.15 Y N Y 1.6 把ROL的值赋给数据操作数计时/计数操作SP T SI T T0 -- T255 Y↑ N Y 3.7 在ROL的前沿启动一个脉冲计时器(存储在ACCU1内)SE T SV T T0 -- T255 Y↑ N Y 3.7 在ROL的前沿启动一个保持性脉冲计时器(存储在ACCU1内)SD T SE T T0 -- T255 Y↑ N Y 3.7 在ROL的前沿启动一个接通延时计时器(存储在ACCU1内)SS T SS T T0 -- T255 Y↑ N Y 3.7 在ROL的前沿启动一个存储式接通延时计时器(存储在ACCU1内)SF T SA T T0 -- T255 Y↑ N Y 3.7 在ROL的后沿启动一个断开延时计时器(存储在ACCU1内)R T R T T0 -- T255 Y N Y 3.7 如果ROL="1"复位一个计时器CU C ZV Z C0 -- C255 Y↑ N Y 3.7 在ROL的前沿,计数器数值增加1CD C ZR Z C0 -- C255 Y↑ N Y 3.7 在ROL的前沿,计数器数值减少1S C S Z C0 -- C255 Y N Y 3.7 如果ROL="1"置位一个计数器R C Z Z C0 -- C255 Y N Y 3.7 如果ROL="1"复位一个计数器装入和传送操作L IB L EB IB0 -- IB127 N N N 1.6 从PII到ACCUM1装入一个输入字节L IW L EW IW0 -- IW126 N N N 1.6 从PIQ到ACCUM1装入一个输入字 (字节n--ACCUM1的高8位,n+1为低8位）L ID L ED ID0 -- ID124 N N N 1.6 从PII到ACCUM装入一个输入双字L QB L AB QB0 -- QB127 N N N 1.6 从PIQ到ACCUM1装入一个输出字节L QW L AW QW0 -- QW126 N N N 1.6 从PIQ到ACCUM1装入一个输出字 (字节n--ACCUM1的高8位,n+1为低8位）L QD L AD QD0 -- QD124 N N N 1.6 从PIQ到ACCUM装入一个输出双字L FB L MB FB0 -- FB255 N N N 1.6 装入一个标志字节到ACCUM1L FW L MW FW0 -- FW254 N N N 1.6 装入一个标志字到ACCUM1 (字节n--ACCUM1的高8位,n+1为低8位)L FD L MD FD0 -- FD252 N N N 1.6 装入一个标志双字到ACCUML DL L DL DL0 -- DL255 N N N 3.4 装入一个当前数据块的数据字(左字节)到ACCUM1 L DR L DR DR0 -- DR255 N N N 3.4 装入一个当前数据块的数据字(右字节)到ACCUM1 L DW L DW DW0 -- DW255 N N N 3.9 装入一个当前数据块的数据字到ACCUM1(n--ACCUM1的高8位,n+1为低8位)L DD L DD DD0 -- DD254 N N N 3.9 装入一个当前数据块的数据双字到ACCUML T L T T0 -- T255 N N N 1.6 装入一个时间值(二进制码)到ACCUM1L C L Z C0 -- C255 N N N 1.6 装入一个计数值(二进制码)到ACCUM1L PB L PB PB0 -- PB127 N N N 6 从中断/计时器PII到ACCUM1装入一个数字/模拟输入模板的输PB128 -- PB255 N N N 6 入字节L PW L PW PW0 -- PW126 N N N 6.7 从中断/计时器PII到ACCUM1装入一个数字/模拟输入模板的输PW128 -- PW254 N N N 6.7 入字(n--ACCUM1高8位，n+1--ACCUM1的低8位)L QB L QB QB0 -- QB255 N N N 1.6 从PIQ到ACCUM1装入一个扩展外设字节L QW L QW QW0 -- QW254 N N N 1.6 从PIQ到ACCUM1装入一个扩展外设字(字节n--ACCUM1的高8位,n+1为低8位）LC T LC T T0 -- T255 N N N 1.6 装入一个时间值(BCD码)到ACCUM1LC C LC Z C0 -- C255 N N N 1.6 装入一个计数值(BCD码)到ACCUM1L KB L KB KB0 -- KB2255 N N N 2.8 装入一个常数:1字节数到ACCUM1L KS L KS 字母数字符 N N N 1.6 装入一个常数:2字符按"ACCI格式"到ACCUM1L KM L KM 位模式（16位） N N N 1.6 装入一个常数:位模式到ACCUM1L KH L KH KH0000 --KHFFFF N N N 1.6 装入一个常数:16进制码到ACCUM1L KF L KF KF0 -- KF N N N 1.6 装入一个常数:定点数到ACCUM1L KY L KY KY0,0--255,255 N N N 1.6 装入一个常数:2字节数到ACCUM1L KT L KT KT0.0 --KT999.3 N N N 1.6 装入一个常数:BCD码的时间值到ACCUM1L KC L KZ KC0 -- KC999 N N N 1.6 装入一个常数:BCD码的计数值到ACCUM1L KG L KG N N N 3 装入一个常数:浮点数到ACCUMT IB T EB 0--127 N N N 1.6 传送ACCUM1的内容到一个输入字节(到PII内)T IW T EW 0--126 N N N 1.6 传送ACCUM1的内容到一个输入字(到PII内) (ACCUM1的高8位--字节n,低8位--n+1)T ID T ED 0--124 N N N 1.6 传送ACCUM1的内容到一个输入双字(到PII内)T QB T AB 0--127 N N N 1.6 传送ACCUM1的内容到一个输出字节(到PIQ内)T QW T AW 0--126 N N N 1.6 传送ACCUM1的内容到一个输出字(到PIQ内) (ACCUM1的高8位--字节n,低8位--n+1)T QD T AD 0--124 N N N 1.6 传送ACCUM1的内容到一个输出双字(到PIQ内)T FB T MB 0-255 N N N 1.6 传送ACCUM1的内容到一个标志字节T FW T MW 0-254 N N N 1.6 传送ACCUM1的内容到一个标志字T FD T MD 0--252 N N N 1.6 传送ACCUM1的内容到一个标志双字T DR T DR 0--255 N N N 2.2 传送ACCUM1的内容到一个数据字(右字节)T DL T DL 0--255 N N N 2.2 传送ACCUM1的内容到一个数据字(左字节)T DW T DW 0--222 N N N 2.7 传送ACCUM1的内容到一个数据字T DD T DD 0--254 N N N 2.7 传送ACCUM1的内容到一个数据双字T PB T PB 0--127 N N N 5.8 在更新PIQ或模拟输出模板的同时,传输ACCUM1的内容到数字T PB T PB 128--255 N N N 5.8 输出模板的一个I/O字节T PW T PW 0--126 N N N 5.5 在更新PIQ或模拟输出模板的同时,传输ACCUM1的内容到数字T PW T PW 128--254 N N N 5.5 输出模板的一个I/O字T QB T QB 0--255 N N N 1.6 传送ACCUM1的内容到一个扩展外设的外设字节T QW T QW 0--254 N N N 1.6 传送ACCUM1的内容到一个扩展外设的外设字"NO"操作NOP 0 NOP 0 N N N 1.6 空操作(全部位复位)NOP 1 NOP 1 N N N 1.6 空操作(全部位置位)停止操作STP STP N N N 58 停止:直到扫描循环结束错误:ID"STS"设置在ISTACK内显示生成操作BLD 130 BLD 130 N N N 1.6 对于PG的显示生成操作:字盘返回形成间隔线BLD 131 BLD 131 N N N 1.6 对于PG的显示生成操作:转换到语句表(STL)BLD 132 BLD 132 N N N 1.6 对于PG的显示生成操作:转换到流程图(CSF)BLD 133 BLD 133 N N N 1.6 对于PG的显示生成操作:转换到梯形图(LAD)BLD 255 BLD 255 N N N 1.6 对于PG的显示生成操作:程序段语句逻辑运算功能AW UW N N N 1.6 通过逻辑"与"将ACCUM2和ACCUM1的内容运算(字操作)结果存入ACCUM1影响CC1/CC0OW OW N N N 1.6 通过逻辑"或"将ACCUM2和ACCUM1的内容运算(字操作)结果存入ACCUM1影响CC1/CC0XOW XOW N N N 1.6 通过EXCLUSIVE"或"将ACCUM2和ACCUM1的内容运算(字操作)结果存入ACCUM1影响CC1/0A = U = N Y N 7.2 "与"操作:扫描形式操作数信号状态测"1"AN = UN = N Y N 7.2 "与"操作:扫描形式操作数信号状态测"0"O = O = N Y N 7.2 "或"操作:扫描形式操作数信号状态测"1"ON = ON = N Y N 7.2 "或"操作:扫描形式操作数信号状态测"0"计时和计数功能FR T FR T Y↑ N Y 3.7 如果RLO="1"接通计时器,作为重新冷启动FR C FR Z Y↑ N Y 3.7 如果RLO="1"接通计数器,作为重新冷启动FR = FR = Y↑ N Y 7.2 使能形式操作数(C,T)作为重新冷启动SP = SI = Y↑ N Y 7.2 形式操作数:用ACCUM1的值作脉冲启动一个计时器并预给定时间SEC= SVZ= Y↑ N Y 7.2 形式操作数:用ACCUM1的值作扩展脉冲启动一个计时器并预给定时间SEC= SVZ= Y↑ N Y 7.2 形式操作数:用后给定的指示计数值设置一个计数器SSU= SSV= Y↑ N Y 7.2 形式操作数:用ACCUM1的值作存储式接通延时计时器启动一个计时器并预给定时间SSU= SSV= Y↑ N Y 7.2 形式操作数:增加计数一个计数器SFD= SAR= Y↓ N Y 7.2 形式操作数:用ACCUM1的值作断开延时计时器启动一个计时器并预给定时间SFD= SAR= Y↓ N Y 7.2 形式操作数:减少计数一个计数器SD = SE = Y↑ N Y 7.2 形式操作数:用ACCUM1的值作接通延时计时器启动一个计时器并预给定时间位操作TB I P E O.O-127.7 N Y N 6.1 测试一个输入(在PII内)为"1"的位TB Q P A O.O-127.7 N Y N 6.1 测试一个输出(在PIQ内)为"1"的位TB F P M 0.0-255.15 N Y N 6.1 测试一个标志为"1"的位TB T P T 0.0-255.15 N Y N 6.1 测试一个计时器为"1"的位TB C P Z 0.0-255.15 N Y N 6.1 测试一个计数器为"1"的位TB D P D 0.0-255.15 N Y N 6.1 测试一个数据字为"1"的位TB RS P BS 0.0-255.15 N Y N 6.1 在系统数据区域内,测试一个数据字为"1"的位TB RT P BT 0.0-255.15 N Y N 6.1 在系统扩展区域内,测试一个数据字为"1"的位TB RI P BA 0.0-255.15 N Y N 6.1 接通系统数据区TB RJ P BB 0.0-255.15 N Y N 6.1 接通系统数据扩展区TBN I PN E O.O-127.7 N Y N 6.1 测试一个输入(在PII内)为"0"的位TBN Q PN A O.O-127.7 N Y N 6.1 测试一个输出(在PIQ内)为"0"的位TBN F PN M 0.0-255.15 N Y N 6.1 测试一个标志为"0"的位TBN T PN T 0.0-255.15 N Y N 6.1 测试一个计时器为"0"的位TBN C PN Z 0.0-255.15 N Y N 6.1 测试一个计数器为"0"的位TBN D PN D 0.0-255.15 N Y N 6.1 测试一个数据字为"0"的位TBN RS PN BS 0.0-255.15 N Y N 6.1 在系统数据区域内,测试一个数据字为"0"的位TBN RT PN BT 0.0-255.15 N Y N 6.1 在系统数据扩展区域内,测试一个数据字为"0"的位TBN RI PN BA 0.0-255.15 N Y N 6.1 接通系统数据区TBN RJ PN BB 0.0-255.15 N Y N 6.1 接通系统数据扩展区SU I SU E O.O-127.7 N N Y 6.1 无条件地对一个输入(在PII内)置位SU Q SU A O.O-127.7 N N Y 6.1 无条件地对一个输出(在PIQ内)置位SU F SU M 0.0-255.15 N N Y 6.1 无条件地对一个标志置位SU T SU T 0.0-255.15 N N Y 6.1 无条件地对一个时间字置位SU C SU Z 0.0-255.15 N N Y 6.1 无条件地对一个计数字置位SU D SU D 0.0-255.15 N N Y 6.1 无条件地对一个数据字置位SU RI SU BA 0.0-255.15 N N Y 6.1 无条件地接通系统数据区对一个数据字置位SU RJ SU BB 0.0-255.15 N N Y 6.1 无条件地接通系统数据扩展区对一个数据字置位RU I RU E O.O-127.7 N N Y 6.1 无条件地对一个输入(在PII内)复位RU Q RU A O.O-127.7 N N Y 6.1 无条件地对一个输出(在PIQ内)复位RU F RU M 0.0-255.15 N N Y 6.1 无条件地对一个标志复位RU T RU T 0.0-255.15 N N Y 6.1 无条件地对一个时间字复位RU C RU Z 0.0-255.15 N N Y 6.1 无条件地对一个计数字复位RU D RU D 0.0-255.15 N N Y 6.1 无条件地对一个数据字复位RU RI RU BA 0.0-255.15 N N Y 6.1 无条件地接通系统数据区对一个数据字复位RU RJ RU BB 0.0-255.15 N N Y 6.1 无条件地接通系统数据扩展区对一个数据字复位置位/复位操作S = S = 形式操作数 Y N Y 6.3 置位一个形式操作数(二进制,当ROL=1时)(I,Q,F) RB = RB = 形式操作数 Y N Y 6.3 复位一个形式操作数(二进制,当ROL=1时)(I,Q,F) RD = RD = 形式操作数 Y N Y 6.3 复位一个形式操作数:使计时器,计数器复位(数字的;当RLO=1时)〓〓〓〓形式操作数 Y N Y 6.3 规定一个形式操作数的状态为RLO的值(二进制)装入/传输操作L = L = 形式操作数I,Q,T,C N N N 4.7 装入一个形式操作数(参数类型I,Q;数据类型BY,W,D)到ACCUM1LC = LC = 形式操作数T,C N N N 4.6 按BCD码装入一个形式操作数(T,C)到ACCUM1 LW = LW = 形式操作数I,Q,F,T,C N N N 3 装入一个位模式的形式操作数(参数类型D;数据类型KC,KT,KF,KH,KY,KS,KM)到ACCUM1LWD= LD= 形式操作数D N N N 4.2 装入一个位模式的形式操作数(参数类型D;数据类型KG)到ACCUM1T = T = 形式操作数I,Q N N N 4.7 传送ACCUM1的内容到形式操作数(参数类型I,Q;数据类型BY,W,D)L RS L BS 0--255 N N N 2.1 从系统数据区域到ACCUM1装入一个字L RT L BT 0--255 N N N 2.1 从系统数据扩展区域到ACCUM1装入一个字L RI L BA 0--255 N N N 2.1 从接通数据区域到ACCUM1装入一个字L RJ L BB 0--255 N N N 2.1 从接通数据扩展区域到ACCUM1装入一个字T RI T BA 0--255 N N N 2.1 传送ACCUM1的内容到接通数据区域T RJ T BB 0--255 N N N 2.1 传送ACCUM1的内容到接通数据扩展区域转换操作CFW KEW N N N 1.2 ACCUM1的"1"的补码形式(定点)CSW KZW N N N 1.2 ACCUM1的"2"的补码形式(定点)CSD KZD N N N 2 ACCUM1的"2"的补码形式(定点双字)DEF DEF N N N 7.5 十进制(BCD)→16位定点数(字)(135U以上机型)DUF DUF N N N 12 16位定点数→十进制(BCD)(字)(135U以上机型)DED DED N N N 24 十进制(BCD)→32位定点数(双字)(135U以上机型)DUD DUD N N N 35 32位定点数→十进制(BCD)(双字)(135U以上机型)FDG FDG N N N 12 32位定点数→双字→浮点数(135U以上机型)GFD GFD N N N 10 浮点数→双字→32定点数(135U以上机型)移位功能SLW SLW 0--15 N N N 10.8 由参数项中的给定值左移ACCUM1的内容,空位补"0"(16位)SRW SRW 0--15 N N N 10.8 由参数项中的给定值右移ACCUM1的内容,空位补"0"(16位)SLD SLD 0--32 N N N 18.8 由参数项中的给定值左移ACCUM1的内容,空位补"0"(32位)SSD SVD 0--32 N N N 18.8 由参数项中的给定值有符号的右移ACCUM1的内容,空位补"0"(32位)RLD RLD 0--32 N N N 26.2 左翻滚(32位)RRD RRD 0--32 N N N 26.2 右翻滚(32位)SSW SVW 0--15 N N N 7.7 由参数项中的给定值带符号的右移ACCUM1的内容,空位补"0"(16位)转移功能JU = SPA= N N N 2.6 无条件跳转到符号地址JC = SPB= Y Y Y 2.6 有条件跳转到符号地址(如果RLO是0它设置到1)JZ = SPZ= N N N 3.1 如果结果为"0"跳转;如果CC1=0且CC0=0仅完成跳转,RLO不改变JN = SPN= N N N 3.1 如果结果不为"0"跳转;如果CC1不等于CC0仅完成跳转,RLO不改变JP = SPP= N N N 3.1 如果结果大于"0"跳转;如果CC1=1且CC0=0仅完成跳转,RLO不改变JM = SPM= N N N 3.1 如果结果小于"0"跳转;如果CC1=0且CC0=0仅完成跳转,RLO不改变JO = SPO= N N N 3.1 溢出跳转;如果溢出值置位仅完成该跳转,RLO不改变JOS= SPS= N N N 3.5 存储溢出跳转;如果溢出值置位仅完成该跳转,RLO不改变其它操作BAF BAF N N N 1.5 释放指令指出BAS BAS N N N 1.5 封锁指令指出RA AF N N N 4.5 允许中断,这个操作解除了IA的影响.释放过程报警处理IA AS N N N 4.5 禁止中断,使输入/输出不能中断或计时器OB不能工作.封锁过程报警处理RAI AAF N N N 4.2 释放请求报警处理IAI AAS N N N 4.2 封锁请求报警处理RAE AFF N N N 3.9 释放编址错误处理IAE AFS N N N 3.9 封锁编址错误处理ENT N N N 1.5 将数据载入算术存储器D D 0--255 N N N 2.4 数值n(0-255)减去ACCUM1的低字节(位0-7)I I 0--255 N N N 2.4 数值n(0-255)加上ACCUM1的低字节(位0-7)DO = B = B N N N 5.9 处理一个(只能替代C DB;JU PB;JU FB;JU SB)形式操作数DO DW 注2 B DW 注2 0--255 N N N 4.8 处理数据字,下一个操作是通过逻辑"或"用数据字中规定的参数运算并执行DO FW 注2 B MW 注2 0--255 N N N 4.4 处理标志字,下一个操作是通过逻辑"或"用标志字中规定的参数运算并执行系统操作设置操作SU RS 204 无条件将系统数据区域的位复位RU RS 204 无条件将系统数据区域的位置位装入和传送操作LIR 0--15 N N N 5.1 间接装入一个存储器的内容到寄存器(0:ACCUM1;2:ACCUM2) TIR 0--15 N N N 5.1 间接传送一个寄存器的内容到存储器(0:ACCUM1;2:ACCUM2) TNB n=(0--255) N N N 1.7*n 一个字节一个字节的传送一个块(字节号0---255)T RS N N N 78 传输一个字到系统数据区域跳转操作JRA N N N 143 在一个功能块的范围内任意跳转(跳转移动:-32768到+32767) 算术操作ADD BN ADD BF N N N 63 把字节常数(定点)加入ACCUM1ADD KF ADD KF N N N 113 把字节常数(字)加入ACCUM1其它操作DI N N N 169 通过一个形式操作数处理(间接的)ACCUM1中形式操作数的号STS N N N 59 停止操作,在这个操作之后立即就中断程序处理TAK N N N 59 交换ACCUM1和ACCUM2的内容比较运算功能!=F !=F N Y N 1.6 如果ACCUM2=ACCUM1比较两个"相等"的定点数,RLO是"1"影响CC1/CC2><F ><F N Y N 1.6 如果ACCUM2><ACCUM1比较两个"不相等"的定点数,RLO是"1"影响CC1/CC2> F > F N Y N 1.6 如果ACCUM2>ACCUM1比较两个"大于"的定点数,RLO是"1"影响CC1/CC2>=F >=F N Y N 1.6 如果ACCUM2>=ACCUM1比较两个"大于或相等"的定点数,RLO是"1"影响CC1/CC2< F < F N Y N 1.6 如果ACCUM2<ACCUM1比较两个"小于"的定点数,RLO是"1"影响CC1/CC2<=F <=F N Y N 1.6 如果ACCUM2<=ACCUM1比较两个"小于或相等"的定点数,RLO是"1"影响CC1/CC2!=D !=D N Y N 1.8 如果ACCUM2=ACCUM1比较两个"相等"的定点双字,RLO是"1"影响CC1/CC2><D ><D N Y N 1.8 如果ACCUM2><ACCUM1比较两个"不相等"的定点双字,RLO是"1"影响CC1/CC2> D > D N Y N 1.8 如果ACCUM2>ACCUM1比较两个"大于"的定点双字,RLO是"1"影响CC1/CC2>=D >=D N Y N 1.8 如果ACCUM2>=ACCUM1比较两个"大于或相等"的定点双字,RLO是"1"影响CC1/CC2< D < D N Y N 1.8 如果ACCUM2<ACCUM1比较两个"小于"的定点双字,RLO是"1"影响CC1/CC2<=D <=D N Y N 1.8 如果ACCUM2<=ACCUM1比较两个"小于或相等"的定点双字,RLO是"1"影响CC1/CC2!=G !=G N Y N 4.6 如果ACCUM2=ACCUM1比较两个"相等"的浮点数,RLO是"1"影响CC1/CC2><G ><G N Y N 4.6 如果ACCUM2><ACCUM1比较两个"不相等"的浮点数,RLO是"1"影响CC1/CC2> G > G N Y N 4.6 如果ACCUM2>ACCUM1比较两个"大于"的浮点数,RLO是"1"影响CC1/CC2>=G >=G N Y N 4.6 如果ACCUM2>=ACCUM1比较两个"大于或相等"的浮点数,RLO是"1"影响CC1/CC2< G < G N Y N 4.6 如果ACCUM2<ACCUM1比较两个"小于"的浮点数,RLO是"1"影响CC1/CC2<=G <=G N Y N 4.6 如果ACCUM2<=ACCUM1比较两个"小于或相等"的浮点数,RLO是"1"影响CC1/CC2算术运算功能+ F + F N N N 1.9 把2个定点数相加;ACCUM1+ACCUM2- F - F N N N 1.9 从一个定点数减去另一个定点数;ACCUM2-ACCUM1* F * F N N N 8 把2个定点数相乘;ACCUM1*ACCUM2/ F / F N N N 10 从一个定点数除以另一个定点数;ACCUM2/ACCUM1+ G + G N N N 14 把2个浮点数相加;ACCUM1+ACCUM2- G - G N N N 14 从一个浮点数减去另一个浮点数;ACCUM2-ACCUM1 * G * G N N N 13 把2个浮点数相乘;ACCUM1*ACCUM2/ G / G N N N 16 从一个浮点数除以另一个浮点数;ACCUM2/ACCUM1模块调用JU OB SPA OB 0--255 N N Y 6.7 无条件调用一个组织块JU PB SPA PB 0--255 N N Y 6.7 无条件调用一个程序块JU FB SPA FB 0--255 N N Y 6.7 无条件调用一个功能块JU SB SPA SB 0--255 N N Y 6.7 无条件调用一个顺序块JU FX SPA FX 0--255 N N Y 6.7 无条件调用一个功能块JC OB JC OB 0--255 Y Y设为1 Y 6.7 无条件调用一个组织块JC PB SPB PB 0--255 Y Y设为1 Y 6.7 无条件调用一个程序块JC FB SPB FB 0--255 Y Y设为1 Y 6.7 无条件调用一个功能块JC SB SPB SB 0--255 Y Y设为1 Y 6.7 无条件调用一个顺序块C DB A DB 0--255 N N N 3.6 调入一个数据块G DB DB N N N 254 生成一个数据块返回操作BE BE N N Y 5 块结束(一个块的结束)BEC BBE Y Y设为1 Y 5 块有条件结束BEU BEA N N Y 5 块无条件结束(在组织块内不能用)。

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR PHYTOSANITARY MEASURESPublication historyThis is not an official part of the standard1999-10 ICPM-2 added topic Wood packing (1999-001)2000-06 ad-hoc EWG developed draft text2001-02 EWG developed draft text2001-05 ISC-3 revised draft text and approved for MC2001-06 Sent for MC2001-11 ISC-4 revised draft text for adoption2002-03 ICPM-4 adopted standardISPM 15. 2002. Guidelines for regulating wood packaging material in international trade. Rome, IPPC, FAO.2005-03 TPFQ revised Annex 1 Methyl bromide fumigation schedule (2005-011)2005-05 SC revised Annex1 and approved for MC2005-06 Sent for MC under fast-track process2005-11 SC revised Annex 1 for adoption2006-04 CPM-1 adopted revised Annex 1ISPM 15. 2006. Guidelines for regulating wood packaging material in international trade. Rome, IPPC, FAO.2006-04 CPM-1 added topic Revision of ISPM No. 15 (2006-036)2006-05 SC approved Specification 31 Revision of ISPM No. 152007-07 TPFQ revised standard2008-05 SC revised and approved for MC2008-06 Sent for MC2008-11 SC revised standard for adoption2009-03 CPM-4 adopted revised standardISPM 15. 2009. Regulation of wood packaging material in international trade. Rome, IPPC, FAO. Publication history: Last modified August 2011CONTENTSAdoption ............................................................................................................................................. 15-5 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 15-5 Scope .................................................................................................................................................. 15-5 Environmental Statement ................................................................................................................... 15-5 References .......................................................................................................................................... 15-5 Definitions .......................................................................................................................................... 15-6 Outline of Requirements .................................................................................................................... 15-6 REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................................. 15-71. Basis for Regulation .................................................................................................................... 15-72. Regulated Wood Packaging Material.......................................................................................... 15-72.1 Exemptions .................................................................................................................. 15-73. Phytosanitary Measures for Wood Packaging Material .............................................................. 15-73.1 Approved phytosanitary measures .............................................................................. 15-83.2 Approval of new or revised treatments ....................................................................... 15-83.3 Alternative bilateral arrangements .............................................................................. 15-84. Responsibilities of NPPOs .......................................................................................................... 15-94.1 Regulatory considerations ........................................................................................... 15-94.2 Application and use of the mark ................................................................................. 15-94.3 Treatment and marking requirements for wood packaging material that is reused,repaired or remanufactured ......................................................................................... 15-94.3.1 Reuse of wood packaging material ............................................................................. 15-94.3.2 Repaired wood packaging material ............................................................................. 15-94.3.3 Remanufactured wood packaging material ............................................................... 15-104.4 Transit ....................................................................................................................... 15-104.5 Procedures upon import ............................................................................................ 15-104.6 Phytosanitary measures for non-compliance at point of entry .................................. 15-10 ANNEX 1: Approved treatments associated with wood packaging material................................... 15-12 ANNEX 2: The mark and its application ......................................................................................... 15-14 APPENDIX 1: Examples of methods of secure disposal of non-compliant wood packaging material ................................................................................................................. 15-17AdoptionThis standard was first adopted by the Fourth Session of the Interim Commission on Phytosanitary Measures in March 2002 as Guidelines for regulating wood packaging material in international trade. Modifications to Annex 1 were adopted by the First Session of the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures in April 2006. The first revision was adopted by the Fourth Session of the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures in March–April 2009 as the present standard, ISPM 15:2009. INTRODUCTIONScopeThis standard describes phytosanitary measures that reduce the risk of introduction and spread of quarantine pests associated with the movement in international trade of wood packaging material made from raw wood. Wood packaging material covered by this standard includes dunnage but excludes wood packaging made from wood processed in such a way that it is free from pests (e.g. plywood).The phytosanitary measures described in this standard are not intended to provide ongoing protection from contaminating pests or other organisms.Environmental StatementPests associated with wood packaging material are known to have negative impacts on forest health and biodiversity. Implementation of this standard is considered to reduce significantly the spread of pests and subsequently their negative impacts. In the absence of alternative treatments being available for certain situations or to all countries, or the availability of other appropriate packaging materials, methyl bromide treatment is included in this standard. Methyl bromide is known to deplete the ozone layer. An IPPC Recommendation on the Replacement or reduction of the use of methyl bromide as a phytosanitary measure (CPM, 2008) has been adopted in relation to this issue. Alternative treatments that are more environmentally friendly are being pursued.ReferencesCPM. 2008. Replacement or reduction of the use of methyl bromide as a phytosanitary measure. IPPC Recommendation. In Report of the Third Session of the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures, Rome, 7–11 April 2008, Appendix 6. Rome, IPPC, FAO.IPPC. 1997. International Plant Protection Convention. Rome, IPPC, FAO.ISO 3166-1:2006. Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 1: Country codes. Geneva, International Organization for Standardization (available at /iso/country_codes/iso_3166_code_lists.htm).ISPM 5. Glossary of phytosanitary terms. Rome, IPPC, FAO.ISPM 7. 1997. Export certification system. Rome, IPPC, FAO.ISPM 20. 2004. Guidelines for a phytosanitary import regulatory system. Rome, IPPC, FAO.ISPM 23. 2005. Guidelines for inspection. Rome, IPPC, FAO.ISPM 13. 2001. Guidelines for the notification of non-compliance and emergency action. Rome, IPPC, FAO.ISPM 25. 2006. Consignments in transit. Rome, IPPC, FAO.ISPM 28. 2007. Phytosanitary treatments for regulated pests. Rome, IPPC, FAO.UNEP. 2000. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Nairobi, Ozone Secretariat, United Nations Environment Programme. ISBN: 92-807-1888-6 (/ozone/pdfs/Montreal-Protocol2000.pdf).DefinitionsDefinitions of phytosanitary terms used in this standard can be found in ISPM 5 (Glossary of phytosanitary terms).Outline of RequirementsApproved phytosanitary measures that significantly reduce the risk of pest introduction and spread via wood packaging material consist of the use of debarked wood (with a specified tolerance for remaining bark) and the application of approved treatments (as prescribed in Annex 1). The application of the recognized mark (as prescribed in Annex 2) ensures that wood packaging material subjected to the approved treatments is readily identifiable. The approved treatments, the mark and its use are described.The national plant protection organizations (NPPOs) of exporting and importing countries have specific responsibilities. Treatment and application of the mark must always be under the authority of the NPPO. NPPOs that authorize the use of the mark should supervise (or, as a minimum, audit or review) the application of the treatments, use of the mark and its application, as appropriate, by producer/treatment providers and should establish inspection or monitoring and auditing procedures. Specific requirements apply to wood packaging material that is repaired or remanufactured. NPPOs of importing countries should accept the approved phytosanitary measures as the basis for authorizing entry of wood packaging material without further wood packaging material-related phytosanitary import requirements and may verify on import that the requirements of the standard have been met. Where wood packaging material does not comply with the requirements of this standard, NPPOs are also responsible for measures implemented and notification of non-compliance, as appropriate.REQUIREMENTS1. Basis for RegulationWood originating from living or dead trees may be infested by pests. Wood packaging material is frequently made of raw wood that may not have undergone sufficient processing or treatment to remove or kill pests and therefore remains a pathway for the introduction and spread of quarantine pests. Dunnage in particular has been shown to present a high risk of introduction and spread of quarantine pests. Furthermore, wood packaging material is very often reused, repaired or remanufactured (as described in section 4.3). The true origin of any piece of wood packaging material is difficult to determine, and thus its phytosanitary status cannot easily be ascertained. Therefore the normal process of undertaking pest risk analysis to determine if measures are necessary, and the strength of such measures, is frequently not possible for wood packaging material. For this reason, this standard describes internationally accepted measures that may be applied to wood packaging material by all countries to reduce significantly the risk of introduction and spread of most quarantine pests that may be associated with that material.2. Regulated Wood Packaging MaterialThese guidelines cover all forms of wood packaging material that may serve as a pathway for pests posing a pest risk mainly to living trees. They cover wood packaging material such as crates, boxes, packing cases, dunnage 12.1 Exemptions, pallets, cable drums and spools/reels, which can be present in almost any imported consignment, including consignments that would not normally be subject to phytosanitary inspection.The following articles are of sufficiently low risk to be exempted from the provisions of this standard 2- wood packaging material made entirely from thin wood (6 mm or less in thickness): - wood packaging made wholly of processed wood material, such as plywood, particle board,oriented strand board or veneer that has been created using glue, heat or pressure, or a combination thereof- barrels for wine and spirit that have been heated during manufacture- gift boxes for wine, cigars and other commodities made from wood that has been processedand/or manufactured in a way that renders it free of pests- sawdust, wood shavings and wood wool- wood components permanently attached to freight vehicles and containers.3. Phytosanitary Measures for Wood Packaging MaterialThis standard describes phytosanitary measures (including treatments) that have been approved for wood packaging material and provides for the approval of new or revised treatments.1Consignments of wood (i.e. timber/lumber) may be supported by dunnage that is constructed from wood of the same type and quality and that meets the same phytosanitary requirements as the wood in the consignment. In such cases, the dunnage may be considered as part of the consignment and may not be considered as wood packaging material in the context of this standard.2 Not all types of gift boxes or barrels are constructed in a manner that renders them pest free, and therefore certain types may be considered to be within the scope of this standard. Where appropriate, specific arrangements related to these types of commodities may be established between importing and exporting NPPOs.3.1 Approved phytosanitary measuresThe approved phytosanitary measures described in this standard consist of phytosanitary procedures including treatments and marking of the wood packaging material. The application of the mark renders the use of a phytosanitary certificate unnecessary as it indicates that the internationally accepted phytosanitary measures have been applied. These phytosanitary measures should be accepted by all NPPOs as the basis for authorizing the entry of wood packaging material without further specific requirements. Required phytosanitary measures beyond an approved measure as described in this standard require technical justification.The treatments described in Annex 1 are considered to be significantly effective against most pests of living trees associated with wood packaging material used in international trade. These treatments are combined with the use of debarked wood for construction of wood packaging, which also acts to reduce the likelihood of reinfestation by pests of living trees. These measures have been adopted based on consideration of:-the range of pests that may be affected-the efficacy of the treatment-the technical and/or commercial feasibility.There are three main activities involved in the production of approved wood packaging material (including dunnage): treating, manufacturing and marking. These activities can be done by separate entities, or one entity can do several or all of these activities. For ease of reference, this standard refers to producers (those that manufacture the wood packaging material and may apply the mark to appropriately treated wood packaging material) and treatment providers (those that apply the approved treatments and may apply the mark to appropriately treated wood packaging material).Wood packaging material subjected to the approved measures shall be identified by application of an official mark in accordance with Annex 2. This mark consists of a dedicated symbol used in conjunction with codes identifying the specific country, the responsible producer or treatment provider, and the treatment applied. Hereafter, all components of such a mark are referred to collectively as “the mark”. The internationally recognized, non-language-specific mark facilitates identification of treated wood packaging material during inspection prior to export, at the point of entry, or elsewhere. NPPOs should accept the mark as referred to in Annex 2 as the basis for authorizing the entry of wood packaging material without further specific requirements.Debarked wood must be used for the construction of wood packaging material, in addition to application of one of the adopted treatments specified in Annex 1. A tolerance for remaining bark is specified in Annex 1.3.2 Approval of new or revised treatmentsAs new technical information becomes available, existing treatments may be reviewed and modified, and new alternative treatments and/or treatment schedule(s) for wood packaging material may be adopted by the CPM. ISPM 28:2007 provides guidance on the IPPC’s process for approval of treatments. If a new treatment or a revised treatment schedule is adopted for wood packaging material and incorporated into this ISPM, material already treated under the previous treatment and/or schedule does not need to be re-treated or re-marked.3.3 Alternative bilateral arrangementsNPPOs may accept measures other than those listed in Annex 1 by bilateral arrangement with their trading partners. In such cases, the mark shown in Annex 2 must not be used unless all requirements of this standard have been met.4. Responsibilities of NPPOsTo meet the objective of preventing the introduction and spread of pests, exporting and importing contracting parties and their NPPOs have responsibilities (as outlined in Articles I, IV and VII of the IPPC). In relation to this standard, specific responsibilities are outlined below.4.1 Regulatory considerationsTreatment and application of the mark (and/or related systems) must always be under the authority of the NPPO. NPPOs that authorize use of the mark have the responsibility for ensuring that all systems authorized and approved for implementation of this standard meet all necessary requirements described within the standard, and that wood packaging material (or wood that is to be made into wood packaging material) bearing the mark has been treated and/or manufactured in accordance with this standard. Responsibilities include:-authorization, registration and accreditation, as appropriate-monitoring treatment and marking systems implemented in order to verify compliance (further information on related responsibilities is provided in ISPM 7:1997)-inspection, establishing verification procedures and auditing where appropriate (further information is provided in ISPM 23:2005).The NPPO should supervise (or, as a minimum, audit or review) the application of the treatments, and authorize use of the mark and its application as appropriate. To prevent untreated or insufficiently/incorrectly treated wood packaging material bearing the mark, treatment should be carried out prior to application of the mark.4.2 Application and use of the markThe specified marks applied to wood packaging material treated in accordance with this standard must conform to the requirements described in Annex 2.4.3 Treatment and marking requirements for wood packaging material that is reused,repaired or remanufacturedNPPOs of countries where wood packaging material that bears the mark described in Annex 2 is repaired or remanufactured have responsibility for ensuring and verifying that systems related to export of such wood packaging material comply fully with this standard.4.3.1 Reuse of wood packaging materialA unit of wood packaging material that has been treated and marked in accordance with this standard and that has not been repaired, remanufactured or otherwise altered does not require re-treatment or re-application of the mark throughout the service life of the unit.4.3.2 Repaired wood packaging materialRepaired wood packaging material is wood packaging material that has had up to approximately one third of its components removed and replaced. NPPOs must ensure that when marked wood packaging material is repaired, only wood treated in accordance with this standard is used for the repair, or wood constructed or fabricated from processed wood material (as described in section 2.1). Where treated wood is used for the repair, each added component must be individually marked in accordance with this standard.Wood packaging material bearing multiple marks may create problems in determining the origin of the wood packaging material if pests are found associated with it. It is recommended that NPPOs of countries where wood packaging material is repaired limit the number of different marks that may appear on a single unit of wood packaging material. Therefore NPPOs of countries where woodpackaging material is repaired may require the repaired wood packaging material to have previous marks obliterated, the unit to be re-treated in accordance with Annex 1, and the mark then applied in accordance with Annex 2. If methyl bromide is used for the re-treatment, the information in the IPPC Recommendation on the Replacement or reduction of the use of methyl bromide as a phytosanitary measure (CPM, 2008) should be taken into account.In circumstances where there is any doubt that all components of a unit of repaired wood packaging material have been treated in accordance with this standard, or the origin of the unit of wood packaging material or its components is difficult to ascertain, the NPPOs of countries where wood packaging material is repaired should require the repaired wood packaging material to be re-treated, destroyed, or otherwise prevented from moving in international trade as wood packaging material compliant with this standard. In the case of re-treatment, any previous applications of the mark must be permanently obliterated (e.g. by covering with paint or grinding). After re-treatment, the mark must be applied anew in accordance with this standard.4.3.3 Remanufactured wood packaging materialIf a unit of wood packaging material has had more than approximately one third of its components replaced, the unit is considered to be remanufactured. In this process, various components (with additional reworking if necessary) may be combined and then reassembled into further wood packaging material. Remanufactured wood packaging material may therefore incorporate both new and previously used components.Remanufactured wood packaging material must have any previous applications of the mark permanently obliterated (e.g. by covering with paint or grinding). Remanufactured wood packaging material must be re-treated and the mark must then be applied anew in accordance with this standard.4.4 TransitWhere consignments moving in transit have wood packaging material that does not meet the requirements of this standard, NPPOs of countries of transit may require measures to ensure that wood packaging material does not present an unacceptable risk. Further guidance on transit arrangements is provided in ISPM 25:2006.4.5 Procedures upon importSince wood packaging materials are associated with most shipments, including those not considered to be the target of phytosanitary inspections in their own right, cooperation by NPPOs with organizations not usually involved with verification of whether the phytosanitary import requirements have been met is important. For example, cooperation with Customs organizations and other stakeholders will help NPPOs in receiving information on the presence of wood packaging material. This is important to ensure effectiveness in detecting potential non-compliance of wood packaging material.4.6 Phytosanitary measures for non-compliance at point of entryRelevant information on non-compliance and emergency action is provided in sections 5.1.6.1 to 5.1.6.3 of ISPM 20:2004, and in ISPM 13:2001. Taking into account the frequent re-use of wood packaging material, NPPOs should consider that the non-compliance identified may have arisen in the country of production, repair or remanufacture, rather than in the country of export or transit.Where wood packaging material does not carry the required mark, or the detection of pests provides evidence that the treatment may not have been effective, the NPPO should respond accordingly and, if necessary, an emergency action may be taken. This action may take the form of detention while the situation is being addressed then, as appropriate, removal of non-compliant material, treatment3, 3 This need not necessarily be a treatment approved in this standard.destruction (or other secure disposal) or reshipment. Further examples of appropriate options for actions are provided in Appendix 1. The principle of minimal impact should be pursued in relation to any emergency action taken, distinguishing between the consignment traded and the accompanying wood packaging material. In addition, if emergency action is necessary and methyl bromide is used by the NPPO, relevant aspects of the IPPC Recommendation on Replacement or reduction of the use of methyl bromide as a phytosanitary measure (CPM, 2008) should be followed.The NPPO of the importing country should notify the exporting country, or the manufacturing country where applicable, in cases where live pests are found. In such cases, where a unit of wood packaging material bears more than one mark NPPOs should attempt to determine the origin of the non-compliant component(s) prior to sending a notice of non-compliance. NPPOs are also encouraged to notify cases of missing marks and other cases of non-compliance. Taking into account the provisions of section 4.3.2, it should be noted that the presence of multiple marks on a single unit of wood packaging does not constitute non-compliance.This annex is a prescriptive part of the standard.ANNEX 1: Approved treatments associated with wood packaging materialUse of debarked woodIrrespective of the type of treatment applied, wood packaging material must be made of debarked wood. For this standard, any number of visually separate and clearly distinct small pieces of bark may remain if they are:- less than 3 cm in width (regardless of the length) or- greater than 3 cm in width, with the total surface area of an individual piece of bark less than 50square cm.For methyl bromide treatment the removal of bark must be carried out before treatment because the presence of bark on the wood affects the efficacy of the methyl bromide treatment. For heat treatment, the removal of bark can be carried out before or after treatment.Heat treatment (treatment code for the mark: HT)Wood packaging material must be heated in accordance with a specific time–temperature schedule that achieves a minimum temperature of 56 °C for a minimum duration of 30 continuous minutes throughout the entire profile of the wood (including at its core). Various energy sources or processes may be suitable to achieve these parameters. For example, kiln-drying, heat-enabled chemical pressure impregnation, microwave or other treatments may all be considered heat treatments provided that they meet the heat treatment parameters specified in this standard.Methyl bromide treatment (treatment code for the mark: MB)Use of methyl bromide should be undertaken taking into account the IPPC Recommendation Replacement or reduction of the use of methyl bromide as a phytosanitary measure (CPM, 2008). NPPOs are encouraged to promote the use of alternative treatments approved in this standard.4The wood packaging material must be fumigated with methyl bromide in accordance with a schedule that achieves the minimum concentration-time product5Table 1: Minimum CT over 24 hours for wood packaging material fumigated with methyl bromide(CT) over 24 hours at the temperature and final residual concentration specified in Table 1. This CT must be achieved throughout the wood, including at its core, although the concentrations would be measured in the ambient atmosphere. The minimum temperature of the wood and its surrounding atmosphere must be not less than 10 °C and the minimum exposure time must be not less than 24 hours. Monitoring of gas concentrations must be carried out at a minimum at 2, 4 and 24 hours (in the case of longer exposure times and weaker concentrations, additional measurement should be recorded at the end of fumigation).One example of a schedule that may be used for achieving the specified requirements is shown in Table 2.4 In addition, contracting parties to the IPPC may also have obligations under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer (UNEP, 2000).5 The CT product utilized for methyl bromide treatment in this standard is the sum of the product of the concentration (g/m 3) and time (h) over the duration of the treatment.。

Glider Flying Handbook2013U.S. Department of TransportationFEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATIONFlight Standards Servicei iPrefaceThe Glider Flying Handbook is designed as a technical manual for applicants who are preparing for glider category rating and for currently certificated glider pilots who wish to improve their knowledge. Certificated flight instructors will find this handbook a valuable training aid, since detailed coverage of aeronautical decision-making, components and systems, aerodynamics, flight instruments, performance limitations, ground operations, flight maneuvers, traffic patterns, emergencies, soaring weather, soaring techniques, and cross-country flight is included. Topics such as radio navigation and communication, use of flight information publications, and regulations are available in other Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publications.The discussion and explanations reflect the most commonly used practices and principles. Occasionally, the word “must” or similar language is used where the desired action is deemed critical. The use of such language is not intended to add to, interpret, or relieve a duty imposed by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR). Persons working towards a glider rating are advised to review the references from the applicable practical test standards (FAA-G-8082-4, Sport Pilot and Flight Instructor with a Sport Pilot Rating Knowledge Test Guide, FAA-G-8082-5, Commercial Pilot Knowledge Test Guide, and FAA-G-8082-17, Recreational Pilot and Private Pilot Knowledge Test Guide). Resources for study include FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, FAA-H-8083-2, Risk Management Handbook, and Advisory Circular (AC) 00-6, Aviation Weather For Pilots and Flight Operations Personnel, AC 00-45, Aviation Weather Services, as these documents contain basic material not duplicated herein. All beginning applicants should refer to FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, for study and basic library reference.It is essential for persons using this handbook to become familiar with and apply the pertinent parts of 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). The AIM is available online at . The current Flight Standards Service airman training and testing material and learning statements for all airman certificates and ratings can be obtained from .This handbook supersedes FAA-H-8083-13, Glider Flying Handbook, dated 2003. Always select the latest edition of any publication and check the website for errata pages and listing of changes to FAA educational publications developed by the FAA’s Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630.This handbook is available for download, in PDF format, from .This handbook is published by the United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125.Comments regarding this publication should be sent, in email form, to the following address:********************************************John M. AllenDirector, Flight Standards Serviceiiii vAcknowledgmentsThe Glider Flying Handbook was produced by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with the assistance of Safety Research Corporation of America (SRCA). The FAA wishes to acknowledge the following contributors: Sue Telford of Telford Fishing & Hunting Services for images used in Chapter 1JerryZieba () for images used in Chapter 2Tim Mara () for images used in Chapters 2 and 12Uli Kremer of Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co for images used in Chapter 2Richard Lancaster () for images and content used in Chapter 3Dave Nadler of Nadler & Associates for images used in Chapter 6Dave McConeghey for images used in Chapter 6John Brandon (www.raa.asn.au) for images and content used in Chapter 7Patrick Panzera () for images used in Chapter 8Jeff Haby (www.theweatherprediction) for images used in Chapter 8National Soaring Museum () for content used in Chapter 9Bill Elliot () for images used in Chapter 12.Tiffany Fidler for images used in Chapter 12.Additional appreciation is extended to the Soaring Society of America, Inc. (), the Soaring Safety Foundation, and Mr. Brad Temeyer and Mr. Bill Martin from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for their technical support and input.vv iPreface (iii)Acknowledgments (v)Table of Contents (vii)Chapter 1Gliders and Sailplanes ........................................1-1 Introduction....................................................................1-1 Gliders—The Early Years ..............................................1-2 Glider or Sailplane? .......................................................1-3 Glider Pilot Schools ......................................................1-4 14 CFR Part 141 Pilot Schools ...................................1-5 14 CFR Part 61 Instruction ........................................1-5 Glider Certificate Eligibility Requirements ...................1-5 Common Glider Concepts ..............................................1-6 Terminology...............................................................1-6 Converting Metric Distance to Feet ...........................1-6 Chapter 2Components and Systems .................................2-1 Introduction....................................................................2-1 Glider Design .................................................................2-2 The Fuselage ..................................................................2-4 Wings and Components .............................................2-4 Lift/Drag Devices ...........................................................2-5 Empennage .....................................................................2-6 Towhook Devices .......................................................2-7 Powerplant .....................................................................2-7 Self-Launching Gliders .............................................2-7 Sustainer Engines .......................................................2-8 Landing Gear .................................................................2-8 Wheel Brakes .............................................................2-8 Chapter 3Aerodynamics of Flight .......................................3-1 Introduction....................................................................3-1 Forces of Flight..............................................................3-2 Newton’s Third Law of Motion .................................3-2 Lift ..............................................................................3-2The Effects of Drag on a Glider .....................................3-3 Parasite Drag ..............................................................3-3 Form Drag ...............................................................3-3 Skin Friction Drag ..................................................3-3 Interference Drag ....................................................3-5 Total Drag...................................................................3-6 Wing Planform ...........................................................3-6 Elliptical Wing ........................................................3-6 Rectangular Wing ...................................................3-7 Tapered Wing .........................................................3-7 Swept-Forward Wing ..............................................3-7 Washout ..................................................................3-7 Glide Ratio .................................................................3-8 Aspect Ratio ............................................................3-9 Weight ........................................................................3-9 Thrust .........................................................................3-9 Three Axes of Rotation ..................................................3-9 Stability ........................................................................3-10 Flutter .......................................................................3-11 Lateral Stability ........................................................3-12 Turning Flight ..............................................................3-13 Load Factors .................................................................3-13 Radius of Turn ..........................................................3-14 Turn Coordination ....................................................3-15 Slips ..........................................................................3-15 Forward Slip .........................................................3-16 Sideslip .................................................................3-17 Spins .........................................................................3-17 Ground Effect ...............................................................3-19 Chapter 4Flight Instruments ...............................................4-1 Introduction....................................................................4-1 Pitot-Static Instruments ..................................................4-2 Impact and Static Pressure Lines................................4-2 Airspeed Indicator ......................................................4-2 The Effects of Altitude on the AirspeedIndicator..................................................................4-3 Types of Airspeed ...................................................4-3Table of ContentsviiAirspeed Indicator Markings ......................................4-5 Other Airspeed Limitations ........................................4-6 Altimeter .....................................................................4-6 Principles of Operation ...........................................4-6 Effect of Nonstandard Pressure andTemperature............................................................4-7 Setting the Altimeter (Kollsman Window) .............4-9 Types of Altitude ......................................................4-10 Variometer................................................................4-11 Total Energy System .............................................4-14 Netto .....................................................................4-14 Electronic Flight Computers ....................................4-15 Magnetic Compass .......................................................4-16 Yaw String ................................................................4-16 Inclinometer..............................................................4-16 Gyroscopic Instruments ...............................................4-17 G-Meter ........................................................................4-17 FLARM Collision Avoidance System .........................4-18 Chapter 5Glider Performance .............................................5-1 Introduction....................................................................5-1 Factors Affecting Performance ......................................5-2 High and Low Density Altitude Conditions ...........5-2 Atmospheric Pressure .............................................5-2 Altitude ...................................................................5-3 Temperature............................................................5-3 Wind ...........................................................................5-3 Weight ........................................................................5-5 Rate of Climb .................................................................5-7 Flight Manuals and Placards ..........................................5-8 Placards ......................................................................5-8 Performance Information ...........................................5-8 Glider Polars ...............................................................5-8 Weight and Balance Information .............................5-10 Limitations ...............................................................5-10 Weight and Balance .....................................................5-12 Center of Gravity ......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Forward ofForward Limit .......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Aft of Aft Limit ..5-13 Sample Weight and Balance Problems ....................5-13 Ballast ..........................................................................5-14 Chapter 6Preflight and Ground Operations .......................6-1 Introduction....................................................................6-1 Assembly and Storage Techniques ................................6-2 Trailering....................................................................6-3 Tiedown and Securing ................................................6-4Water Ballast ..............................................................6-4 Ground Handling........................................................6-4 Launch Equipment Inspection ....................................6-5 Glider Preflight Inspection .........................................6-6 Prelaunch Checklist ....................................................6-7 Glider Care .....................................................................6-7 Preventive Maintenance .............................................6-8 Chapter 7Launch and Recovery Procedures and Flight Maneuvers ............................................................7-1 Introduction....................................................................7-1 Aerotow Takeoff Procedures .........................................7-2 Signals ........................................................................7-2 Prelaunch Signals ....................................................7-2 Inflight Signals ........................................................7-3 Takeoff Procedures and Techniques ..........................7-3 Normal Assisted Takeoff............................................7-4 Unassisted Takeoff.....................................................7-5 Crosswind Takeoff .....................................................7-5 Assisted ...................................................................7-5 Unassisted...............................................................7-6 Aerotow Climb-Out ....................................................7-6 Aerotow Release.........................................................7-8 Slack Line ...................................................................7-9 Boxing the Wake ......................................................7-10 Ground Launch Takeoff Procedures ............................7-11 CG Hooks .................................................................7-11 Signals ......................................................................7-11 Prelaunch Signals (Winch/Automobile) ...............7-11 Inflight Signals ......................................................7-12 Tow Speeds ..............................................................7-12 Automobile Launch ..................................................7-14 Crosswind Takeoff and Climb .................................7-14 Normal Into-the-Wind Launch .................................7-15 Climb-Out and Release Procedures ..........................7-16 Self-Launch Takeoff Procedures ..............................7-17 Preparation and Engine Start ....................................7-17 Taxiing .....................................................................7-18 Pretakeoff Check ......................................................7-18 Normal Takeoff ........................................................7-19 Crosswind Takeoff ...................................................7-19 Climb-Out and Shutdown Procedures ......................7-19 Landing .....................................................................7-21 Gliderport/Airport Traffic Patterns and Operations .....7-22 Normal Approach and Landing ................................7-22 Crosswind Landing ..................................................7-25 Slips ..........................................................................7-25 Downwind Landing ..................................................7-27 After Landing and Securing .....................................7-27viiiPerformance Maneuvers ..............................................7-27 Straight Glides ..........................................................7-27 Turns.........................................................................7-28 Roll-In ...................................................................7-29 Roll-Out ................................................................7-30 Steep Turns ...........................................................7-31 Maneuvering at Minimum Controllable Airspeed ...7-31 Stall Recognition and Recovery ...............................7-32 Secondary Stalls ....................................................7-34 Accelerated Stalls .................................................7-34 Crossed-Control Stalls ..........................................7-35 Operating Airspeeds .....................................................7-36 Minimum Sink Airspeed ..........................................7-36 Best Glide Airspeed..................................................7-37 Speed to Fly ..............................................................7-37 Chapter 8Abnormal and Emergency Procedures .............8-1 Introduction....................................................................8-1 Porpoising ......................................................................8-2 Pilot-Induced Oscillations (PIOs) ..............................8-2 PIOs During Launch ...................................................8-2 Factors Influencing PIOs ........................................8-2 Improper Elevator Trim Setting ..............................8-3 Improper Wing Flaps Setting ..................................8-3 Pilot-Induced Roll Oscillations During Launch .........8-3 Pilot-Induced Yaw Oscillations During Launch ........8-4 Gust-Induced Oscillations ..............................................8-5 Vertical Gusts During High-Speed Cruise .................8-5 Pilot-Induced Pitch Oscillations During Landing ......8-6 Glider-Induced Oscillations ...........................................8-6 Pitch Influence of the Glider Towhook Position ........8-6 Self-Launching Glider Oscillations During Powered Flight ...........................................................8-7 Nosewheel Glider Oscillations During Launchesand Landings ..............................................................8-7 Tailwheel/Tailskid Equipped Glider Oscillations During Launches and Landings ..................................8-8 Aerotow Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ............8-8 Abnormal Procedures .................................................8-8 Towing Failures........................................................8-10 Tow Failure With Runway To Land and Stop ......8-11 Tow Failure Without Runway To Land BelowReturning Altitude ................................................8-11 Tow Failure Above Return to Runway Altitude ...8-11 Tow Failure Above 800' AGL ..............................8-12 Tow Failure Above Traffic Pattern Altitude .........8-13 Slack Line .................................................................8-13 Ground Launch Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ....................................................................8-14 Abnormal Procedures ...............................................8-14 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-14 Self-Launch Takeoff Emergency Procedures ..............8-15 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-15 Spiral Dives ..................................................................8-15 Spins .............................................................................8-15 Entry Phase ...............................................................8-17 Incipient Phase .........................................................8-17 Developed Phase ......................................................8-17 Recovery Phase ........................................................8-17 Off-Field Landing Procedures .....................................8-18 Afterlanding Off Field .............................................8-20 Off-Field Landing Without Injury ........................8-20 Off-Field Landing With Injury .............................8-20 System and Equipment Malfunctions ..........................8-20 Flight Instrument Malfunctions ................................8-20 Airspeed Indicator Malfunctions ..........................8-21 Altimeter Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Variometer Malfunctions ......................................8-21 Compass Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Glider Canopy Malfunctions ....................................8-21 Broken Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Frosted Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Water Ballast Malfunctions ......................................8-22 Retractable Landing Gear Malfunctions ..................8-22 Primary Flight Control Systems ...............................8-22 Elevator Malfunctions ..........................................8-22 Aileron Malfunctions ............................................8-23 Rudder Malfunctions ............................................8-24 Secondary Flight Controls Systems .........................8-24 Elevator Trim Malfunctions .................................8-24 Spoiler/Dive Brake Malfunctions .........................8-24 Miscellaneous Flight System Malfunctions .................8-25 Towhook Malfunctions ............................................8-25 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-25 Drogue Chute Malfunctions .....................................8-25 Self-Launching Gliders ................................................8-26 Self-Launching/Sustainer Glider Engine Failure During Takeoff or Climb ..........................................8-26 Inability to Restart a Self-Launching/SustainerGlider Engine While Airborne .................................8-27 Self-Launching Glider Propeller Malfunctions ........8-27 Self-Launching Glider Electrical System Malfunctions .............................................................8-27 In-flight Fire .............................................................8-28 Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear ...................8-28 Survival Gear Checklists ..........................................8-28 Food and Water ........................................................8-28ixClothing ....................................................................8-28 Communication ........................................................8-29 Navigation Equipment ..............................................8-29 Medical Equipment ..................................................8-29 Stowage ....................................................................8-30 Parachute ..................................................................8-30 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-30 Accident Prevention .....................................................8-30 Chapter 9Soaring Weather ..................................................9-1 Introduction....................................................................9-1 The Atmosphere .............................................................9-2 Composition ...............................................................9-2 Properties ....................................................................9-2 Temperature............................................................9-2 Density ....................................................................9-2 Pressure ...................................................................9-2 Standard Atmosphere .................................................9-3 Layers of the Atmosphere ..........................................9-4 Scale of Weather Events ................................................9-4 Thermal Soaring Weather ..............................................9-6 Thermal Shape and Structure .....................................9-6 Atmospheric Stability .................................................9-7 Air Masses Conducive to Thermal Soaring ...................9-9 Cloud Streets ..............................................................9-9 Thermal Waves...........................................................9-9 Thunderstorms..........................................................9-10 Lifted Index ..........................................................9-12 K-Index .................................................................9-12 Weather for Slope Soaring .......................................9-14 Mechanism for Wave Formation ..............................9-16 Lift Due to Convergence ..........................................9-19 Obtaining Weather Information ...................................9-21 Preflight Weather Briefing........................................9-21 Weather-ReIated Information ..................................9-21 Interpreting Weather Charts, Reports, andForecasts ......................................................................9-23 Graphic Weather Charts ...........................................9-23 Winds and Temperatures Aloft Forecast ..............9-23 Composite Moisture Stability Chart .....................9-24 Chapter 10Soaring Techniques ..........................................10-1 Introduction..................................................................10-1 Thermal Soaring ...........................................................10-2 Locating Thermals ....................................................10-2 Cumulus Clouds ...................................................10-2 Other Indicators of Thermals ................................10-3 Wind .....................................................................10-4 The Big Picture .....................................................10-5Entering a Thermal ..............................................10-5 Inside a Thermal.......................................................10-6 Bank Angle ...........................................................10-6 Speed .....................................................................10-6 Centering ...............................................................10-7 Collision Avoidance ................................................10-9 Exiting a Thermal .....................................................10-9 Atypical Thermals ..................................................10-10 Ridge/Slope Soaring ..................................................10-10 Traps ......................................................................10-10 Procedures for Safe Flying .....................................10-12 Bowls and Spurs .....................................................10-13 Slope Lift ................................................................10-13 Obstructions ...........................................................10-14 Tips and Techniques ...............................................10-15 Wave Soaring .............................................................10-16 Preflight Preparation ...............................................10-17 Getting Into the Wave ............................................10-18 Flying in the Wave .................................................10-20 Soaring Convergence Zones ...................................10-23 Combined Sources of Updrafts ..............................10-24 Chapter 11Cross-Country Soaring .....................................11-1 Introduction..................................................................11-1 Flight Preparation and Planning ...................................11-2 Personal and Special Equipment ..................................11-3 Navigation ....................................................................11-5 Using the Plotter .......................................................11-5 A Sample Cross-Country Flight ...............................11-5 Navigation Using GPS .............................................11-8 Cross-Country Techniques ...........................................11-9 Soaring Faster and Farther .........................................11-11 Height Bands ..........................................................11-11 Tips and Techniques ...............................................11-12 Special Situations .......................................................11-14 Course Deviations ..................................................11-14 Lost Procedures ......................................................11-14 Cross-Country Flight in a Self-Launching Glider .....11-15 High-Performance Glider Operations and Considerations ............................................................11-16 Glider Complexity ..................................................11-16 Water Ballast ..........................................................11-17 Cross-Country Flight Using Other Lift Sources ........11-17 Chapter 12Towing ................................................................12-1 Introduction..................................................................12-1 Equipment Inspections and Operational Checks .........12-2 Tow Hook ................................................................12-2 Schweizer Tow Hook ...........................................12-2x。