论戏剧话语动作性的翻译_以_推销员之死_的两个译本为例

《论戏剧性》读书笔记12戏文硕潘世静情境动机行动个性一、关于戏剧动作1、戏剧——动作的艺术剧本对语言的特殊要求的两个方面：一、塑造人物的基本手段，仅依靠人物自身的台词。

而非作者出面叙述、议论、解释。

例：话剧《家》和小说《家》对比：瑞珏因所谓“血光之灾”被迫迁到城外去分娩一场。

二、剧本的语言要更富有动作性。

例：《弗兰茨·冯·济金根》的长道白。

戏剧，就其本质来说，是动作的艺术。

通过演员的表演把人物的动作在舞台上直观再现出来，试管中获得直接、具体的感受——戏剧区别于小说的一个最基本的界限。

戏剧的要求——相互影响，相互较量。

2、动作“起源于心灵”使外部动作富有戏剧性的两个条件：一、构成剧情发展的一个有机成分，又推动剧情的发展。

例1：《哈姆莱特》第五幕，哈姆莱特与雷欧提斯比剑，外部动作直接关系到戏剧情节的结局。

例2：一些表现主义戏剧，由于作家片面强调表现人物的内心生活，忽视必要的外部动作，往往造成剧情进展过于缓慢，剧本气氛沉闷，大大削弱戏剧性。

例3：荒诞派戏剧，外部动作往往是荒诞的。

二、观众能够通过可见的外部动作洞察人物隐秘的内心活动。

剧作家要赋予人物特定的外部动作，就应该弄清它的心理依据。

例1：哈姆莱特与雷欧提斯比剑和击剑运动员比赛着二者间的区别：能否通过外部动作洞察人物内心的隐秘活动。

例2：《屈原》第二幕，南后陷害屈原，即使删掉人物对话，仍然可以通过可见的外部动作，洞察到剧情的发展和人物复杂、剧烈的内心活动。

如何解释人物隐蔽的内心活动？戏剧有它自己的方式。

3、“停顿”也是动作（方式之一）一个人静止不动、不言不语，并非一味着思想活动的停止；而且，一个人在收到巨大冲击、内心活动十分剧烈的时候，也可能是沉默不语的。

人们往往用沉默不语去承受内心身处的狂风恶浪。

停顿是否具有戏剧性，正是取决于人物在一瞬间的心理活动的内容。

在剧本中，人物的动作都不是孤立的，它是前面一系列动作的“果”，又是后面某些动作的“因”。

中国地质大学江城学院文献翻译姓名：张诗卉专业：英语班级：41300701学号：4130070109指导教师：蔡喆讲师Arthur Miller is one of the most influential playwrights in America. Death of a Salesman, one of his representative plays, got an immediate success after its first performance. Meanwhile it has aroused heated debates in the criticism circle both home and abroad. According to my survey on the domestic journals, in the span from the year 1984 to 2005, the reviews on Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman amount to 50. Among 50 articles studying on Death of a Salesman, most of them are about the disillusionment of the American Dream and Arthur Miller’s views on tragedy in Death of a Salesman. Among a few essays which are about the expressionistic techniques used in the play, they mainly focus on some of the expressionistic techniques such as stream of consciousness, dream, and some auxiliary stage devices, but there is no systematical analysis of the expressionistic techniques adopted in the play. Moreover, none of the articles under the survey comprehensively analyze how Arthur Miller combines the subjectivity of expressionism with the illusion of objectivity afforded by realism in Death of a Salesman.So the emphasis of this thesis is through analyzing the realistic and expressionistic features in structure, character, stage design and language to argue that Death of a Salesman is a play in which realism and expressionism are perfectly combined together.Firstly, this thesis focuses on how Miller combines realism and expressionism in structure in Death of a Salesman. On the one hand, the structure has realistic features: there is a well-knit plot; the play contains standard dramatic elements such as exposition, rising action, climax, and ending. Besides, "reversal" and "recognition", traditionally realistic devises as referred to by Aristotle, can be found in the play. On the other hand, the characteristics of Willy’s thought decide that besides the external plot, there exists the internal plot which mainly deals with the memories of the past.The salesman is a typical die of modern tragedy. It is revealed that the United States of some social ills, smashing success ", "everyone can the myth. Willy lothrop is the tragic character. The tragedy of his dead wrong values around, cannot face reality. His life is in the wrong in the dream, and dreams of a mistake to die. Willy represents his class, so he's tragedy is a group of holding the tragedy of dream ofsuccess. As the name suggests, he Lowman, he belongs to lower the society. Willy: nothing at all, the salesman wages, only bring commissions. They sell is something, he believes, if has the charm, pleasing the gate is open towards him. He put his life in such dreams above the building. He to David singh mann admiring, because David sell very successful. He needn't leave the hotel, a telephone can clinch a deal, 84 when he died, there are so many buyers with his funeral behavior. Because he always living in their own imagination, in a world of fantasy as the reality, so often boast. He ignored his marketing unwelcome facts, boast about themselves in New England, said his how important how high he sales that sank into their lies. At an early age, his brother this advised him to go to Alaska is rich, but his wife, Linda said, "do you not at warner work well? Hope to become shareholders." He missed the opportunity, even first ask the boss to persuade him Linda in his city, he also can refuse to hire, because "he is very important in New England," but the reality is, the boss gave him the chop. Treat eldest biff he desperately instill "likable, attractive can succeed" thought, to make biff long-term cannot correctly understand oneself, he still palliative biff theft, caused the tragedy of another generation. Willy blindness made him jealous of success, neighbor Charley refused to offer him Charlie's career. He forced biff believes his charm will make old boss gave him borrow money. Finally, when biff ShengLeiJuXia to help his face reality, he finally biff for accepting his point of view, he decided to commit suicide, need to have some money to him. However, Willie's tragedy is not entirely due to its character, the weakness of American society is part of itself. Willy finally found himself as he installment buying things, you pay the money, then used or bad things. He paid the last house, while he had to go to the tomb. In American society, people are old elephant was ate meat, orange, skin is thrown away. However, his two sons of sacrifice, is not worthy of his doing it. The second important biff is character, he is the victim of philosophy, Willie because willy long thin and thick always young compared with Cardiff love the father, and biff as idols. Willy: biff for coach like that, even to steal something is no problem, then to display gallantry brother, urged biff brothers to steal wood. Biff so to behave in accordance with his father's values, until flunked math, to find his father for help, found in Boston,the father's privacy completely changed to his father. Because his father told him how important he constantly, so that he can't listens to the people, and have steal habit for many years, I not only, still have nothing in prison. He tried to help her father losing face and fantasy, both is mediocrity, can start, but will not succeed. But when the play, he finally came. If, mueller on dramatis personae still hope, then hope is in biff. His father is a son of neglect. In the home, biff always pinned him down. Hubby grew up a drifter, also very selfish, but the insane father threw in restaurants, and prostitutes. But the first victims of philosophy is Willie, sadly, until he still believes his play will be successful. Linda is a wife, but she did not image help willy back to reality, on the contrary make Willie in their imagination and blindness in deeper. The death of her willy is responsible, but he seems to be mueller spokesperson, shouted out of many people, must pay attention ", "the old man is not to like orange peel is like. Ben and Charlie is to prove willy philosophy and the fallacy of the characters. This represents full of adventure and cruel competition. 17 years old, he entered the jungles of Africa 21 walked out became millionaires. He succeeded. His philosophy is "and" not fight strangers. Charley a realist, he does not believe in a personal charm. He's saying: "J P Morgan clothes off like a butcher, but he bring his pouch, he very likable." Because of his practical spirit, he also received in American society has limited success. He and his father and son Bernard Willie completely opposite. This also USES the symbolism, such as the symbol of human society; the jungle The wife of filar dark demonstration of guilt, Forest fires symbol willy feel life pressure to bear, Pay the mortgage house symbol in American society of values, Willy suicide in the sun before midnight on insufficient backyard vegetables says he will give family despair to leave a little; And the curtain and curtain when the flute, the symbolic willy that cannot achieve the dream. Symbolic tactics consciousness in novels like the application. In the design of the house, the scenery wall is transparent, realistic character and late characters, past plots and practical circumstances appear alternately, also like stream-of-consciousness, just past performance and late plot, characters, and wear wall, and ignore the indoor environment of reality from the door. Past performance, the lights dimmed, the character of the age difference, dress show behavior shows era.Arthur Miller initially had the concept for "Death of a Salesman" when Miller was 17 years old and working at his father's company. The original story was about an aging salesman who has no luck with his sales and is ridiculed by his potential customers. In the postscript for the manuscript, Miller noted that the person on which the story was based ended up killing himself by throwing himself in front of a subway train. However, it should also be noted that the inspiration for the play came from many sources, including an encounter with Miller's uncle in 1947 on whom Willy Loman is also based. Through his uncle, Miller met many other salesmen and they also had an influence on the caricatures of salesman apparent in the play. Miller described some of them as having a lot of personal dignity, being ultra-competitive, able to withstand inevitable putdowns, and "forever imagining triumphs in a world that either ignores them or denies their presence altogether."Miller did not write "Death of a Salesman" immediately after his encounter with his uncle, since he was very involved with the production of his "All My Sons," which had just premiered in theaters. He waited about a year later, in April 1948, until the play began to formally come together, a combination of a portrayal of his own uncle and his original short story concept.Willy Loman is an unsuccessful salesman, who deludes himself and his family by saying that he is in fact very lucrative. Willy always tells his sons that all that matters is being well-liked and having an attractive personality, and by doing so, he encourages Biff not to study and rely heavily on his athletics. It is as though Willy wants to live vicariously through his sons since he knows that he is not well-liked himself. When Biff discovers that Willy has been having an affair, he no longer respects Willy and their relationship sours from that point on. Biff goes from job to job, travelling all over the country, unable to find anything stable from which to make a living. Biff's turn for the worse strongly affects Willy, who now has no hope for success so he continues to delude himself further. Biff accuses Willy of having all the wrong dreams, and Willy cannot admit to the fact that he is not a good salesman. When Willy tries to get a job with his firm that does not involve traveling, he is ultimately fired and he frantically grabs for his sons through which to have his lasthopes. Biff refuses to play into the lies anymore, and Willy is distraught. He finally decides to kill himself, to give Biff some seed money, but there is nothing that comes out of his decision. Willy is an example of the tragic man who has many unrealized dreams which he cannot realize even as he dies.Linda Loman is Willy's ever-faithful wife. She is his biggest defender against his sons, whom she accuses of being careless about Willy's feelings. She manages their finances and always reminds Willy how much money he needs to pull in in order to make that week's payments. Every time Willy comes home disillusioned, Linda always puffs him back up saying that he is a great salesman. She believes anything Willy tells her, except when he talks about his faults. Even when she finds out that Willy has thoughts of killing himself, she refuses to confront Willy about them since she knows it will embarrass him. When the boys come home after deserting Willy in the restaurant, she tells them never to come there again. They cannot just come and see her, since she loves Willy too much to let them disrespect him. At the end, she stands over his grave, saying that she cannot cry but as she tells Willy that she has just made the last payment on the house, she becomes overwhelmed. All through their life together, she had refused to let Willy believe that his dreams were false, but now, it is too late.Willy Loman is an aging salesman who returns home one night from a sales trip, unable to concentrate on the road. He needs to keep making sales since there are so many payments to make, and they need the money. His wife, Linda, is worried about him, but she is completely devoted to him and encourages him to find a job where he does not have to travel anymore. His two adult sons, Happy and Biff, are back in the house for the first time in years, talking about their future job prospects. Both Biff and Willy are determined to ask for better jobs: Biff from Bill Oliver, a successful man whom he knew long ago, and Willy from Howard Wagner, the son of the man who first hired Willy to the firm. Both are unsuccessful.As the play unfolds, the observer learns about various incidents in the Loman family past which account for their present condition. Biff, having always relied on athletics, fails math and does not graduate high school. Willy, having alwaysencouraged Biff not to concentrate on academics since he had such great athletic potential, does not want to be blamed for Biff's failures. Moreover, one day, Biff catches Willy cheating on Linda with another woman in Boston, and his esteem for Willy completely vanishes. Willy thinks Biff is intentionally spiteful to him and only wants to hurt Willy, but soon Willy realizes that Biff just wants Willy to accept him for who he is. Biff says that he is not the business type and just wants to work on a farm in the open air, and he breaks down crying since Willy keeps forcing him to pursue a job with Bill Oliver. Biff says he does not want to lie anymore.When Willy sees Biff crying, he finally realizes that Biff loves him and has not been trying to hurt him all these years. He wants to make up for it by giving Biff $20,000 with which to start a new business with, and Willy will get the money by killing himself and collecting the insurance policy. Willy kills himself by crashing the car before Biff can make amends with him. Biff realizes that they have all been living a false dream, but Happy is determined to carry out Willy's dreams. Linda is distraught, especially since she has just paid the last payment on the mortgage but now there is no one to live in the house.As a dramatist, Miller has more in common with Ibsen, Shaw, Chekov, and Brecht than with his fellow American playwrights, Eugene O'Neil or Thornton Wilder. With Ibsen, Shaw, and Chekov, Miller shares in common the philosophy that the fate of a person is social and that the stage should be considered as a medium more important for ideas than for mere entertainment.As a dramatist, Miller is a moralist, and his plays have a serious intellectual purpose.The theater of twentieth century America took a long time to come of age. No American dramatist in the early 1900's dared to experiment with subjects, ideas, or production techniques because theatre was regarded as business. Slowly, in response to the plays of European realistic dramatists, American theater began to change. The years between the end of World War I and the beginning of the Depression saw more frequent reflections of economic problems on the American stage. In 1922, Eugene O'Neill's Hairy Ape represented the psychological defeat of an uncouth proletarian struggling to adjust himself to a complex economic order which he could notunderstand. Maxwe Anderson's play What Price Glory(1924) dealt with the bitter realities of war and its aftermath.After World War II, the theatre of social protest fell into disrepute. Senator McCarthy succeeded in suppressing critical dissent and created a climate hostile to the free expression of the artist. During this period, the American theater concentrated on light comedy and lush musicals. Arthur Miller, born in 1915, was a young adult at the time of the suppression of free thinking. He decided to fight McCarthyism and to work for the expression of free ideas in the theatre. He also decided to write plays of social protest. In Death of a Salesman(1949), Miller criticizes the falsity of the American Dream and the emphasis placed on financial success in the United States. he term was first used by James Truslow Adams in his book The Epic of America which was written in 1931. He states: "The American Dream is "that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position." (p.214-215)In the United States’ Declaration of Independ ence, our founding fathers: "…held certain truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness." Might this sentiment be considered the foundation of the American Dream?Were homesteaders who left the big cities of the east to find happiness and their piece of land in the unknown wilderness pursuing these inalienable Rights? Were the immigrants who came to the United States looking for their bit of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, their Dream? And what did the desire of the veteran of World War II - to settle down, to have a home, a car and a family - tell us about this evolvingDream? Is the American Dream attainable by all Americans? Would Martin Luther King feel his Dream was attained? Did Malcolm X realize his Dream?Some say, that the American Dream has become the pursuit of material prosperity - that people work more hours to get bigger cars, fancier homes, the fruits of prosperity for their families - but have less time to enjoy their prosperity. Others say that the American Dream is beyond the grasp of the working poor who must work two jobs to insure their family’s survival. Yet others lo ok toward a new American Dream with less focus on financial gain and more emphasis on living a simple, fulfilling life.Thomas Wolfe said, "…to every man, regardless of his birth, his shining, golden opportunity ….the right to live, to work, to be hi mself, and to become whatever thing his manhood and his vision can combine to make him."Arthur miller has emerged as one of the most successful and enduring play wrights of postwar era in Amercia,no doubt because his focusing on middle-class anxieties brought on by a society that emphasizes the hollow values of material success has struck such a responsive chord.The recurring theme of anxiety and insecurity reflects much of Arthur Miller’s own past.Born the son of a well-to-do Jewish manufacturer in New York City in 1915,Miller had to experience the social disintegration of his family when his father’s business failed during the Great Depression of the 1930s.By taking on such odd jobs as waiter,truck driver,and factory worker,Miller was able to complete his studies at the University of Michigan in 1938.These formative years gave Miller the chance to come in close contact with those who suffered the most from the Depression and instilled in him a strong sense of personal achievement necessary to rise above the situation.He began writing performed in 1949 that Miller established himself as a major American dramatist.Winning the Pulitzer Prize in 1949,Death of a Salesman has to this day remained a classic.The play’s intellectual appeal lies in Miller’s refusal to portray his characters as two-dimensional-his refusal to involve himself in a one-sided polemic attack on capitalism.Even critics cannot agree as to whether Death of a Salesman is to be categorized as social criticism,a tragedy,or simply a paychologicalstudy.Of necessity,each person will have to draw his or her own individual conclusions.The fact that performances of Death of a Salesman have met with acclaim throughout the world testifies to its universality:the play’s conflicts and themes appear not to be uniquely American.阿瑟米勒是美国最具影响力的剧作家之一。

从顺应论看话剧翻译中的选择与顺应——荚若诚汉译<推销员之死》个案研究-汉语言文学从顺应论看话剧翻译中的选择与顺应——荚若诚汉译推销员之死》个案研究□王晨婕摘要：本文运用语用顺应论剖析英若诚汉译话剧《推销员之死》的过程，包括译前的选材与译中翻译策略的选择。

顺应论认为语言的使用是一个出于语言内部和外部原因，连续不断选择的过程。

在该理论的框架下，作为特殊语言使用的话剧翻译活动也是一个连续选择的过程：译者从翻译目的出发，选择相应的文本和翻译策略，顺应译语受众的语言语境与交际语境。

英若诚选择汉译《推》剧顺应了当时中国受众的内在需求，选择增译、省译、套译和改译等翻译策略顺应了中国观众的语言语境与交际语境，同时满足了舞台演出的需要。

关键词：顺应论《推销员之死》翻译选材翻译策略一、引言在西方，戏剧主要指以对话为主的戏剧形式，即话剧。

19世纪，西方戏剧传入中国，自此，话剧翻译便成为文学翻译的一个重要分支。

然而，相比较对其他文学体裁的翻译研究而言，话剧翻译研究是受学者和翻译家关注最少的领域之一。

话剧剧本作为特殊的文学形式，不仅供人阅读，还能成为舞台演出的蓝本。

话剧的双重性，即兼具文学性和表演性使话剧翻译研究更为复杂。

以往的研究大多静态地围绕话剧译本而展开，或总结归纳翻译原则与策略，或评价各个译本的成败得失。

鲜有涉及话剧翻译过程的实质与影响译者选择各种翻译方法的因素等方面的研究。

上个世纪改革开放初期，美国著名剧作家阿瑟?米勒的代表作《推销员之死》由著名话剧翻译大师英若诚翻译，并被搬上了中国舞台，演出获得巨大反响，中外观众交口称赞。

该剧在中国的成功上演，离不开剧作家、演职人员的通力合作，英先生对剧本的成功翻译更是不可或缺。

学界曾这样评价其译文：在忠于原作的基础上中国化、巧妙地使用北京方言，拉近与观众的距离。

[1]本文试图运用语用顺应论探讨英若诚选择翻译《推销员之死》并灵活采用各种翻译方法的原因，动态描述话剧翻译的过程，解释译者在翻译过程中的各种选择与顺应的层面。

MTI翻译赏析原文节选自：阿瑟米勒《推销员之死》译作者：英若诚Before us is the Salesman’s house. We are aware of towering, angular shapes behind it, surrounding it on all sides. Only the blue light of the sky falls upon the house and forestage; the surrounding area shows an angry glow of orange. As more light appears, we see a solid vault of apartment houses around the small, fragile-seeming home. An air of the dream dings to the place, a dream rising out of reality. The kitchen at center seems actual enough, for there is a kitchen table with three chairs, and a refrigerator. But no other fixtures are seen. At the back of the kitchen there is a draped entrance, which leads to the living room. To the right of the kitchen, on a level raised two feet, is a bedroom furnished only with a brass bedstead and a straight chair. On a shelf over the bed a silver athletic trophy stands. A window opens onto the apartment house at the side.观众面前出现的是推销员的家。