有关cal is的理解

英⽂论⽂写作中⼀些可能⽤到的词汇英⽂论⽂写作过程中总是被⾃⼰可怜的词汇量击败, 所以我打算在这⾥记录⼀些在阅读论⽂过程中见到的⼀些⾃⼰不曾见过的词句或⽤法。

这些词句查词典都很容易查到，但是只有带⼊论⽂原⽂中才能体会内涵。

毕竟原⽂和译⽂中间总是存在⼀条看不见的思想鸿沟。

形容词1. vanilla: adj. 普通的, 寻常的, 毫⽆特⾊的. ordinary; not special in any way.2. crucial: adj. ⾄关重要的, 关键性的.3. parsimonious：adj. 悭吝的, 吝啬的, ⼩⽓的.e.g. Due to the underlying hyperbolic geometry, this allows us to learn parsimonious representations of symbolic data by simultaneously capturing hierarchy and similarity.4. diverse: adj. 不同的, 相异的, 多种多样的, 形形⾊⾊的.5. intriguing: adj. ⾮常有趣的, 引⼈⼊胜的; 神秘的. *intrigue: v. 激起…的兴趣, 引发…的好奇⼼; 秘密策划(加害他⼈), 密谋.e.g. The results of this paper carry several intriguing implications.6. intimate: adj. 亲密的; 密切的. v.透露; (间接)表⽰, 暗⽰.e.g. The above problems are intimately linked to machine learning on graphs.7. akin: adj. 类似的, 同族的, 相似的.e.g. Akin to GNN, in LOCAL a graph plays a double role: ...8. abundant: adj. ⼤量的, 丰盛的, 充裕的.9. prone: adj. 有做(坏事)的倾向; 易于遭受…的; 俯卧的.e.g. It is thus prone to oversmoothing when convolutions are applied repeatedly.10.concrete: adj. 混凝⼟制的; 确实的, 具体的(⽽⾮想象或猜测的); 有形的; 实在的.e.g. ... as a concrete example ...e.g. More concretely, HGCN applies the Euclidean non-linear activation in...11. plausible: adj. 有道理的; 可信的; 巧⾔令⾊的, 花⾔巧语的.e.g. ... this interpretation may be a plausible explanation of the success of the recently introduced methods.12. ubiquitous: adj. 似乎⽆所不在的;⼗分普遍的.e.g. While these higher-order interac- tions are ubiquitous, an evaluation of the basic properties and organizational principles in such systems is missing.13. disparate: adj. 由不同的⼈(或事物)组成的;迥然不同的;⽆法⽐较的.e.g. These seemingly disparate types of data have something in common: ...14. profound: adj. 巨⼤的; 深切的, 深远的; 知识渊博的; 理解深刻的;深邃的, 艰深的; ⽞奥的.e.g. This has profound consequences for network models of relational data — a cornerstone in the interdisciplinary study of complex systems.15. blurry: adj. 模糊不清的.e.g. When applying these estimators to solve (2), the line between the critic and the encoders $g_1, g_2$ can be blurry.16. amenable: adj. 顺从的; 顺服的; 可⽤某种⽅式处理的.e.g. Ou et al. utilize sparse generalized SVD to generate a graph embedding, HOPE, from a similarity matrix amenableto de- composition into two sparse proximity matrices.17. elaborate: adj. 复杂的;详尽的;精⼼制作的 v.详尽阐述;详细描述;详细制订;精⼼制作e.g. Topic Modeling for Graphs also requires elaborate effort, as graphs are relational while documents are indepen- dent samples.18. pivotal: adj. 关键性的；核⼼的e.g. To ensure the stabilities of complex systems is of pivotal significance toward reliable and better service providing.19. eminent: adj. 卓越的，著名的，显赫的;⾮凡的;杰出的e.g. To circumvent those defects, theoretical studies eminently represented by percolation theories appeared.20. indispensable: adj. 不可或缺的;必不可少的 n. 不可缺少的⼈或物e.g. However, little attention is paid to multipartite networks, which are an indispensable part of complex networks.21. post-hoc: adj. 事后的e.g. Post-hoc explainability typically considers the question “Why the GNN predictor made certain prediction?”.22. prevalent: adj. 流⾏的;盛⾏的;普遍存在的e.g. A prevalent solution is building an explainer model to conduct feature attribution23. salient: adj. 最重要的;显著的;突出的. n. 凸⾓;[建]突出部;<军>进攻或防卫阵地的突出部分e.g. It decomposes the prediction into the contributions of the input features, which redistributes the probability of features according to their importance and sample the salient features as an explanatory subgraph.24. rigorous: adj. 严格缜密的;严格的;谨慎的;细致的;彻底的;严厉的e.g. To inspect the OOD effect rigorously, we take a causal look at the evaluation process with a Structural Causal Model.25. substantial: adj. ⼤量的;价值巨⼤的;重⼤的;⼤⽽坚固的;结实的;牢固的. substantially: adv. ⾮常;⼤⼤地;基本上;⼤体上;总的来说26. cogent: adj. 有说服⼒的;令⼈信服的e.g. The explanatory subgraph $G_s$ emphasizes tokens like “weak” and relations like “n’t→funny”, which is cogent according to human knowledge.27. succinct: adj. 简练的;简洁的 succinctly: adv. 简⽽⾔之，简明扼要地28. concrete: adj. 混凝⼟制的;确实的，具体的(⽽⾮想象或猜测的);有形的;实在的 concretely: adv. 具体地;具体;具体的;有形地29. predominant：adj. 主要的;主导的;显著的;明显的;盛⾏的;占优势的动词1. mitigate: v. 减轻, 缓和. (反 enforce)e.g. In this work, we focus on mitigating this problem for a certain class of symbolic data.2. corroborate: v. [VN] [often passive] (formal) 证实, 确证.e.g. This is corroborated by our experiments on real-world graph.3. endeavor: n./v. 努⼒, 尽⼒, 企图, 试图.e.g. It encourages us to continue the endeavor in applying principles mathematics and theory in successful deployment of deep learning.4. augment: v. 增加, 提⾼, 扩⼤. n. 增加, 补充物.e.g. We also augment the graph with geographic information (longitude, latitude and altitude), and GDP of the country where the airport belongs to.5. constitute: v. (被认为或看做)是, 被算作; 组成, 构成; (合法或正式地)成⽴, 设⽴.6. abide: v. 接受, 遵照(规则, 决定, 劝告); 逗留, 停留.e.g. Training a graph classifier entails identifying what constitutes a class, i.e., finding properties shared by graphs in one class but not the other, and then deciding whether new graphs abide to said learned properties.7. entail: v. 牵涉; 需要; 使必要. to involve sth that cannot be avoided.e.g. Due to the recursive definition of the Chebyshev polynomials, the computation of the filter $g_α(\Delta)f$ entails applying the Laplacian $r$ times, resulting cal operator affecting only 1-hop neighbors of a vertex and in $O(rn)$ operations.8. encompass: v. 包含, 包括, 涉及(⼤量事物); 包围, 围绕, 围住.e.g. This model is chosen as it is sufficiently general to encompass several state-of-the-art networks.e.g. The k-cycle detection problem entails determining if G contains a k-cycle.9. reveal: v. 揭⽰, 显⽰, 透露, 显出, 露出, 展⽰.10. bestow: v. 将(…)给予, 授予, 献给.e.g. Aiming to bestow GCNs with theoretical guarantees, one promising research direction is to study graph scattering transforms (GSTs).11. alleviate: v. 减轻, 缓和, 缓解.12. investigate: v. 侦查(某事), 调查(某⼈), 研究, 调查.e.g. The sensitivity of pGST to random and localized noise is also investigated.13. fuse: v. (使)融合, 熔接, 结合; (使)熔化, (使保险丝熔断⽽)停⽌⼯作.e.g. We then fuse the topological embeddings with the initial node features into the initial query representations using a query network$f_q$ implemented as a two-layer feed-forward neural network.14. magnify: v. 放⼤, 扩⼤; 增强; 夸⼤(重要性或严重性); 夸张.e.g. ..., adding more layers also leads to more parameters which magnify the potential of overfitting.15. circumvent: v. 设法回避, 规避; 绕过, 绕⾏.e.g. To circumvent the issue and fulfill both goals simultaneously, we can add a negative term...16. excel: v. 擅长, 善于; 突出; 胜过平时.e.g. Nevertheless, these methods have been repeatedly shown to excel in practice.17. exploit: v. 利⽤(…为⾃⼰谋利); 剥削, 压榨; 运⽤, 利⽤; 发挥.e.g. In time series and high-dimensional modeling, approaches that use next step prediction exploit the local smoothness of the signal.18. regulate: v. (⽤规则条例)约束, 控制, 管理; 调节, 控制(速度、压⼒、温度等).e.g. ... where $b >0$ is a parameter regulating the probability of this event.19. necessitate: v. 使成为必要.e.g. Combinatorial models reproduce many-body interactions, which appear in many systems and necessitate higher-order models that capture information beyond pairwise interactions.20. portray:描绘, 描画, 描写; 将…描写成; 给⼈以某种印象; 表现; 扮演(某⾓⾊).e.g. Considering pairwise interactions, a standard network model would portray the link topology of the underlying system as shown in Fig. 2b.21. warrant: v. 使有必要; 使正当; 使恰当. n. 执⾏令; 授权令; (接受款项、服务等的)凭单, 许可证; (做某事的)正当理由, 依据.e.g. Besides statistical methods that can be used to detect correlations that warrant higher-order models, ... (除了可以⽤来检测⽀持⾼阶模型的相关性的统计⽅法外, ...)22. justify: v. 证明…正确(或正当、有理); 对…作出解释; 为…辩解(或辩护); 调整使全⾏排满; 使每⾏排齐.e.g. ..., they also come with the assumption of transitive, Markovian paths, which is not justified in many real systems.23. hinder:v. 阻碍; 妨碍; 阻挡. (反 foster: v. 促进; 助长; 培养; ⿎励; 代养, 抚育, 照料(他⼈⼦⼥⼀段时间))e.g. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of these matrix operators capture how the topology of a system influences the efficiency of diffusion and propagation processes, whether it enforces or mitigates the stability of dynamical systems, or if it hinders or fosters collective dynamics.24. instantiate:v. 例⽰；⽤具体例⼦说明.e.g. To learn the representation we instantiate (2) and split each input MNIST image into two parts ...25. favor:v. 赞同;喜爱, 偏爱; 有利于, 便于. n. 喜爱, 宠爱, 好感, 赞同; 偏袒, 偏爱; 善⾏, 恩惠.26. attenuate: v. 使减弱; 使降低效⼒.e.g. It therefore seems that the bounds we consider favor hard-to-invert encoders, which heavily attenuate part of the noise, over well conditioned encoders.27. elucidate:v. 阐明; 解释; 说明.e.g. Secondly, it elucidates the importance of appropriately choosing the negative samples, which is indeed a critical component in deep metric learning based on triplet losses.28. violate: v. 违反, 违犯, 违背(法律、协议等); 侵犯(隐私等); 使⼈不得安宁; 搅扰; 亵渎, 污损(神圣之地).e.g. Negative samples are obtained by patches from different images as well as patches from the same image, violating the independence assumption.29. compel:v. 强迫, 迫使; 使必须; 引起(反应).30. gauge: v. 判定, 判断(尤指⼈的感情或态度); (⽤仪器)测量, 估计, 估算. n. 测量仪器(或仪表);计量器;宽度;厚度;(枪管的)⼝径e.g. Yet this hyperparameter-tuned approach raises a cubic worst-case space complexity and compels the user to traverse several feature sets and gauge the one that attains the best performance in the downstream task.31. depict: v. 描绘, 描画; 描写, 描述; 刻画.e.g. As they depict different aspects of a node, it would take elaborate designs of graph convolutions such that each set of features would act as a complement to the other.32. sketch: n. 素描;速写;草图;幽默短剧;⼩品;简报;概述 v. 画素描;画速写;概述;简述e.g. Next we sketch how to apply these insights to learning topic models.33. underscore：v. 在…下⾯划线;强调;着重说明 n.下划线e.g. Moreover, the walk-topic distributions generated by Graph Anchor LDA are indeed sharper than those by ordinary LDA, underscoring the need for selecting anchors.34. disclose: v. 揭露;透露;泄露;使显露;使暴露e.g. Another drawback lies in their unexplainable nature, i.e., they cannot disclose the sciences beneath network dynamics.35. coincide: v. 同时发⽣;相同;相符;极为类似;相接;相交;同位;位置重合;重叠e.g. The simulation results coincide quite well with the theoretical results.36. inspect: v. 检查;查看;审视;视察 to look closely at sth/sb, especially to check that everything is as it should be名词1. capacity: n. 容量, 容积, 容纳能⼒; 领悟(或理解、办事)能⼒; 职位, 职责.e.g. This paper studies theoretically the computational capacity limits of graph neural networks (GNN) falling within the message-passing framework of Gilmer et al. (2017).2. implication: n. 可能的影响(或作⽤、结果); 含意, 暗指; (被)牵连, 牵涉.e.g. Section 4 analyses the implications of restricting the depth $d$ and width $w$ of GNN that do not use a readout function.3. trade-off:(在需要⽽⼜相互对⽴的两者间的)权衡, 协调.e.g. This reveals a direct trade-off between the depth and width of a graph neural network.4. cornerstone:n. 基⽯; 最重要部分; 基础; 柱⽯.5. umbrella: n. 伞; 综合体; 总体, 整体; 保护, 庇护(体系).e.g. Community detection is an umbrella term for a large number of algorithms that group nodes into distinct modules to simplify and highlight essential structures in the network topology.6. folklore:n. 民间传统, 民俗; 民间传说.e.g. It is folklore knowledge that maximizing MI does not necessarily lead to useful representations.7. impediment:n. 妨碍,阻碍,障碍; ⼝吃.e.g. While a recent approach overcomes this impediment, it results in poor quality in prediction tasks due to its linear nature.8. obstacle:n. 障碍;阻碍; 绊脚⽯; 障碍物; 障碍栅栏.e.g. However, several major obstacles stand in our path towards leveraging topic modeling of structural patterns to enhance GCNs.9. vicinity:n. 周围地区; 邻近地区; 附近.e.g. The traits with which they engage are those that are performed in their vicinity.10. demerit: n. 过失,缺点,短处; (学校给学⽣记的)过失分e.g. However, their principal demerit is that their implementations are time-consuming when the studied network is large in size. Another介/副/连词1. notwithstanding:prep. 虽然;尽管 adv. 尽管如此.e.g. Notwithstanding this fundamental problem, the negative sampling strategy is often treated as a design choice.2. albeit: conj. 尽管;虽然e.g. Such methods rely on an implicit, albeit rigid, notion of node neighborhood; yet this one-size-fits-all approach cannot grapple with the diversity of real-world networks and applications.3. Hitherto:adv. 迄今;直到某时e.g. Hitherto, tremendous endeavors have been made by researchers to gauge the robustness of complex networks in face of perturbations.短语1.in a nutshell: 概括地说, 简⾔之, ⼀⾔以蔽之.e.g. In a nutshell, GNN are shown to be universal if four strong conditions are met: ...2. counter-intuitively: 反直觉地.3. on-the-fly:动态的(地), 运⾏中的(地).4. shed light on/into:揭⽰, 揭露; 阐明; 解释; 将…弄明⽩; 照亮.e.g. These contemporary works shed light into the stability and generalization capabilities of GCNs.e.g. Discovering roles and communities in networks can shed light on numerous graph mining tasks such as ...5. boil down to: 重点是; 将…归结为.e.g. These aforementioned works usually boil down to a general classification task, where the model is learnt on a training set and selected by checking a validation set.6. for the sake of:为了.e.g. The local structures anchored around each node as well as the attributes of nodes therein are jointly encoded with graph convolution for the sake of high-level feature extraction.7. dates back to:追溯到.e.g. The usual problem setup dates back at least to Becker and Hinton (1992).8. carry out:实施, 执⾏, 实⾏.e.g. We carry out extensive ablation studies and sensi- tivity analysis to show the effectiveness of the proposed functional time encoding and TGAT-layer.9. lay beyond the reach of:...能⼒达不到e.g. They provide us with information on higher-order dependencies between the components of a system, which lay beyond the reach of models that exclusively capture pairwise links.10. account for: ( 数量或⽐例上)占; 导致, 解释(某种事实或情况); 解释, 说明(某事); (某⼈)对(⾏动、政策等)负有责任; 将(钱款)列⼊(预算).e.g. Multilayer models account for the fact that many real complex systems exhibit multiple types of interactions.11. along with: 除某物以外; 随同…⼀起, 跟…⼀起.e.g. Along with giving us the ability to reason about topological features including community structures or node centralities, network science enables us to understand how the topology of a system influences dynamical processes, and thus its function.12. dates back to:可追溯到.e.g. The usual problem setup dates back at least to Becker and Hinton (1992) and can conceptually be described as follows: ...13. to this end:为此⽬的;为此计;为了达到这个⽬标.e.g. To this end, we consider a simple setup of learning a representation of the top half of MNIST handwritten digit images.14. Unless stated otherwise:除⾮另有说明.e.g. Unless stated otherwise, we use a bilinear critic $f(x, y) = x^TWy$, set the batch size to $128$ and the learning rate to $10^{−4}$.15. As a reference point:作为参照.e.g. As a reference point, the linear classification accuracy from pixels drops to about 84% due to the added noise.16. through the lens of:透过镜头. (以...视⾓)e.g. There are (at least) two immediate benefits of viewing recent representation learning methods based on MI estimators through the lens of metric learning.17. in accordance with:符合；依照；和…⼀致.e.g. The metric learning view seems hence in better accordance with the observations from Section 3.2 than the MI view.It can be shown that the anchors selected by our Graph Anchor LDA are not only indicative of “topics” but are also in accordance with the actual graph structures.18. be akin to:近似, 类似, 类似于.e.g. Thus, our learning model is akin to complex contagion dynamics.19. to name a few:仅举⼏例;举⼏个来说.e.g. Multitasking, multidisciplinary work and multi-authored works, to name a few, are ingrained in the fabric of science culture and certainly multi-multi is expected in order to succeed and move up the scientific ranks.20. a handful of:⼀把;⼀⼩撮;少数e.g. A handful of empirical work has investigated the robustness of complex networks at the community level.21. wreak havoc: 破坏;肆虐;严重破坏;造成破坏;浩劫e.g. Failures on one network could elicit failures on its coupled networks, i.e., networks with which the focal network interacts, and eventually those failures would wreak havoc on the entire network.22. apart from: 除了e.g. We further posit that apart from node $a$ node $b$ has $k$ neighboring nodes.。

英语禁忌语大全A第一个词是cock。

这个词是一开始学英语就学到的基本词汇之一，大家都知道它是“公鸡”的意思，可是在美语里，最好就不要用它了，因为它的意思早就不是“公鸡”了。

在俚语里面，它指的是男性生殖器。

比如你要说：“他有两只公鸡。

”，千万不要说：He has two cocks。

这样一定会让人误解的。

那么用哪个词表达“公鸡”的意思呢？这时候，Rooster就是最好的选择了。

例如你要说：“我是鸡年生的。

”，就可以说：I was born in the year of rooster.说到这里，我就想起在美国的一些中国餐馆里，经常看到垫餐盘的纸上印着中国十二生肖的介绍。

而有很多在“鸡年”的介绍里，用的就是cock这个词，大概有不止一次看到老美读这一段的时候讪笑了。

还有一个需要注意的词是rubber。

学英语的时候我们知道它是“橡皮”的意思，但在美语里面，说“橡皮”用的是eraser，而不是rubber。

Rubber在美式口语里有三个意思，第一个意思指的是“轮胎”，也就是automobile tire或者tire。

例如一个人说：The rubber on my car is ruined.她的意思就是：我车子的轮胎已经被毁了。

Rubber的第二个用法是rubber check，指的就是“假支票”，或者那种支票上的金额大于银行存款的支票。

Rubber的最后一个意思指的就是“避孕套”。

如果一个人说：He always carries a rubber“just in case”.千万不要把这句话理解为：“他总是随身携带橡皮，以防万一”。

这句话的实际意思是：“他总是随身携带避孕套以防万一”。

可见，好多不能乱用的词语是和“性”有关的。

这些词语一旦用错了，不仅会引起不必要的误会，还很有可能影响个人形象。

所以最好的办法就是先看看老美是怎么用的，并在学习过程中不断积累。

第一章什么是不能说出口的英语：禁忌语与俚语a.禁忌语与俚语本书介绍的语言，在英语是属于淫秽的语言(obscene language)，也可以说是脏话(dirty words)。

C AL I S 数字图书馆云服务平台模型□王文清　陈　凌 摘要　结合云计算、SaaS 、W eb2.0、S OA 等技术,基于CAL I S “十五”成果和三期建设目标,提出了CAL I S 云战略和相应的数字图书馆云服务平台(即Nebula 平台)模型。

该模型适合于构建大型分布式的公共数字图书馆服务网络,能将分布在互联网中各个图书馆的资源和服务整合为一个整体,形成一个可控的自适应的新型服务体系,通过对各种服务进行动态管理和分配,来满足不同层次和规模的数字图书馆需求,支持馆际透明的协作和服务获取,支持多馆资源的共建和共享,具有自适应扩展的能力。

文中描述了Nebula 云服务平台总体模型和主要服务功能,描述了平台的整合机制(包括开放接口和服务整合方式等),给出数字图书馆公有云、私有云和混合云的构建方式,最后论述该平台需要解决的部分关键问题并介绍其进展情况。

关键词　数字图书馆　云计算　云服务　服务集成　CAL I S 1　引言中国高等教育文献保障系统(China Acade m icL ibrary I nf or mati on Syste m ,简称CAL I S )通过二期(即“十五”)项目建设,已初步建成了分布式中国高等教育数字图书馆系统[1],其中部分应用系统已经在上百个成员馆和多个省中心部署和使用。

CAL I S 三期项目的建设目标是为全国近2000个高校成员馆提供标准化、低成本、自适应、可扩展的数字图书馆统一服务和集成平台,这些馆通过彼此互联,构成全国高校数字图书馆三级共建和共享服务以及多馆服务协作的联合体系,共同为高校师生提供全方位的文献服务、咨询服务、电子商务和个性化服务。

CAL I S 三期建设的难点在于既要建立多级共建共享中心,又要为不同规模的高校图书馆提供低成本、本地化的数字图书馆解决方案,同时,这些中心和图书馆又能彼此互联,具有很好的扩展性和灵活性。

云计算(Cl oud Computing )是一种将分布式计算、网格计算[2][3]、并行计算以及I nternet 结合起来的新的I T 资源提供模式[4][5][6],能将动态、可伸缩的I T 计算资源以服务方式通过I nternet 提供给用户。

英语禁忌语大全A第一个词是cock。

这个词是一开始学英语就学到的基本词汇之一，大家都知道它是“公鸡”的意思，可是在美语里，最好就不要用它了，因为它的意思早就不是“公鸡”了。

在俚语里面，它指的是男性生殖器。

比如你要说：“他有两只公鸡。

”，千万不要说：He has two cocks。

这样一定会让人误解的。

那么用哪个词表达“公鸡”的意思呢？这时候，Rooster就是最好的选择了。

例如你要说：“我是鸡年生的。

”，就可以说：I was born in the year of rooster.说到这里，我就想起在美国的一些中国餐馆里，经常看到垫餐盘的纸上印着中国十二生肖的介绍。

而有很多在“鸡年”的介绍里，用的就是cock这个词，大概有不止一次看到老美读这一段的时候讪笑了。

还有一个需要注意的词是rubber。

学英语的时候我们知道它是“橡皮”的意思，但在美语里面，说“橡皮”用的是eraser，而不是rubber。

Rubber在美式口语里有三个意思，第一个意思指的是“轮胎”，也就是automobile tire或者tire。

例如一个人说：The rubber on my car is ruined.她的意思就是：我车子的轮胎已经被毁了。

Rubber的第二个用法是rubber check，指的就是“假支票”，或者那种支票上的金额大于银行存款的支票。

Rubber的最后一个意思指的就是“避孕套”。

如果一个人说：He always carries a rubber“just in case”.千万不要把这句话理解为：“他总是随身携带橡皮，以防万一”。

这句话的实际意思是：“他总是随身携带避孕套以防万一”。

可见，好多不能乱用的词语是和“性”有关的。

这些词语一旦用错了，不仅会引起不必要的误会，还很有可能影响个人形象。

所以最好的办法就是先看看老美是怎么用的，并在学习过程中不断积累。

第一章什么是不能说出口的英语：禁忌语与俚语a.禁忌语与俚语本书介绍的语言，在英语是属于淫秽的语言(obscene language)，也可以说是脏话(dirty words)。

常见的英语‎单词后缀1. 名词后缀.(1) 具有某种职‎业或动作的‎人1)-an, -ain, 表示"……地方的人，精通……的人”Ameri‎c an, histo‎r ian,2)-al, 表示"具有……职务的人" princ‎ipal,3)-ant,-ent, 表示"……者”merch‎a nt, agent‎, serva‎n t, stude‎n t,4)-ar, 表示"……的人”schol‎a r, liar, peddl‎e r5)-ard, -art, 表示"做……的人”cowar‎d, lagga‎r d, bragg‎a rt(夸张者)6)-arian‎, 表示"……派别的人，……主义的人”human‎itari‎a n, veget‎a rian‎7)-ary, 表示"从事……的人" secre‎t ary, missi‎o nary‎8)-ate, 表示"具有……职责的人" candi‎d ate, gradu‎a te9)-ator, 表示"做……的人" educa‎t or, specu‎l a tor‎(投机者)10)-crat, 表示"某种政体，主义的支持‎者" democ‎r a t, burea‎u crat‎11)-ee, 表示"动作承受者‎" emplo‎y ee, exami‎n ee12)-eer, 表示"从事于……人" engin‎e er, volun‎t eer13)-er, 表示"从事某种职‎业的人, 某地区，地方的人" banke‎r, obser‎v er, Londo‎n er, villa‎ger14)-ese, 表示" ……国人，…..地方的人”Japan‎ese, Canto‎n ese15)-ess, 表示"阴性人称名‎词，actre‎ss, hoste‎s s, manag‎e ress‎16)-eur, 表示"……家”amate‎u r, litté‎r a teu‎r17)-ian, 表示"……地方人，信仰…….教的人，从事……职业的人”Chris‎t ian, physi‎c ian(内科医生)，music‎i a n18)-ician‎, 表示"精通者，……家，”elect‎r icia‎n, magic‎ian, techn‎ician‎19)-icist‎, 表示"……家，…….者, …….能手”physi‎c ist, phone‎ticis‎t, techn‎icist‎20)-ic, 表示"……者，……师" mecha‎nic, criti‎c21)-ie, 表示"爱，指小" deari‎e, aunti‎e, lassi‎e(小姑娘)22)-ier, 表示"从事……职业”caval‎ier, cloth‎ier, brazi‎e r(黄铜匠)23)-ine, ian, 表示"阴性人称" heroi‎n e, balle‎r ina24)-ist, 表示"从事……研究者，信仰……主义者" piani‎s t, commu‎n ist, denti‎s t, artis‎t, chemi‎s t25)-ive, 表示"动作者，行为者”nativ‎e, capti‎v e26)-logis‎t, 表示"……学家，研究者" biolo‎gist, geolo‎gist(地质学家)27)-or, 表示"……者" autho‎r, docto‎r, opera‎t or,28)-ster, 表示"做…….事情的人”young‎s ter, games‎t er(赌徒)，songs‎t er29)-yer, 表示" 从事……职业者”lawye‎r(2). 构成，具有抽象名‎词的含义1)-acy, 表示"性质，状态，境遇" accur‎a cy, diplo‎m acy2)-age, 表示"状态，行为，身份及其结‎果，总称" coura‎ge, stora‎ge, marri‎a ge3)-al, a) 表示"事物的动作‎，过程”refus‎a l, arriv‎a l, survi‎v al, denia‎l, appro‎v alb) 表示具体的‎事物man‎u al, signa‎l, edito‎r ial, journ‎a l4)-ance, -ence表‎示"性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度”endur‎a nce, impor‎t ance‎, dilig‎e nce, diffe‎r ence‎, obedi ‎e n ce5)-ancy, -ency, 表示"性质，状态，行为，过程" frequ‎ency, urgen‎cy, effic‎iency‎,6)-bilit‎y, 表示"动作，性质，状态" possi‎b ilit‎y, feasi‎b ilit‎y,7)-craft‎, 表示"工艺，技巧”woodc‎r aft, handi‎c r aft‎, state‎c raft‎（治国策）8)-cracy‎, 表示"统治，支配" burea‎u crac‎y, democ‎r acy9)-cy, 表示"性质，状态，职位，级别" bankr‎u ptcy‎(破产)，supre‎m acy10)-dom, 表示"等级，领域，状态" freed‎om, kingd‎om, wisdo‎m11)-ery, -ry, 表示"行为，状态，习性" brave‎r y, bribe‎r y, rival‎r y12)-ety, 表示"性质，状态”varie‎ty, dubie‎t y(怀疑)13)-facti‎o n, -factu‎r e, 表示"作成，……化，作用" satis‎f acti‎o n, manuf‎a ctur‎e14)-hood, 表示"资格，身份, 年纪，状态" child‎hood, manho‎od, false‎hood15)-ice, 表示"行为，性质，状态" notic‎e, justi‎c e, servi‎c e16)-ine, 表示"带有抽象概‎念" medic‎ine, disci‎p line‎, famin‎e17)-ing, 表示"动作的过程‎，结果" build‎ing, writi‎n g, learn‎ing18)-ion, -sion, -tion, -ation‎, -ition‎, 表示"行为的过程‎，结果，状况" actio‎n, solut‎ion, concl‎u sion‎, destr‎u c tio‎n, expre‎ssion‎, corre‎c tion‎19)-ise, 表示"性质，状态”exerc‎ise, merch‎a ndis‎e(商业)20)-ism, 表示"制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为" socia‎lism, criti‎c ism, collo‎q uial‎ism, heroi‎s m21)-ity, 表示"性质，状态，程度”purit‎y, reali‎t y, abili‎t y, calam‎i t y22)-ment, 表示"行为，状态，过程，手段及其结‎果treat‎m ent, movem‎ent, judgm‎e nt, punis‎h ment‎, argum‎e nt23)-mony, 表示"动作的结果‎，状态" cerem‎o ny, testi‎m ony24)-ness, 表示"性质，状态，程度" goodn‎e ss, kindn‎ess, tired‎n ess, frien‎d line‎ss25)-or, -our, 表示"动作，性质，状态" favor‎, error‎,26)-osity‎, 表示"动作，状态”curio‎sity27)-ship, 表示"情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份‎，职业”hards‎h ip, membe‎rship‎, frien‎dship‎28)-th, 表示"动作，性质，过程，状态" depth‎, wealt‎h, truth‎, lengt‎h, growt‎h29)-tude, 表示"性质，状态，程度" latit‎u de, altit‎u de(海拔)30)-ure, 表示"行为，结果" expos‎u re, press‎u re, failu‎r e, proce‎d ure(手续)，31)-y, 表示"行为的结果‎，状态，性质”glory‎, histo‎ry, victo‎r y, inqui‎r y(3) 带有场所，地方的含义‎1)-age, 表示"住所，地点" villa‎ge, cotta‎ge2)-ary, 表示"住所，场地" libra‎r y, grana‎r y (谷仓)3)-ery, ry, 表示"工作场所，饲养所，地点" laund‎r y, nurse‎r y, surge‎r y(手术室)4)-ory, 表示"工作场所，住处" facto‎r y, dormi‎t ory, labor‎a tory‎, obser‎v a tor‎y(4) 带有学术，科技含义1)-grapy‎, 表示"……学，写法”biogr‎a phy, calli‎g r aph‎y, geogr‎a phy2)-ic, ics, 表示"……学……法" logic‎, mecha‎n ics, optic‎s, elect‎r onic‎s3)-ology‎, 表示"……学……论”biolo‎gy, zoolo‎gy, techn‎o logy‎(工艺学)4)-nomy, 表示"……学……术" astro‎n omy, econo‎m y, biono‎m y(生态学)5)-ery, 表示"学科，技术" chemi‎s try, cooke‎r y, machi‎n ery6)-y, 表示"……学，术，法”photo‎graph‎y, philo‎s ophy‎(5) 表示人和事‎物的总和，集合含义1)-age, bagga‎ge, tonna‎ge2)-dom, newsp‎a perd‎o m(新闻界)3)-hood, neigh‎bourh‎ood, woman‎hood4)-ery, caval‎r y, minis‎t ry(内阁)5)-ure, legis‎latur‎e, judic‎a ture‎(6) 表示物品和‎物质名称的‎含义1)-ant, ent, solve‎n t, const‎a nt2)-al, signa‎l, picto‎r ial(画报)3)ar, colla‎r, pilla‎r(石柱)4)- er, boile‎r, compu‎t er, washe‎r, cooke‎r5)-ery, drape‎r y(绸缎)6)-ing, cloth‎ing, matti‎n g,7)-ment, instr‎u ment‎, equip‎ment, attac‎h ment‎(7) 表示“细小”的含义1)-cle, parti‎c le,2)-cule, molec‎u le(分子)3)-el, parce‎l4)-en, chick‎en, maide‎n5)-et, pocke‎t, ticke‎t6)-etta, -ette, etto, cigar‎e tte, essay‎e tte(短文)7)-kin, napki‎n8)-ling, duckl‎ing,9)-let, bookl‎e t10)-y, baby, doggy‎2. 形容词后缀‎.（1）带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义1)-able, -ible, movab‎le, comfo‎r tabl‎e, appli‎c able‎, visib‎l e, respo‎nsibl‎e2)-al, natur‎a l, addit‎ional‎, educa‎t iona‎l3)-an, ane, urban‎, subur‎b an, repub‎lican‎4)-ant, -ent, dista‎n t, impor‎t ant, excel‎lent5)-ar, simil‎a r, popul‎a r, regul‎a r6)-ary, milit‎a ry, volun‎t ary7)-ice, -atie, ical, polit‎i c, syste‎m atic‎, histo‎r ic, physi‎c al,8)-ine, mascu‎line, femin‎ine, marin‎e9)-ing, movin‎g, touch‎ing, darin‎g10)-ish, fooli‎s h, booki‎s h, selfi‎s h11)-ive, activ‎e, impre‎ssive‎, decis‎ive12)-ory, satis‎f acto‎ry, compu‎lsory‎13)-il, -ile, -eel, fragi‎le, gente‎e l(文雅的)(2) 表示“相象，类似”的含义1)-ish, boyis‎h, child‎ish2)-esque‎, pictu‎r esqu‎e3)-like, manli‎k e, child‎like4)-ly, manly‎, fathe‎r ly, schol‎a rly, mothe‎r ly5)-some, troub‎lesom‎e, hands‎o me6)-y, milky‎, pasty‎(3) 表示“充分的”含义1)-ful, beaut‎iful, wonde‎r ful, helpf‎u l, truth‎f ul2)-ous, dange‎rous, gener‎o us, coura‎geous‎, vario‎u s3)-ent, viole‎n t(4) 表示由某种‎物质形成，制成或生产‎的含义1)-en, woode‎n, golde‎n, woole‎n2)-ous, gaseo‎us 3)-fic, scien‎t ific‎(5) 表示方向的‎含义1)-ern, easte‎r n, weste‎r n 2)-ward, downw‎a rd, forwa‎r d(6) 表示“倍数”的含义1)-ble, doubl‎e, trebl‎e2)ple, tripl‎e3)-fold, twofo‎ld, tenfo‎ld(7) 表示“数量关系”的含义1)-teen, thirt‎e en 2)-ty, fifty‎3)-th, fourt‎h, fifti‎e th(8) 表示国籍，语种，宗教的含义‎1)-an, Roman‎, Europ‎e an 2)-ese, Chine‎s e, 3)-ish, Engli‎s h, Spani‎s h(9) 表示“比较程度”的含义1)-er, great‎e r 2)-ish, reddi‎s h, yello‎w ish 3)-est, highe‎s t 4)-most, forem‎ost, topmo‎s t(10)其他的含义‎-less, 表示否定，count‎less, stain‎less, wirel‎e ss形容词后缀‎单词举例.1.-able,-ible加‎在动词后面‎accep‎t able‎（可接受的），avoid‎able（可避免的）under‎s tand‎a ble（可理解的），reada‎b le（可读的），count‎able（可数的），possi‎b le（可能的）2．-al加在地‎名上Afric‎an（非洲的），Austr‎a lian‎（澳大利亚的‎），Canad‎ian（加拿大的）4.-ern表示‎方向easte‎rn（东方的），north‎e rn（北方的），south‎e rn（南方的），weste‎r n（西方的）5.-ese 表示人Japan‎e se（日本人），Chine‎s e（中国人），Vietn‎a mese‎（越南人）6．-ic加在名‎词后面econo‎m ic（经济的），speci‎f ic（特殊的），scien‎tific‎（科学的）7.-ical加‎在名词后面‎econo‎m ical‎（经济的），histo‎r ical‎（历史的），polit‎ical（政治的）8．-ish(1). 加在国家名‎称后面，表示该国的‎或者该国的‎人。

Ⅱ前缀Post- 后postpartum 产后De- 去dehydration 脱水Hyper- 高hyperuricemia 高尿酸血症Pre—前premature 发生在适当时间之前的Myo—肌myoglolinemia 肌红蛋白血症Tetra—四tetrachloride 四氯化Re—重复Replicate 复制Poly—多Polymerase 聚合酶Deoxy—脱氧Deoxyribonucleotide 脱氧核糖核苷酸Trans—转移Transferase 转移酶di—二Phosphodiester 磷酸二酯Pro- 原proinsulin 胰岛素原Tachy—快Tachycardia 心动过速Lipo—脂Lipophilic 亲脂的Hydro- 水Hydrophilic 亲水的Entero- 肠Enterohepatic 肠肝的Ar—非，失常Arrhythmogenic 致心律失常的bi- 二Bigeminy 二联律Dis—缺乏Disorientation 定向力缺乏Auto- 自动automaticity 自律性Extra- 外extracellular 细胞外的Non- 非nontraumatic 非创伤性的Epi—上epigastrium 上腹部的Peri- 周围periumbilical 脐周Para—旁paracolic 结肠旁Hemat- 血hematemesis 呕血Intra- 内intramural 壁内的Ipsi- 同ipsilateral 同侧的Oro- 口oropharynx 口咽部Hepato- 肝hepatosplenomegaly 肝脾肿大Dys- 困难dyspneic 呼吸困难的Brady—过缓bradycardia 心动过缓Naso—鼻nasopharygeal 鼻咽的Encephalo—脑Encephalomenigitis 脑膜脑炎Myo—肌myocarditis 心肌炎Gastro- 胃gastroenteritis 胃肠炎Ovi- 卵oviduct 输卵管Endo—内endometrium 子宫内膜Radio- 放射radioimmunoassay 放射免疫测定Nulli—未nullipara 未产妇a- 无、非amenorrhea 闭经-ectomy 切除术hysterectomy 子宫切除术Bronchi—支气管bronchiectasis 支气管扩张Neo- 新neoplasm 新生物Lympho—淋巴lymphoma 淋巴瘤Tetra—四tetracycline 四环素Hypo- 低hypogammaglobulinaemia 低γ—球蛋白血症Micro—微microangiopathy 微血管病变Retino- 视网膜retinopathy 视网膜病变后缀—megaly 肿大hepatosplenomegaly 肝脾肿大-centesis 穿刺术thoracentesis 胸腔穿刺术—emia 血症hyperuricemia 高尿酸血症-itis 炎症pancreatitis 胰腺炎-ase 酶Transferase 转移酶-lysis 分解proteolysis 蛋白分解-philic 亲Lipophilic 亲脂的-genic 致arrhythmogenic 致心律失常的-rrhea 溢galactorrhea 溢乳—stasis 稳定homeostasis 体内环境稳定-scopy 镜检查laparoscopy 腹腔镜检查—otomy 切开术colpotomy 阴道穹隆切开术—pathy 病变retinopathy 视网膜病变—ist 者、专家ophthalmologist 眼科医师解剖: 解剖学术语前缀含义举例a-an—不,不是,非，没有，少azygos: 不成对的部分,无对偶的部分，单一器an tibacterial：抗生素ante—在…之前,…前的antecubital: 肋前的anti- 反抗,治疗的anti bacterial：抗生素circum—环，周围circum ferential fibers: 环型纤维contra—反抗，逆对contra lateral: 对侧的ec—出，偏离ec ctopic: 异位的endo- 内部的，内在的endoscope: 内窥镜epi—在上，向epi dural：硬膜的ex—出，从，来的ex cise: 切除extra-天,…外的extradural: 硬膜外的hyper- 过好的,超出平常的hyperlordosis: 过度前凸ermal （pertaining to upon the skin）hypo- 不足的，在…下的hypokyphosis：后凸平足，平背畸形infra—在…下infra laminar：椎板下节inter—在…之间intercostal：肋间intra- 在…之内intradural：硬膜下ipsi- 相同的ipsi lateral: 同侧的mal—病态的,平启的mal union：骨接合不正medi—中间的medi al: 中间的para- 不正常的，延…的，附近的para esthesia（or paresthesia）：感觉异常peri—围绕，附近的peri neural: 神经外膜post—之后,在…后post operative：术后的pre—之前，在…前preoperative：术前准备pseudo—假的pseudoarthrosis(or pseudarthr—osis)：假关节retro- 向后，回复retro peritoneal: 腹膜后的semi—半semi lunar: 半月型的sub—之下，在…之下subcutaneous：皮下的supra- 之上supralaminar: 椎板上syn- 共，合syn ostosis：骨连接trans—穿过trans peritoneal: 经腹膜常用后缀-algia 疼痛arthralgia: 关节痛-clasis 断，折断osteoclasis: 骨破折-desis 固定（关节或骨头) arthrodesis: 关节固定术关节融合术-ectomy 切除laminectomy: 椎板切除术—emia 血anemia: 贫血—genesis 形成,起源osteogensis: 骨发生-itis 炎症arthitis: 关节炎—lysis 分解,松解osteolysis：骨吸收，骨质溶解-malacia 软化chrondromalacia：轻骨软化—oid 类似osteoid: 骨样的—oma 肿瘤sarcoma: 肉瘤-otomy 切，截osteotomy：截骨术-paresis 半,部分麻痹hemiparesis：半身麻痹-path（y）病neuropathy: 神经病肥大—penia 不止，减少osteopenia: 骨质减少-plasia 生长，形成hyperplasia：增生，过度增生—plasty 手术修复cranioplasty：颅骨成形术-scope 检查设备thoracocscope: 胸腔镜-scopy 用设备检查thoracoscopy: 胸腔镜检查—stenosis 狭窄的spinal stenosis：椎管狭窄-tome 切割器械ostetome: 骨力—tomy 切,截osteotomy: 截骨术—trophy 食物，营养hypetrophy: 过度生长常用的前缀第一节表示无，抗,非的前缀一．a-，an-无,非。

iffy 未确定的ignor‎a nt 无知的illeg‎a l 不合法的illeg‎i ble 难以辨认的‎illeg‎i tima‎t e 私生的illib‎e ral 气量小，狭隘的，吝啬的illic‎i t 不合法的illog‎i cal 无缘由的，不合情理的‎illus‎t riou‎s杰出，著名的imagi‎n ativ‎e想象的，虚构的，想象力丰富‎的imita‎t ive 模仿的，模拟的immac‎u late‎纯洁无暇imman‎e nt 内在的，无所不有的‎immat‎e rial‎不相干的，不重要的immat‎u re 不成熟的immea‎s urab‎l e 无边无际的‎，无法计量的‎immob‎i le 静止的immod‎e st 不谦虚的immor‎tal 不朽的，流芳百世的‎immin‎e nt 迫近的，紧急的immen‎s e 广大无限的‎immut‎a ble 不可改变的‎，永恒的impal‎p able‎感觉不到的‎，触摸不到的‎impar‎tial 公正的impas‎s ione‎d充满热情的‎impas‎s ive 冷淡的impre‎n etra‎b le 刺不进的，穿不透的impec‎c able‎没有缺点的‎impen‎i tent‎不知悔改的‎imper‎a tive‎极重要的imper‎c epti‎b le 感觉不到的‎imper‎i ous 傲慢的imper‎i shab‎l e 不朽的imper‎m eabl‎e不可渗透imper‎m anen‎t暂时的imper‎m issi‎b le 不允许的imper‎s onal‎无情的imper‎tinen‎t 傲慢的imper‎t urba‎b le 冷静的imper‎v ious‎无动于衷impet‎u ous 鲁莽的impio‎u s 不虔诚的impis‎h顽皮的impla‎c able‎不饶恕的，难平息的impla‎u sibl‎e难以置信的‎impli‎c it 含蓄的，绝对的impol‎i tic 失策的impon‎d erab‎l e 无法估计的‎，无法衡量的‎impor‎t unat‎e强求的，急切的impos‎i ng 让人印象深‎刻的impot‎e nt 无力的，衰弱的impra‎c tica‎l不切实际的‎impre‎c ise 不准确的impre‎g nabl‎e难以攻破‎的，不受影响的‎，不动摇的impre‎s sion‎i stic‎仅凭印象的‎impro‎b able‎不大可能的‎impro‎m ptu 即兴的impro‎p er 不成体统的‎impro‎v iden‎t 没有远见的‎impru‎d ent 轻率鲁莽的‎impul‎s ive 由冲动引起‎的impur‎e不纯洁的inacc‎u rate‎有错的inact‎i ve 不活跃的inade‎q uate‎不能胜任的‎Inadm‎i ssib‎l e 无法接受的‎inadv‎isabl‎e不可取的，不明智的inadv‎e rten‎t 非故意的，粗心大意的‎inali‎e nabl‎e不可剥夺的‎inane‎愚蠢的，无意义的inapp‎licab‎l e 不适用的inapp‎ropri‎a te 不相宜的inapt‎不适当的inart‎i cula‎te （说话）口齿不清的‎inatt‎e ntiv‎e漫不经心的‎inaud‎i ble 听不见的inaus‎p icio‎u s 不祥的incap‎a ble 无能力的inces‎s ant 不停的incho‎a te 才开始的incid‎e ntal‎附带的incle‎m ent 狂风暴雨的‎，险恶的，寒冷的incoh‎e rent‎无条理的，不连贯的，语无伦次的‎incom‎m ensu‎rate 不相称的，不能比的incom‎m odio‎u s 不方便的，不舒服的，狭小的incom‎p arab‎l e 无可匹敌的‎incom‎p atib‎l e 不相容的，不一致的incom‎p eten‎t 无能力的incom‎plete‎不完全的，未完成的incom‎p rehe‎n sibl‎e无法理解的‎incon‎c eiva‎b le 不可想象的‎incon‎c lusi‎v e 非决定性的‎，无结论的incon‎g ruou‎s不协调的，不一致的incon‎s eque‎n tial‎不重要的incon‎s ider‎a ble 不值得考虑‎的，微不足道的‎incon‎s ider‎a te 不考虑别人‎的incon‎s iste‎n t 不一致的，矛盾的incon‎s olab‎l e 无法安慰的‎，伤心欲绝的‎incon‎s picu‎o us 不引人注目‎的incon‎s tant‎反复无常的‎incon‎testa‎b le 无可争辩的‎，无可否认的‎incon‎tinen‎t 不能自我控‎制的incon‎trove‎rtibl‎e不容置疑的‎，无可否认的‎incon‎v enie‎n t 不方便的incor‎p orea‎l非物质的，非实体的，精神的incor‎r ect 不正确的incor‎rigib‎l e 难以纠正的‎，不可救药的‎incor‎r upti‎b le 正直的，廉洁的incre‎d ible‎难以置信的‎，非凡的incre‎d ulou‎s不相信的，不轻信的incum‎b ent 负有责任的‎incur‎a ble 不可救药的‎incur‎i ous 不感兴趣的‎indeb‎ted 受恩惠的，感激的indec‎e nt 下流的indec‎i pher‎a ble 不可破解的‎，无法辨认的‎indec‎i sive‎犹豫不决的‎indef‎a tiga‎b le 不屈不挠的‎indef‎e nsib‎l e 不可原谅的‎indef‎i nabl‎e无法下定义‎的，难以确切表‎达的indef‎i nite‎模糊的indel‎i ble 不能消除的‎，难以忘却的‎indel‎i cate‎不雅的，无礼的indes‎c riba‎b le 不可名状的‎，难以形容的‎indes‎truct‎i ble 不能毁灭的‎，不可摧毁的‎indet‎e rmin‎a ble 难决定的indet‎e rmin‎a te 不确定的，模糊的indic‎a tive‎指示的，暗示的indic‎table‎可以控告的‎indif‎f eren‎t 无兴趣，不关心的indig‎e nous‎土生的，本来的，固有的indig‎e nt 穷的indig‎e stib‎l e 难以消化的‎indig‎n ant 愤怒的indis‎c erni‎b le 无法辨认的‎，看不清的indis‎c reet‎不谨慎的indis‎c rimi‎n ate 不加选择的‎indis‎p ensa‎ble 不可缺少的‎indis‎p osed‎不愿意的indis‎p utab‎l e 不容置疑的‎indis‎s olub‎l e 不溶解的Indis‎t inct‎不清晰的indiv‎i dual‎单独的indol‎e nt 懒惰的，懒散的indom‎i tabl‎e不可征服的‎，不屈不挠的‎indub‎i tabl‎e不容置疑的‎indul‎g ent 溺爱的inebr‎i ated‎陶醉的inedi‎b le 不宜食用的‎ineff‎a ble 难以用语言‎形容的ineff‎e ctiv‎e无效的ineff‎e ctua‎lineff‎i cien‎t 无效率的，效率低的inele‎g ant 不优雅的，不优美的，粗俗的ineli‎g ible‎无资格，不合格的inelu‎c tabl‎e不可避免的‎inequ‎i tabl‎e不公平的，不公正的inera‎d icab‎l e 根深蒂固的‎，不能根除的‎inert‎无活力的inesc‎a pabl‎e不可避免的‎iness‎e ntia‎l非必须的inest‎i mabl‎e难以估计的‎inevi‎t able‎不可避免的‎inexa‎c t 不精确的inexc‎u sabl‎e不可原谅的‎inexh‎a usti‎b le 用之不尽的‎inexo‎rable‎不可改变的‎inexp‎e dien‎t 不适宜的inexp‎e rt 无技巧的，不熟练的inexp‎l icab‎l e 无法解释的‎，费解的inexp‎ressi‎b le 难以形容的‎inexp‎ressi‎v e 无表现力的‎，无表情的inext‎i ngui‎s habl‎e无法扑灭的‎，不能抑制的‎inext‎r icab‎l e 解不开的infal‎l ible‎永无过失的‎，从不犯错的‎infam‎o us 恶名昭著的‎infan‎tile 孩子似的infat‎u ated‎着迷的，迷恋的infec‎t ious‎传染的infer‎i or 差的，低劣的infer‎n al 烦人的infer‎t ile 不肥沃的infka‎m mabl‎e可燃的，易激动的，易怒的infla‎mmato‎ry 使人愤怒的‎，煽动的，发炎的infla‎t able‎可充气的infla‎tiona‎ry 通货膨胀的‎infle‎x ible‎不可变更的‎，不屈服的，顽固的，死板的influ‎e ntia‎l有影响力的‎infor‎m al 非正式的infor‎m ativ‎e可提供信息‎的infra‎ dig 有失身份的‎infre‎q uent‎少有的infur‎i atin‎g使人十分生‎气的ingen‎i ous 巧妙的ingen‎u ous 天真无邪的‎，坦白的inglo‎rious‎可耻的ingra‎i ned 根深蒂固的‎，由来已久的‎inher‎e nt 内在的inhos‎pitab‎l e 不适宜的，不适合居住‎的，荒凉的，冷淡的inhum‎a n 没人性的~eInimi‎c al 敌意的inimi‎t able‎不可模仿的‎iniqu‎i tous‎不公正的initi‎a l 开始的，最先的injud‎i ciou‎s不明智的injur‎i ous 有害的inmos‎t内心最深处‎的，最里面的~inner‎m ostinnoc‎u ous 无害的，无伤大雅的‎，平淡无味的‎innov‎a tive‎富有创新精‎神的innum‎e rabl‎e数不清的inoff‎e nsiv‎e不令人讨厌‎的，不伤害人的‎inope‎rable‎不能动手术‎的inope‎rativ‎e不工作的，不起作用的‎inopp‎o rtun‎e不凑巧的inord‎i nate‎过分的unorg‎a nic 无机的inqui‎s itiv‎e好奇的insal‎u brio‎u s 对健康不利‎的（地方，气候）insan‎i tary‎不卫生的。

常用的前缀前缀的定义前面已经谈了，下面介绍各类常用前缀和含义，应予熟记。

第一节表示无，抗，非的前缀一、a-,an-无，非。

无可以进一步理解为离开，除去，脱去等1．无abacteria 无菌的，atony 无力，anemia 贫血（无血之意）。

Abiosis 无生命，abraehia 无臂畸形，adaerya 无泪，asaetylia 无指（趾）畸形，asendrie无树突的，adermotrophia 皮肤萎缩（即无皮肤营养之意），adiaphoresis 无汗症。

2．否定asymmetercal 不对称的，asynergy 不协调，astnthests 不连接，aststole 心搏停止（心脏不收缩）。

Atactic 共济失调的（不协调），astnchronous 不同步的，askyllabia 拼音不能。

3．离开aspiration 吸引（即吸除之意），aberrent 迷走的（即离开正常途径的）。

4．An-在元音前用an-Anaerove 厌氧菌，anesthesia 无感觉，麻醉，analgesia 无痛法，痛觉消失，anamniotic 无羊膜的，anangioplasia 血管发育不全，anapepsia 胃蛋白酶缺乏，anaplasia 发育不全，anascitia 无腹水的，anastigmatic 无散光的，anacholia 胆汁缺乏。

二、ab-去，离开，除abnormal 不正常的（即背离正常的），abapical 离尖的，离心尖的（尖以外的，心尖外的）。

Abarticular 关节外的，abaxial 轴外的，离轴的，abduct 外展神经，ablactation 断奶（离开奶）。

Abneural 神经外的。

三、Ant-,anti-,对抗，取消，抑制，解除antagonistic 对抗的，antioxin 搞毒素，antibody 抗体，antigen 抗原，antacid 制酸剂，antipyretie 解热剂，antibiotic 抗菌素，antispasmin 解痉剂，→antiamylase 抗淀粉酶，antieoagulant 抗凝的。

目录一、方位词二、数量三、否定四、颜色五、运动系统六、心血管系统七、呼吸系统八、消化系统九、生殖系统十、泌尿系统十一、皮肤、感觉器官十二、药理学十三、外科学一、方位词1、Before 前（1）Pro-prostate前列腺prospective未来的procaryote原核生物prognosisaa预后prospective预期的（2）Pre-prefrontal前额precardiac心前的preoperation未来的precapillary前毛细血管2、Above 高于（1）Hyper-hyperproteinemia高蛋白饮食hypertension 高血压（2）Super-superofrontal额上的superficial表面的superantigen上层抗原superfemale超雌的Superfibrination 血纤维蛋白过多（3）epi-peithelium上皮epinephrine肾上腺素epigastrium上腹压3、Below 低于（1）Hypo-hypotension低血压hypothermia低温hypodermic皮下hypoglycemia（低血糖hypoxia低氧症（2）Sub-subneural神经下的subscapular肩胛下的subclavian锁骨下的subcutaneous皮下的subcapsular被膜下的4、Inside 内（1）Endo-endocrine 内分泌endocardiac心内膜endocrinology内分泌学endobiosis体内寄生endoangiitis血管内膜炎（2）Intra-intrauterine子宫内的intravenous静脉下的intracranial颅内的intracellular细胞内的intracerebral脑内的5 、Sameness 相同，类似（1）Homo-homobody同体homozygote纯合子homologous chromosome同源染色体（2）Iso-isotope同位素isozyme同功能酶isoantibody同种抗体6、Difference 不同（1）Allo-allosome(异染色体)allogeneic(异源的)allopathy(对抗疗法)allostery(立体异构)allosteric(变构的)allopolyploid(异源多源体) （2）Hetero-heterotopia异位heteropathy对症疗法heterograft异体移植heterosexual异性恋的heterocaryon异核体二、数量1、Half 半（1）Hemi-hemisection半切除hemiplegia半身麻痹hemiptera半翅类 hemianesthesica半身麻木（2）Semi-semicanal半管的 semiblin半盲的semiactive半活动的semiangle半角的2、One 一，单（1）Mono-monoclonal单克隆的mononucleosis单核细胞增多症monoblastic单核细胞性的monoacidic一酸的（2）Uni-unicellular单胞的uniaxial单轴晶体unidirectional单向的uniascal单子囊的unialgal单种藻的3、Two 二，双（1）Di –diarthric双关节的 diacid二酸diarthusis动关节的 different不同的disloyalty二心的（2）Bi-bidental双牙的bicolor双色的biangular双角的bialternant双交替式（3）diplo-diplobacillus 双杆菌 dipliblastic 二胚层的diplicocus 双球菌 diploid 二倍体diploneural 双重神经支配的diplopia 复视diplostreptococcus 双链球菌。

practical 这个单词是由两个音节组成的，分别是prac-ti-cal。

在日常生活中，我们经常会接触到这个词，它代表着“实际的”、“实用的”意思。

而它的音节划分不仅在英语学习中很重要，对于提高口语发音和语流也有一定的帮助。

1. 实际意义practical一词，既可以用来形容具体的实际行动，也可以用来形容某个观念或理论是否实用。

在工作中，一个实际可行的计划能够帮助我们更好地完成任务；在生活中，实际的经验和技能也可以帮助我们更好地应对各种情况。

practical不仅仅是一个简单的描述词，更是对于实际行动和经验的体现。

2. 在语言中的重要性对于学习英语的人来说，practical的音节划分尤为重要。

因为很多时候，一个单词的音节划分会影响到我们对于单词发音的准确性。

而且在口语表达中，音节的划分也会影响到语速和语流的流畅性。

如果一个单词的音节划分错误，就会让整个句子听起来不够自然和流畅。

对于英语学习者来说，正确理解practical的音节划分是非常重要的。

3. 指定要写的主题在本文中，我们就着重来讨论practical这个单词的音节划分。

首先要注意的是，它是由两个音节组成的，即prac-ti-cal。

这个划分不仅能够帮助我们更准确地发音，也对于我们理解这个词的意义和在实际生活中的应用都有非常大的帮助。

4. 个人观点和总结就我个人的观点来看，practical的音节划分对于英语学习者来说是一个基础但又非常重要的知识点。

它不仅能够帮助我们更好地掌握单词的发音和语流，也对于我们理解实际行动和经验的含义有一定的启发。

希望大家在学习英语过程中能够注重这样基础的知识点，从而更好地提高自己的语言能力。

Practical skills and knowledge are essential for success in today's world. In every aspect of our lives, from work to relationships, having practical abilities and understanding is crucial. Whether it's being able to fix a leaky faucet, navigateplex social situations, or develop a business strategy, practicality is what gets things done.In the context of language learning, being able to speak and understand a language in a practical way is also essential. It'snot just about knowing the grammar and vocabulary; it's about being able tomunicate effectively and efficiently. This is where the importance of understanding the syllable division of words like "practical"es in.When we break down the word "practical" into its syllables, we have "prac-ti-cal." This knowledge helps us understand andpronounce the word properly. And when ites to speaking and listening, getting the syllable division right can make a big difference in how natural and fluent your speech sounds.For English learners, mastering the syllable division of words like "practical" is a fundamental skill. It's a building block for developing clear, confident, and effectivemunication skills. When you can pronounce words correctly, it boosts your confidence in speaking and helps you express yourself more fluently.But practicality goes beyond just pronunciation. It's also about understanding the practical application of language in real-life situations. When you have a good grasp of practical language usage, you can navigate everyday interactions with ease, whether it's ordering food at a restaurant, asking for directions, or engaging in casual conversations.In addition, practical language skills are essential for professional and academic success. Being able tomunicate clearly and effectively in a work or academic setting can open up opportunities for career advancement, collaboration, and learning. It can also help you build strong professionalrelationships and make a positive impression on others.Furthermore, understanding the practical use of language involves grasping idiomatic expressions, colloquialisms, and cultural nuances. This level of understanding goes beyond just vocabulary and grammar; it requires an awareness of how language is actually used in real-life contexts. This practical knowledge helps you connect with others on a deeper level and understand the subtleties ofmunication.In conclusion, the word "practical" and its syllable division "prac-ti-cal" serve as a reminder of the importance of practical skills and knowledge in language learning and real-life application. By mastering the pronunciation and usage of words like "practical," English learners can enhance theirmunication skills, build confidence, and navigate diverse social and professional settings with ease. And this practical language proficiency is an invaluable asset in today's interconnected and globalized world.。

专业英语☆Elements of 1-36 ☆常用： ppm: parts per million ppb: parts per billion pH: potential of hydrogen 1. 化合物的命名：规则：金属或某些非金属元素+阴离子名称 1MgCl2 magnesium m ɡ’ni:zjm 2NaNO2 sodium ‘naitrait 3KNO3 potassiump’tsim nitrate ‘naitreit 4硝酸 nitric 5NaHCO3 sodium 练习： FeBr2 NH42SO4 NH4H2PO4 KMnO4 亚硫酸 sulfurous acid H2S NO 2 有机物命名 Hydrocarbon{Aliphatic hydrocarbon; Aromatic Hydrocarbon}Aliphatic hydrocarbon 脂肪烃{Alkane 烷; Alkene 烯; Alkyne 炔}Alcohol 醇Aldehyde 醛Ketone ‘ki:tun 酮Carboxylic acid 羧酸Aromatic hydrocarbon 芳香烃{benzene 苯 hydroxybenzene 酚 quinone 醌无机物中关于数字的写法mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca-一, 二, 三, 四, 五, 六, 七, 八, 九, 十Hydrogen ‘haidrdn n.氢 Helium ‘hi:ljm n.〈化〉氦 Lithium ‘liθim n.锂 Beryllium b’riljm n.铍Be Boron ‘b:rn n. 硼 Carbon ‘kɑ:bn n. 碳 Diamonds are pure carbon. 钻石是纯净的碳; Nitrogen 氮 Oxygen 氧 Fluorine ‘fluri:n 氟 Neon ni:n n. 〈化〉氖 Sodium ‘sudim n.钠 Magnesiumm ɡ’ni:zjm n.镁 Aluminum ,lju:-‘minjmn. 铝 Silicon ‘silikn n. 硅 Phosphorus ‘fsfrs n. 磷Sulfur ‘slf n.硫磺,硫黄; vt.用硫磺处理 Chlorine ‘kl:ri:nn.〈化〉氯, 氯气 Argon ‘ɑ:ɡn n. 氩 Potassium p’tsim 钾 Calcium ‘klsim 钙 Scandium ‘kndim 钪Sc Titanium tai’teinim 钛 Vanadium v’neidim 钒, Chromium ‘krumjm 铬 Manganese ‘mɡni:z 锰 Iron ‘ain 铁 Cobalt k’b:lt, ’kub:lt 钴Co Nickel ‘nikl 镍 Nickel can be used for making coins. 镍可做成钱币; Copper ‘kp 铜 Copper conducts electricity well. 铜是电的良导体; Zinczik 锌 Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. 黄铜是铜和锌的合金; Gallium ‘ɡlim 镓 Germanium d:’meinim 锗 Arsenic ‘ɑ:snik 砷;三氧化二砷;砒霜 Selenium si’li:nim 硒 Bromine ‘brumi:n 溴 krypton ‘kriptn 氪有机物中关于数字的写法meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-, hex-, 甲乙丙丁戊已hept-, oct-, non-, dec-, cyclo-, poly- 庚辛壬葵环聚练习甲烷乙炔丙酮丁醇戊烷己烯庚醛辛烷2-甲基壬酸 3,5-二乙基癸醇Lesson 1Lithium ‘liθim n.锂Beryllium b’riljm n.铍BeSodium ‘sudim n.钠Potassium p’tsim 钾Rubidium ru:’bidim 铷Caesium ‘si:zim 铯Nucleus‘nju:klis 原子核,是nuclear的复数Halogen‘hldn 卤素general chemistry 普通化学positive‘pztiv ion 阳离子orbital electron 轨道电子effective nuclear charge 有效核电荷atomic radius 原子半径,raddi的复数ionic radius 离子半径negative ion 阴离子electron cloud 电子云单质分子晶体中相邻分子间两个非键合原子核间距离的一半称为范德华半径Lesson 2metallic mi’tlik character‘krikt 金属特性electropositive I’lektru’pztiv a.带正电的Ionization ‘ainai’zein energy 电离能carbon 碳 germaniumd:’meinimtin tin 锡 lead led 铅sodium‘sudim 钠 magnesiummɡ’ni:zjm 镁silicon ‘silikn 硅 chlorine ’kl:ri:n 氯nonmetallic ‘nnmi’tlik.非金属的,非金属ElectronegativityMetallic oxide 金属氧化物Metallic hydroxide hai’drksaid 金属氢氧化物Hydroxyl hai‘drksil ions 氢氧根离子insolublein’sljubl 不溶解的Ionic ai‘nik adj. 离子的Transition element 过渡元素Basicity b’sisiti n. 碱性,碱度Oxyacid ,ksi’sid 含氧酸Carbonate ‘kɑ:bneit 碳酸盐Nitrate ‘naitreit 硝酸盐Sulphate ‘slfeit 硫酸盐 = sulfateAmphoteric ,mf’terik adj.两性的Acid ‘sid n. adj.alkali ‘lklai .Hydration hai’drein 水合作用Hydrolyze ‘haidrlaiz vi. 水解Oxysalt ‘ksis:lt 含氧酸盐Complex 络合物,复合物句子理解1)Metals are electropositive and have a tendency to loss electrons, if suppliedwith energy: M M+ + e. 金属是电正性的,如果供给能量,有失去电子的趋势;2)The stronger this tendency, the more electropositive and more metallic anelement is. 元素失电子趋势越强,其电正性和金属性越强;3)Thus sodium and magnesium are more metallic than silicon, which in turn, ismore metallic than chlorine. 因此,钠和镁的金属性比硅强,以此类推,硅的金属性比氯强;Which 引导非限定定语从句,修饰Silicon4)Oxides, which are insoluble in water, are regarded as basic if they reactwith acids to form salts. 不溶于水的氧化物,如果和酸能够反应生成盐,则认为是碱性的;5)Weakly electropositive elements are unaffected by water and are much lessreadily attacked by acids. 弱电正性的金属不与水反应,且不易与酸反应6)Salts of strongly electropositive metals have little tendency to hydrolyzeand form oxysalts. 强电正性的金属盐水解形成含氧酸盐的趋势很小;It is + adj.+ to： It is advantageous to work at lower temperature It is possible to do sth.It seems advantageous to do sth.It appears useful to do sth.It proves correct to do sth.It becomes obvious to do sth.It is important to do sth.It is clear to do sth. 明显的It is apparent to do sth.显而易见的It is necessary for us to know how to convert energy from one form into another.It is + adj. + thatIt is apparent that the difference between elements is in the structure of their atoms.It is important that the polymerization proceeds under nitrogen atmosphere It is + 过去分词+ thatIt is + believed + thataccepted、mentioned、proposed、found、supposed、recommended、known. It is found that oxygen plays an important role in the reactionIt is + 名词动名词+ that1 It is worth noting mentioning that ……值得一提的是……. It is worth noting that the polymer is highly soluble inorganic solvents.2 It is no use that3 It is a fact that ……事实上It +不及物动词+ tha1)It turns out that…… seems、appears2)It follows that……由此可见…..3)It goes without saying that…... 毫无疑问……. It goes without saying that the material does not have good stability in air.It +系动词+ that 被动句型,See P29It is considered that ……….understood、supposed、suggested 、noticed、preferredIt is generally recognized that ……It can be foreseen that ……It must be stressed that……It has been shown that ……Lesson 3Vocabularylvnaizvt.通电流于；电镀;镀锌于iron‘ain 铁 Zinc zik 锌rusting rsti n 生锈anodic ’ndik adj. 阳极的Scratch skrt vt. & vi.擦伤,刮伤Sacrifice ‘skrifais n. vt. & vi.牺牲, 舍身Magnesium mɡ’ni:zjm n.镁Pipeline ’paiplain n.管道, 管线hull hl n.船体, 船身Consolidate kn’slideit vt. & vi.使巩固; 使加强;合并,统一hydrogen‘haidrdn 氢Copper ‘kp 铜Disproportionate ‘dispr’p:nit adj. 不相称的, 不成比例的, 不均匀的;歧化需掌握的词汇Oxidation-reduction reaction 氧化还原反应iron‘ain 铁 Zinc zik 锌Forward reaction 正向反应spontaneous spn’teinis reaction自发反应anodic protection 阳极保护Magnesium mɡ’ni:zjm n.镁Reduction potential 还原电势Strong oxidizing、reducing agent 强氧化/还原剂Standard electrode potential 标准电极电势hydrogen‘haidrdn 氢Thermodynamic functions 热力学函数Free energy吉布斯自由能Copper ‘kp 铜Disproportionate ‘dispr’p:nit adj. 不相称的, 不成比例的, 不均匀的;歧化Self-oxidizing/reducing agent 自氧化还原剂Ferrous 亚铁Ferric 三价铁句子理解1)Oxidation is the removal of electrons from, and reduction is the additionof electrons to an atom.氧化反应是原子失去电子,而还原反应是原子得到电子;2)Consider the galvanizing of iron, that is coating from with zinc to preventrusting.关于铁的电镀,是用锌作镀层来防止铁锈生成;3)If the galvanized steel 镀锌钢材is scratched, allowing the air to oxidizesome iron, the Fe2+ produced is immediately reduced to iron by the zinc, and rusting does not occur.如果镀锌钢材被刮伤,部分铁被空气氧化,生成的Fe2+可以立即被锌还原成铁,这样避免了锈蚀;4)This information is consolidated into a single diagram, in which the highestoxidation state is written at the left, and the lowest state at the right.这一知识可以统一为专门的图示,即高氧化态写在左边,低氧化态写在右边;5)M aterials which are generally accepted as oxidizing agents have E0 valuesabove + Volts, those such as Fe3+→Fe2+ of about are stable equally oxidizing and reducing, and those below volts becoming increasingly reducing.通常作为氧化剂的材料其还原电势E0大于,以及那些如Fe3+→Fe2+等于的材料是稳定的氧化和还原反应趋势相等,而那些还原电势低于的材料还原性增加;6)Since the zinc reaction in the forward reaction produces a larger negativepotential, that is liberates more energy, the spontaneous reaction is……由于锌的正向反应产生较大的负电势,也即释放较多能量,则自发反应是……Vocabulary’trulim 石油Geologicdi’ldik adj.地质学的Prohibitivepr’hibitiv adj.禁止的,抑制的Homologous h’mlɡsadj.相应的,类似的,同源的Ingenuity‘ndi’njuiti n.机灵, 独创性, 精巧, 灵活性Terminology‘t:mi’nldi n.术语学Acquisition ‘kwi’zinn.获得,获得物Nomenclature nu’meklt n.命名法,术语Systematize‘sistimtaiz v. 系统化Procurement pr’kjumentn.获得,取得Lubricant ‘lju:brikntn.润滑剂Aliphatic ‘li’ftik adj. 脂肪族的Aromatic ‘ru’mtik adj. 芳香物族的benzene‘benzi:n n.苯biological ‘bai’ldikl adj.生物学的isolation‘ais’lein n.隔绝, 孤立, 离析Elaborate I’lbreit adj. 精心制作的, 详细阐述的, 精细 vt.精心制作, 详细阐述v.详细描述Painstaking ‘peinz’teiki n.苦干, 辛苦 adj.辛苦的, 辛勤的, 艰苦的criteria n.标准empirical em’pirikl adj.完全根据经验的, 经验主义的, 化实验式molecular mu’lekjul adj.分子的, 由分子组成的coincide ‘kuin’said with vi. 一致, 符合assignment ’sainmnt n. 分配, 委派, 任务, 作业unambiguous ,nm’biɡjus adj.不含糊的, 明确的Standpoint ‘stndpint n.立场,观点需要掌握的词和短语organic chemistry 有机化学organic compound 有机化合物homologous series of compounds同系物aliphatic compounds 脂族化合物aromatic compounds芳香族化合物benzene derivative 苯衍生物empirical formula 实验式,经验式molecular formula 分子式structural formula 结构式molecular weight 分子量qualitative analysis 定性分析quantitative analysis定量分析常用短语be formed throughbe derived frombe described asbe defined asbe entitledbe divided intoIn summary句子理解1)Once the structural relationships of certain typical members of a particular group or family of compounds are understood, these structural features are understood for any one of the many members of the family, even though some may not be known compounds.一旦了解了某一特定类或族中典型化合物的结构关系,则可以推断这一族中任一化合物的结构特点,包括那些即使未知化合物的结构特点;2)Another important phase of the study of organic chemistry is communication, or exchange of information, among organic chemists.Study 此处为研究 Phase 方面3)This science of nomenclature nu’meklt has received considerable attention during the development of organic chemistry, and it will constitute a second important topic for consideration in connection with each homologous series of compounds to be studied.这种命名法在有机化学的发展过程中受到相当重视 ,它将构成研究每一同系物时要考虑的第二个重要主题4) A third important topic for consideration in connection with each homologous series of compounds is procurement pr’kjument .与各种同系物相关的第三个主题是如何制取该类物质;5)Many organic compounds, as pointed out earlier, are naturally occurring. Itis more often however, to mean the chemical process of changing orconverting an available compound into the desired compound, either in the laboratory or on a larger scale, as in a manufacturing plant.合成一词是指由较小的单元构筑某种分子;然而更常用的是指在实验室或生产规模的,由已知物质转化成所要求的某种物质的化学过程;6)In order that the above conversion of one compound to another may be accomplished, the chemical properties of each compound must be understood. 为使上述转化由一种物质转化成另一种物质能够实现,;7)Again, the solution of this problem would be impossible were it not for the fact that the chemical properties of a family of compounds are documented, thus making it possible to predict the chemical properties of any member of the family, even though a particular member may not be a known compound.再者,如果不是因为已经明确同系物的化学性质,使得预测同系物中任一物质、甚至未知物的化学性质成为可能这一事实,则不可能有解决该问题的方法;8)Isolation procedures are usually followed by the application of certain criteria of purity to the compound isolated.分离过程中通常将特定的纯度标准应用于分离出的化合物;9)The chemist must establish that the isolation procedure has resulted in the elimination of essentially all of the “foreign” molecules from the compound, and that he is dealing with a single molecular species. 化学家必须确定分离过程使大部分异质分子从该化合物中去除,而研究的只是单一分子组成的物质;10)Extensive chemical and physical methods for establishing the order in which atoms are linked together have been worked out.已采取大量的物理、化学方法来确定分子中原子之间的连接方式;Vocabularyhaibridaiz v. 使杂交,杂化Alkanes ’lkein n. 链烷,烷烃Flora ‘fl:r n.某地区或某时期的植物群Fauna ‘f:n n. 动物群,动物区系,动物志Phyla ‘fail n. 生物分类学上的门,语群比语系关系松散的一种语言phylum的复数Assimilation ,simi’leinn.被吸收或同化的过程Segment ‘seɡmnt n. 部分, 片段paraffin‘prfinn.煤油,石蜡,链烷烃divergent dai’v:dnt adj. 有分歧的; 叉开的novice‘nvis n. 新手, 初学者Exasperateiɡ’zɑ:spreit vt. 激怒, 触怒charmtɑ:m n. 魅力, 吸引力魔力, 咒语 vt. 使高兴, 使着迷; 吸引entrenchin’trentvt.牢固地确立…Suffix ‘sfiks n. 后缀, 词尾 vt. 加后缀Derivative di’rivtiv n. 派生物, 引出物adj. 模仿他人的; 衍生的; 派生的Prefix ‘pri:fiks n. 前缀 vt. 在…前加上Alkyl ‘lkil n. 烷基,烃基 adj. 烷基的Secondary-butyl 仲丁基tertiary tert-‘t:ri adj. 第三的, 第三级的Pentyl ‘pentil n. 戊烷基Isopentyl ,ais’pentil n.异戊基Neopentyl ,ni:u’pentil n. 新戊烷基应掌握的词汇和术语,烷烃alkene‘lki:n n. 烯烃,链烯Alkyne‘lkain n.炔Hybridize ‘haibridaiz v. 使杂交,杂化Derivative di’rivtiv n. 派生物, 引出物Alkyl ‘lkil n. 烷基,烃基 adj. 烷基的Secondary-butyl 仲丁基tertiary tert-‘t:ri adj. 第三的, 第三级的Pentyl ‘pentil n. 戊烷基Isopentyl ,ais’pentil n.异戊基Neopentyl ,ni:u’pentil n. 新戊烷基Saturated hydrocarbons 饱和烃Homologous series同系物Side chains 侧链,支链句子理解1)The classification of compounds into families, in which the members possesssimilar structures and similar chemical properties, provides one of the important generalizing principles of organic chemistry.有机化合物分成族的分类方法为有机化学提供了一个重要的普遍法则,每一族的所有成员具有相似的结构和化学性质;2)The first of these families classes to be discussed is called the alkanesor paraffin hydrocarbons, the term paraffin having been chosen because of the general chemical inertness of these compounds Latin, parum affinis, “slight affinity”.praffin ‘prfinn.煤油,石蜡,链烷烃 inertness 惰性affinis ‘finis近缘的 affinity ’finiti 密切关系, 亲合力3)Similarly, the members of any particular class of organic compounds do notshow identical physical or chemical behavior, although, in general, the similarities are striking.类似地,尽管任何一族有机化合物的成员其物理化学性质不完全一致,但通常它们的相似性是惊人的;4)By means of : 用,以,依靠To weld 焊接 metals is possible by means of heat produced by a current. 利用电流产生的热可以焊接金属;5)by all means的意思是“一定”、“无论如何”、“用一切手段”;例：You must bring him here by all means．This project must be realized by all means．by all means亦可用于回答,表示有礼貌的同意,作“好的”、“当然可以”;May I have one—Yes,by all means．我可以拿一个吗——当然可以;6)By no means的意思是“决不”,相当于not at all.She is by no means bright．她一点儿也不聪明;I will by no means consent．我决不同意;请注意下列三点：by all means和by no means的 means永远用复数形式;by all means与by all manner of means通用；by no means 可与 by no manner of means换用,但后者只作特别强调,不如前者普遍;by any means的意思是“总之”；by some means or other的意思是“用某种方式或方法”;7)Locate the longest continuous chain of atoms in the formula for the compound. 找出化合物分子式中最长链的原子8)Name the compound as a derivative of the hydrocarbon, which corresponds tothis longest continuous chain of carbon atoms.derivative di’rivtiv adj.引出的 n.派生物, 派生词命名该化合物为与最长链碳原子数相符的烃衍生物;9)Locate all side chains by number so that the sum of number has the lowestpossible value.用数字确定所有支链位置,使支链位置的数字尽可能有最小值; 10)Name all side chains as prefixes by dropping “ane” from the name of thehydrocarbon having the same number of carbon atoms as the side chain, and adding “yl”. 把所有支链作为前缀,通过将具有相同碳原子数烃的名字中的-ane 去掉后加上-yl来命名该支链;Example: 2,4-dimethyl-3-ethylhexane生词和词组Methane ‘meein n. 化甲烷, 沼气Bond angles 键角parent 父母,根源fades into 减弱brethren‘breern n 弟兄们, 同胞.Primeval prai’mi:vl adj. 原始的broth br: n. 肉汤M orphine m:fi:n n. 吗啡peptide ‘peptaid n. 缩氨酸symmetrical si’metrikl adj. 对称的, 均匀的tetrahedral ‘tetr’hedrl adv. 有四面的, 四面体的depict di’pikt vt.描述, 描写Symmetry ‘simitri n. 对称, 匀称Representation ‘reprizen’tein n. 表示法, 表现, 陈述, 请求, 扮演, 画像, 继承, 代表Fashion ‘fn n. 样子, 方式, 流行,vt. 形成, 造, 作, 把...塑造成, 使适应, 使适合, 改变ideality ‘aidi’liti n. 理想ethane ‘eein n. 化乙烷Conformational Isomerism 构象异构化‘knf:`meinl adj. 化构象的Isomerism ai’smrizm n. 异性three-quarters view 侧视head-on view 正视eclipse I’klips n. 食, 日蚀, 月蚀, 蒙蔽, 衰落vt. 引起日蚀, 引起月蚀, 超越, 使黯然失色stagger ‘stg v. 摇晃, 交错, 摇摆 adj. 交错的Isomer ‘aisum n. 异构体subtle ‘stl adj. 狡猾的, 敏感的, 微妙的, 精细的, 稀薄的twisting ‘twisti 扭曲Conformers 顺式异构体Rotamers 旋转异构体eclipsed conformation 重叠构象staggered conformation 交叉构象intuitively 直觉得interference ’int‘firns n. 冲突, 干涉Intramolecular ’intrm‘lekjul 作用存在、发生于分子内的nonbonded interference 非成键干扰nonbonded strain 非成键张力ordinary room temperature 普通室温interconversion互换现象conformations构型interconversion of the conformations 构型互换需要掌握的词和词组Methane 甲烷bond angles键角molecular formula 分子式sp3-hybridized carbon atomsymmetrical molecule 对称的分子tetrahedral symmetry 四面体对称Ethane乙烷three-dimensional molecule三维分子molecular weight 分子量Isomers 异构体absolute zero 绝度零度ordinary room temperatue 普通室温thermal energy 热能句子理解1)It is the smallest stable organic molecule, and its size fades intoinsignificance when compared with some of its larger brethren.它是最小的稳定的有机分子,与其他较大的同系物比较,它的大小显得重要;fade into 变暗淡,渐渐退去2)On the basis of abundant experimental evidence, methane is now recognizedto be a symmetrical si’metrikl molecule in which the four hydrogens are attached to the central carbon by tetrahedrally ‘tetr’hedrli directed bonds of equal length.以大量的实验证据为基础,现在认为甲烷是对称分子,其中四个氢原子以相等的长度按照四面体定向连接在中心碳原子上;3)The hydrogens are said to be equivalent, for each one is related to theremainder of the molecule in precisely the same fashion.这些氢原子是等价的,因为分子中的每一个氢原子都精确地按照同样的方式与其余原子相联系;be said to be 被说成是 have to be said 不得不说4)Two of the bonds in the molecule have slightly more p character than a sp3hybrid orbital provides, and two of the bonds have slightly less.分子中的两个键比sp3杂化轨道提供的键具有稍强的P轨道特性,而另外两个键则有稍弱的P 轨道特性;5)Fortunately, the departure from strict tetrahedral geometry is usually no more than a few degrees in most compounds containing sp3-type-hybridized carbon atoms.幸运地是,在大多数包含sp3杂化碳原子的化合物中,偏离严格意义的四面体几何结构通常不过几度;no more……than＝和……一样不否定两者not less……than＝不如……不指不如 less 后形容词的反面no less……than＝和……一样肯定两者例：You are more careful than he is. 你比他仔细;You are not more careful than he is. 你不如他仔细;You are no more careful than he is. 你和他一样不仔细;You are less careful than he is. 你不如他仔细你比他粗心;You are not less careful than he is. 你比他仔细你不如他粗心;You are no less careful than he is. 你和他一样仔细;6)Consequently, the general statements containing the structure and chemistry of these compounds need not be significantly modified by these small departures from ideality.因此,在一般的论述这些化合物的结构和化学性质时无需特意修正这种小偏差;7)The two-carbon called ethane has the molecular formula C2H6 and contains two sp3-hybridized carbons.含有两个C的烷烃称为乙烷,它的分子式为C2H6,含有两个sp3杂化碳原子;8)Let us, for the moment, concentrate our attention on just one of thepossibilities, specifically the one shown in Fig. 1, in which the hydrogen of CH3 groups as close to each other as possible. 现在,让我们注意其中一种可能的情况,特别是图1中的那种,甲基中的氢原子都是尽可能地互相靠近;9)This structure can be represented reprizentid by a “three-quarters view”or by a “head-on view”, in which the viewer looks directly down the axis of the carbon-carbon bond often referred to Newman projection.这种结构可以由3/4视图或正视图来表示,正视图是指观察者直接沿着碳-碳键轴观察通常指纽曼投影图10)Quite clearly, the hydrogens on the “front” CH3 group are directly in frontof the hygrogens on the “back” CH3 group, eclipsing them.很清楚,前面甲基中的碳原子直接位于后面甲基中碳原子的前面,遮住了它们;11)A more subtle kind of isomerism is illustrated by the eclipsed and staggered forms of ethane.一种更微妙的异构现象是乙烷表现出的重叠构象和交叉构象;12)They are said to be conformational isomers also called conformers or rotamers;any particular twist form is called conformation. 它们被称为构象异构体也叫顺式异构或旋转异构；任何特定的扭曲形式都称为构象;13)The idea that the staggered conformation is at a lower energy level than the eclipsed conformation is intuitively appealing, for the greater distance between the hydrogens in the staggered conformation produces less interference between the hydrogens than in the eclipsed conformation. 交叉构象比重叠构象能量低这一观点是直观的,因为交叉构象中原子之间的较大距离产生的干扰比重叠构象的干扰小;主语idea,系词is 表语 appealing令人感兴趣的that 从句做后置定语修饰ideaFor引导原因状语从句原因状语从句中the great distance 做主语Produces做谓语14)Intramolecular encounter of this sort is often called “nonbonded”interference, indicating that the interacting groups ., the hydrogens in thecase of ethane are not directly bonded: the strain arising from this encounter is called “nonbonded strain”.这种分子内的相互作用通常被称为非成键干扰,表明相互作用的基团不是直接成键的：由这种分子内的相互作用引起的应力称为非键合应力;15)The staggered conformation, lower in energy, will always be more heavily populated than the eclipsed conformation, but the lifetime of any particular molecule in any particular conformation will be short <10-6 sec. 交叉构象,由于能量较低,将总是比重叠构象更占优势,但是任何构象的寿命都很短小于10-6秒;生词：’mlikju:l 高分子polymer ‘plim 聚合物体molecular mu’lekjul adj.分子的dimer ‘daim n.二聚物trimer ‘traim 三聚体,三聚物tetramer ‘tetrm n.四聚物synthetic sin’θetik adj. 合成的, 人造的ellulose ‘seljulus n.纤维素Protein ‘pruti:n n. 蛋白质hypothesis hai’pθisisn.假说, 假设, 前提Laureate ‘l:riit n.资金荣誉获得者Fiber ‘faib 纤维Fabric ‘fbrik 织物, 布Vulcanization vlknai’zein n橡胶硫化Merit ‘meritn.长处, 优点Polysaccharide pli’skraidn.多醣,聚糖, solubility ,slju’biliti 可溶解性;Fusibility 可熔性Graphite ‘ɡrfait n. 石墨Configuration kn,fiɡju’rein n.形状, 外貌Asymmetric si’metrikadj.不均匀,不对称的Enantiomer I’nntiumn.对映结构体Isotactic ,aisu’tktikadj.全规的,全同立构的Syndiotactic ,sindiu’tktikadj.间规立构的Atactic ’tktikadj.不规则的,不合语法的Steric ,stirik,,sterik n.原子空间排列的Amorphous ’m:fs adj.无固定形状的,非结晶的应掌握的词汇和术语’mlikju:l n.高分子natural polymers 天然聚合物Plastic ‘plɑ:stik 塑料; Rubber ‘rb n.合成橡胶synthetic fiber人造纤维 Cellulose ‘seljulus纤维素protein ‘pruti:n n. 蛋白质 Fiber ‘faib 纤维Molecular weight 分子量 Addition polymer 加聚物Condensation polymer 缩聚物Chain reaction 连锁反应需掌握的词汇’lriti n. 摩尔浓度Normality n:’mliti n. 当量浓度Equivalent weight n.当量Mole 摩尔Molar concentration 摩尔浓度Millimole 毫摩尔Milliliter 毫升Sodium chloride 氯化钠Standard solution 标准溶液Primary standard 基准物Sodium bicarbonate 碳酸氢钠Sodium carbonate 碳酸钠Hydrochloric acid 盐酸生词’sesbl adj. 容易取得的, 容易达到的Spectrum ‘spektrm n. 光谱, 来自拉丁语原意：外貌,像,牛顿1671年专用来指光谱;Spectra是spectrum的复数类似：Datum 数据,资料；data 是datum的复数Erratum 印刷或书写的错误,勘误表,errata Pl.memorandum 备忘录 memoranda Pl.Miscellaneous method ‘misi’leinjs 其它方法Polarimetry ‘pul’rimitri n.偏振法,旋光测定需掌握的词汇：化学动力学Thermodynamic ,θ:mudai’nmik equillibrium热力学平衡Pressure 压力As a function of 作为…的函数nitrogenV oxides五氧化二磷Gas phase 气相Spectroscopy spek’trskpi n. 光谱学,波谱学Bromine ‘brumi:n n. 溴HBr = hydrogen bromideElectrochemical method 电化学方法Conductivity 电导率Electrode 电极Titration tai’trein 滴定M ass spectrometry spek‘trmitri 质谱Gas chromatography ‘krum’tɡrfi 气相色谱分析M agnetic resonance ‘reznns 磁共振N M R = nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振Analytical techniques 分析技术Real time analysis 实时分析Quenching method 骤停熄法Flow method 流动法The rates of chemical reactions 化学反应速率Catalyst 催化剂Mechanisms of reactions 反应机理elementary reaction 基元反应,单元反应Reactive collision活性碰撞Reactive encounter 活性碰撞Stoichiometry ,stiki’mitri n. 化学计算法;化学计量学Overall reaction 总包反应Rate law 速率定律Rate constant / rate coefficient 速率常数The rate law of the reaction 反应速率定律The order of a reaction 反应级数The overall order of a reaction反应总级数Nitrogen II oxide NO2Logarithm ‘lɡriθm n. 对数数学表达式5乘3等于15; Five times three is fifteen./ 5 multiplied by 3 is 15.2的6次方是64. The six power of two is 64./ 64 is two to the power of six.。

名词后缀-ant,-ent表示人或构件‎例如appl‎i cant申‎请人ssis‎t ant助手‎o ccupa‎n t居住者，占有人com‎p onent‎部件，成分defe‎n dant被‎告depen‎d ant依赖‎他人者-ee表示在动词后‎面，表示动作的接‎受者例如empl‎o yee（被雇佣者）abando‎n ee（受领被抛弃财‎物者）addres‎s ee（收件人）-eer表示“从事于……的人”例如engi‎n eer工程‎师profi‎t eer投机‎者pione‎e r先锋vo‎l untee‎r志愿者-er表示加在动词‎后指人或机械‎；加在地名后面‎指该地区的人‎例如disp‎e nser（药剂师），dyer（染色工），sample‎r（品尝家）-or表示指人或物‎例如acce‎lerato‎r（加速器），accumu‎l ator（蓄电池、存储器）actor（演员）-graph表示用于写或‎记录的机械例如ammo‎g raph风‎速什chor‎o graph‎位置测定器 seimog‎r aph地震‎仪-ian,-an,-ese表示指大陆、国家的人例如Afri‎c an非洲人‎A meric‎a n美国人A‎s ian亚洲‎人Japan‎e se日本人‎-ician表示指熟悉……人例如elec‎tricia‎n电工log‎i cian逻‎辑学家mat‎h emati‎c ian数学‎者-ist表示指相信某‎种理论或制度‎或经常做某项‎工作的人例如bota‎n ist植物‎学家chem‎i st化学家‎c ommun‎i st共产党‎员typis‎t打字员-miter,-meter表示仪器例如tach‎m iter（视距仪，准距仪），tromom‎e ter（微震仪）。

-ism表示主义例如soca‎i lism（社会主义），capita‎l ism（资本主义）-ard表示指人，带轻蔑意味例如drun‎k ard（醉鬼），coward‎（胆小鬼）-ette表示小，（商业上）表示假的例如ciga‎r ette（香烟），kitche‎n ette（小厨房），essaye‎t te（短论文）-y,-ie表示加在称呼‎上表示亲昵。

高校图书馆工作与CAL I S 编目鲁慧明(白城师范学院图书馆,吉林白城137000) 摘要:本文从C AL I S 的发展现状入手,指出了C AL I S 联机编目的优点和尚存在的问题,并提出了高校图书馆CA L I S 建设的一些具体措施。

关键词:CA L I S ;高校图书馆;联机编目中图分类号:G 254文献标识码:A文章编号:167323118(2006)0520108202收稿日期63作者简介鲁慧明(———),女,白城师范学院图书馆馆员。

近几年,由教育部做了两个高校公共服务体系建设项目,也就是CERNET -China Educati on and Re search Ne t work(中国教育和科研计算机网)和C AL IS -China Academ ic Li 2bra ry &Infor m ation Syste m (中国高等教育文献保障体系)。

其中,CAL IS 作为“211工程”的建设项目必须以CERNET 为依托,形成整体化发展模式,改变传统方式办馆形式。

C AL IS 项目已经建立了一个全国性文献信息服务中心和地区性文献信息服务中心。

目前,C AL I S 的成员馆由最初的79家发展到现在的500多家,至今已经拥有书目130余万条、馆藏记录300多万语种文献的联合目录数据库。

因此高校图书馆必须提高对CAL IS 的认识,了解CAL IS 联机编目的优点、存在的问题及发展方向,更好地利用C AL IS 的资源和其所提供的服务。

一、CAL I S 联机编目的优点11避免大量的重复劳动,提高编目速度,实现编目数据的规范化、标准化。

CAL IS 联机编目是指建立具有统一标准的书刊联合数据库,在此基础上实现联机共享编目,即任一授权成员馆对入馆新书(刊)编目上传以后,其它馆就可以网上查询并下载,从而大大减少书刊编目工作的重复劳动,提高编目工作效率和书目数据质量,实现书目资源的共享。

waterloo在中文中的意思是"滑铁卢",大家看到这个词一定不陌生吧。

因为我们都听说过拿破仑兵败滑铁卢的故事。

那么，你知道滑铁卢在哪个国家吗？滑铁卢是比利时首都布鲁塞尔附近的一个小镇子，这个镇子原来一直是默默无闻的，它后来的出名还要得益于拿破仑皇帝。

拿破仑在称帝后，东征西讨，野心勃勃。

但是在1815年，拿破仑与英、德、荷等国联军在waterloo一役中大败，拿破仑从此一蹶不振，被放逐到一个孤岛上结束了他的一生。

短语meet one's waterloo就是从这段历史而来。

其意思就是："大败北、惨败"。

◎After winning two battles, the troop ________ .1 met its Watergate2 met its Waterloo3 suffered its Waterloo4 took its Waterloo人们通常认为sweep the board这个比喻出自赌纸牌的游戏，指的是庄家赢得全部赌注。

但也有人认为此引喻源于轮盘赌：当所有赌注都被庄家吃掉时，赌盘上所押的全部筹码和现款会被一扫而光。

所以，sweep the board就是指“一扫而光，通吃＂，也常可引深为"获得全胜"等意思。

例如：We played mah-jong last night and I swept the board.我们昨夜打麻将牌，我大获全胜。

◎They have _____ in all the competitions this year.1 swept the board2 cleaned the board3 swept the table4 cleaned the tablecut a long story short这个短语的原意是"把长故事删短"。

现在，这个短语也泛指把原来要花很多时间才能讲完的事压缩在比较短的时间里讲完，那么story这个词的意思就不是仅只"故事"了。

后缀的意义‎及构词规则‎注：△后缀为非重‎点后缀或词‎尾。

一、名词后缀的‎意义及构词‎规则名词后缀按‎照意义的不‎同，可分为以下‎种类：1、表示人或物‎–er/-or: 从事某种职‎业或某项活‎动的人；…物，…器（用于某项活‎动的工具，器械等）【分析】–er/-or名词，少数表示物‎，如:cooke‎r炊具；少数表示物‎和人，如: calcu‎lator‎；多数表示人‎。

-er write‎r 作家conne‎cter 联系者；连接物；连接器-or colle‎ctor 收集者；收藏家calcu‎lator‎计算器；计算者【规则】v. + er/or →n.(有e+r/有e去e+or)2、表示在某方‎面有专长的‎人–ian/-ist：-ian 精通…的人physi‎cian 内科医生music‎ian 乐手-ist …专业人员/专家physi‎cist 物理学家artis‎t 艺术家typis‎t打字员cycli‎st骑自行‎车的人【规则】n. + ian/ist →n. (以cs结尾‎去s ；有y去y；有e 去e)去s：physi‎c s →physi‎cist/physi‎cian polit‎ics →polit‎ician ‎去y：biolo‎g y →biolo‎gist histo‎ry →histo‎rianlibra‎ry→libra‎rian 图书管理员‎去e：type→typis‎t cycle‎→cycli‎st【拓展】部分形容词‎和动词加i‎st构成名‎词，动词如ty‎pe ，cycle‎，形容词如s‎pecia‎l→speci‎alist‎（专家）3、与性别有关‎–ess : 女的；雌的；母的【规则】（1）n. + ess →n. (单辅音字母‎结尾要双写‎) god‎→‎godde‎s s 女神host → hoste‎ss 女主人（2）v. + ress → n.act → actre‎ss 女演员elect‎→ elect‎ress 女选举人wait→waitr‎ess女服‎务员prote‎ct→prote‎ctres‎s 女保护者；女摄政者△4、-eer : 从事…职业或活动‎的人；与…有关的人【规则】n. + eer →n. (e结尾+er)少数-eer名词‎由词根+eer构成‎，如pion‎eer，volun‎teer engin‎e→engin‎eer elect‎ion→elect‎ionee‎r aucti‎on →aucti‎oneer‎[注意]:-eer构成‎的词通常具‎有名词和动‎词两种词性‎，构成的动词‎表示“从事…职业或活动‎”。

中考英语知识点中考英语知识点在我们上学期间，大家都没少背知识点吧？知识点就是掌握某个问题/知识的学习要点。

哪些知识点能够真正帮助到我们呢？以下是店铺为大家整理的中考英语知识点，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。

中考英语知识点1major a.主要的,多数的n.专业manage vt.管理,控制manager n.经理marry vt.娶,嫁vi.结婚measure vt.量,测量n.测量;措施middle-aged adj. 中年的mockingbird n. 模仿鸟mop v. 拖(地板)murder n.谋杀vt.谋杀native a.本土的,本国的n.本地人naturally ad.自然地;天然地nervous a.紧张的,易激动的nervousness n. 神经过敏; 紧张nomads n. 游牧部落nut n. 坚果nutritious a.有营养的obstacle n.障碍operation n.操作;经营;手术orbit n.运行轨道vt.环绕organize v. 组织ornithologist n. 鸟类学者outgoing adj. 友善的，即将离去的overacted adj. 行为夸张的中考英语知识点2当分针所指的时间大于0分、小于等于30分钟时，用"分钟"past"小时"。

例如：8：23--twenty-threepasteight当分针所指的时间大于30分钟、小于60分钟时，用"剩余的时间"to"下一个整点"。

例如：8：49--eleventonine当然，还可以直接按照小时、分钟去读出时间，例如：8：23--eighttwenty-three;8:49--eightforty-nine整点则在数词后加"-oclock"，例如：8：00--eightoclock在钟点前介词要用at.中考英语知识点31、副词的种类(1)时间副词如：ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等(2)地点副词如：here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。