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实用文体翻译期末整理根据老师PPT整理而成供学弟学妹们复习使用~~一、翻译标准1、以译出语或译入语为取向的翻译原则2、直译与意译重点难点：A，He had the agility of a man half his age.他像岁数比他小一半的人那样敏捷。
B，Every dog has its day.人人皆有得意之日。
C，Cast pearls before swine. 对牛弹琴D，They ran away as fast as their legs could carry them. 他们拼命逃跑，连吃奶的力气都用上了。
二、英汉差别1、真朋友&假朋友2、转换：译者将大脑中分析好的语言材料——具有原语深层结构形式的一串词语——转换为具有译语深层结构的一串词语。
3、重构：将已经转换为译语深层结构的一串词语，为着符合译语惯用的表层结构形式、更好地表达原文内容、更好地体现原文功能与风格的目标，重新排列、连接或删除。
4、英汉差异——句子扩展模式中：句首开放性和句尾封闭性英：句首封闭性，句尾开放性——形合和意合中：意合英：形合5、“核心句分析法”，即把英语复杂句分解为语义相对完整的只包含单个主谓框架(即只包含一个谓语动词)的多个句子——核心句，分析各个核心句间的语义逻辑关系，然后用合乎译语表达习惯的排列方式对各核心句进行重构。
按照汉语（一）先发生先说后发生后说，（二）先说事实，后说评价，（三）先说因后说果（以及先说条件后说推断、先说手段后说目的、先说反面后说正面等）的原则，并使用适当的省略、重复、代称等，把核心句翻译成汉语。
重点难点：A,阴（the soft, inactive, female principle or force in the world）B,a broken record of argument陈词滥调我们已按很低价格向你们报盘。
We have made you an offer at a very competitive price.C,相声=cross talk=comic dialogueD,鱼米之乡=land of fish and rice=land of milk and honeyE,eat one’s words承认错误The sea refuses no rivers. 贪得无厌blue wool高级羊毛extended family大家庭jelly built project豆腐渣工程drink like a fish牛饮F,We never meet without a parting. 有聚就有散G,We took off and flew over the city and slowly gained height.我们起飞了，飞过城市，慢慢飞高。
实用文体翻译整理扬州大学：顾维勇031413103张志伟英语翻译外国语学院1.术语对等意识---------------------------------------------------约定俗成的行话2.复数意识3.专业知识意识例如：举一些都看得懂，但是没有专业知识就翻译不出的行话Firm offer实盘non-firm offer虚盘Cap上限floor下限ceiling封顶Call【术】赎回；买权/进call or put买权或卖权（COP）Particular average单独海损general average共同海损Lot在外卖运输中是货票的意思商务英语中handle翻译为“作业”，即装卸货作业Less handling作业量小Corporation和company中，corporation是比较官方的，company有合伙人的意思。
但是，Ltd.co是目前责任有限公司的官方书写模式，约定俗成。
-------------------------------------《实用文体翻译》顾维勇P68-69广告体翻译特点：1.吸引力（抓住眼球）2.创新（陈词滥调谁要看你？）3.说服力（骗你来，要你买，挣你钱）4.影响力（装逼）手法：押韵、双关、对比、夸张、拟、喻、重复借用傲慢与偏见来装个逼：There’s no pride in prejudice(某英国报刊广告：想说本报刊公正客观)借用An apple a day keeps the doctor away装个逼：A Mars a day keeps you work, rest and play. (Mar s相当于咬一口之类的巧克力棒，憨豆来做过广告，一咬就精力十足的说~)旅游文本翻译的特点：1.词汇量大（天文地理，无所不涉及）2.知识面宽广（宗教、民俗、禁忌、神话等等）3.文化层次多元（旅游就是跨文化交际的一种形式，遇到此类文本翻译，必须查当地的文化背景）4.措辞讲究（优美的大词，装逼装到飞起来）5.语言明快幽默（不能像Chinadaily那样太官方，不过我国基本都是很官方的翻译···坑到没话说）6.引用古诗词（自己的话不够描述，往往引用古诗词来装逼，总是给翻译出难题）旅游文本翻译方法:（1）释义During the Dragon Boat Festival(which falls on the fifth day of fifth lunar month).（2）增补Qinshihuang,the first emperor in Chinese history who unified China in 221 B.C.（3）类比或转译西施Chinese Cleopatra(类比西方人能接受的克里奥帕特拉)鱼米之乡Land of milk and honey（出自《圣经》）（4）删减冗余（有些没必要的废话直接不翻）（5）创造性翻译（实际上很少能用，除非你绝对牛逼，在原文基础上加以斧正润色即可）特例：公式化翻译原料+地名+style湖南肉Pork Hunan style家常豆腐Fried Tofu,Home style.公示语翻译以动词+名词的形式较多：Keep clean No smoking No crossing词组或者让短语Out of order 因故停用缩略词VIP ICU P字母大写图文并茂Staff only/Only staff员工专用，闲人免进类型有如下几类：指示型Emergency Exit紧急出口管理型前方不通，请绕道行驶提示型Mind the gap限制型20 min parking only(这种比较少)强制型No smoking Heavy penalties apply广告型better city, better life.。
实用文体翻译1．商务信函August 13,2003Vemeer ManufacturingCompany P. O. Box 200/3804New Sharon Road Pella, Iowa50219 U. S. A.Gentlemen:From the samples sent us on June 5, we have made selections, and have the pleasure of handing you the following order which we commend to your immediate and best attention, viz:500 chests Lipton Black Tea,500 sacks of Brazilian Coffee, not ground.Kindly forward these by fast freight. Enclosed please find a draft as per memorandum bill you sent us.Yours trulyMcFARLAND &CO.President(Signature) Dear Sirs:We received, on Nov. 11, 2000, with thanks, your check No. 006869 for RMB 36,000, in payment of our commission. The amount has been placed to your credit.Manager诸位先生：已收到12月14日贵方来信，获悉我方发出的货箱内装的钢笔并非贵方所定的型号，甚为抱歉。
经查核，发现因号码弄混而造成了装箱错误。
我们已经换好货品立即发运给贵方。
请将那箱错装货品退还给我们，不胜感激。
所需一切费用由我方支付。
由于错误给贵方造成麻烦，我们深表歉意。
实用文体翻译公示语“开发区”“Development Zone”。
不可回收Non-recyclable售票机Ticket Machines注意行人Caution Pedestrians保持通畅KEEP CLEAR请小心台阶PLEASE MIND YOUR STEPS因故停用Out of Order短时停车Short stay停车场P厕所WC留学生公寓INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS HOUSE全自动门Automatic Door送客止步Passengers Only边道封闭Footpath Closed开封后请即食用，以免受潮Please have it soon after opening the bag in case it gets damp. 游客止步Staff Only员工专用公交车专用==>Buses Only，贵宾专用==>VIP Only/ Distinguished Guests Only；会员俱乐部==>Members Only；专用停车位==>Authorized Cars Only；警车专用停车位==>Police Cars Only；请绕行此路==>Arrow Only；超车道==> Overtaking Only贵宾候车室Reserved Waiting-room软席、硬席“Cushioned Seat”和“Ordinary Seat”年终大甩卖Year-end sale恕不讲价One price (fixed price)三潭印月Three Pool Mirroring the Moon世界自然与文化遗产World Natural and Cultural Heritage Site 天然动植物标本园Green Treasury and Natural Zoo地下通道Underground Passage禁止通行Dead End前方弯路慢行Bend Ahead. Slow Down!一慢二看三通过Slow down, Look around, and Cross限速：每小时30公里Speed Limit, 30 km/h国土资源部Ministry of Land and Resource司法厅Department of Justice中国社会科学院Chinese Academy of Social Science三元桥Sanyuan Overpass锦江乐园Jinjiang Amusement Park静安新城Jing’an New City南京东路East Nangjing Road北三环North Third Ring玉佛寺Jade Buddha Temple一切权力归人民Power to the people拒绝毒品珍爱生命Say No to Drug and Protect Your Life同一个世界，同一个梦想One World One Dream货物出门，概不退换All sales are final.不设找零Please tender exact fare找零请当面点清Please check your change before leaving请保管好您随身携带的物品Please Take Care of Your Belongings此处发现鲨鱼Shark sighted门诊部Out-Patient Department邮票销售机Stamp Vending Machine提供外卖Take Away Service Available婴儿换巾处Baby Change失物招领处Lost and found男更衣室Men’s locker请勿践踏草坪Please Keep Off the Grass售完Sold Out油漆未干Wet Paint饮料仅供外卖Drinks Purchased Are for Taken Away Only(厕所）有人occupied请在此等候咨询、询问Please Wait Here for Enquiries正在清扫地板Floor Cleaning in Progress此处有炸药，注意安全We have explosives here. Pay attention to your safety. Danger: Explosive.小心地滑Caution! Slippery/Caution! Wet Floor小心烫伤Caution! Hot老，弱，病，残，孕专座位Courtesy seats一米以下儿童谢绝入内No Admittance for Children Under 1m.施工现场禁止入内Construction Site keep Out残疾人通道Handicapped Only凭票入场TICKET ONLY来客请到门房登记All Visitors Please Report to the Gate Warder严禁吸烟No Smoking儿童严禁入内No Minors Allowed桥上严禁超车No Overtaking On Bridge禁酒区Alcohol Free Zone警戒线勿超越Police Line Do Not Pass禁止通行Don’t Walk未经许可的车辆不得入内Authorized cars only.装修前大甩卖CLOSING DOWN FOR MODERNIZATION免税店Duty Free旅游纪念品Souvenirs您的安全我们的天责YOUR SAFETY IS OUR PRIORITY进门赢大奖COME IN AND WIN厂家特价直销DEAL DIRECT WITH MANUFACTURER AT SPECIAL PRICES 八折优惠20% Off当日可取Daily Service谢谢您到访北京车站Thank you for visiting Bejing Railway Station我们关注！欢迎批评！We care! We want your comments!共同努力，世界更精彩Working together, we can make a world of difference.盗贼当心Thieves Beware握紧扶手Hold the han rail紧急时用Emergence use only不使用信用卡No Credit Card Please送货上门Delivery to Your Door勿与司机谈话Don’t talk with the driver请将个人物品随身带走Not to Leave Things Behind国际出发international departure中国土特产Chinese Products加油站Gas Station物流中心Logistics CenterYard Sale 庭院旧货出售No crossing. 禁止横穿ICU重症监护室Stand behind red line until summoned by inspector. 红线后站立，等待检查员。
练习材料第一单元地理篇No Giant SkyscrapersChicago and New York are famous for their tall buildings. California cannot be. Its buildings have to be famous for their beauty or their historical importance1. California is earthquake country2.The San Andreas Fault3 is a cause of earthquakes. It is a long crack in the earth that stretches from Southern to Northern California. Rocks inside the earth move and the earth shakes. These earthquakes make the fault bigger4.The most famous earthquake in California happened in 1906. It destroyed most of the young city of San Francisco. People rebuilt the city. They looked at the buildings that did not fall in the earthquake5 and they learned more about building in California.Tall buildings can be dangerous6 in earthquakes. Today California has codes7 that say how a building must be built and how tall it can be.Los Angeles has several earthquakes each year. The tall buildings move8 a little and everyone takes a deep breath. Usually tourists and newcomers are the most frightened. People who grew up in California say, “We’re used to it!”Earthquakes do not stop the building industry in California, but they do make architects work a little harder9. The buildings they design have to look good and stand up in an earthquake. These buildings are good examples of modern California architecture. The Bonaventure Hotel is a few city blocks from the old Mission Church. The Century City Complex is near the ocean. It stands on the site of the old Twentieth Century Fox movie studios. These buildings show that people are not afraid to build in California.水桥在巴拿马，有一座世界闻名的“水桥”，那就是巴拿马运河。
第一章英汉句子翻译方法与技巧（复习）教学目的：通过实例，进一步了解英语和汉语在句法结构方面的差异，以及在翻译过程中语言转换的规则与技巧。
教学要求：复习英汉翻译的规则与技巧，熟练掌握句子成分转换的方法，主要包括非主语译成主语，非谓语译成谓语，定语译成谓语，主语译成宾语等；句子结构的转换，包括成分分译法和句子变换法以及长句的译法。
教学方式：罗列法、比较法、分析法，多媒体一．句子成分的转换英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不同，句子结构不同，翻译时往往还需要转换句子的成分，才能使译文通顺易懂，本节专门谈一些常见的句子成分转换。
1、非主语译成主语（1）介词的宾语译成主语。
1) There are four seasons in a year.一年有四季。
2) Now, heat is being added to the substance. 现在这种物质正在加热。
3) At least two quarts of water are required daily by a normal individual.一个正常的人每天至少需要两夸脱的水。
4) High-quality machines of various types are produced in our country.我国生产各种类型的优质机器。
（2）动词宾语译成主语5) An automobile must have a brake with high efficiency. 汽车的煞车必须高度有效。
6) Ice is not so dense as water and therefore it floats.冰的密度比水小，因此能浮在水面上。
7) Two widely used alloys of copper are brass and bronze.黄铜和青铜是两种广泛使用的铜合金。
2、非谓语译成谓语（1）定语译成谓语8) Manganese has the same effect on the strength of steel as silicon.锰对钢的强度的影响和矽相同。
英语实用文体格式及翻译信函信头-Heading（寄信人地址和日期）信内地址-Inside Address（收信人姓名和地址）称呼-Salutation（对收信人的称谓）正文-Body结束语-Complimentary Closing（写信人谦称）签名-Signature附件-Postscript又及-Enclosure/p.s（用于补漏）Dear Helen,It’s been a few months since I last heard from you. I wonder if you have received the letter and the parcel I sent you last month. The parcel contained several articles you might be interested in. Please let me know whether you have received it or not.Paul has found a new job in a computer company. We are thinking about moving into a bigger house sincethe present one seems a bit too crowded.Please remember us to all our old friends. Best wishes to all of you.With love,Linda 亲爱的海伦：有好几个月没有收到你的信了。
不知道你有没有收到我上个月寄给你的信和包裹。
包裹里有几样你也许会感兴趣的东西。
请让我知道你有没有收到它。
保罗在一家电脑公司找到了一份新工作。
我们正在考虑搬到一栋大一点的房子里去，因为目前住的房子好象太挤了一点。
替我们向所有的老朋友问好。
给你们所有人最好的祝福。
爱你的，琳达请假条Class 1, Grade 1May 14To Department OfficeSecretary GlennDear Madam,I beg to apply for three day’ leave of absence from the 15th to the 17th instant, both days inclusive, in order to return to my hometown to attend my grandpa’funeral, who passed away yesterday.To support my application, I herewith submit a telegram to that effect sending by my father.Should be very much obliged if you will grant me my application.Yours respectfully,Jack Smith 系办公室秘书格兰女士：因祖父昨日去世，特请假三日，自本月15日起至17日止，以便回老家参加葬礼。
实用文体翻译实用文体翻译期末整理根据老师PPT整理而成供学弟学妹们复习使用~~一、翻译标准1、以译出语或译入语为取向的翻译原则2、直译与意译重点难点：A，He had the agility of a man half his age.他像岁数比他小一半的人那样敏捷。
B，Every dog has its day.人人皆有得意之日。
C，Cast pearls before swine. 对牛弹琴D，They ran away as fast as their legs could carry them. 他们拼命逃跑，连吃奶的力气都用上了。
二、英汉差别1、真朋友&假朋友2、转换：译者将大脑中分析好的语言材料——具有原语深层结构形式的一串词语——转换为具有译语深层结构的一串词语。
3、重构：将已经转换为译语深层结构的一串词语，为着符合译语惯用的表层结构形式、更好地表达原文内容、更好地体现原文功能与风格的目标，重新排列、连接或删除。
4、英汉差异——句子扩展模式中：句首开放性和句尾封闭性英：句首封闭性，句尾开放性——形合和意合中：意合英：形合5、“核心句分析法”，即把英语复杂句分解为语义相对完整的只包含单个主谓框架(即只包含一个谓语动词)的多个句子——核心句，分析各个核心句间的语义逻辑关系，然后用合乎译语表达习惯的排列方式对各核心句进行重构。
按照汉语（一）先发生先说后发生后说，（二）先说事实，后说评价，（三）先说因后说果（以及先说条件后说推断、先说手段后说目的、先说反面后说正面等）的原则，并使用适当的省略、重复、代称等，把核心句翻译成汉语。
重点难点：A,阴（the soft, inactive, female principle or force in the world）B,a broken record of argument陈词滥调我们已按很低价格向你们报盘。
We have made you an offer at a very competitive price.C,相声=cross talk=comic dialogueD,鱼米之乡=land of fish and rice=land of milk and honeyE,eat one’s words承认错误The sea refuses no rivers. 贪得无厌blue wool高级羊毛extended family大家庭jelly built project豆腐渣工程drink like a fish牛饮F,We never meet without a parting. 有聚就有散G,We took off and flew over the city and slowly gained height.我们起飞了，飞过城市，慢慢飞高。
H,They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.这是每位中国人都珍视的理想。
在过去，许多中国人为之奉献了自己的生命，如今，他们正为实现这个理想而努力奋斗着。
三、翻译技巧1、加注（annotation）A.音译加注指音译后附加解释性注释。
注释可长可短，可采用文中注释，也可采用脚注，还可二者合用。
B.直译加注指直译原文，并附加解释性注释。
注释可长可短，既可采用文中注释，也可采用脚注，还可二者合用。
2、释义（paraphrase）是指舍弃原文中的具体形象，直接解释出原文的意思。
在翻译一些具有鲜明民族色彩的词语（如成语、典故）时，如果直译不能使译入语读者明白意思，而加注又使译文太噜嗦，并且原文重意不重形、重意不重典时，可采用释义法。
它既可使译文简洁明了，又不损害对原文信息的传达。
例如：as drunk as a fiddler 酩酊大醉3、归化（domestication）归化翻译法常用于处理某些英语成语、典故、形象词语等一类文化色彩较浓的表达方式。
如：as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠It’s not easy to become a member of that club----they want people who have plenty of money to spend, not just every Tom, Dick and Harry.要加入那个俱乐部并非易事----他们只吸收手头阔绰的人，而不是张三、李四、王五。
4、异化（foreignization）译者尽可能不去打扰作者，使得读者向作者靠拢，力争采用相应于源语的表达方法，再现原作的作风特点与文化气味。
5、增词(amplification)一、为了语法上的需要：量词（The sun rose thinly from the sea.一轮红日从海边淡淡升起。
）时态（I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own. 原来我以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但是现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来断定是不是自己生的。
）单复数（The lion is the king of animals.狮子是百兽之王。
）省略句（She ate little. Food sickened her, and I think much of life too.她吃得很少；她厌恶食物，我觉得她也厌恶生活。
）二、为了意义上的需要，增加合适的动词、形容词或副词，使译文意思明确。
如：人和动物不同。
Man is different from other animals增加适当的名词，使译文意思明确、符合汉语的表达习惯。
例如：darkness 漆黑一团6、减词(omission) 减省的词语应是那些在译文中保留下来反而使行文累赘噜嗦、且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。
我们必须培养分析问题和解决问题的能力。
We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems.Come if you like.高兴就来。
7、转换(conversion)一、词类转换：词类转换是指英语中的某一词类译成汉语时转换成另一词类。
(1) It is bad manners to blow your nose at table. 进餐时擤鼻子颇为不雅。
二、句子成分转换（主语转换为宾语，宾语转换为主语）Her presence of mind had not completely deserted her; but she could not have trusted herself to speak. 她还没有完全失去镇静，一时却又找不出话可说。
三、表达方式转换──Is the re a special rate by the month?──Yes, there is a 10% discount.──按月计算有什么优惠吗？──有，可以打9 折。
She has been a widow only for six months.她丈夫死了至今才不过半年。
四、自然语序、倒装语序和其他成分转换英语中使用倒装语序，主要是为了加强语气、突出重点、平衡句子结构等；而汉语中使用倒装语序相对较少，所以英译汉时，常常得将倒装语序转换为自然语序。
例如：(1) Away ran the boy.男孩跑开了。
插入成分语序的装换There are, to be exact, only two choices.准确地说，只有两种选择。
五、主动式与被动式转换六、分句转换分句转换是指一种英语分句翻译成汉语时转换成另一种分句，例如：（定语从句--条件状语从句）(1) They felt that it was much easier and safer to rob their own people, for they knew that white policemen never really searched diligently for Negroes who committed crimes against other Negroes.他们觉得抢劫他们的同种人要安全得多，因为他们知道，如果黑人侵犯的是黑人，白人警察便从来不认真搜捕。
7、切分（division）8、反译法（negation）英语正面表达这里指的是不带否定词no, not , never 否定前缀non-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-和否定后缀-less 等的句子，汉语正面表达则是指不带“不”、“没”、“非”、“未”、“否”、“无”、“莫”、“勿”、“别”等否定词语的句子Wet paint! 油漆未干！TIPS：With unemployment rate high, the dollar value low and the stock market in distress, the economy problem will be the President’s sternest trial.英语较少使用范围词，rate, value 和problem 都应该去掉。
重点难点：A,Oval Office 椭圆形办公室（美国白宫总统办公室）B,拆了东墙补西墙。
To rob Peter to pay Paul.C,lead a dog's life 过着牛马一样的生活kill the goose that lays the golden eggs杀鸡取卵talk horse 吹牛D,I was limp as a dish rag. My back felt as through it had been beaten with wires.我软得像一团棉花，脊背疼痛得好像被钢丝抽打过一样。
E,Mr. Kingsley and his Red Brick boys will have to look to their laurels.金斯利先生和他那些二流大学的学生们必须小心翼翼地保持已经取得的荣誉。
F,他告诉父亲，他第二天该起得早。
He told his f ather, “I shall get up earlier tomorrow.”G,任何新生事物的成长都要进过艰难曲折。
