化工专业英语1-34页

化工专业英语Volatile:挥发性的 Semipermeable membrane:半透膜 immiscible：不相混的 Debit:把….记入借方 Credit:记入贷方Electrical potential:电势 Leaching:浸提 Extraction：萃取 Direct current:直流 Instantaneous:瞬间的 Successive：连续的 Collision：碰撞 Impeller：叶轮 Wavelet analysis:微元分析 Entrainment：夹带 Breakage：破坏Attrition：磨损 Indispensable：不可缺少的 Trajectory:轨道 Acrylic：丙烯酸 Baffle：挡板 Ruffle：滋扰 Discharge:释放 circulation flow:环流attrition：磨损 nucleation：成核 Catalytic：催化 frequency：频率shutter：快门 inertia：惯性 Pitched：倾斜的 histogram：柱状图breakdown：破坏 Unit 14 Distillation Dumped or ordered packings:乱堆或整齐堆放填料 Plate:板 Tray:塔盘 Hold-down and support plates:固定和支撑板 Fraction:馏分 Cascading:成瀑布落下，分多级进行 Reboiler：再沸器Overhead condenser: 塔顶冷凝器 Reflux:回流 Distillate：馏出物Countercurrent:逆流 Relative volatility：相对挥发度 Rectifying section:精馏段 Stripping section:提留段 Sidestream：侧线馏分 Circumvent:回避Hypothetical:假设的 Equilibrium-stage：平衡级（理论板） Tray efficiency:塔板效率 The number of hypothetical equilibrium stages required is then converted to a number actual trays by means of tray efficiencies, which describe the extent to which the performance of actual contact tray duplicates the performance of an equilibrium stage 然后理论塔板数通过塔板效率被转换成实际塔板数；塔板效率是实际塔板表现和理论塔板表现的比值。

普通化学 General Chemistry分析化学 Analytical Chemistry有机化学 Organic Chemistry物理化学 Physical Chemistry谱学导论 Introducton of Spectroscopy无机化学 Inorganic Chemistry普通化学和分析化学实验 Experiments of General and Analytical Chemistry 现在基础化学 The Principle of Mordern Chemistry现在基础化学实验 Experiments of Modern Fundamental Chemistry 有机化学实验 Experiments of Organic Chemistry仪器分析和物理化学实验 Experiments of Instrumental Analysis and Physica 合成化学实验 Experiments of Synthetic Chemistry现代化学专题 Topic of Modern Chemistry化学综合实验 Experiments of Comprehensive Chemistry化工原理 Principle of Chemical Engineering化工原理实验 Experiments of Chemical Engineering应用化学实验 Experiments of Applied Chemistry无机合成化学 Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry近代分析化学 Modern Analytical Chemistry分离分析化学 Separation Analytical Chemistry有机化合物波谱鉴定 Spectrum Identification of Organic Compounds 有机合成及反应机理 Organic Synthesis and Mechanics化学进展 Progress in Chemistry化学反应工程 Chemical Reaction Engineering应用电化学 Applied Electrochemistry工业催化 Industrial Catalysis环境化学 Environmental Chemistry环境监测 Environmental Monitoring化学科技英语 Scientific English for Chemistry数理方法在化学中的应用 Mathematical Statistics for Chemistry化工制图 Chemical Engineering Cartography计算机与化学测量实验 Computer and Chemical Measurement化学信息学 Chemoinformatics or Chemical Informatics应用化学专题 Special Topics in Applied Chemistry方案(建议书)proposal可行性研究 feasibility study方案设计 concept design工艺设计 process design基础设计 basic design详细设计 detail design开工会议 - kick-off meeting审核会议 review meeting外商投资 foreign investment中外合资 joint venture中外合营 joint venture补偿贸易 compensation trade合同合同附件 contract卖方 vendor买方 buyer顾客 client承包商 contractor工程公司 company供应范围 scope of supply生产范围 production scope生产能力 production capacity项目 project界区 battery limit装置 plant公用工程 utilities工艺流程图 process flow diagram工艺流程方块图 process block diagram管道及仪表流程图 piping and instrument drawing物料及热量平衡图 mass & heat balance diagram蒸汽及冷凝水平衡图 steam & condensate balance diagram 设备布置图 equipment layout设备表 equipment list成品(产品)() product(final product)副产品 by-product原料 raw-material设计基础数据 basic data for design技术数据 technical data数据表 data sheet设计文件 design document设计规定 design regulation现场服务 site service项目变更 project change用户变更 client change消耗定额 consumption quota技术转让 technical transfer技术知识 - technical know-howtechnical knowledge技术保证 technical guarantee咨询服务 consultative services技术服务 technical services工作地点 location施工现场 construction field报价 quotation标书 bidding book公司利润 company profit固定价合同 fixed price contract固定单价合同 fixed unit price contract成本加酬金合同 cost plus award fee contract定金 mobilization银行保证书 bank guarantee letter保留金 retention所得税 income taxes特别承包人税 special contractor's taxes城市和市政税 city and municipal taxes工作手册 work manual工作流程图 work flow diagram质量保证程序 QA/QC procedures采购计划 procurement plan施工计划 construction plan施工进度 construction schedule项目实施计划 project execution plan项目协调程序 project coordination procedure项目总进度计划 project master schedule设计网络计划 engineering network logic项目质量保证 project quality assurance项目质量控制 project quality control采购 procurement采购周期 procurement period会签 the squad check计算书 calculation sheets询价 inquiry检验 inspection运输 transportation开车 start up / commission验收 inspection & acceptance校核 check审核 review审定 approve版次 version部门 department专业 specialty项目号 project number图号 drawing number目录 contents序言 foreword章 chapter节 section项 itemMR material requisitionSPEC engineering specification（技术表）DATA SHEET（） technical data sheet(技术评标）TBA(） technical bid analysisPDP preliminary design package(项目经理)PM () project manager(专业负责人LDE( lead discipline engineer(材料询价单)MRQ() Material requisition for quotation(材料采购单)MRP() material requisition for purchase(基础工程设计包)BEP() basic engineering package&(管道及仪表流程图) ()P&ID() piping and instrument drawing(diagram)PFD process flow diagramNNF normally no flowFO failure openFC failure closeC/S/A civil/structure/architecture（详细设计阶段）DDP（） detail design phase二. 工艺流程.连续过程continuous process 间歇过程batch process工艺叙述process description 工艺特点process feature操作operation反应reaction副反应side reaction絮凝flocculation浮洗flotation倾析decantation催化反应catalytical reaction 萃取extraction中和neutralization水解hydrolysis过滤filtration干燥drying还原reduction氧化oxidation氢化hydrogenation分解decomposition离解dissociation合成synthetics吸收absorption吸附adsorption解吸desorption结晶crystallization溶解solution调节modulate控制control悬浮suspension循环circulation再生regeneration再活化reactivation沥取leaching破碎crushing煅烧caloination沉降sedimentation沉淀precipitation气化gasification冷冻refrigeration固化、结晶、solidification包装package升华sublimation燃烧combustion引烧ignition蒸馏distillation碳化carbonization压缩compression三、化学物质及特性固体solid液体liquid气体gas化合物compound混合物mixture粉powder片状粉未flake小粒granule结晶crystal乳化物emulsion氧化物oxidizing agent还原剂reducing agent有机物organic material真空vacuum母液master liquor富液rich liquor贫液lean liquor萃出物extract萃余物raffinate絮凝剂flocculants冷冻盐水brine酸度acidity浓度concentration碱度alkalinity溶解度solubility凝固点solidificalion point沸点boiling point熔点melting point蒸发率evaporation rate粘度viscosity吸水的 ()water absorbent(a)无水的()anhydrous(a)外观appearance无色的()colorless(a)透明的()transparent(a)半透明的translucent密度density比重specific gravity催化剂catalyst燃烧combustion引燃ignition自然点-self-ignition temperature可燃气体combustible gas可燃液体inflammable liquid易燃液体volatile liquid爆炸混合物explosive mixture爆炸性环境 ()explosive atmosphere(environment)爆炸极限explosive concentration limit废水waste water废液waste liquid废气-off-gas噪声noise pollution成分composition挠度deflection力和力矩force and moment弯矩bending moment应力-应变曲线--stress-strain diagram百分比percentage环境温度ambient temperature工作温度operating设计温度 ()design temperature(pressure)相对湿度=RH=relative humidity油渣、淤泥sludge杂质impurity四、化工设备泵pump轴流泵axial flow pump真空泵vacuum pump屏蔽泵canned pump柱塞泵plunger pump涡轮泵turbine pump涡流泵vortex pump离心泵centrifugal pump喷射泵jet pump转子泵rotary pump管道泵inline pump双作用往复泵double action reciprocating pump计量泵metering pump深井泵deep well pump齿轮泵gear pump手摇泵()hand(wobble) pump螺杆泵 ()screw (spiral) pump潜水泵submersible pump斜转子泵inclined rotor pump封闭式电磁泵hermetically sealed magnetic drive pump 气升泵--air-lift-pump轴承bearing叶轮impeller虹吸管siphon高压容器high pressure vessel焚化炉incinerator火焰清除器flame arrester工业炉furnace烧嘴burner锅炉boiler回转窑rotary kiln加热器heater电加热器electric heater冷却器cooler冷凝器condenser换热器heat exchanger反应器reactor蒸馏釜still搅拌器agitator混合器mixer静态混合器static mixers管道混合器line mixers混合槽mixing tanks破碎机crusher磨碎机grinder研磨机pulverizer球磨机ballmill过滤器filter分离器separator干燥器drier翅片fins烟囱stack火炬flare筛子screen煅烧窑calciner倾析器decanter蒸发器evaporator再沸器reboiler萃取器extractor离心机centrifuger吸附（收）器adsorber结晶器crystallizer电解槽electrolyzer电除尘器electric precipitator洗涤器scrubber消石灰器slaker料仓bin料斗hopper加料器feeder增稠器thickener澄清器clarifier分级器classifier浮洗器flocculator废液池sump喷射器ejector喷头sprayer成套设备package unit仪器设备apparatus附属设备accessory旋转式压缩机rotary compressor往复式压缩机reciprocating compressor 水环式压缩机nash compressor螺杆式压缩机helical screw compressor 离心式压缩机centrifugal compressor多级压缩机mutiple stages compressor固定床反应器fixed bed reactor流化床反应器fluidized bed reactor管式反应器tubular reactor列管式换热器tubular heat exchanger螺旋板式换热器spiral plate heat exchanger 萃取塔extraction column板式塔plate column填料塔packed column洗涤塔scrubber吸收塔absorber冷却塔cooling tower精馏塔fractionating tower汽提塔stripper再生塔regenerator造粒塔prill tower塔附件tower accessories液体分配（布）器liquid distributor填料支持板support plate定距管spacer降液管downcomer升气管chimney顶(底)层塔盘 ()()top (bottom) tray挡板baffle抽出口draw nozzle溢流堰weir泡罩bubble cap筛板sieve plate浮阀float valve除沫器demister pad塔裙座skirt椭圆封头elliptical head高位槽head tank中间槽intermediate tank加料槽feed tank补给槽-make-up tank计量槽measuring tank电解槽cell溜槽chute收集槽collecting tank液滴分离器knockout drum稀释罐thinning tank缓冲罐surge drum回流罐reflux drum闪蒸罐flash drum浮顶罐floating roof tank内浮顶罐covered floating roof tank 球罐spheroid气柜gas holder湿式气柜 -wet gas-holder干式气柜 -dry gas-holder螺旋式气柜 -helical gas-holder星型放料器,旋转阀,rotary valve抽滤器mutche filter压滤器filter press压滤机pressure filter板框压滤器--plate-and-fram filter press 转鼓过滤器rotary drum filter带式过滤器belt filter翻盘式过滤器袋滤器bag filter旋风分离器cyclone separator盘式干燥箱compartment tray drier 真空干燥器vacuum drier隧道式干燥器tunnel drier回转干燥器rotary drier穿流循环干燥器through circulation drier 喷雾干燥器spray drier气流干燥器pneumatic conveyor drier 圆盘式加料器dish feeder螺旋式加料器screw feeder颚式破碎机jaw crusher回转破碎机gyratory crusher滚洞破碎机roll crusher锤式破碎机hammer crusher冲击破碎机rotor impact breaker气流喷射粉碎机jet pulverizer棍磨机rod mill雷蒙机raymond mill锤磨机hammer mill辊磨机roller mill振动筛vibrating screen回转筛rotary screen风机fan罗茨鼓风机roots blower起重机crane桥式起重机bridge crane电动葫芦motor hoist发电机generator电动机motor汽轮机steam turbine五、管道工程piping engineering阀门 valve阀杆stem内螺纹阀杆inside screw阀座 ( )valve seat (body seat)阀座环、密封圈sealing ring阀芯(包括密封圈,杆等)(,)trim阀盘disc阀体body阀盖bonnet手轮hand wheel手柄 ()hand level (handle)压盖gland闸阀gate valve平行双闸板double disc parallel seat楔形单闸板split wedge截止阀globe valve节流阀throttle valve针阀needle valve角阀(角式截止阀)()angle valve型阀(截止阀)-(- )Y()Y-valve(Y-body globe valve)球阀ball valve三通球阀3-3-way ball valve蝶阀butterfly valve对夹式(薄片型)()wafer type偏心阀板蝶阀 ()offset disc (eccentric) butterfly valve斜阀盘蝶阀canted disc butterfly valve连杆式蝶阀link butterfly valve止回式蝶阀 -combined non-return butterfly valve柱塞阀piston type valve旋塞阀plug valve三通旋塞阀-three-way plug valve四通旋塞阀-four-way plug valve旋塞cock衬套旋塞sleeve cock隔膜阀diaphragm valve橡胶衬里隔膜阀rubber lined diaphragm valve直通式隔膜阀straight way diaphragm valve夹紧式胶管阀pinch valve止回阀check valve升降式止回阀lift check valve旋启式止回阀swing check valve落球式止回阀ball check valve弹簧球式止回阀spring ball check valve底阀foot valve切断式止回阀stop check valve活塞式止回阀piston check valve翻板止回阀flap check valve蝶式止回阀butterfly check valve安全泄气阀[]safety[SV]安全泄放阀 []relief valve[RV]安全泄压阀safety relief valve杠杆重锤式lever and weight type罐底排污阀-flush-bottom tank valve波纹管密封阀bellow sealed valve电磁阀 ()solenoid (operated) valve电动阀(-)electrically(electric-motor)operated valve 气动阀pneumatic operated valve低温用阀cryogenic service valve蒸汽疏水阀steam trap机械式疏水阀mechanical trap浮桶式疏水阀 ()open (top) bucket trap浮球式疏水阀float trap倒吊桶式疏水阀inverted bucket trap自由浮球式疏水阀loose float trap恒温式疏水阀thermostatic trap压力平衡式恒温疏水阀balanced pressure thermostatic trap热动力式疏水阀thermodynamic trap脉冲式蒸汽疏水阀impulse steam trap放汽阀(自动放汽阀)()()(automatic) air vent valve换向阀 ()diverting (reversing) valve呼吸阀breather valve减压阀pressure reducing valve控制阀control valve执行机构actuator差压调节阀differential pressure regulating valve切断阀 (-, )block (shut-off, stop) valve调节阀regulating valve快开阀quick opening valve快闭阀quick closing valve隔断阀isolating valve三通阀three way valve夹套阀jacketed valve非旋转式阀-non-rotary valve2管子,管件,法兰管子(按标准制造的配管用管)pipe()(不按标准规格制造的其它用管)tube()钢管steel pipe铸铁管cast iron pipe衬里管lined pipe复合管clad pipe碳钢管 [..]carbon steel[C.S.]pipe合金钢管alloy steel pipe不锈钢管 [..]stainless steel[S.S.]pipe奥氏体不锈钢管austenitic stainless steel pipe铁合金钢管ferritic alloy steel pipe轧制钢管-wrought-steel pipe锻铁管-wrought-iron pipe无缝钢管[]seamless[SMLS] steel pipe焊接钢管welded steel pipe电阻焊钢管--electric-resistance-welded steel pipe电熔(弧)焊钢板卷管-()- -()electric-fusion(arc)-welded steel-plate pipe 螺旋焊接钢管spiral welded steel pipe镀锌钢管galvanized steel pipe排污阀blowdown valve集液排放阀drip valve排液阀drain valve放空阀vent valve卸载阀unloading valve排出阀discharge valve吸入阀suction valve取样阀sampling valve手动阀 (-)hand operated(manually-operated) valve (水)龙头;;()bibb;bib;faucet抽出液阀(小阀)()bleed valve旁路阀-by-pass valve软管阀hose valve混合阀mixing valve破真空阀vacuum breaker冲洗阀flush valve根部阀 (, )root (primary, header) valve水煤气钢管-water-gas steel pipe塑料管plastic pipe玻璃管glass tube橡胶管rubber tube壁厚 []wall thickness[WT]壁厚系列号 [..]schedule number[SCH.NO.]加厚的,加强的 (),extra heavy (strong)双倍加厚的,双倍加强的 (),double extra heavy (strong)弯头elbow异径弯头reducing elbow长半径弯头long radius elbow短半径弯头short radius elbow长半径180°弯头180°long radius return短半径180°弯头180°short radius return三通tee异径三通reducing tee等径三通straight tee带支座三通base tee45°斜三通45°45°45°lateral型三通""Ytrue"Y"四通cross异径管reducer同心异径管concentric reducer偏心异径管eccentric reducer管接头;coupling;full coupling活接头union短管nipple预制弯管fabricated pipe bend型弯管""U"U"bend法兰端flanged end万向接头universal joint对焊的 []butt welded[BW]螺纹的[]threaded[THD]承插焊的 []socket welded[SW]法兰[]flange[FLG]整体管法兰integral pipe flange钢管法兰steel pipe flange螺纹法兰threaded flange滑套法兰-slip-on flange平焊法兰--slip-on-welding flange承插焊法兰socket welding flange松套法兰 []lap joint flange[LJF]对焊法兰 []weld neck flange[WNF]法兰盖 ;blind flange;blind异径法兰reducing flange压力级 ()pressure rating(class)突面 []raised face[RF]凸面male face凹面female face全平面;满平面 ; [];flat face;full face[FF]3.管道特殊件 3.piping speciality粗滤器strainer过滤器filter临时过滤器 ( )temporary strainer(cone type)型过滤器-YY-type strainer型过滤器-TT-type strainer永久过滤器permanent filter洗眼器及淋浴器eye washer and shower视镜sight glass阻火器flame arrester喷咀;喷头;spray nozzle喷射器ejector取样冷却器sample cooler消音器silencer膨胀节expansion joint波纹膨胀节bellow补偿器compensator软管接头 []hose connection[HC]快速接头quick coupling金属软管metal hose橡胶管rubber hose挠性管flexible tube特殊法兰special flange漏斗funnel8字盲板 ( 8)8spectacle (figure 8) blind爆破板rupture disk4,其它材料4碳素钢 [..]carbon steel [C.S.]不锈钢 [..]stainless steel[S.S.]铸铁 [..]cast iron[C.I.]铝aluminum铜,紫铜,copper钛titanium抗拉强度tensile strength非金属材料-non-metallic material塑料plastic陶瓷ceramic搪瓷porcelain enamel玻璃glass橡胶rubber垫片[]gasket[GSKT]平垫片flat gasket填料packing型钢shaped steel角钢angle steel槽钢channel工字钢-I-beam宽缘工字钢或钢Hwide flanged beam扁钢flat bar圆钢 ;round steel; rod钢带strap steel网络钢板checkered plate材料表 []bill of material[BOM]材料统计 -[]material take-off[MTO]散装材料bulk material综合管道材料表consolidated piping material summary []sheet[CPMSS]汇总表summary sheet5.设备布置及管道设计中心线center line装置边界 []boundary limit[BL]区界area limit设备布置 ();equipment arrangement (layout);plot plan 标高,立面[],elevation[EL]支撑点 []point of support[POS]工厂北向plant north方位orientation危险区hazardous area classification净正吸入压头net positive suction head绝对标高absolute elevation坐标coordinate管道研究piping study管道布置平面 []piping arrangement plan[PAP]管道布置 ;piping assembly; layout详图detail""视图 """X"view "X""-" 剖视 "-""A-A" section "A-A"轴测图isometric drawing索引图key plan管道及仪表流程图 [&]piping and instrument diagram[P&ID]管口表list of nozzles地上管道above ground piping地下管道under ground piping管线号line number总管;header; manifold旁路by pass常开normally open常闭normally closed取样接口sampling connection伴热管tracing pipe蒸汽伴热steam tracing热水伴热-hot-water tracing电伴热electrical tracing 夹套管jacketed line全夹套管full jacketed比例scale图figure草图sketch图例legend符号symbol件号part n。

Unit1(1) Chemical Engineering化学工程Chemical engineering is defined as “…the application of the principles of the physical sciences, together with the principles of economics and human relations, to fields that pertain directly to processes and process equipment in which matter is treated to effect a change in state, energy content, or composition …”. 化学工程的定义是：将自然科学原理与经济规律和人际关系一起应用到与工艺或工艺设备直接相关的领域，在这些领域中物料的状态、能量或组成发生变化。

This very vague[veig] definition is intentionally broad and indefinite as to the extent of the field. It is probably as satisfactory a definition as any practicing chemical engineer would give. It should be noted that considerable emphasis is placed on the process and process equipment. The work of many chemical engineers would better be called process engineering. 这种极不明确的定义故意夸大或模糊了此领域的范围。

fundamental principles 基本原理evaporation 蒸发black body 黑体empty space 真空区concentration 浓缩visible light 可见光radiation 辐射distillate 馅出液acetonitrile 己腊precipitation 沉淀cation阳离了hydroxide氢氧化物chromatography 层析recrystallization 重结晶sublimation 升华physisorption 物理吸附activated carbon 活性炭hydrophilic 亲水性heat exchanger 换热器fractionating column 精馅柱/塔volatilities 挥发性tray塔板supemate上清液azeotropic distillation 共沸蒸馅supersaturated 过饱利的silver chloride 氯化银ionic reaction 离子反应pharmaceutical 制约H勺batch operation 间歇操作Freeze-drying 冷冻干燥Separation process 分离过程crystallization 结晶Filtration 过滤homogeneous 均相的condensation 冷凝thennodynamics 热力学的liquefaction 液化copper 铜separation 分离laminar flow 湍流convection 对流conduction 传导phonon vibration 声了孑足动condensation 冷凝thermodynamics processes 热力学过程elastic impact 弹性碰撞thermal energy 热能buoyancy forces 浮力1.Heat conduction is directly analogous to diffusion of particles into a fluid, in the situation where there are no fluid currents. This type of heat diffusion differs from mass diffusion in behavior, only in as much as it can occur in solids, whereas mass diffusion is mostly limited to fluids.2.In steady state conduction, the amount of heat entering a section is equal to amount of heatcoming out. In this conduction, all the laws of direct current electrical conduction can be applied to “heat currents”. In such cases, it is possible to take "thermal resistances as the analog to electrical resistances. Temperature plays the role of voltage and heat transferred is the analog of electrical current.3.Conduction is the transfer of heat by direct contact of particles of matter. The transfer of energy could be primarily by elastic impact as in fluids or by free electron diffusion as predominant in metals or phonon vibration as predominant in insulators. In other words, heat is transferred by conduction when adjacent atoms vibrate against one another, or as electrons move from atom to atom. Conduction is greater in solids, where atoms are in constant contact. In liquids (except liquid metals) and gases, the molecules are usually further apart, giving a lower chance of molecules colliding and passing on thermal energy.4、F ractional distillation is one of the unit operations of chemical engineering. Fractionating columns are widely used in the chemical process industries where large quantities of liquids have to be distilled. Such industries are the petroleum processing, petrochemical production, natunil gas processing, coal tar processing, brewing liquified air separation, and hydrocarbon solvents production and similar industries but it finds its widest application in petroleum refineries . In such refineries, the crude oil feedstock is a very complex multicomponent mixture that must be separated and yields of pure chemical compounds are not expected, only groups of compounds within a relatively small range of boiling points, also called fractions and that is the origin of the name fractional distillation or fractionation. It is often not worthwhile separating the components in these fractions any further based on product requirements and economics.5、H eat transfer is the transition of thermal energy from a hotter object to a cooler object (“object” in this sense designating a complex collection of particles which is capable of storing energy in many different ways). When an object or fluid is at a different temperature than its surroundings or another object, transfer of thennal energy, also known as heat transfer, or heat exchange, occurs in such a way that the body and the surroundings reach thennal equilibrium; this means that they are at the same temperature. Heat transfer always occurs from a higher- temperature object to a cooler-temperature one as described by the second law of thermodynamics. Where there is a temperature difference between objects in proximity, heat transfer between them can never be stopped; it can only be slowed.6、F ractionating columns help to separate the mixture by allowing the mixed vapors to cool, condense, and vaporize again in accordance with Raoult ' s law. With each condensationvaporization cycle, the vapors are enriched in a certain component. A larger surface area allows more cycles, improving separation. This is the rationale for a Vigreux fractionating column or a packedfractionating column. Spinning band distillation achieves the same outcome by using a rotating band within the column to force the rising vapors and descending condensate into close contact, achieving equilibrium more quickly.7、A fractionating column or fractionation column is an essential item used in the distillation of liquid mixtures so as to separate the mixture into its component parts, or fractions, based on the differences in their volatilities. Fractionating columns are used in small scale laboratory distillations as well as for large-scale industrial distillations.J8.The closed system design required for achieving and maintaining the low-pressure atmosphere inside the dryer also provides advantages for processing a hazardous material.Examples include toxic chemicals or solvents and explosive materials. The vacuum dryer safely contains and condenses the hazardous vapors from such substances without any threat to your workplace environment or outside atmosphere. With some hazardous materials, you can provide further protection by using inert gas to limit the oxygen level in the vacuum dryer.9.Crystallization is the (natural or artificial process of formation of solid crystals precipitating froma solution, melt or more rarely deposited directly from a gas. Crystallization is also a chemical solid-liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs.10.Radiation is the transfer of heat energy through empty space. All objects with a temperature above absolute zero radiate energy at a rate equal to their emissivity multiplied by the rate at which energy would radiate from them if they were a black body. No medium is necessary for radiation to occur, for it is transferred through electromagnetic waves; radiation works even in and through a perfect vaccum. The energy from the Sun travels through the vacuum of space before warming the earth.11.Precipitation reactions can be used for making pigments, removing salts from water in water treatment, and in classical qualitative inorganic analysis. Precipitation is also useful to isolate the products of a reaction during workup. Ideally, the product of the reaction is insoluble in the reaction solvent. Thus, it precipitates as it is formed, preferably forming pure crystals. An example of this would be the synthesis of porphyrins(口 |、l林)in refluxing propionic acid. By cooling the reaction mixture to room temperature, crystals of the porphyrin precipitate, and are collected by filtration.12.Here vacuum drying provides a unique advantage. By controlling atmospheric pressure, the vacuum dryer increases the effective A T for a given process. That is, vacuum drying simple reducesthe boiling point - or vaporization temperature - required for removing the liquid. By controlling pressure and the heat introduced to the dryer, you can significantly increase the effective △ T and thus dry the material faster than at normal atmosphere. For this reason, a vacuum dryer is especially suited to drying a heat-sensitive material that degrades above a given temperature and would otherwise require a lengthy drying cycle. Examples of such materials are vitamins, antibiotics, and many fine chemicals.13.Separation processes can essentially be termed as mass transfer processes. The classification can be based on the means of separation, mechanical or chemical. The choice of separation depends on the pros and cons of each. Mechanical separations are usually favored if possible due to the lower cost of the operations as compared to chemical separations. Systems that can not be separated by purely mechanical means (e.g. crude oil), chemical separation is the remaining solution. The mixture at hand could exist as a combination of any two or more states: solid-solid, solid-liquid, solid-gas, liquid-liquid, liquid-gas, gas-gas, solid-liquid-gas mixture, etc.14.An important stage of the precipitation process is the onset of nucleation. The creation of a hypothetical solid particle includes the formation of an interface, which requires some energy based on the relative surface energy of the solid and the solution. If this energy is not available, and no suitable nucleation surface is available, supersaturation occurs.15.In operation, the vessel rotates about the trunnions4 axis. The integrity of the seal around the stationary vacuum line - which extends through the trunnion and is angled upward into the drying chamber's top, above the material in the rotating vessel - is critical for maintaining the dryer's vacuum. During rotation, the material cascades inside the chamber, gently tumbling and folding to bring the material into contact with the heated walls. This action makes the dryer especially suitable for handling friable and fragile materials that can't withstand shear from agitation, such as polyethylene terephthalate (聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)pellets. The delumping (粉E卒I的) bar can be operated intermittently to break up undesired agglomerates.16.Similar to surface tension, adsorption is a consequence of surface energy. In a bulk material, all the bonding requirements (be they ionic, covalent, or metallic) of the constituent atoms of the material are filled by other atoms in the material. However, atoms on the surface of the adsorbent are not wholly surrounded by other adsorbent atoms and therefore can attract adsorbates. The exact nature of the bonding depends on the details of the species involved, but the adsorption process is generally classified as physisorption (characteristic of weak van der Waals forces) or chemisorption (characteristic of covalent bonding).17.At low driving temperatures, no boiling occurs and the heat transfer rate is controlled by theusmil single-phase mechanisms. As the surface temperature is increased, local boiling occurs and vapour bubbles (气泡)nucleation, grow into the surrounding cooler fluid, and collapse. This is sub-cooled nucleation boiling and is a very efficient heat transfer mechanism. At high bubble generation rates the bubbles begin to interefere (扰动/干扰)and the heat flux no longer increases rapidly with surface temperature (this is the departure from nucleate boiling DNB). At higher temperatures still, a maximum in the heat flux is reached (the critical heat flux).18.As a liquid mixture in the round bottomed flask is boiled, vapor rises up the fractionating column. The vapor condenses on the glass platforms (known as tray (塔板)or plates) inside the column, and runs back down into the liquid below and refluxes the upflowing distillate vapor. The hottest tray (塔板)is at the bottom of the column and the coolest tray is at the top. At steady state conditions, the vapor and liquid on each tray is at equilibrium. Only the most volatile of the vapors stays in gas form all the way to the top. The vapor at the top of the column then flows through the water-cooled condenser, which cools the vapor down until it condenses into a liquid distillate （偕出液）.The separation may be enhanced by the addition of more trays （to a practical limitation of heat, flow, etc.）19.Natural methods of precipitation include settling or sedimentation , where the solid forms over a period of time due to ambient forces like gravity or centrifugation. During chemical reactions, precipitation may also occur particularly if an insoluble substance is introduced into a solution and the density happens to be greater （otherwise the precipitate would float or form a suspension. With soluble substances, precipitation is accelerated once the solution becomes supersate rated. In solids, precipitation occurs if the concentration of one solid is above the solubility limit in the host solid, due to e.g. rapid quenching （淬火）or ion implantation, and the temperature is high enough that diffusion can lead to segregation （偏析）into precipitates. Precipitation in solids is routinely used to synthesize nanoclusters.20.Freeze-drying also causes less damage to the substance than other dehydration （脱水）methods using higher temperatures. Freeze-drying does not usually cause shrinkageor tougheningof the material being dried. In addition, flavors, smells and nutritional content generally remain unchanged, making the process popular for preserving food. However, water is not the only chemical capable of sublimation, and the loss of other volatile compounds such as acetic acid （vinegar） and alcohols （N宰）can yield undesirable results.。

化学专业英语化学专业英语是化学专业学生需要掌握的一门重要语言技能。

以下是一些常见的化学专业英语词汇和表达方式：Acid 酸Base 碱Neutral 中性Chemical Bond 化学键Element 元素Compound 化合物Mixture 混合物Ion 离子Covalent Bond 共价键Polar Bond 极性键Nonpolar Bond 非极性键Radical 基团Molecule 分子Atom 原子Isomer 同分异构体Reaction Equation 反应方程式Chemical Equation 化学方程式Chemical Name 化学名称Formula 分子式Structure 结构pH 值Solubility 溶解度Extraction 萃取Crystallization 结晶Dissolution 溶解Evaporation 蒸发Condensation 冷凝Sublimation 升华Distillation 蒸馏Filtration 过滤Precipitation 沉淀Chromatography 色谱法Spectroscopy 光谱法Gas Chromatography 气相色谱法Liquid Chromatography 液相色谱法Mass Spectrometry 质谱法Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 核磁共振波谱法UV-Vis Spectroscopy 紫外-可见光谱法IR Spectroscopy 红外光谱法Titration 滴定法Gravimetric Analysis 重力分析法Thermal Analysis 热分析法X-ray Diffraction X射线衍射法。

电池专业术语英语汇总（87页）1. Active Material（活性物质）：指电池正极或负极中参与电化学反应的物质。

2. Anode（阳极）：在放电过程中，发生氧化反应的电极，通常为电池的负极。

3. Cathode（阴极）：在放电过程中，发生还原反应的电极，通常为电池的正极。

4. Battery Pack（电池包）：由多个单体电池组成的电池组，用于提供更高的电压和容量。

5. Capacity（容量）：电池在一定条件下所能释放的电量，通常以安时（Ah）或毫安时（mAh）表示。

6. Crate（充放电速率）：表示电池在规定时间内充放电的能力，如1C表示电池在1小时内充满或放空。

7. Charge（充电）：将外部电源连接到电池，使电池内部发生化学反应，储存能量的过程。

8. Discharge（放电）：电池内部化学反应释放能量，对外输出电流的过程。

9. Energy Density（能量密度）：单位体积或单位质量电池所储存的能量，通常以瓦时/升（Wh/L）或瓦时/千克（Wh/kg）表示。

10. Internal Resistance（内阻）：电池内部对电流流动的阻碍，影响电池的充放电性能。

11. Cycle Life（循环寿命）：电池在充放电过程中能够重复使用的次数，直到其容量降至初始容量的某个百分比。

12. Deep Cycle（深度循环）：指电池在放电过程中，容量被用到很低水平，通常低于20%的剩余容量。

13. Depth of Discharge（放电深度）：电池在一次放电过程中，放出的电量与其额定容量的百分比。

14. LithiumIon Battery（锂离子电池）：一种充电电池，其工作原理基于锂离子在正负极之间移动。

15. NickelMetal Hydride Battery（镍氢电池）：一种环保型充电电池，具有较高的能量密度和较长的循环寿命。

16. LeadAcid Battery（铅酸电池）：一种传统的充电电池，广泛应用于汽车启动、备用电源等领域。

化工英文面试专业知识1. 简介化工是应用化学原理和技术进行工业生产的学科，它涵盖了广泛的领域，包括原料处理、反应器设计、工艺流程控制和产品开发等。

在化工行业中，掌握英文专业知识是非常重要的，因为化工产品和技术往往具有国际化的特点。

本文将介绍一些常见的化工英文面试专业知识。

2. 常见问题2.1 介绍一下你自己的研究方向。

•My research focuses on the catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for environmental applications. I have been investigating the efficient catalysts and reaction conditions to remove VOCs from industrial waste gases.2.2 什么是废水处理？•Wastewater treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater to make it safe for disposal or reuse. It involves a series of physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove pollutants such as organiccompounds, heavy metals, and pathogens from the water.2.3 请解释一下化工流程图中常见的符号和图例。

•In a chemical engineering process flow diagram, there are several common symbols and legends used to represent different components andoperations. Some of the common symbols include squares for equipment,circles for control instruments, arrows for the direction of flow, and triangles for heat exchangers. The legends provide information about the meaning ofeach symbol used in the diagram.2.4 请解释一下反应器的种类和应用。

常用缩写PID：piping instrument diagram 管道仪表图PFD：process flow diagram 工艺流程图PX：paraxylene 对二甲苯PTA：purified terephthalic acid 精对苯二甲酸CTAISBL：inside battery limit 界区内OSBLATM: atmosphere 大气BFW:boiler feed water 锅炉给水WDO：water draw-off 采出水COD: chemical oxygen demand 化学耗氧量BOD：Biochemical Oxygen Demand 生化耗氧量CS: carbon steel 碳钢DCS: distributed control system 分散控制系统HAC: acetic acid 醋酸PAC：process air compressor 空压机RPF：rotary pressure filter 旋转压力过滤机DH：Dehydration 脱水RVF/ROVAC：rotary vacuum filter 旋转真空过滤器CW:Cooling waterCWR:Cooling water returnK.O.: knock out 汽液分离ML: mother liquid 母液PPM:parts per million 百万分之几SS:stainless steel 不锈钢VOC:volatile organic compounds 挥发性有机物NNF:Normally no flow 正常无流量ET :Electrically traced 电伴热F:Frost protection 防冻H:Heat conservation insulation 保温N:Not insulated 不保温P:Personnel protection insulation for hot service 防烫ST:Steam traced 蒸汽伴热NPA：n- Propyl Acetate 醋酸正丙酯MA:methyl acetate 醋酸甲酯IPA：isophthalic acid 间苯二甲酸TMA:trimellitic acid 偏苯三酸BA：benzoic acid 苯甲酸4-CBA：4-carboxyl benzaldehyde 对羧基苯甲醛PT酸：paratoluic acid 对甲基苯甲酸HPCCU：High-pressure catalytic combustion unit高压催化燃烧单元DW（TW）：deminerulised water 脱盐水FW：fire water 消防水PW：Potable water 饮用水BW: boiler feed water 锅炉给水RW: raw water 原水IW：plant water 工业用水SW：seal water 密封水PSA: Pressure Swing Adsorption 变压吸附常用词汇catalyst 催化剂CMB catalyst 钴锰溴催化剂Cobalt Manganese BromideEntrainer 共沸剂Pd（palladium） catalyst 钯触媒Sodium hydrate 氢氧化钠Support fuel（methanol）燃料（甲醇）sodium formate 甲酸钠mother liquor 母液Toluene 甲苯Sodium Carbonate 碳酸钠Hydrogen 氢Caustic 碱Nitrogen 氮Steam （HP IP MP LP ELP VLP）蒸汽Drum 罐Injector 喷射器Pump 泵Scrubber 洗涤塔Combustor 燃烧器Condensate 凝液Condenser 冷凝器Filter 过滤器Absorber 吸收塔Solvent 溶剂Column 塔crystallize 结晶Crystallizer 结晶器agitate 搅拌、混合Agitator 搅拌器Cake 饼、块Drier 干燥机Stripper 汽提塔Residue 残渣Evaporator 蒸发器Tank （storage tank 储罐）罐、槽Vessel 设备、罐、容器Buffer 缓冲Flash 闪蒸Relief scrubber 放空洗涤塔Pit 坑、槽Hopper 料斗Deduster 除尘器Dissolver 溶解器Valve 阀门Pot 罐、壶Blower 鼓风机by-pass 旁通线by-product 副产物feed 进料、供给、加料flange 法兰header 总管、集水(气)管insert gas 惰气interlock 联锁manway 人孔nozzle 喷嘴off-gas 尾气package 包装preheat 预热preheater 预热器reflux 回流screw 螺旋start up 开车shut down 停车silo 料仓、槽tube 管子、管道utility 设施、效用、公用工程bursting disk(BD) 防爆膜relief valve(RV) 安全阀deaerator 除氧器drain 排放reactor 反应器silencer 消音器EQUIPMENT LIST 设备清单Decanter 倾析器Reboiler 再沸器CTA主要设备一、空压机与HPCCUM1-112 Inlet Air FilterF1-160 Off Gas Knock Out DrumE1-161 First Combustor PreheaterC1-113 Process Air CompressorE1-162 Second Combustor PreheaterE1-165 Combustor interheaterH1-166 Support Fuel InjectorS1-115 PAC Blowoff SilencerD1-167 Catalytic CombustorE1-116/7/8 Air Compressor Intercooler H1-170 Offgas DesuperheaterS1-120 PAC Discharge SilencerD1-172 Offgas ScrubberC1-140 Steam TurbineG1-173A/B Offgas Scrubber Recirc PumpsE1-141 Steam Turbine CondenserG1-142A/B Steam Turbine Condensate Pumps SteamTurbine Vacuum PackageF1-147/8/9 Steam Turbine KnockOut DrumC1-155 Offgas ExpanderS1-156 Offgas Expander Silencer二、反应E1-313 Start Up HeaterD1-301 Oxidation ReactorG1-301 Oxidation Reactor AgitatorE1-303 First Reactor CondenserE1-304 Second Reactor CondenserE1-305 third Reactor CondenserE1-306 fourth Reactor CondenserE1-307 Demin Water Heater （BFW）E1-308 Reactor Gas CoolerD1-310 HP AbsorberG1-311 HP Absorber Recycle Pumps三、结晶D1-401 First CTA CrystalliserG1-401 First CTA Crystalliser AgitatorE1-430 First CTA Crystalliser CondenserE1-431 First CTA Crystalliser Vent Condenser F1-432 First CTA Crystalliser Vent Separator D1-402 / G1-402 Second CTA Crystalliser & Crystalliser Agitator D1-403 / G1-403 Third CTA Crystalliser & Crystalliser Agitator E1-404 Third CTA Crystalliser CondenserH1-405 Third CTA Crystalliser EjectorE1-406 Third CTA Crystalliser Ejector & Ejector CondenserG1-407 Third CTA Crystalliser Transfer PumpsG1-413 Oxidation Recirculation PumpF1-408/G1-408 Filter Feed Drum & AgitatorG1-409 Filter Feed PumpsM1-410 Rotary Vacuum FiltersF1-411 Mother Liquor Separators G1-412A Filtrate PumpsE1-415 Vacuum Vapour CondensersG1-416 Vacuum PumpsF1-417 Vacuum Pump Knockout DrumG1-418 Seal Fluid PumpsE1-419 Seal Fluid Coolers四、溶剂回收D1-601 DH ColumnE1-602 DH Column ReboilerE1-603 Solvent Bottoms CoolerG1-606 DH Solvent PumpG1-607 HP Solvent PumpE1-608/F1-608/1/F1-608/F1-609DH Column Condenser / Contactor / Decanter / Entrainer Storage VesselG1-615 DH Reflux PumpD1-651 Purge ColumnD1-631 Recovery ColumnE1-631 Recovery Column CondenserG1-632 Recovery Column Bottoms PumpE1-634 Recovery Column Waste Water CoolerF1-506 Mother Liquor DrumG1-507A/B Mother Liquor PumpsD1-511 Solvent StripperG1-512 Stripper Circulating PumpE1-513 Stripper ReboilerF1-515 Residues EvaporatorF1-516 / G1-516 Residues Slurry Receiver & Agitator G1-517 Stripper Mixing PumpG1-530A/B Residue Slurry PumpF1-2650/M1-2650 Mother Liquor Storage Tank & Jet Mixer G1-2651 Mother Liquor Storage PumpD1-2652/G1-2654 Mother Liquor Storage Tank Scrubber &Scrubber PumpD1-508 Atmospheric ScrubberE1-510 Atmospheric Scrubber Bottoms CoolerG1-514 Atmospheric Scrubber Bottoms PumpD1-840 Relief ScrubberA1-841 Relief Scrubber PitG1-842 Relief Scrubber PumpP1-420 Filter Cake Discharge ScrewP1-422 Filter Cross Screw ConveyorP1-421 CTA Drier Feed ScrewM1-423 / P1-427 CTA Drier package & Discharge Screw B1-424 CTA Drier StackF1-425 CTA Drier Condensate PotD1-501 CTA Drier ScrubberE1-502 CTA Drier Scrubber CoolerC1-503 CTA Drier BlowersE1-504 CTA Drier Gas HeaterG1-505 CTA Drier Scrubber PumpP1-901 CTA Drier Exit Screw Conveyor P1-902 CTA Drier Rotary Valve五、蒸汽系统G1-2206 LP Feed water PumpsF1-2209 ELP Condensate Flash DrumG1-2210 Condensate Return PumpsF1-2212 DeaeratorF1-2219 MP Steam Flash DrumF1-2220 LP Steam Blowdown DrumG1-2221 Blowdown Condensate PumpN2系统M1-921 Offgas Drier PackageE1-927 Offgas Drier CoolerD1-928 Offgas Drier ScrubberG1-929A/B Offgas Drier Scrubber 1st Stage PumpsE1-930 Offgas Drier circulation CoolerG1-931A/B Offgas Drier Scrubber 2nd Stage Recirc Pumps F1-925 Inert Gas Buffer VesselC1-830A/B Inert Gas Booster CompressorA1-856 / G1-857A/B Oxidation Effluent Pit & PumpsA1-854 / G1-855A/B Purification Effluent Pit & PumpsPTA主要设备F1-1201 Feed HopperM1-1200 Feed Hopper Rousing Gas FilterF1-1202 CTA Feed Hoppper Vent Gas ScrubberM1-1202 CTA Feed Hoppper Vent Gas DeducterP1-1203 CTA Feed Rotary ValveF1-1206/G1-1206 Feed Slurry Drum & AgitatorG1-1207 LP Dissolver Feed PumpM1-1220 Feed Slurry FilterG1-1209 HP Dissolver Feed PumpE1-1223/F1-1223 First Preheater & Condensate PotE1-1222/F1-1222 Second Preheater & Condensate PotE1-1220 Third PreheaterE1-1211 Fourth PreheaterE1-1221 HT condensate sub coolerF1-1220 Third Crystalliser Preheater Condensate Pot D1-1301 Dissolver ReactorD1-1401/G1-1401 First PTA Crystalliser & AgitatorD1-1402/G1-1402 Second PTA Crystalliser & AgitatorD1-1403/G1-1403 Third PTA Crystalliser & AgitatorD1-1404/G1-1404 Fourth PTA Crystalliser & AgitatorD1-1405/G1-1405 Fifth PTA Crystalliser & AgitatorF1-1414/G1-1414 PTA Mother Liquor Flash Drum & Agitator E1-1418 Waste Water HeaterG1-1407 Slurry Circulation PumpF1-1408/G1-1408 RPF Feed Tank & AgitatorG1-1409 RPF Feed PumpM1-1410 PTA Rotary Pressure FilterF1-1412 RPF Ko PotG1-1416 RPF BlowerF1-1412 RPF Knockout DrumP1-1421 PTA Cake Discharge ScrewP1-1422 PTA Drier Cross ScrewP1-1424 PTA Drier Feed ScrewM1-1423 PTA DrierP1-1902 PTA Drier Exit Screw & Rotary ValveM1-1905/E1-1904 PTA Conveying Gas System Filter andProduct CoolerF1-1425/G1-1426 PTA Drier Condensate Pot & Condensate Pump B1-1427/E1-1428 PTA Drier Scrubber CondenserF1-1903/M1-1903/M1-1900 PTA ProductBatch Tank,Batch TankFilter & Rousing Gas FilterP1-1907 / M1-1901 / M1-1906 PTA Product Batch Tank Rotary Valve,Conveying Gas Filter and Product Filter F1-1615 Vent ScrubberG1-1616 Recycle Solvent AgitatorE1-1618 Process Water HeaterF1-1619 Vent Scrubber Seal PotF1-1610/G1-1602 PTA Mother Liquor Driain Drum & Pump M1-1603 PTA Mother Liquor separator packageF1-1605 PTA Mother Liquor Filter head tankF1-1604/G1-1604 PTA M/L Slurry Receiver r & Agitator Pump E1-1607 PTA M/L CoolerF1-1608/G1-1609 PTA M/L Buffer Vessel & M/L Transfer Pump F1-2000A/B/CM1-2000 PTA Product Silos & Anciliary Equipment E1-2004 PTA Final Product CoolerC1-1350 Hydrogen Compressor。