《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译Unit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment

Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying第十六单元蒸发、结晶和干燥1．蒸发蒸发器是利用加热来浓缩溶液，或是利用热把溶解的固体从饱和溶液沉淀析出以对之回收。

蒸发器是有着特殊规定的再沸器，以用于分离气液两相，或当固体物质沉淀或结晶析出时，用于除去该固体物质。

在一些应用中，尤其当提供足够的干舷时，简单的釜式再沸器就足够了。

管式的蒸发器或是水平的或是垂直的，或长或短；液体可位于管内或管外，循环可以是自然循环或是以泵或推进器驱动的强制性循环。

自然循环型的蒸发器是最常见的。

强制循环型循环器非常适合于处理粘性或腐蚀性的物料，但是购置和维修的费用高。

在长管式垂直设计中，由于蒸发，液体处于在环流或膜流中，相应地，该蒸发器称之为升膜式蒸发器。

在降膜式蒸发器，液体分布于蒸发器的顶部，然后以流体的形式向下流。

静压头可忽略，压降只不过是汽流的摩擦力，传热效果较好。

由于接触时间短以及两相分离完全，降膜式蒸发适合于热敏性物料。

长管式蒸发器（或是自然循环或是强制循环）用得最广泛。

管的直径范围从19～63 mm，长度12～30 ft。

排管式蒸发器管长3～5 ft，它的中央降压管的面积与该管的横截面积相等。

有时，排管式蒸发器中的循环以推进器来驱动。

在某些类型的蒸发器中，固体直到它们达到所需的尺度时才开始循环。

在蒸发器的设计和操作时，热经济是一个主要考虑因素。

因为离开的蒸汽的潜热没有被利用而是丢弃，所以单效蒸发器浪费能量。

然而，利用多效蒸发器可以回收和再次利用大部分潜热。

已经开发了各种各式的蒸发器以用于特殊工业中的特殊应用。

蒸发器的设计可分成如下基本类型：直接加热蒸发器该类型的蒸发器包括盐池和浸泡燃烧装置。

浸泡燃烧蒸发器可应用于那些由燃烧产物引起的溶液污染可接受的场所。

长管蒸发器在该类型蒸发器中，液体以薄膜的形式在长的垂直的热的蒸发管中流动，既可用降膜式蒸发器又可用升膜式蒸发器，处理能力大，适合于低粘度的溶液。

化学工程与工艺专业英语课文翻译Chemical Engineering and Process TechnologyChemical engineering is a branch of engineering that applies physical sciences (physics and chemistry) and life sciences (biology, microbiology, biochemistry) togetherwith mathematics and economics to produce, transform, transport, and properly use chemicals, materials and energy. It essentially deals with the design and operation ofplants and equipment for performing chemical reactions onan industrial scale.Chemical engineers are responsible for the development and production of a diverse range of products, such as fuels, pharmaceuticals, food and drink, and plastics. They also work in a variety of industries, including oil and gas, water treatment, and environmental management.The field of chemical engineering is constantly evolving, with new technologies and processes beingdeveloped to improve efficiency and sustainability. This requires chemical engineers to stay up-to-date with the latest developments in their field and to continually adapt their skills and knowledge.Process technology, on the other hand, focuses on the methods and techniques used to transform raw materials into useful products. This includes the design, operation, and optimization of chemical, physical, and biological processes. Process technologists work closely with chemical engineers to ensure that the processes are efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly.Some of the key areas of study within chemical engineering and process technology include thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, mass transfer, reaction kinetics, process control, and process design. These subjects form the foundation of the discipline and are essential for understanding and solving the complex problems that chemical engineers and process technologists face in their work.In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on sustainability and green engineering within the field of chemical engineering and process technology. This has led to the development of new processes and technologies that minimize waste, reduce energy consumption, and limit the environmental impact of chemical production.One example of this is the use of renewable feedstocks, such as biomass, in place of traditional fossil fuels. By utilizing sustainable raw materials, chemical engineers and process technologists can help to reduce the reliance on finite resources and decrease the carbon footprint of chemical processes.Another important development in the field is the use of process intensification, which involves the integration of multiple processes into a single, more efficient system. This approach can lead to significant improvements in productivity, energy efficiency, and cost savings.As the demand for chemical products continues to grow, the role of chemical engineers and process technologists inaddressing global challenges, such as climate change and resource depletion, becomes increasingly important. By applying their knowledge and skills to develop innovative and sustainable solutions, they can help to create a more environmentally friendly and economically viable future.In conclusion, chemical engineering and process technology are dynamic and interdisciplinary fields that play a crucial role in the production of a wide range of products. With a focus on sustainability and innovation, chemical engineers and process technologists are well-positioned to address the challenges of the 21st century and contribute to the development of a more sustainable and prosperous world.。

化学工程与工艺专业英语课文翻译Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业..................................................................................... - 1 -Unit 2 Research and Development研究和开发................................................................ - 5 -Unit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers化学工程师的例行工作 ................ - 11 -Unit 4 Sources of Chemicals化学资源 ............................................................................. - 16 -Unit 5 Basic Chemicals基本化学品 .................................................................................. - 20 -Unit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes氯碱及其相关过程 ................................... - 22 -Unit 7 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea氯、硝酸和尿素............................................. - 27 -Unit 8 Petroleum Processing石油加工............................................................................. - 32 -Unit 9 Polymers 聚合物.................................................................................................... - 35 -Unit 10 What Is Chemical Engineering?什么是化学工程学 ........................................ - 40 -Unit 11 Chemical and Process Thermodynamics化工热力学...................................... - 45 -Unit 12 What do we mean by transport phenomena ?如何定义传递现象................. - 50 -Unit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering化学工程中的单元操作 ............ - 54 -Unit14 Distillation蒸馏........................................................................................................ - 57 -Unit 15 Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Adsorption溶剂萃取，浸取和吸附...... - 62 -Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying蒸发、结晶和干燥......................... - 67 -Unit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering化学反应工程 ................................................ - 72 -Unit18 Chemical Engineering Modeling化工建模 ......................................................... - 78 -Unit 19 Introduction to Process Design过程设计简介................................................. - 82 -Unit 20 Material Science and Chemical Engineer材料科学和化学工程.................... - 87 -Unit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment化学工业与环境................................... - 92 -Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。

Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1.Origins of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff —mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world war Ⅰ in 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代(才开始的) 。

化学工程与工艺专业英语课文翻译Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业 ...................................................................................... - 1 -Unit 2 Research and Development研究和开发................................................................... - 3 -Unit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers化学工程师的例行工作............................ - 5 -Unit 4 Sources of Chemicals化学资源 ................................................................................. - 7 -Unit 5 Basic Chemicals基本化学品...................................................................................... - 9 -Unit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes氯碱及其相关过程.......................................... - 10 -Unit 7 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea氯、硝酸和尿素 ................................................... - 12 -Unit 8 Petroleum Processing石油加工 .............................................................................. - 15 -Unit 9 Polymers 聚合物 ................................................................................................... - 16 -Unit 10 What Is Chemical Engineering?什么是化学工程学 .............................................. - 18 -Unit 11 Chemical and Process Thermodynamics化工热力学 ........................................... - 21 -Unit 12 What do we mean by transport phenomena ?如何定义传递现象 ...................... - 23 -Unit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering化学工程中的单元操作...................... - 24 -Unit14 Distillation蒸馏....................................................................................................... - 26 -Unit 15 Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Adsorption溶剂萃取，浸取和吸附................ - 28 -Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying蒸发、结晶和干燥................................. - 31 -Unit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering化学反应工程 ..................................................... - 33 -Unit18 Chemical Engineering Modeling化工建模 ............................................................. - 36 -Unit 19 Introduction to Process Design过程设计简介...................................................... - 37 -Unit 20 Material Science and Chemical Engineer材料科学和化学工程........................... - 39 -Unit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment化学工业与环境 ......................................... - 42 -Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。

化工专业英语翻译Unit1ChemicalIndutry化学工业1.OriginoftheChemicalIndutry尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。

可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。

比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3.我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。

有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以WilliamHenryPerkin发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。

20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。

这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。

而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。

这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。

特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。

这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。

datebaketo/from:回溯到dated:过时的，陈旧的tandb.ingoodtead:对。

很有帮助Since1940thechemicalindutryhagrownataremarkablerate,although thihalowedignificantlyinrecentyear.Thelion‘hareofthigrowthhabee nintheorganicchemicalectorduetothedevelopmentandgrowthofthepetro chemicalareaince1950.Thee某ploivegrowthinpetrochemicalinthe1960and1970walargelyduetotheenormouincreaeindemandforyntheticpolymeruchapolyethylene,polypropyle ne,nylon,polyeterandepo某yrein.1940年以来，化学工业一直以引人注目的速度飞速发展。

Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1.Origins of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。

化学工程与工艺专业英语课文翻译Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业............................... - 2 -Unit 2 Research and Development研究和开发...................... - 6 -Unit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers化学工程师的例行工作- 11 -Unit 4 Sources of Chemicals化学资源........................... - 16 -Unit 5 Basic Chemicals基本化学品.............................. - 20 -Unit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes氯碱及其相关过程..... - 22 -Unit 7 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea氯、硝酸和尿素............ - 26 -Unit 8 Petroleum Processing石油加工........................... - 31 -Unit 9 Polymers 聚合物....................................... - 34 -Unit 10 What Is Chemical Engineering?什么是化学工程学......... - 39 -Unit 11 Chemical and Process Thermodynamics化工热力学......... - 45 -Unit 12 What do we mean by transport phenomena ?如何定义传递现象- 49 -Unit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering化学工程中的单元操作- 53 -Unit14 Distillation蒸馏....................................... - 55 -Unit 15 Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Adsorption溶剂萃取，浸取和吸附- 60 -Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying蒸发、结晶和干燥- 65 -Unit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering化学反应工程............. - 70 -Unit18 Chemical Engineering Modeling化工建模.................. - 76 -Unit 19 Introduction to Process Design过程设计简介............ - 80 -Unit 20 Material Science and Chemical Engineer材料科学和化学工程- 84 -Unit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment化学工业与环境....... - 90 -Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。

Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1.Origins of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals i ndustry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。

Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1.Origins of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin‘s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。

Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1.Origins of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations， the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries。

Examples are alkali for soapmaking， bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking。

It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely， and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia。

Unit 1 Chemi‎c al Indus‎t ry化学工业1.Origi‎n s of the Chemi‎c al Indus‎t ryAltho‎u gh the use of chemi‎c als dates‎back to the ancie‎n t civil‎i zati‎o ns, the evolu‎t ion of what we know as the moder‎n chemi‎c al indus‎t ry start‎e d much more recen‎t ly. It may be consi‎d ered‎to have begun‎durin‎g the Indus‎t rial‎Revol‎u tion‎, about‎1800, and devel‎o ped to provi‎d e chemi‎c als roe use by other‎indus‎t ries‎. Examp‎l es are alkal‎i for soapm‎a king‎, bleac‎h ing powde‎r for cotto‎n, and silic‎a and sodiu‎m carbo‎n ate for glass‎m akin‎g. It will be noted‎that these‎are all inorg‎a nic chemi‎c als. The organ‎i c chemi‎c als indus‎t ry start‎e d in the 1860s‎with the explo‎i tati‎o n of Willi‎a m Henry‎Perki‎n‘s‎disco‎v ery if the first‎synth‎e tic dyest‎u ff—mauve‎. At the start‎of the twent‎i eth centu‎r y the empha‎s is on resea‎r ch on the appli‎e d aspec‎t s of chemi‎s try in Germa‎n y had paid off hands‎o mely‎, and by 1914 had resul‎t ed in the Germa‎n chemi‎c al indus‎t ry havin‎g 75% of the world‎marke‎t in chemi‎c als. This was based‎on the disco‎v ery of new dyest‎u ffs plus the devel‎o pmen‎t of both the conta‎c t proce‎s s for sulph‎u ric acid and the Haber‎proce‎s s for ammon‎i a. The later‎requi‎r ed a major‎techn‎o logi‎c al break‎t hrou‎g h that of being‎able to carry‎out chemi‎c al react‎i ons under‎condi‎t ions‎of very high press‎u re for the first‎time. The exper‎i ence‎gaine‎d with this was to stand‎Germa‎n y in good stead‎, parti‎c ular‎l y with the rapid‎l y incre‎a sed deman‎d for nitro‎g en-based‎compo‎u nds (ammon‎i um salts‎for ferti‎l izer‎s and nitri‎c acid for explo‎s ives‎manuf‎a ctur‎e) with the outbr‎e ak of world‎warⅠin 1914. This initi‎a ted profo‎u nd chang‎e s which‎conti‎n ued durin‎g the inter‎-war years‎(1918-1939).1．化学工业的‎起源尽管化学品‎的使用可以‎追溯到古代‎文明时代，我们所谓的‎现代化学工‎业的发展却‎是非常近代‎（才开始的）。

Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1.Origins of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first sy nthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。

Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1.Origins of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。

Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1.Origins of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。

Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1.Origins of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的开展却是非常近代〔才开始的〕。

Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1.Origins of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。

Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。

可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。

比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。

有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。

20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。

这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。

而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。

这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。

特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。

这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。

date bake to/from: 回溯到dated: 过时的，陈旧的stand sb. in good stead: 对。

很有帮助1940年以来，化学工业一直以引人注目的速度飞速发展。

尽管这种发展的速度近年来已大大减慢。

化学工业的发展由于1950年以来石油化学领域的研究和开发大部分在有机化学方面取得。

石油化工在60年代和70年代的迅猛发展主要是由于人们对于合成高聚物如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、尼龙、聚脂和环氧树脂的需求巨大增加。

今天的化学工业已经是制造业中有着许多分支的部门，并且在制造业中起着核心的作用。

它生产了数千种不同的化学产品，而人们通常只接触到终端产品或消费品。

这些产品被购买是因为他们具有某些性质适合（人们）的一些特别的用途，例如，用于盆的不粘涂层或一种杀虫剂。

这些化学产品归根到底是由于它们能产生的作用而被购买的。