化学化工专业英语

化工专业英语Volatile:挥发性的 Semipermeable membrane:半透膜 immiscible：不相混的 Debit:把….记入借方 Credit:记入贷方Electrical potential:电势 Leaching:浸提 Extraction：萃取 Direct current:直流 Instantaneous:瞬间的 Successive：连续的 Collision：碰撞 Impeller：叶轮 Wavelet analysis:微元分析 Entrainment：夹带 Breakage：破坏Attrition：磨损 Indispensable：不可缺少的 Trajectory:轨道 Acrylic：丙烯酸 Baffle：挡板 Ruffle：滋扰 Discharge:释放 circulation flow:环流attrition：磨损 nucleation：成核 Catalytic：催化 frequency：频率shutter：快门 inertia：惯性 Pitched：倾斜的 histogram：柱状图breakdown：破坏 Unit 14 Distillation Dumped or ordered packings:乱堆或整齐堆放填料 Plate:板 Tray:塔盘 Hold-down and support plates:固定和支撑板 Fraction:馏分 Cascading:成瀑布落下，分多级进行 Reboiler：再沸器Overhead condenser: 塔顶冷凝器 Reflux:回流 Distillate：馏出物Countercurrent:逆流 Relative volatility：相对挥发度 Rectifying section:精馏段 Stripping section:提留段 Sidestream：侧线馏分 Circumvent:回避Hypothetical:假设的 Equilibrium-stage：平衡级（理论板） Tray efficiency:塔板效率 The number of hypothetical equilibrium stages required is then converted to a number actual trays by means of tray efficiencies, which describe the extent to which the performance of actual contact tray duplicates the performance of an equilibrium stage 然后理论塔板数通过塔板效率被转换成实际塔板数；塔板效率是实际塔板表现和理论塔板表现的比值。

化工专业英语词汇reaction kinetics 反应动力学reactant 反应物purify 精制提纯recycle 循环回收uncon verted reacta n未转化的反应物chemical reactor transfer of heat, evaporation, crystallization 结晶drying 干燥scree ning筛选，浮选chemical reacti on 化学反应cracking of petroleum 石油裂解catalyst催化剂，reacti on zone 反应区con servati on of mass and en erg能量与质量守衡定律technical advance 技术进步efficiency improvement 效率提高reaction 反应separation 分离heat exchange 热交换reactive distillation 反应精馏capital expenditure 基建投资setup 装置capital outlay 费用，成本，基建投资yield 产率，收率reaction byproduct 反应副产物equilibrium constant 平衡常数waste 废物feedstock 进料，原料product 产物，产品perce nt conv ersi on百分比转化率ether 乙醚gasoli ne 汽油oxygenate content 氧含量catalyst 催化剂reactant 反应物inert 惰性物，不参加反应的物质reactive distillation 反应精馏energy saving 节约能量en ergy efficie ncy 能量效率heat-se nsitive material 热敏性物质pharmaceutical 希9药foodstuff 食品gas diffusivity气体扩散性，气体扩散系数gas adsorption 吸收；absorption：吸附specialty chemical特殊化学品，特种化学品batch间歇的；continuous：连续的micro-reactor微型反应器hydroge n and metha ne oxidati on氢气和甲烷氧化反应ethyle ne epoxidati on乙烯环氧化反应phosgene synthesis光气合成. commercial proportions 商业规模replication 复制sen sor传感器，探头separati on of solids 固体分离suspension 悬浮液porous medium多孔介质filtratio n 过滤medium介质filter 过滤器trap收集，捕集Buch nerfunnel 布氏漏斗Vacuum真空coni cal funnel 锥形漏斗filter paper 滤纟氏area面积filter cake 滤饼factor 因数，因子，系数，比例viscosity 黏度den sity 密度corrosive property 腐蚀性particle size 颗粒尺寸shape形状size distributi on 粒度分布pack ing characteristics 填充性质concen trati on 浓度filtrate 滤液feed liquor 进料液pretreatme nt 预处理late nt heat 潜热resista nee阻力surface layer 表面层filteri ng medium 过滤介质drop in pressure 压降filteri ng surface 过滤表面filter cake 滤饼cake filtratio n 饼层过滤deep bed filtrati on 深层过滤depth深度law定律net flow净流量con ducti on 传导convection 对流radiati on 辐射temperature gradie nt 温度梯度metallic solid 金属固体thermal con ducti on 热传导motio n of unbound electro ns 自由电子的运动electrical conductivity 导电性thermal conductivity 导热性poor con ductor of electricity 不良导电体tran sport of mome ntum 动量传递the random moti on of molecules 分子无规贝U运动brick wall 墙壁furnace火炉，燃烧器metal wall of a tube 金属管壁macroscopic particle 宏观的粒子control volume 控制体enthalpy 焓macroscopic phe nomenon 宏观现象forces of friction 摩擦力fluid mecha nics 流体力学flux （通量，流通量）of enthalpy焓通量eddy尾流，涡流turbulent flow 湍流n atural a nd forced con vecti on自然对流和强制对流buoya ncy force 浮力temperature gradie nt 温度梯度electromag netic wave 电磁波fused quartz熔化的石英reflect 反射，inflection:折射matte无光泽的，无光的temperature level 温度高低in ter-phase mass tran sfer界相际间质量传递rate of diffusi on 扩散速率acet one 丙酮dissolve 溶解ammon ia 氨ammoni a-air mixture 氨气-水混合物physical process 物理过程oxides of n itroge n 氮氧化物n itric acid 硝酸carb on dioxide 二氧化碳sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠actualrate of absorpti on 实际吸收速率two-film theory 双膜理论concen trati on differe nee 浓度差in the vicinity of 在…附近，靠近.., 大约…，在…左右molecular diffusi on 分子扩散laminar sub-layer 层流底层resista nee 阻力，阻止boun dary layer 边界层Fick ' s Law 费克定律is proporti onal to 与…成比例concen trati on gradie nt 浓度梯度plate tower 板式塔in stallati on 装置feed进料bottom底部，塔底solve nt 溶剂top顶部，塔顶partial vaporizati on 咅E分汽化boili ng point 沸点equimolecular coun ter-diffusi on 等分子反向扩散ideal system 理想系统ratio of A to B A 与B 的比值with the result that :由于的缘故，鉴于的结果tray 塔板packed tower 填料塔bubble-cap tower 泡罩塔spray chamber 喷淋室maintenance expense 维修费foun dati on 基础tower shell 塔体pack ing material 填料pump 泵blower风机accessory heater 附属加热器cooler 冷去卩器heat excha nger 换热器solve nt-recovery system 溶剂回收系统operati ng cost 操作费用power动力circulati ng gas 循环气labor 劳动力steam蒸汽regen erate 再生cooli ng water 冷去卩水solve nt make-up 补充溶剂optimum最优的unabsorbed component 未吸收组分purity纯度volatility 挥发性vapor pressure蒸汽压liquid mixture液体混合物condense凝缩，冷凝bin ary distillatio n 双组分精馏multi-component distillation 多组分精馏stage-type distillation column 级板式精馏塔mount安装，固定conduit导流管）， dow ncomej降液管gravity 重力weir溢流堰vapor-liquid contacting device 汽液接触装置valve tray浮阀塔板reboiler再沸器vaporization 汽化con de nsate冷凝液，凝缩液overhead vapor塔顶汽体condenser冷凝器i feed tray进料板base塔底，基础bottoms product 塔底产品conden sati on 冷凝stripping section汽提段,提馏段distillate sectio n 精馏段total condense全凝器distillate product塔顶馏出产品reflux回流thermodynamic equilibrium 热力学平衡solution 溶液fractional crystallizatio n 分步结晶solubility ，溶解度，溶解性soluble可溶解的solve nt 溶剂employ采纳，利用miscible可混合的，可溶的，可搅拌的mecha ni cal separati on 机械分离）liquid-liquid extract ion 液液萃取aromatic 芳香烃的paraffi n 石蜡，链烷烃lubricat ing oil _ 润滑油decompose分解，离解，还原，腐烂pen icilli n 青霉素streptomyci n （链霉素）precipitati on 沉淀，沉析ethyl alcohol 乙醇）extract 萃取液heat requireme nt 热负荷solute溶质extract phase 萃取相baffle-plate 折流挡板，缓冲挡板settli ng tank 沉降槽centrifuge 离心.离心机，离心分离emulsify ing age nt 孚L化剂den sity differe nee 密度差raffin ate 萃余液extract 萃取液dryi ng of Solids 固体干燥process material 过程物料（相对最终产品而言的）organic有机的，有机物的benzene 苯humidity 湿度moisture content 湿含量drying rate 干燥速率critical moisture content 临界湿湿含量falli ng-rate 降速con cave （凸的，凸面）or convex （凹的，凹面）approximate to :接近，趋近straight line :直线con sta nt-rate drying period 恒速干燥阶段convection drying 对流干燥drying gas 干燥气体falli ng-rate period 降速干燥阶段mean value平均值vacuum drying真空干燥discolor 变色，脱色sublime 升华freeze dryi ng 冷冻干燥adiabatic 绝热的，不传热的pressure gradie ntperpe ndicular to :与——垂直coun ter-curre nt 逆流per unit area 单位面积water-cooli ng tower 水冷塔sen sible heat （sen sible heat : 显热）water droplet 水珠，水滴qua ntitative relati on 定量关系thermal diffusi on 热扩散at right an gles to 与…成直角，与…垂直by virtue of 由于，根据，凭借于molecular tran sfer 分子传递balanee抵消，平衡drag forces 曳力a function of …的函数of the same order 具有同一数量级eddy diffusio n 涡流扩散is almost inv ersely proporti onal to 几乎与…成反比Reyno Ids nu mber 雷诺准数fully developed turbule nt flow 充分发展湍流coefficie nt 系数In prin ciple 从原理而言exothermic （放热的，endothermic 吸热的,adiabatic 绝热的）triple bond 三健，三价n itroge n oxides 氮氧化物compo und化合物conv ersi on 转化，转化率protein 蛋白质compress 压缩reacti on yield 反应产率reacti on speed 反应速度one-pass （单程）reactoren ergy in put 能量输入maximum最大的n ear toequilibrium 接近平衡output产出，输出，产量fertilizer 化肥urea尿素ammonium nitrate 硝酸铵ammon ium phosphate 磷酸铵ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵diammonium hydrogen phosphate 磷酸二氢铵ash纯碱pyridi ne 砒啶polymers聚合物nylon尼龙acrylics 丙烯酸树脂via经，由，通过，借助于hydrogen cyanide 氰化氢n itric acid 硝酸bulk explosive 集装炸药crude oil 原油n atural gas 天然气bitume n 沥青fossil fuel化石燃料seepage渗出物asphalt 沥青oil drilling 采油gasoli ne 汽油paint 涂料plastic 塑料syn thetic rubber 合成橡胶fiber纤维soap月肥皂clea nsing age n清洗剂wax石蜡explosive 炸药oil shale油页岩deposit沉积物aquatic pla nt水生植物sedime ntary rock 沉积岩san dst one砂岩siltst one 泥岩tar sand沥青石cha in-shaped 链状的metha ne 甲烷paraffin石蜡，烷烃rin g-shaped （环状的）hydrocarb onn aphthe ne环烷烃naphtha石脑油tarry柏油的，焦油的，焦油状的asphalte ne沥青油impurity 杂质pollutant污染物combusti on 燃烧capillarity毛细现象，毛细管力viscous resista nee占性阻力barrel桶（国际原油计量单位） tan ker油轮kerose ne 煤油heavy gas oil重瓦斯油reforming 重整crack ing 裂化octane nu mber of gasoli ne汽油辛烷值branched-chain （带支链的）materials scie nee 材料科学mechanical, thermal, chemical, electric, magnetic, and optical behavior. （机械性能、热学性能、化学性能、电学性能、磁性能、光学性能）Amalgam汞齐，水银；混合物，交叉solid state physics 固体物理学metallurgy 冶金学，冶金术magnet磁铁，有吸引力的人或物in sulati on 绝缘catalytic crack ing 催化裂化structural steels 结构钢computer microchip 计算机芯片Aerospace 航空Telecom mun icatio n 电信in formatio n process ing 信息处理nu clear power 核能en ergy conv ersi on 能量转化in ternal structure 内部结构defect structure 结构缺陷crystal flaw 晶体瑕疵vaca nt atomic site 原子空位dislocati on 错位precipitate 沉淀物semic on ductor 半导体mecha ni cal disturba nee 机械扰动ductility 延展性brittle ness 脆性spinning electr ons 旋转电子amorphous非定型的，非晶型的，非结晶的，玻璃状的；无一定目的的，乱七八糟chemical process safety 化工过程安全exotic chemistry 奇异化学hydrodynamic model 水力学模型two-phase flow 两相流dispers ion model 分散模型toxic 有毒的release释放，排放probability of failure 失效概率accide nt preve nti on 事故预防hard hat 安全帽safety shoe 防护鞋rules and regulati ons 规章制度loss preve nti on 损失预防hazard ide ntificati on 危害辩识，tech ni cal evaluati on 技术评估safety man ageme nt support 安全管理基础知识safety experie nee 安全经验tech ni cal compete nce 技术能力safety kno wledge 安全知识desig n engin eer 设计师cost engin eer 造价师process engin eeri ng 过程工程pla nt layout 工厂布局gen eral service facilities 公用工程pla nt locati on 工厂选址close teamwork 紧密的团队协作specialized group 专业组storage 仓库waste disposal 废物处理terminology 术语，词汇accountant 会计师，会计，出纟内fin al-proposal 决议tan gible return 有形回报Empirical model 经验模型process control （过程控制）first-principles基本原理，基本规则regression model 回归模型. operating condition 操作条件nonlinear-equation-solving technique 非线性方程求解技术process-simulation software packages 过程模拟软件包least-squares-regressi on 最小二乘法statistical technique 统计技术intensity强度，程度phenomenological model 现象模型model identification 模式识另Uneural network 神经网络a priori :先验的，既定的，不根据经验的，由原因推出结果的，演绎的，直觉的process data historia n：过程数据历史编撰师qualitative 定性的quantitative precision 定量的精确high-fidelity 高保真的computati on ally inten sive 计算量大的mathematical expressi on steady-state model 稳态模型bioe ngin eeri ng 生物工程artificial 人工的heari ng aid 助听器artificial limb 假肢supportive or substitute orga n 辅助或替代器官biosy nthesis 生物合成life scie ntist 生命科学家agricultural engin eer 农艺师ferme ntatio n 发酵civil engin eer 土木工程师san itati on 卫生physiologists 生理学criteria 扌旨标human medicine 人体医学medical electr onics 医疗电子medical in strume ntatio n 医疗器械blood-flow dyn amics 血液流动动力学prosthetics 假肢器官学biomechanics生物力学surge on外科医生replaceme nt orga n 器官移植physiologist 生理学家cou nterpart 对应物，配对物psychology 心理学self-taught 自学barrier 障碍物medical engin eeri ng 医学工程，医疗工程health care 保健diag no stic applicati on of computers 计算机诊断agricultural engin eeri ng 农业工程biological producti on 生物制品生产bion ics （仿生学）huma n-factors engin eeri ng 人类与环境工程en vir onmen tal health engin eeri ng 环境健康工程en viro nmen tally benign processi ng 环境友好加工commodity or specialty 通用商品或特殊化学品styre ne苯乙烯ibuprofe n异丁苯丙酸the Chemical Manu facturers Association化工生产协会as a whole整体而言emission释放物，排放物voluntary自愿的，无偿的，义务的；有意的，随意的；民办的in the abse nee of 无---存在deactivate 失活bulk chemical大宗化工产品Fine chemical 精纟田化工Pharmaceutical 制药segme nt段，片，区间，部门，部分；弓形，圆缺；分割，切断tonn age吨位，吨数，吨产量inorganic salt 无机盐hydroquinone 对苯二酚dem on strate论证，证明，证实；说明，表明，显示forefro nt最前线，最前沿Lewis acid不可再生的路易斯酸an hydrous无水的phaseout消肖除HF alkylation氰氟酸烷基化catalytic oxidation 催化氧化gover nmen tal regulatio n 政府规定pharmaceutical in termediate药物中间体stereoselective立体选择性的ket one 酮fun cti onal group 官能团detrimental 有害的chlorofluorocarb on二氯二氟化碳，氟里昂carb on tetrachloride 四氯化碳straightforward 简单明了的coordi nati ng liga nd配合体，向心配合体kilogram 千克thermal stability 热稳定性devastate破坏，蹂躏outline描绘，勾勒membra ne tech no logy 膜技术product ion line 生产线dairy 牛奶water purificati on 水净化lifetime 寿命membra ne module膜组件durability 耐久性，寿命，使用期限，强度chemical additive 添加剂en d-of-pipe soluti on 最终方案closed system 圭寸闭系统substitute 取代，替代techni cal challe nge 技术挑战，技术困难wastewater treatme nt 污水处理fouli ng污垢，发泡surface treatme nt 表面处理applied Chemistry 应用化学nomen clature of chemical compo und 化学化合物的命名法descriptive 描述性的prefix 前缀alkane烷烃family 族carb on skelet on 碳骨架chain 链Latin or Greek stem 拉丁或者希腊词根suffix后缀con stitute 取代物，取代基homologous series 同系物branched chain 支链烷烃pare nt 母链，主链derivative 衍生物substitue nt 取代基locant 位次，位标replicat ing prefix 重复前缀词Gas and Liquid Chromatography 气相色谱与液相色谱an alytical chemistry 分析化学moving gas stream 移动的气流heats of solutio n and vaporizati on 溶解热和汽化热activity coefficie nt 活度系数counteract 抵消milliliter 毫升esse ntial oil 香精油test mixture 测试混合物sample样品helium 氦argon 氩carrier 载体injectio n 注射stati onary nonv olatile phase 静止的不挥发相detector检测器fraction collector 馏分收集器colu mnar liquid chromatography 柱状液相色谱仪rete nti on volume 保留体积rete nti on times 保留时间high-performa nee 高性能mobile phase 移动相high-efficie ncy 高效的analyte分析物pla ne chromatography 薄层色谱capillary actio n 毛细管作用assay分析化验fluoresce nee 荧光色，荧光retardati on factor 保留因子，延迟因子。

ContentPART 1 Introduction to Materials Science &Engineering 1 Unit 1 Materials Science and Engineering 1 Unit 2 Classification of Materials 9 Unit 3 Properties of Materials 17 Unit 4 Materials Science and Engineering: What does the Future Hold? 25 PartⅡMETALLIC MATERLALS AND ALLOYS 33 Unit 5 An Introduction to Metallic Materials 33 Unit 6 Metal Manufacturing Methods 47 Unit 7 Structure of Metallic Materials 57 Unit 8 Metal-Matrix Composites 68 PartⅢCeramics 81 Unit 9 Introduction to Ceramics 81 Unit 10 Ceramic Structures —Crystalline and Noncrystalline 88 Unit 11 Ceramic Processing Methods 97 Unit 12 Advanced ceramic materials –Functional Ceramics 105 PARTⅣNANOMATERIALS 112 Unit 13 Introduction to Nanostructured Materials 112 Unit14 Preparation of Nanomaterials 117 Unit 15 Recent Scientific Advances 126 Unit 16 The Future of Nanostructure Science and Technology 130 PartⅤPOLYMERS 136 Unit17 A Brief Review in the Development of Synthetic Polymers 136 Unit18 Polymer synthesis: Polyethylene synthesis 146 Unit19 Polymer synthesis:Nylon synthesis 154 Unit 20 Processing and Properties Polymer Materials 165 PART VI POLYMERIC COMPOSITES 172 Unit21 Introduction to Polymeric Composite Materials 172 Unit22 Composition, Structure and Morphology of Polymeric Composites 178Unit23 Manufacture of Polymer Composites 185 Unit24 Epoxy Resin Composites 191 Part 7 Biomaterial 196 Unit 25 Introduction to Biomaterials 196 Unit 26 Biocompatibility 205 Unit 27 Polymers as Biomaterials 213 Unit 28 Future of Biomaterials 224 PARTⅧMaterials and Environment 237 Unit29 Environmental Pollution & Control Related Materials 237 Unit30 Bio-degradable Polymer Materials 241 Unit 31 Environmental Friendly Inorganic Materials 248 Unit 32 A Perspective on the Future: Challenges and Opportunities 256 附录一科技英语构词法263 附录二科技英语语法及翻译简介269附录三:聚合物英缩写、全名、中文名对照表280 附录四:练习题参考答案284 PART 1 Introduction to Materials Science &EngineeringUnit 1Materials Science and Engineering Historical PerspectiveMaterials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of us realize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food production —virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Historically, the development and advancement of societies ha ve been intimately tied to the members‘ ability to produce and manipulate materi- als to fill their needs. In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age.The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristics.①It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired over approximately the past 100 years, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized charac- teristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society; these include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers. deep-seated根深蒂固的, 深层的pottery / ☐☯❑♓陶器structural elements结构成分;property / ☐❑☐☜♦♓/⏹.性能The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials. An advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. For example, automobiles would not havebeen possibl- e without the availability of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute. In our contemporary era, sophisticated electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semiconducting materials. Materials Science and EngineeringThe discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.―Structure‘‘ is at this point a nebulous term that deserves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next larger structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed‗‗microscopic,‘‘ meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed ‗‗macroscopic.‘‘The notion of ‗‗property‘‘ deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. For example, aspecimen subjected to forces will experience deformation; or a polished metal surface will reflect light. Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and stepwise /♦♦♏☐♦♋♓/ ♎逐步的sophisticated/♦☯♐♓♦♦♓♏♓♦♓♎/ ♎精制的,复杂的; semiconducting materials 半导体材料nebulous/ ⏹♏♌✞●☯♦/♎含糊的,有歧义的subatomic/ ♦✈♌☯❍♎亚原子的microscopic/❍♓❑☯☐♓♎微观的❍♋♍❑☐♦♍☐☐♓♍/❍✌❑☯✞☐♓♎宏观的deteriorative. For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provokingdifferent responses. Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermalconductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electro- magnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity of materials.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, viz. ‗‗processing‘‘ and‗‗performance.‘‘ With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. Furthermore, a material‘s perf ormance will be a function of its properties.Fig. 1.1 Photograph showing the light transmittance of three aluminum oxide specimens. From left to right: single crystal material (sapphire, which is transparent;a polycrystalline and fully dense (nonporous material, which is translucent; and a polycrystalline material that contains approximately 5% porosity, which is opaque. (Specimen preparation, P. A. Lessing; photography by J. Telford.We now present an example of these processing-structure-properties-perfor- mance principles with Figure 1.1, a photograph showing three thin disk specimens placed over some printed matter. It is obvious that the optical properties (i.e., the deformation/♎♓♐❍♏♓☞☯变形deteriorative/♎♓♓☯❑♓☯❑♏♓♦♓破坏(老化的elastic modulus 弹性模量strength /♦♦❑♏⏹♑强度;dielectric constant介电常数;heat capacity 热容量refraction/❑♓♐❑✌☞☯折射率; reflectivity/ ❑♓♐●♏♓♓♦♓/ 反射率processing/☐❑☯◆♏♦♓☠加工light transmittance of each of the three materials are different; the one on the left is transparent (i.e., virtually all of the reflected light passes through it, whereas the disks in the center and on the right are, respectively, translucent and opaque.All of these specimens are of the same material, aluminum oxide, but the leftmost one is what we call a single crystal—that is, it is highly perfect—which gives rise to its transparency. The center one is composed of numerous and verysmall single crystals that are all connected; the boundaries between these small crystals scatter a portion of the light reflected from the printed page, which makes this material optically translucent.②And finally, the specimen on the right is composed not only of many small, interconnected crystals, but also of a large number of very small pores or void spaces. These pores also effectively scatter the reflected light and render this material opaque.Thus, the structures of these three specimens are different in terms of crystal boundaries and pores, which affect the optical transmittance properties. Furthermore, each material was produced using a different processing technique. And, of course, if optical transmittance is an important parameter relative to the ultimate in-service application, the performance of each material will be different.Why Study Materials science and Engineering?Why do we study materials? Many an applied scientist or engineer, whether mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical, will at one time or another be exposed to a design problem involving materials. Examples might include a transmission gear, the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery component, or an integrated circuit chip. Ofcourse, materials scientists and engineers are specialists who are totally involved in the investigation and design of materials.Many times, a materials problem is one of selecting the right material from the many thousands that are available. There are several criteria on which the final decision is normally based. First of all, the in-service conditions must be charac- terized, for these will dictate the properties required of the material. On only rare occasions does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties. transmittance/♦❑✌❍♓♦☜⏹♦/ ⏹. 透射性sapphire /♦✌♐♓☯蓝宝石transparent/♦❑✌☐☪☯❑☯⏹♦/ ♎透明的;polycrystalline/ ☐♓❑♓♦♦☯♓多晶体; translucent/♦❑✌✞♎半透明的; opaque☯✞☐♏♓♎不透明的single crystal 单晶体Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another. The classic example involves strength and ductility; normally, a material having a high strength will have only a limited ductility. In such cases a reasonable compromise between two or more properties may be necessary.A second selection consideration is any deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation. For example, significant reductions in mecha- nical strength may result from exposure to elevated temperatures or corrosive envir- onments.Finally, probably the overriding consideration is that of economics: What will the finished product cost? A material may be found that has the ideal set of proper- ties but is prohibitively expensive. Here again, some compromise is inevitable.The cost of a finished piece also includes any expense incurred during fabrication to produce the desired shape. The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure–property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.③Reference:William D. Callister, Materials science and engineering : anintroduction, Press:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,2007;2-5 transmission gear传动齿轮dictate/♎♓♏♓决定trade off 权衡;折衷ductility♎✈♓●♓♦♓延展性/ ☯✞☯❑♋♓♎♓☠/♎最主要的judicious/♎✞✞♎♓☞☯♦/♎明智的Notes1.At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding froma given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of itscharacteristics由此看来,材料的使用完全就是一个选择过程,且此过程又是根据材料的性质从许多的而不是非有限的材料中选择一种最适于某种用途的材料。

Abio chemistry 无生化学;无机化学ablation 消融ablution 洗净abnormal setting 反常凝结abnormality 反常abradant 磨料abrader 磨损试验机abrasion 磨耗abrasion loss 磨损量abrasion resistance 耐磨能力abrasion test 磨耗试验abrasion testing machine 磨损试验机abrasive 磨料abrasive grain 磨料颗粒abrasive industry 磨料工业abrasive paper 砂纸abrasiveness 磨损性abrasives 研磨剂abs resin abs 尸abs resins abs 尸absinthe oil 洋艾油absolute activity 绝对活性度absolute alcohol 无水酒精absolute calibration 绝对校准absolute configuration 绝对构型absolute dry condition 绝对干燥状态absolute dry weight 绝对干重absolute error 绝对误差absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute measurement 绝对测量absolute reaction rate 绝对反应速度absolute sensitivity 绝对灵敏度absolute specific gravity 真比重absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute unit 绝对单位absolute value 绝对值absolute viscosity 绝对粘度absolute zero 绝对零度absorbability 吸收性absorbance 吸光度absorbed dose 吸收线量absorbent 吸收剂absorbent paper 吸收纸absorber 吸收器吸收体absorbing power 吸收能力absorptiometer 吸光测定计absorptiometric analysis 吸光分析absorptiometry 吸收分光光度法absorption 吸收absorption band 吸收带absorption cell 吸收池absorption coefficient 吸收系数absorption column 吸收塔absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption edge 吸收端absorption factor 吸收因子absorption heat 吸收热absorption intensity 吸收强度absorption line 吸收线absorption maximum 最大吸收absorption method 吸收法absorption oil 吸收油absorption pipet 吸收管absorption refrigerator 吸收式冷冻器absorption spectrophotometry 吸收分光光度法absorption spectrum 吸收光谱absorption tower 吸收塔absorption tube 吸收管absorptive power 吸收能力absorptivity 吸收率accelerant 促进剂accelerated aging 加速老化accelerated aging test 加速老化试验accelerated weathering test 加速风化试验accelerating agent 促进剂acceleration globulin 促凝血球蛋白acceleration of gravity 重力加速度accelerator 促进剂acceptor 接受体accessory constituent 副成分accetyl value number 乙酰值accidental error 偶然误差acclimatization 驯化accommodation 适应accumulator 蓄电池accumulator acid 蓄电池酸液accuracy 准确度acetal 乙缩醛acetal phosphatide 缩醛磷脂acetal resin 缩醛尸acetaldehydase 乙醛酶acetaldehyde 乙醛acetaldehyde ammonia 乙醛合氨acetaldehyde reductase 醇脱氢酶acetate dye 醋酸染料acetate fiber 醋酸纤维acetate film 醋酸纤维胶片acetate rayon 醋酸丝acetazolamide 乙酰唑胺acetic acid 醋酸acetic acid fermentation 乙酸发酵acetic acid glacial 冰醋酸acetic aldehyde 乙醛acetic anhydride 醋酐acetic bacteria 醋酸菌acetic ester 醋酸酯acetification 醋化酌acetone 丙酮acetone alcohol 丙酮醇acetone body 酮体acetone butanol fermentation 丙酮丁醇发酵acetone chloroform 三氯叔丁醇acetone cyanhydrin 丙酮合氰化氢acetone dicarboxylic acid 丙酮二羧酸acetone fermentation 丙酮发酵acetone sugar 丙酮糖acetonic acid 醋酮酸acetonitrile 乙腈aceturic acid 乙酰甘氨酸acetyl bromide 乙酰溴acetyl chloride 乙酰氯acetyl hydroperoxide 过乙酸acetyl iodide 碘化乙酰acetyl ketene 二酮acetyl peroxide 过氧化乙酰acetyl propionyl 乙酰丙酰acetyl value 乙酰值acetylating agent 乙酰剂acetylation 乙酰化acetylcholine 乙酰胆碱acetylene 乙炔acetylene black 乙炔炭黑acetylene burner 乙炔燃烧器acetylene chemistry 乙炔化学acetylene chloride 乙炔基氯acetylene complex 乙炔络合物acetylene generator 乙炔发生器acetylene linkage 炔键acetylene polymer 乙炔聚合物acetylene tetrachloride 四氯乙炔acetylene welding 气焊acetylenic hydrocarbon 乙炔属烃类acetylide 乙炔化合物acid albumin 酸蛋白acid alizarine 酸性茜素acid amide 酸胺acid ammonium sulfate 硫酸氢铵acid ammonium tartrate 酒石酸氢铵acid anhydride 酸酐acid azid 酰基叠acid azo dye 酸性偶氮染料acid base catalysis 酸碱催化acid base equilibrium 酸碱平衡acid base indicator 酸碱指示剂acid base pair 酸碱对acid base titration 酸碱滴定acid bath 酸浴acid black 酸性黑acid carbonate 酸性碳酸盐acid chloride 酸性氯化物acid content 含酸量acid converter 酸性转炉acid decomposition 酸分解acid dye 酸性染料acid egg 酸蛋acid elevator 酸蛋acid error 酸误差acid fermentation 酸发酵acid catalyst 酸催化剂acid fixing bath 酸性定像浴acid former 成酸物质acid fuchsin 酸性品红acid green 酸性绿acid group 酸根acid halide 酸性卤化物acid hydrolysis 加酸水解酌;酸解acid iodide 酰基碘acid mordant dye 酸性媒染料acid number 酸值acid of lemon 柠檬酸acid pickle 废酸液acid pickling 酸浸acid potassium carbonate 酸式碳酸钾acid potassium sulfate 硫酸氢钾acid precipitation 酸雨acid proof alloy 耐酸合金acid proof brick 耐酸砖acid proof enamel 防酸搪瓷acid proof paint 耐酸涂料acid proof pump 耐酸泵acid radical 酸基acid reaction 酸性反应acid recovery plant 废酸回收设备acid refractory 酸性耐火材料acid resistance 耐酸性acid salt 酸性盐acid sludge 废酸acid sodium carbonate 酸式碳酸钠acid solution 酸溶液acid strength 酸强度acid sulfate 硫酸氢盐acid treatment 酸处理acid value 酸值acidic oil resin 酸性油尸acidic oxide 酸性氧化物acidic reaction 酸性反应acidic titrant 酸性滴定剂acidification 酸化acidimeter 酸比重计acidimetry 酸量滴定acidity 酸度acidity function 酸度函数acidosis 酸中毒acmite 锥辉石acriflavine hydrochloride 盐酸氮蒽黄acrinamin 奎纳克林acrolein 丙烯醛acrolein dimer 丙烯醛二聚物acrolein resin 丙烯醛尸acrolein test 丙烯酸试验acrosin 精虫头粒蛋白acrylaldehyde 丙烯醛acrylamide 丙烯酰胺acrylate 丙烯酸盐acrylic acid 丙烯酸acrylic fiber 丙烯酸纤维acrylic resin 丙烯酸尸acrylic rubber 丙烯酸橡胶acrylonitrile 丙烯腈actin 肌动蛋白actinic rays 光化射线actinide 锕类actinides 锕化物actinism 光化度actinium 锕actinium series 锕系actinochemistry 光化学actinolite 阳起石actinometer 日光辐射计actinomycin 放线菌素activated adsorption 活性吸附activated alumina 活性矾土activated atom 活化原子activated carbon 活性炭activated clay 活性白土activated complex 活化络合物activated molecule 活化分子activated sludge 活性污泥activated sludge process 活性污泥法activated state 跃迁态activation 活化activation analysis 放射化分析activation energy 活化能activator 活化剂active carbon 活性炭active center 活化中心active charcoal 活性炭active deposit 活性沉积物active earth 漂白土active earths 活性土active filler 活性填料active group 活性基active hydrogen 活性氢active mass 有效质量active material 活性物质active nitrogen 活性氮active oxygen 活性氧active power 有效功率active solvent 活性溶剂activity 活度activity coefficient 活度系数activity index 活动指数actomyosin 肌动球朊acyclic 无环的acyclic compound 无环化合物acyclic hydrocarbon 无环烃acyl carrier protein 酰基载体蛋白acyl chloride 酰基氯acyl group 酰基acyl peroxide 过氧化酰基acylating agent 酰化剂acylation 酰化adamsite 亚当氏毒气adaptability 适应性adaptation 适应adapter 接管adaptive system 自适应系统adatom 被吸附原子addition 附加addition agent 添加剂addition compound 加成化合物addition polymer 加聚物addition polymerization 加聚酌addition product 附加产物addition reaction 加成反应addition solid solution 加成固溶体additional loss 附加损失additive 添加剂additive color process 加色法additive mixing 加法混合additivity 加性adduct 加合物adduct rubber 加合橡胶adermin 抗皮炎素adherence 粘合adherence test 粘着试验adhesion 粘合adhesive 胶粘的adhesive ability 粘着能力adhesive bond 粘结结合adhesive capacity 粘着能力adhesive film 粘附膜adhesive power 粘附力adhesive tape 粘合带adhesiveness 粘合性adhesives 粘着剂adhesivity 粘附性adiabatic calorimeter 绝热量热器adiabatic change 绝热变化adiabatic compressibility 绝热压缩系数adiabatic curve 绝热曲线adiabatic expansion 绝热膨胀adiabatic lapse rate 绝热递减率adiabatic potential 绝热电位adiabatic process 绝热过程adiabatic reaction 绝热反应adiabatic reactor 绝热反应器adrenal cortex hormone 肾上腺皮质激素adrenalin 肾上腺素adsorbability 吸附性adsorbate 吸附质adsorbent 吸附剂adsorber 吸附器adsorption 吸附adsorption analysis 吸附分析adsorption capacity 吸附能力adsorption chromatography 吸附色层分析法adsorption compound 吸附化合物adsorption current 吸附电流adsorption equilibrium 吸附平衡adsorption exponent 吸附指数adsorption heat 吸附热adsorption indicator 吸附指示剂adsorption isotherm 吸附等温线adsorption potential 吸附势adsorption site 吸附点adsorption water 吸附水adsorption wave 吸附波aerated concrete 加气混凝土aerated water 充气水aeration 吹风aerobe 需氧微生物aerobic digestion 需氧消化aerobic fermentation 需氧发酵aerochemical 空气化学的aerochemistry 空气化学aerocolloid 气溶胶aerodynamic sound 空气动力声affinity labeling 亲和标记aflatoxin 黄曲毒素after cure 后硫化after effect 后效应after fermentation 后发酵after ripening 后熟after vulcanization 后硫化age resister 抗老剂agent 试剂agent of oxidation 氧化剂agglomerate 烧结块agglomeration 结块agglutinant 凝集剂agglutination 凝集agglutination reaction 凝集反应agglutinin 凝集素agglutometer 胶粘计aggregate 聚集体aggregation 聚集aging 成熟aging resistance 抗老化性agitation 搅拌agitator 搅拌机aglycon 糖苷配基agmatin 精胺agricultural chemistry 农业化学air bath 空气浴air bubble 气泡air cell 空气电池air chamber 空气室air classifier 风力分级器air compressor 空气压缩机air condenser 空气冷凝器air conditioning 空气第air conditioning equipment 空气第设备air content 空气含量air cooler 空气冷却器air cure 空气硫化air deficiency 空气缺乏air drying 空气干燥air elutriation 风筛air entraining agent 加气剂air excess 空气过量air filter 空气过滤器air fuel ratio 空气燃料比air gas 空气气体air hardening steel 空气淬硬钢air heater 空气加热器air humidity 空气湿度air lift 空气吸扬air liquefier 空气液化器air liquefying apparatus 空气液化装置air oxidation 空气氧化air pollution 大气污染air pump 气泵air purifier 空气净化器air reduction process 空气还原法air reservoir 储气筒air separation 吹气分离air separator 空气分离器air setting 空气硬化air shower 空气淋浴air temperature 气温airhole 风眼albumin glue 蛋白胶albuminate 白蛋白化合物albuminoid 硬朊alchemy 炼金术alcian blue 阿尔新蓝alcogel 醇凝胶alcohol 醇alcohol acid 醇酸alcohol dehydrogenase 醇脱氢酶alcohol fuel 酒精燃料alcohol lamp 酒精灯alcohol of crystallization 结晶醇alcohol thermometer 酒精温度计alcohol varnish 醇溶清漆alginate 藻蛋白酸盐alginate fiber 藻酸纤维alginic acid 海藻酸algol blue 阿果蓝algol color 阿果染料algorithm 算法alicyclic 脂环族的alicyclic compound 脂环化合物aliesterase 脂族酯酶aliphatic 无环的aliphatic acid 脂族酸aliphatic alcohol 脂族醇aliphatic amine 脂族胺aliphatic base 脂族碱aliphatic compound 脂族化合物aliphatic ether 脂族醚aliphatic hydrocarbon 脂族烃aliphatic series 脂族系aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic acid 脂族不饱羧酸alite 阿里特alizarin 茜素alizarin blue 茜素蓝alizarin brown 茜素棕alizarin dye 茜素染料alizarin lake 茜素色淀alizarin yellow 茜黄alizarine 茜素alkali 碱alkali blue 碱性蓝alkali cellulose 碱纤维素alkali fusion 碱熔融alkali ion diode 碱离子二极管alkali lignin 碱木素alkali liquor 碱液alkali metal 碱金属alkali resistance 耐碱性alkali rock 碱性岩alkali salt 碱金属盐alkalimeter 碱量计alkalimetry 碱量滴定法alkaline accumulator 减蓄电池alkaline bath 碱浴alkaline cell 碱性电池alkaline cleaner 碱性清洗剂alkaline earth metal 碱土金属alkaline earths 碱土族alkaline hydrolysis 加碱水解alkaline reaction 碱性反应alkaline solution 碱性溶液alkaline storage battery 减蓄电池alkalinity 碱度alkalization 碱化alkaloid 生物碱alkaloid reagent 生物碱试剂alkalosis 碱中毒alkine 链炔alkyd paint 醇酸涂料alkyd resin 醇酸尸alkyd resin varnish 醇酸清漆alkyl 烷基alkyl cellulose 烷基纤维素alkyl cyanide 烷基氰alkyl group 烷基alkyl halide 烷基卤alkyl sulfate 烷基硫酸盐alkyl sulfide 烷基硫alkyl sulfonic acid 烷基磺酸allergy 过敏反应allethrin 丙烯拟除虫菊酯allicin 蒜辣素alligator pear oil 鳄梨油allosteric effect 别构效应allosteric enzyme 变构酶allosteric transition 变构转变allostery 变构性allothreonine 别苏氨酸allotrope 同素异形体allotropism 同素异形allotropy 同素异形allowable error 容许误差allowed transition 容许跃迁alloxan 阿脲alloxanic acid 阿脲酸alloxazine 咯嗪alloy 合金alloy analysis 合金分析alloy steel 合金钢allulose 阿卢糖alluvial gold 砂金allyl acetate 醋酸丙烯酯allyl alcohol 烯丙醇allyl amine 烯丙胺allyl bromide 烯丙基溴allyl chloride 烯丙基氯allyl complex 烯丙基络合物allyl compound 烯丙基化合物allyl cyanide 烯丙基腈allyl iodide 烯丙基碘allyl isothiocyanate 异硫氰酸烯丙酯allyl mercaptan 烯丙硫醇allyl resin 烯丙尸allyl sulfide 烯丙基硫allylene 丙炔allylic rearrangement 烯丙重排alpha brass 黄铜alpha cellulose 纤维素alpha counter 粒子计数器alpha iron 铁alpha naphthol 萘酚alpha position 位alpha ray spectrometer 射线能谱仪alpha rays 射线alstonine 鸡骨常山碱alternant hydrocarbon 交替烃alternating copolymer 交替共聚物alternating current 交流alternating current polarography 交莲谱alternation 交替altimeter 测高仪altitude 高度altrose 阿卓糖alum 茂alumel 镍基锰合金alumina 氧化铝alumina brick 矾土砖alumina bubble brick 泡沫矾土砖alumina cement 矾土水泥alumina fiber 氧化铝纤维alumina gel 铝凝胶alumina silica refractory 硅酸铝耐火材料aluminate 铝酸盐aluminum 铝alumite 茂石alumstone 茂石alundum 刚铝石alunite 茂石amalgam 汞齐amalgam cell 汞齐电池amalgam electrode 汞齐电极amalgamation 汞齐化amalgamation process 汞齐化过程amanitin 鹅膏菌素amaranth 蓝光酸性红amatol 阿马图amber 琥珀amber glass 琥珀玻璃amberite 琥珀炸药amine 胺amine formaldehyde 胺甲醛amine oxidase 胺氧化酶amino acid 氨基酸amino acid sequence 氨基酸顺序amino compound 氨基化合物amino nitrogen 氨基氮amino plastic resin 氨基塑料尸amino resins 氨基尸amino sugar 氨基糖amino terminal 氨基末端酸aminopeptidase 氨基胜胨酵素aminophenol 氨基苯酚ammeter 电另ammonal 阿芒拿ammonia 氨ammonia compressor 氨气压缩机ammonia gas 氨气ammonia poisoning 氨中毒ammonia still 氨气塔ammonia synthesis 氨合成ammonia water 氨水ammoniacal brine 氨盐水ammoniacal fermentation 氨发酵ammoniacal latex 氨胶乳ammoniated superphosphate 含铵过磷酸钙ammonite 阿芒炸药ammonium 铵ammonium acetate 乙酸铵ammonium alum 铵茂ammonium benzoate 安息香酸铵ammonium borate 硼酸铵ammonium carbamate 氨基甲酸铵ammonium carbonate 碳酸铵ammonium chloride 氯化铵ammonium chromate 铬酸铵ammonium cyanate 氰酸铵ammonium dichromate 重铬酸铵ammonium fluoride 氟化铵ammonium formate 甲酸铵ammonium hydrogen carbonate 碳酸氢铵ammonium hydroxide 氢氧化铵ammonium iodate 碘酸铵ammonium iron sulfate 硫酸铁铵ammonium metavanadate 偏钒酸铵ammonium molybdate 钼酸铵ammonium nitrate 硝酸铵ammonium nitrate explosive 硝铵炸药ammonium nitrate fertilizer 硝铵肥料ammonium oxalate 草酸铵ammonium perchlorate 高氯酸铵ammonium persulfate 过硫酸铵ammonium phosphate 磷酸铵ammonium phosphite 亚磷酸铵ammonium phosphomolybdate 磷钼酸铵ammonium stearate 硬脂酸铵ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵ammonium sulfite 亚硫酸铵ammonium thiocyanate 硫氰酸铵amorphism 无定形amorphous carbon 无定形碳amorphous graphite 无定型石墨amorphous material 无定形材料amorphous metal 无定形金属amorphous phosphorus 无定形磷amorphous polymer 非晶态聚合物amorphous state 无定形状态amorphous sulfur 无定形硫ampere 安amphibole 闪石amphipathic molecule 两亲水脂分子amphiphilic molecule 两亲水脂分子ampholyte 两性电解质ampholytic active agent 两性表面活性剂ampholytic surfactant 两性表面活性剂ampholytoid 两性胶体amphoteric 两性的amphoteric character 两性特征amphoteric colloid 两性胶体amphoteric compound 两性化合物amphoteric ion 两性离子amphoteric oxide 两性氧化物amphoteric resin 两性尸amplifier 放大器ampule 安瓿amygdalin 扁桃苷amyl 戊基amyl acetate 醋酸戊酯amyl alcohol 戊醇amyl bromide 戊基溴amyl butyrate 丁酸戊酯amyl ether 戊醚amyl formate 甲酸戊酯amyl mercaptan 戊硫醇amyl nitrite 亚硝酸戊酯amyl oleate 油酸戊酯amyl propionate 丙酸戊酯amyloid 淀粉状朊amylolysis 淀粉分解amylopectin 支链淀粉amylopsin 胰淀粉酶amylose 直链淀粉anabolism 同化酌anaerobe 厌氧微生物anaerobic glycolysis 无氧糖酵解analcime 方沸石analgesic 镇痛药analog digital conversion 模拟数字转换analog signal 模拟信号analogue 类似analogue computer 模拟计算机analysis 分析analysis line 分析线analysis with ion selective electrodes 离子选择电极分析法analytically pure 分析纯anatase octahedrite 锐钛矿anchor agitator 锚式搅拌器anchor stirrer 锚式搅拌器andalusite 红柱石andesite 安山岩anesthetic 麻醉剂anethole 茴香脑aneurin 硫胺素angelica lactone 当归内酯angelica oil 当归油angiotensin 血管紧张肽angle of polarization 偏振光角angle of refraction 折射角angle of repose 休止角anglesite 硫酸铅矿angstrom 埃angular momentum 角动量anhalonine 老头掌碱anhydride 酐anhydrite 硬石膏anhydrone 无水高氯酸镁anhydrous 无水的anhydrous acid 无水酸anhydrous alcohol 无水酒精anhydrous ammonia 无水氨anhydrous salt 无水盐anileridine 氨苄哌替啶anilide 酰替苯胺aniline 苯胺aniline black 苯胺黑aniline blue 苯胺蓝aniline dye 苯胺染料aniline formaldehyde resin 苯胺甲醛尸aniline hydrochloride 盐酸苯胺aniline point 苯胺点aniline red 苯胺红aniline resin 苯胺尸aniline yellow 苯胺黄anilol 酒精苯胺混合液animal biochemistry 动物生化学animal charcoal 骨炭animal chemistry 动物化学animal dye 动物染料animal fat 动物脂animal fiber 动物纤维animal glue 动物胶animal oil 动物油anime 硬尸anion 阴离子anion active agent 阴离子表面活性剂anion exchange 阴离子交换anion exchange resin 阴离子交换尸anion exchanger 阴离子交换剂anionic polymerization 阴离子聚合anionic surfactant 阴离子表面活性剂anionoid reagent 类阴离子试剂anionotropy 阴离子移变现象anisaldehyde 茴香醛anise oil 茴香油anisic acid 茴香酸anisic alcohol 茴香醇anisidine 茴香胺anisole 茴香醚annealing furnace 退火窑annealing temperature 退火温度annulene 环轮烯anode 阳极anode effect 阳极效应anode process 阳极过程anode slime 阳极淀渣anodic oxidation 阳极氧化anodic polarization 阳极极化anodic reaction 阳极反应anodization 阳极化anodizing 阳极化anolyte 阳极电解液anomalous dispersion 异常弥散anomalous magnetic moment 异常磁矩anomalous skin effect 反常囚效应anthraquinone dye 蒽醌染料anthrarufin 蒽绛酚anthraxylon 结焦素anthrone 蒽酮anti allergic drug 抗过敏性药anti fouling paint 防污涂料anti tack agent 防粘剂antiacid 解酸药antiacid additive 抗酸添加剂antiager 抗老剂antiaromaticity 反芳香性antibiosis 抗生antibiotics 抗生物质antibody 抗体antibonding orbital 反键轨道anticarcinogen 抗癌物anticatalyst 抗催化剂anticathode 对阴极antichlor 脱氯剂anticholinesterase 抗胆碱酯酶剂anticoagulant 抗凝剂anticoagulating action 阻凝酌anticonvulsant 镇痉剂anticorrosion 抗腐蚀anticorrosive agent 防腐蚀剂anticorrosive paint 防腐涂料antigen 抗原antihistamine 抗组胺剂antihistaminic agent 抗组胺剂antiknock agent 抗爆剂antiknock gasoline 抗爆汽油antiknocking fuel 抗爆燃料antimetabolite 抗代谢物antimonate 锑酸盐antimonial lead 锑铅antimonic acid anhydride 锑酸酐antimonide 锑化物antimonite 亚锑酸盐antimony 锑antimony chloride 氯化锑antimony electrode 锑电极antimony hydride 氢化锑antimony oxide 氧化锑antimony potassium tartrate 酒石酸锑钾antimony red 锑红antimony sulfate 硫酸锑antimony sulfide 硫化锑antimony trisulfide 三硫化二锑antisepsis 防腐antiseptics 防腐剂antispasmodic 镇痉剂antistat 抗静电剂antistatic agent 抗静电剂antitermination factor 抗终止因素antithrombin 抗凝血酶antitoxin 抗毒素antivitamin 抗维生素apatite 磷灰石apparatus 装置apparent activation energy 表观活化能apparent density 表观密度apparent equilibrium 表观平衡apparent specific gravity 表观比重apparent viscosity 表观粘度applied chemistry 应用化学applied thermodynamics 应用热力学approximate calculation 近似计算approximate value 近似值aprotic solvent 非质子溶剂aqua ion 水合离子aqua regia 王水aquagel 水凝胶aquametry 测水法aqueous emulsion 水乳状液aqueous medium 水介质aqueous phase 水相aqueous solution 水溶液aqueous vapor 水蒸汽arabic acid 阿糖酸arabic gum 阿拉伯胶arabinose 阿拉伯糖arc process 电弧法arc spectrum 弧光谱arch brick 拱砖argillaceous sand 粘质砂土argillite 泥质板岩arginase 精氨酸酶arginine 精氨酸argol 粗酒石argon 氩aroma 香味aromatic acid 芳族酸aromatic aldehyde 芳族醛aromatic amine 芳香胺aromatic compound 芳族化合物aromatic hydrocarbon 芳香烃aromatic nucleus 芳香环aromatic series 芳香系aromaticity 芳香度aromatization 芳香化aromatization reaction 芳香化反应aroylation 芳酰基化arrhenius equation 阿雷尼厄斯方程arsanilic acid 阿散酸arsenate 砷酸盐arsenazo i 偶氮胂arsenblende 雄黄arsenic 砷arashless filter paper 无灰滤纸asparaginase 天门冬酰胺酶asparagine 天门冬酰胺aspirin 阿司匹林assay 试金assay balance 试金天平assay flask 试验瓶assayer's tongs 试金钳assili cotton 阿嘻棉assimilation 同化assimilation starch 同化淀粉assistant 助剂associated liquid 缔合液体association 缔合assortment 分类astacin 虾红素astatine 砹atom 原子atomic absorption spectrometry 原子吸收分光光度法atomic arrangement 原子排列atomic mass 原子质量atomic mass unit 原子质量单位atomic model 原子模型atomic molecular theory 原子分子论atomic nucleus 原子核atomic number 原子序atomic orbital 原子轨道atomic polarization 原子极化atomic properties 原子特性atomic radius 原子半径atomic refraction 原子折射atomic scattering factor 原子散射因子atomic spectrum 原子光谱atomic structure 原子结构atomic susceptibility 原子磁化率atomic symbol 原子符号atomic theory 原子论atomic unit 原子单位atomic volume 原子体积atomic weight 原子量atomicity 原子数atomism 原子论auric compound 正金化合物auric oxide 氧化金auric salt 正金盐aurin 金精aurin tricarboxylic acid 铝试剂auripigment 雄黄aurothioglucose 金硫葡萄糖aurous chloride 氯化亚金aurous compound 亚金化合物aurous oxide 氧化亚金aurous salt 亚金盐austenite 奥氏体auto condensation 自动缩合autocatalysis 自动催化autocatalyst 自动催化剂autocatalytic reaction 自动催化反应autoclave 压热器autocomplex 自动合成物autocorrelation function 自相关函数autoracemization 自动外消旋autotetraploid 同源四倍体autotransformer 单卷变压器autovulcanization 自动硫化autoxidation 自氧化autunite 钙铀云母auxiliary air 辅助空气auxiliary electrode 辅助电极auxiliary unit 辅助单位auxiliary valency 副价auximone 茁长激素auxin 茁长素auxochrome 助色团availability 有效性available chlorine 有效氯available energy 有效能available phosphoric acid 有效磷酸avenin 燕麦蛋白average boiling point 平均沸点average degree of polymerization 平均聚合度average error 平均误差average life 平均寿命average mean molecular weight 平均分子量average molecular weight 平均分子量average particle diameter 平均粒子直径average sample 平均试样average speed 平均速度average value 平均值aviation gasoline 航空汽油aviation mix 航空汽油抗爆液avidin 抗生物素蛋白avocado oil 鳄梨油avogadro number 阿伏伽德罗数avogadro's hypothesis 阿伏伽德罗假说avogadro's law 阿伏伽德罗定律axial bond 贮axial flow pump 轴撩axiomatic quantum field theory 公理的量子场理论axis 轴axis of rotation 旋转轴azaserine 重氮丝氨酸azelaic acid 杜鹃花酸azeotrope 共沸混合物azeotropic copolymer 共沸共聚物azeotropic distillation 共沸蒸馏azeotropic mixture 共沸混合物azeotropic point 共沸点azeotropy 共沸性azide 叠氮化物azimuthal 方位的azimuthal quantum number 角量子数azine 吖嗪azine dye 吖嗪染料aziridine 氮杂环丙烷azlactone 吖内酯azlon 人造蛋白质纤维azo compound 偶氮化合物azo coupling 偶氮耦合azo dye 偶氮染料azo group 偶氮基azobenzene 偶氮苯azodicarbonamide 偶氮甲酰胺azoimide 叠氮化氢azole 唑azolitmin 石蕊精azotometer 氮素计azoxy compound 氧化偶氮化合物azoxybenzene 氧化偶氮苯azulene 甘菊环烃azurite 蓝铜矿b stage resin b 阶尸baby dryer 小烧缸bacillus 杆菌bacitracin 杆菌肽back bond 反向键back flow condenser 回龄凝器back mixing 逆向混合back pressure 反压back reaction 逆反应back sweetening 返回脱硫法back titration 回滴定backfire 回火backflash 反闪backscattering 后方散射backward motion 反向运动backwash 回洗bacteria 细菌bacterial fertilizer 细菌肥料bacterial incubator 细菌培育箱bactericide 杀细菌剂bacteriochlorophyll 菌叶绿素bacteriolysis 溶菌酌bacteriostasis 抑菌酌baddeleyite 斜锆石baeyer reaction 拜尔反应baeyer reagent 拜尔试药baeyer villiger rearrangement 拜尔维利格重排baffle 挡板bag filter 袋滤器bagasse 甘蔗渣bakelite 酚醛塑料baking 烧制baking enamel 烘烤搪瓷baking powder 发粉baking varnish 烤漆balance 平衡balance bar 平衡杆balance beam 平衡杆balance pan 天平盘balance rider 游码balata 巴拉塔矢ball clay 块状粘土ball hardness 钢球硬度ball mill 球磨机ball valve 球阀ball viscosimeter 落球式粘度计balloon tire 低压轮胎balsam 香脂banana oil 香蕉油band brake 带式制动器band dryer 带式干燥机band spectrum 带光谱barbital 巴比妥barbituric acid 巴比土酸barilla 海草灰苏打barite 重晶石barium 钡barium acetate 醋酸钡barium bioxide 二氧化钡barium carbonate 碳酸钡barium chlorate 氯酸钡barium chloride 氯化钡barium chromate 铬酸钡barium crown glass 钡钙玻璃barium cyanate 氰酸钡barium dioxide 二氧化钡barium flint glass 钡火石玻璃barium fluoride 氟化钡barium hydroxide 氢氧化钡barium manganate 锰酸钡barium nitrate 硝酸钡barium nitrite 亚硝酸钡barium oxide 氧化钡barium perchlorate 高氯酸钡barium peroxide 过氧化钡barium sulfate 硫酸钡barium sulfide 硫化钡barium thiosulfate 硫代硫酸钡barium titanate 钛酸钡barium yellow 钡黄barkometer 液比重计barley malt 大麦芽barley sugar 大麦糖barm 酒母barometer 气压计barometric condenser 气压冷凝器barrel 桶;卷筒barrier penetration 势垒穿透barrier separation 膜分离baryta 氧化钡baryta paper 钡地纸baryta water 氢氧化钡水溶液baryta yellow 钡黄baryte 重晶石basal metabolic rate 基础代谢率basal metabolism 基础代谢basalt 玄武岩base 碱base catalysis 碱催化酌base exchange 碱交换base line 基线base metal 贱金属base solution 底液basic acetate 碱式乙酸盐basic bismuth carbomate 碱式碳酸铋basic bismuth nitrate 碱式硝酸铋basic converter 碱性转炉basic dye 碱性染料basic function 基础函数basic lead carbonate 碱式碳酸铅basic material 基本材料basic open hearth process 碱性平炉法basic oxide 碱性氧化物basic reaction 碱性反应basic refractory 碱性耐火材料basic salt 碱性盐basic slag 碱性炉渣basicity 碱度basil 罗勒basket strainer 篮过滤器bast fiber 韧皮纤维batch distillation 分批蒸馏batch extraction 分批萃取batch mixer 分批混合器batch process 分批法batch rectification 分批精馏batchwise operation 分批操作bath ratio 液比bath solution 电解液bath voltage 浴电压bathochrome 深色基团bathochromic effect 增色效应bathochromic shift 红移bating 软化battery 蓄电池battery acid 蓄电池用酸battery plate 蓄电池极板baudish's reagent 铜铁灵baume degree 波美度baume hydrometer 波美比重计bauxite 铝土矿bauxite brick 铝矾土砖bauxite treating 铝土处理bayer's method 拜尔法bayer's process 拜尔法bead polymerization 粒状聚合bead reaction 熔珠反应bead tube 熔珠管beadlet 珍珠beaker 杯bean oil 豆油bearing metal 轴承合金beater 打浆机bebeerine 比比林beckmann rearrangement 贝克曼转位beckmann thermometer 贝克曼温度计becquerel rays 贝壳勒尔射线beer wort 麦芽汁beer yeast 啤酒酵母beer's law 贝尔定律beeswax 蜂蜡beet sugar 甜菜糖behenic acid 辣木子油酸behenyl alcohol 二十二醇beilstein's method 贝尔斯登方法belite b 盐bell metal 钟铜bellmetal ore 黄锡矿belt conveyor 带式运输机bemegride 贝美格bending strength 弯曲强度benedict reagent 本尼迪特试剂bengal isinglass 琼脂benne oil 芝麻油bentonite 膨润土benzal 亚苄benzal chloride 苄叉二氯benzalaniline 苄叉苯胺benzaldehyde 苯醛benzamide 苯酰胺benzanilide 苯酰替苯胺benzanthracene 苯并蒽benzanthrone 苯并蒽酮benzene 苯benzene complex 苯络合物benzene diazonium chloride 氯化重氮苯benzene hexachloride 六六六benzene nucleus 苯核benzene ring 苯环benzene series 苯系benzene sulfinic acid 苯亚磺酸benzene sulfonic acid 苯磺酸benzhydrol 二苯基甲醇benzidine 联苯胺benzidine rearrangement 联苯胺重排benzidine sulfate 硫酸联苯胺benzidine yellow 联苯胺黄benzil 苯偶酰benzilic acid 二苯乙醇酸benzine 轻质汽油benzoate 苯甲酸盐benzoazurine 苯并天青精benzoic acid 苯酸benzoic anhydride 苯酸酐benzoin 苯偶姻benzoin condensation 苯偶姻缩合benzoin gum 安息香胶benzoinoxime 苯偶姻肟benzol 苯benzole 苯benzonaphthol 苯酰萘酚benzonitrile 苄腈benzophenone 二苯甲酮benzopurpurin 苯紫红素benzoquinone 苯醌benzotrichloride 苄川三氯benzotrifluoride 三氟甲苯benzoyl chloride 苯酰氯benzoyl peroxide 过氧化苯甲酰benzoylaminoacetic acid 马尿酸benzoylation 苯酰化酌benzoylglycine 苯甲酰基甘氨酸benzyl acetate 醋酸苄酯benzyl alcohol 苄醇benzyl benzoate 苯酸苄酯benzyl bromide 苄基溴benzyl cellulose 苄基纤维素benzyl chloride 苄基氯benzyl cinnamate 肉桂酸苄酯benzyl formate 甲酸苄酯benzyl mercaptane 苄硫醇benzyl salicylate 水杨酸苄酯benzyl thiocyanate 硫氰酸苄酯benzylamine 苄胺benzylaniline 苄基苯胺benzylation 苄化benzylcarbinol 苯基乙醇benzylidene acetone 亚苄基丙酮benzylidene chloride 苄叉二氯benzylpenicillin 苄青霉素benzyne 苯炔berbamine 小蘖胺berberine 小蘖碱berberine sulfate 硫酸小蘖碱bergamot oil 佛手柑油berger agent 贝格尔试药berger mixture 贝格尔混合物bergius' process 伯吉乌斯过程bergmann rearrangement 伯格曼换位berkelium 锫berlin blue 普鲁士蓝bernoulli's theorem 伯努利定理berthelot's principle 贝特洛原理berthollet salt 贝托莱盐beryl 绿柱石beryllate 铍酸盐beryllia 氧化铍beryllium 铍beryllium acetate 醋酸铍beryllium bronze 铍青铜beryllium carbonate 碳酸铍beryllium chloride 氯化铍beryllium fluoride 氟化铍beryllium hydroxide 氢氧化铍beryllium metaphosphate 偏磷酸铍beryllium nitrate 硝酸铍beryllium nitride 氮化铍beryllium oxide 氧化铍bessel's differential equation 贝塞耳微分方程bessemer converter 贝赛麦转炉beta brass 黄铜beta decay 衰变beta endorphin 内啡肽beta rays 射线betaine 甜菜碱betatron 电子回旋加速器biamperometry 双安培滴定biaxial crystal 双轴晶体bible paper 印度纸bibliometer 吸水性能测定仪bibulous paper 吸墨纸bicarbonate 碳酸氢盐bichromate 重铬酸盐bichromate cell 重铬酸盐电池bichromate titration 重铬酸盐滴定bichromated gelatine 铬煤bicolorimeter 双色比色计bicomponent fiber 双组分纤维bicyclic compound 二环化合物bicyclic terpene 双环萜烯bidalotite 直闪石biformity 二形bile acid 胆汁酸biliprotein 胆蛋白质bilirubin 胆红素biliverdin 胆绿素bimetal 双金属bimetallic instrument 双金属仪器bimetallic temperature regulator 双金属温度第器bimetallic thermometer 双金属温度计bimolecular reaction 双分子反应binary acid 二元酸binary alloy 二元合金binary compound 二元化合物binary electrolyte 二元电解质binary mixture 二元混合物binary separation 二元分离binary solution 二元溶液binary system 二元体系binder 粘合剂binding energy 键能binding material 粘合剂binding protein 结合蛋白质bingham flow 宾汉怜binocular microscope 双目显微镜binomial distribution 二项式分布binomial theorem 二项定理binuclear complex 双核络合物binuclear metallic complex salt 双核金属络合物盐bioassay 生物测定biocatalysis 生物催化biocatalyst 生物触媒biocatalyzer 生物催化剂biochemical analysis 生物化学分析biochemical oxygen demand 生化需氧量biochemical reaction 生物化学反应biochemical reactor 生化反应器biochemistry 生物化学biocide 杀虫剂biocleaner 生物洗涤剂biocollochemistry 生物胶体化学biocolloid 生物胶体biocomputer 生物计算机biocytin 生物胞素biocytinase 生物胞素酶bioenergetics 生物能学biogen 酵母促生物原biogeochemistry 生物地球化学biological assay 生物测定biological ceramics 生物陶瓷biological chemistry 生物化学biological half life 生物半衰期。