外文翻译-飞机减速系统壳体类零件三维设计与加工仿真

【机械类文献翻译】基于三维设计的浮动式制动卡钳的车床夹具的研制机械专业中英文文献翻译英文原文Development of the 3D-Designed Lathe Fixture of a Float BrakeCaliper122PAN Jin-kun, ZUO Wan-li, LU Dong-sheng1School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, P. R.China2College of Mechanical& Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009,P. R. ChinaAbstract,According to the technique requests of the brake caliper in the process of production, a special fixture of float brake caliper has been developed based on 3D design in this paper. The development process and verified data from 3D modeling and kinematics simulation for this special fixture show that this 3D-designed process can conveniently forecast the assembly interference of the fixture and accurately add the mass of lead brick before the prototype is made. In this way the flutter caused by the unbalanced lathe fixture can be eliminated and the precision of run-out tolerance in cylinder hole compared with machine tool spindle can be improved, thus the processing quality of thecylinder hole in a brake caliper can be greatly guaranteed. Key words: 3D design; brake calipers; lathe fixture1 IntroductionIn the production of the float disc brake caliper of an automobile, due to the complexity of its structure, a special fixture is needed for installing and clamping the brake caliper. According to the technique requests of the brake caliper in the processing, a special fixture of float brake caliper is developed based on 3D design in this paper andits 3D model is assembled virtually. Through the[1]mechanism simulation function of 3D design software, the balance of a lathe fixture is analyzed .The results show that the design process can expediently forecast some factors which affect the[2]quality of technical equipment such as assembly interference and the machining stability of thelathe fixture before the proto type is made. This design process can not only avoid the design errors in the traditional design, but also improve the design quality of products. 2 3D design of the special lathe fixtureThe manufacture object of the special fixture is the brake caliperof a float disc brake, shown as Figure 1; its machining surface is the cylinder hole of the brake. The figure shows: when the cylinder hole is being processed, its axis and the machine spindle rotation axis must be in coincidence. Due to irregular shape structure of the brake caliper,the flutter which is caused by the unbalance mass posed by the fixture and the work piece would affect the machining accuracy and roundness of the cylinder hole size in the actual processing, and some precision requirement of geometric tolerance such as parallelism between the two cylinder holes. To avoid the problems in the design process of the lathe fixture of the brake caliper, a special fixture is developed based on 3D design in this paper.According to the shape structural characteristics of the brakecaliper and the clamping机械专业中英文文献翻译requirements of the lathe fixture, the cylinder hole should be completed after a clamping of the lathe fixture in the whole processing. The flange needs the mounting hole of machine tool spindle and location hole of the fixture on both sides of the center as a middle ware connecting the machine tool spindle and the fixture. It is ensured that the axis of the processing cylinder hole of the caliper body which is located and clamped on the fixture and the machine spindle axis of[3]rotation need coincidence , as shown in Figure 2.The modeling process of other parts of the special fixture is not depicted in detail in this paper,please refer to Reference[4] . Then these parts are assembled into two components, up and down, as shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4. The whole fixture is divided into two components when it is being assembled. This can avoid the parts being missed or installed wrongly in the assembly process. In the component down, as thebenchmark of flange, the counter balance is fixed with bolts. The counter balance would be regulated in balance when the fixture is produced. In the component up, as the benchmark of the fixture, the locating plate is fixed with seven bolts. Then as the benchmark of the locating plate, the upper half part of two threaded studs are rotated into the locating plate, and the pressure plate is clamped on the threaded studs by bolts. In the fixture, the pressure plate is in direct contact with the work piece, so it is under great stress. Therefore, the material of 45Mn2 is selected, which needs treatment of quenching and tempering. Matching block need not to be fixed into the fixture during the initial assembly and the mass of matching block is determined by the result of motion simulation.Figure 1 Brake calipers Figure 2 FlangeFigure 3 Component down Figure 4 Component upAfter the assemblies of component up and component down are completed, they are combined in a new component unit, with the bolts and nuts, as shown in Figure 5 shows. Due to机械专业中英文文献翻译[5]adopting hierarchical assembly , it is rational in the practical production process and the parts management is easy, which can effectively shorten the design cycle.Figure 5 Component unit13 Balance analysis of the kinematics of the special lathe fixtureThe mass of each part needs to be determined before the process of kinematics simulation of the special lathe fixture. As is shown in Figure 6, the material and density of each part is defined by menu command [mechanism] / [quality attributes], as Table 1 shows, the volume and mass of part are calculated out by 3D design software. We select carbon steel as the material of other3standard parts such as the bolts and nuts, its density is 7.85g / cm. In the process of defining themass on Pro /E, unit conversion also needs attention.Figure 6 Dissection figure of the fixtureTable 1 Material and density of the main parts of fixture3Number Part name Material Density (g/cm)1 counter balance A3 7.852 flange HT200 7.23 fixture HT200 7.2机械专业中英文文献翻译4 matching block lead 11.375 locating 45 7.856 pressure plate 45Mn2 7.85Establishing component unite, and then, component unit1 would be assembled on the main shaft as the benchmark of machine spindle axis by the way of “connection-pin connection”, as isshown in Figure7. After entering a mechanic model, the gravity is set in a default value. In the column of “direction”, we set X: -1, other: 0. Added in a motor, its rotation rate is 360 r/min. Then a“run” is established with its settings, “dynamic type” and “opening gravity” in the column of“external load”. Till then, the kinematics simulation process can run. In order to reduce flutter of[6,7]the cylinder hole, the balance of a special fixture is taken as the key analysis in this paper .Theobjective of balance analysis is to make the holistic centroid ofthe fixture and the work piece in the machine spindle axis of rotation. Thus, we should determine the holistic centroid of the fixture and the work piece first. Then the distance between holistic and spindle axis can be obtained. The distance between the holistic and spindle axis should incline to zero as far as possible by adjustment of the mass of the matching block.The detailed locations of centroids in three directions of X, Y, Z can be obtained through the measuring function of Pro /E. Because of setting the machine spindle axis of rotation as the Z axis, the distance of the centroid relative to the centre rotation can be determined onlyin need of the maximum of the centroid at the direction of X or Y. The measurement results of fixture simulated motion without a matching block is shown in Figure 8. When the fixture turned about 90?, the maximum deviation distance of the centroid is – 22.08 mm in the direction of X. Only by doingthat can we know that the centroid is not on the axis; as a resultit does not meet the balance requirement.Figure 7 Component unite Figure 8 Position curve of centroid without matching blockIn order to meet the balance requirement a matching block need to be added to adjust the centroid, as shown in Figure 4. After adding the matching block, return to analyze and then re-measure. The result is that the centroid is still not on the axis, but the distance of the centroid机械专业中英文文献翻译relative to the axis is shortened. In the case of increasing the thickness of the matching block, the modification and measurement is executed again and again in the simulation process. Through a number of tests, an ideal distance of the centroid relative to the axis is obtained. The value is 1.5-710mm, as Figure 9 shows, so it can be considered that the centroid is on the axis, and the result ，satisfies the balance requirements.According to the simulation result with a matching block, a lead brick whose thickness is 305310mm, mass is 4.23 kg is casted in the specified groove of fixture to meet mm, volume is 3.72 ，the balance requirements.The comparison of measured data of run-out tolerance between the new design and the old design is shown in Table 2.Figure 9 Position curve of centroid with matching blockTable 2 Measured data of run-out toleranceMeasurement time New design Old design1 0.016mm 0.048mm2 0.017mm 0.050mm3 0..015mm 0.046mm4 0.018mm 0.047mm5 0.020mm 0.046mm4 ConclusionsAccording to the technological requirements of the cylinder of brake caliper in the processing, Pro /E is adopted in the development of 3D design, and the kinematics simulation research is done on the fixture combined with its mechanical simulation functions. The development process and verified data from 3D modeling and kinematics simulation for this special fixture show that 3D-designed process can conveniently forecast the assembly interference of the fixture and accurately add the mass of lead brick before the prototype is made. In this way we can eliminate the flutter caused by the unbalanced lathe fixture and improve the precision of run-out tolerance in the cylinder hole compared with the machine tool spindle, thus ensuring the processing quality of 机械专业中英文文献翻译the cylinder hole in the brake caliper.References[1] Zhu L Y, Li B, Pro /ENGINEER motion simulation and finite element analysis. Beijing: Posts& Telecom Press, 2004( In Chinese)[2] Ding JH, Wu G Q, Application of Pro /E software in product development. Machine Building& Automation, (7) : 17 ~ 18, 22, 2006 ( In Chinese)[3] Anon, Adhesives and automobiles. Assembly Headquarters, ( 1) :52~ 59, 2008 [4] Wan Z J, Luo X G, Automobile Oil-Pipe-Check-Tool Design Based on Pro /E Model. Automobile Technology & Material, ( 7) : 17 ~18, 22, 2006( In Chinese)[5] Qin G H, Zhang W H. Advanced design methods for machine tool fixture. Beijing: Aviation Industry Press, 2006( In Chinese) Brief BiographiesPAN Jin-kun is a lecturer in the School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology. His research interest is in mechanical design and theory.ZUO Wan-li is a postgraduate student in College of Mechanical and Power Engineering of Nanjing University of Technology. His research interest is in mechanical design and theory. LU Dong-sheng is a postgraduate student in College of Mechanical and Power Engineering of Nanjing University of Technology. His research interest is in mechanical design and theory.机械专业中英文文献翻译中文译文[1]基于三维设计的浮动式制动卡钳的车床夹具的研制122潘金坤，左万里，路东升1南京工程学院机械工程学院，南京 211167，中华人民共和国2南京工业大学机械与动力工程学院，南京210009，中华人民共和国摘要:根据制动卡钳在生产过程中的技术要求，本文研究的是一个基于三维设计的浮动式制动卡钳的专用夹具。

外文原文：Application and Development of Simulation Technologyin ManufacturingAbstractSimulation is a necessary aid for product development and manufacture. It can greatly reduce losses, save costs, shorten product development cycles and improve product quality. Since 1970s, Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT) has been studied and applied by institutes and enterprises all over the world as a strategy to adapt to global competition of manufacture. Application and development of AMT promotes the research and application of simulation technology in manufacturing. From the viewpoint of evolution, the application fields of simulation technology in manufacturing are obviously enlarged. Addition to conventional fields of manufacture (including production planning, machining, assembling and testing), simulation tools are developed in the fields of product design and development, supply chain, etc. And the most notable three trends of simulation application in manufacturing are: 1. Distributed, due to network technology; 2. Interactive, due to technology of graphics and sensory-motor;3. Integrated, such as VM, VPD, VFT, etc. According to different objects to be simulated, simulation in manufacturing can be classified as: 1. Product-oriented 2.Production-management-oriented; 3. Process-and-device-oriented; 4. Other. This paper will describe simulation in manufacturing from above aspects. And Virtual Reality (VR) and Virtual Manufacturing (VM) are introduced in the last section as prospect of simulation in manufacturing.Keywords：Application of simulation technology,Manufacturing1 The development course of manufacture technologyThe manufacturing industry (including the machinery category such as manufacturing, electronics manufacturing, nonmetal products manufacturing, ready-made clothes manufacturing as well as various mould material manufacturing etc) is the pillar industry of national economy, and his total output value generally occupies the 20%~55% of internal total output value of each country . The enterprise productive forces in each country are in forming, and the effect of manufacture technique generally occupies about 60% . So some experts think, the competition of each nation economy on the world chiefly is the competition of manufacture technique. This kindof competition is intense with each passing day, and each country government all attaches importance to research to the manufacturing industry very much to the constantly change of development as well as requirement of customer's at a high speed along with the economy technology and market environment . The advanced manufacture technique ( AMT: the manufacturing integration technology that in order to improve with T's ( developing period ) , Q's ( product quality ) , C's ( development cost ) , S's ( after-sale service ) and E ( pollution of the environment level ) give first place to to weigh the product of quota and product development course , the United States has put forward including system overall technology , management technology in the 80's ends and design , manufacture technology and equipment technology and big technology crowd of support technology five Advanced Manufacturing Technology ) the generally thought .As a result of the development of ten remaining years, now the content of five big technology crowds is arrived richly greatly, his concrete meaning as follows [ 12 ] :System overall technology crowd: Study the overall technology such as design, planning and integration etc like flexible manufacturing, computer integrated manufacturing, quick manufacturing and intellect manufacturing etc advanced manufacture techniquesTechnology crowd is managed: Study and makes the various technology of the production management of enterprise and organization and administration correlation, if computer-aided production control and thing material requirement plan /'s manufacturing resources plans / enterprise resources plans and the supply chain is managed and the completely quality management and the technology such as manufacturing, excellent production and enterprise management course reconfiguration etc punctually . Integration technology crowd is made in the design : Studies and product design , manufacturing and waiting entirely the various technology of course correlation until tests , if the parallel engineering and computer-aided design /'s computer-aided engineering /'s computer-aided and makes and draws up solid manufacturing , reliability design , intelligent optimization design and the quality merit can be disposed and the technology such as preservation and transportation , automatic control , checkout supervision as well as quality assurance etc are expected by digital control technology and thing . Manufacture technology and equipment technology crowd, The research reaches the various technology that the equipment is mutually related with the manufacture technology , process technology that the nothing cutting process technology reaching equipment ( casting , forging , welding and heat treatment etc ) if material production technology reaches equipment ( smelts and steel rolling etc ) and convention process technology and lacks reaches that the equipment and ultrahigh speed process technology at a high speed reaches the equipment and precisely super precise and the nanometer and equipment and special process technology and equips ( laser and electron beams etc )Technology crowd puts up : This technology crowd is the correlation technique that the advance was not gained in above technology crowd Lai Yi existence absolutely , if the standardization technology , computer technology , software engineering , data base technology , multi-medium technology , internet work communication technology , artificial intelligence and virtual reality technology , materials science and personnel educate and train and human engineering and environmental science etcCan conclude in the stage that the development course of above major manufacture technique that involves and his were applied in product life period to the picture 1 .The picture is in 1 , indulges spool represents age , the cross axle represents the life period of product , from the requirement in market forms begins , passes generally reads design ( appearance , characteristic , material , price and batch ) and initial ( overall ) design and detail ( the parts ) design , technological design , production planning formulation ( material is purchased ) and produces ( process’s , assembles and tests ) , arrives continuously the sale and safeguards , involves each department of enterpriseThe quality and production efficiency of product have been raised greatly by way of research and application to the advanced manufacture technique2 computers simulation develops and applying in the manufacturing industryThe general situationThe computer technique of simulation is as a new and developing high technology , and his methodology is built above the foundation of computer ability .Along with the development of computer technology, the technique of simulation also gets the rapid development, and his application domain and his effect is also more and more bigger . Particularly in aviation, aerospace and in national defense and the research and development course of other large-scale complex systems, computer simulation is continuously the tool that cannot lack , and has given play to hugely to act on aspect it is reducing losses , practices thrift the funds and shortens development period and raise the product quality etcDesigning to making so that in testing whole life period safeguarded from the product , the computer technique of simulation runs through from beginning to end ( the shadow part in the picture 1 represents the application of technique of simulation , and concludes further to the table 1 ) .See that is expanding to product design development and sale domain in the manufacturing domain ( production planning is laid down , processes , assembles and is tested ) from the tradition of the domain of technique of simulation application from the course developed .In a word, the application for computer simulation has provided the new stage to the development of advanced manufacture technique , and has also put forward the higher requirement , and the application of technique of simulation at present possesses following characteristic and trend : The application in whole product life period of 1 computer in table simulation1）The unprecedented enlargement of the application scope of technique of simulation.By studying the dynamics property the to make the object (product), kinematics property, process and assembly course of research product, enlarging to studying design and the operating making the system , the advance side by side one-step enlarges to the rear service supply , inventory control , organization of product development course and product test etc at the aspect of the object and the purpose of simulation , involves making each aspect of enterprise2）Combine distribution of simulation that brings with the network technology.Distribution of simulation is by the distribution decision of manufacturing.The generally thought itself such as quick manufacturing and invented enterprise etc has the person who cooperates a meaning in network implementation place far away from home bassetedon3）Each other combine with diagram and the sensor technology, and makes the interactivity of simulation strengthen greatly .Having formed draws up the solid manufacturing (VM: from this Virtual Manufacturing ) and the invented product development ( VPD: Virtual Product Development ) and the invented test ( VT: Virtual Test ) wait the new generally thought4）The Integra ionization of technique of simulation application.Namely the synthetically application technique of simulation, product development and the manufacturing environment that the formation can moveThe object of technique of simulation application is seen, and can be divided into 4 kinds with simulation applied in the manufacturing industry: Towards the simulation of productTowards the simulation with equipment of manufacture technologyTowards the simulation of production controlTowards the simulation of other link of enterprise.Will follow above four aspects in third part of this text, and introduce the concrete application in the manufacturing industry of computer simulation.What the virtual reality solidly with draws up was made generally reads except this , sum aggregate one-tenthizations trend that the concentration has embodied the distribution of technique of simulation application and each other , so simply introducing , as the forecast of the application of computer simulation in the manufacturing industry .3 The concrete application in the manufacturing industry of computer simulation3.1 towards the simulation of productSimulation towards the product chiefly includes the following aspect:1）The analysis of the static state of product and dynamic capability.The quieting of product chiefly indicates the mechanics property such as stress and intensity etc The dynamic characteristic of product is when chiefly indicating the product sports , the connection and colliding between the organization2）The manufacturability analysis (DFM) of product.The DFM includes that the technology is analyzed and is analyzed with economy.The technology is analyzed the production environment to ask reaching reality according to the product technology and is carried on the analysis to the manufacturability completelyThe economy is analyzed carrying on the cost analysis, and according to the feedback factors such as time and cost etc , the economy to part process is appraised .3）Assembly nature analysis ( DFA ) of product.Analysis of DFA's is loaded and is dismantled the possibility, collides that the interference tests , and draws up out the reasonable assembly process route , and interference after visual display assembly course and assembly are reached the designated position and colliding problem .The reference [ 16 ] has been described the assembly process planning construction of simulation model system and has been realized3.2 Towards the simulation with equipment of manufacture technologyChiefly indicate to the simulation and the simulation of robot processing the center process course towards the manufacture technology with simulation equipped.Process course simulation (MPS): By NC's code drive, is chiefly used to test NC's code , and the colliding interference that the factors such as clamp etc cause is loaded in the inspection .His concrete merit can include:1）The simulation is processed equipment and is processed the sports and the state in the process course of object2）Every one-step of process course simulation is equal to NC's code drive3）The part process courses possess three to be tied up the real time to move the drawing merit ability, and can issue the warning when the discovery is collidedThe reference [15] has been introduced the structure and key technology and the major algorithm of MPS's system in the parallel engineering of applicationThe simulation of robot Along with the rapid development of robot technology, the robot has also got the extensive application in making the system.But the complicated dynamic system of machine, electricity and liquid owing to the robot being one kind of synthesis’s only makes by way of computer simulation to come the dynamic characteristic of simulation system, ability the control algorithm of the reasonable sports scheme of organization and effective is announced, thus the problem in robot design , manufacturing as well as operating course of settlement .3.3 How many kind [13] of robot technique of simulation below roughly can being divided into:1）Apply open-minded research be dead against the robot in making the system, and makes in the system simulation problem of robot if the flexible is made the system or the computer is integrated 2）Operate the simulation study that the property of hand itself is in progress be dead against the robot , like kinematics simulation , dynamics simulation , orbit planning and colliding inspection etc the problem3）The robot off-line is compiled the research of range system , if using the sports scheme automatic switchover one-tenth robot control procedure of simulation formation satisfaction to go the drive controller action3.3 Towards the simulation of production controlThe basic function of production control is plan, dispatch and controls .As far as the application in the production control of technique of simulation , roughly there are following three aspects :1）Define the production control strategy2) Design and the dispatch of workshop layer are used3)Used the inventory controlThe application of above three aspects introductions technique of simulations will be followed to the next3.3.1 The application in the production control strategy of computer simulationThat the simulation of the production control strategy being used includes defines the concerned parameter as well as is used the comparison between the different control strategy’s.The fairly more common control strategy has1) MRP: This is one kind of control strategy of the type " pushing “, and by way of the demand forecasting, the synthesis is thought over that the production plant capacity , available capacity of raw material and the stock measures and lays down the production planning2) KANBAN's (seeing the board) : This is one kind of control strategy of " pulling " type , lays down the production planning according to the order , and namely punctual production spoken usually3) LOC: Towards the control strategy of load ability.Control the production process according to the stock standard4)DBR: Towards the control strategy of bottleneck.Control whole distance traveled by a stream of water according to the bottle neck link in the production processThe quota weighing that compares generally includes outcome and productivity etcNeeds definite parameter pack to draw together in per kind of control strategy: The batch is big or small and sees board quantity and stock standard etcProvide a simulation course who compares in the reference [ 8 ] as for the different control strategies3.3.2 The application in making the design in workshop of computer simulationGenerally can be divided into the design process of workshop two major stages, Preliminary design stage and detail design stage .The assignment of preliminary design stage is the requirement to study user, then defines the preliminary design scheme from this .The major assignment of detail design stage is on the foundation of preliminary design, and puts forward the detailed and complete description to each component cell of workshop , and making the design result can achieve to carry on the experiment and goes into operation the level making policy , processing system and workshop layout etc are expected to the concrete definite equipment , tool , clamping apparatus , tray and thing approaching .And but the technique of simulation is chiefly used evaluation and the selection of scheme.In preliminary design stage, can contain the economic performance parsing algorithm in the emulators , and move the simulation model built according to the preliminary design scheme , and give following evaluation information :Product type sum whether satisfied user of capacity who produces in the new workshop can ask :Whether or not the quality and precision of product can satisfy the requirementReasonably whether or not the efficiency and investment rate of recovery of new workshopIn detail design stage , the use technique of simulation can to candidate the following aspect of scheme makes the evaluation :Can the major equipment processed get the full utilization in the workshop when making themajor part?Whether or not the load is fairly more balancedWhether or not the thing material processing system can and the flexible level of workshop be adaptable each otherCan the requirement of production scheduling be satisfied in the entire layout of new workshop?But whether or not possess the fixed reconfiguration abilityWhether or not the product system in workshop can be kept the production capacity of fixed level when breaking downThe available design in the supplementary workshop product system of the software that some ripen has all been developed out in the home and abroad at present, like AUTOMOD/AUTOGRAM and IMMS that the Singh University develops etc [ 2 ] that the SIMAN/CINEMA and Auto Simulation corporation that the GCMS and System Modeling corporation that the PURDUE university develops .3.3.3 The application in making the operating in workshop of computer simulationThe scheduling problem among the FMS can the definition be the production resources that distribution and coordination can gain, if processing the machine and leads voluntarily transportation tool (AGV), robot as well as time worked overtime etc, in order to satisfy the objective appointed .These objectives can be satisfied delivery date and outcome achieve fully, and the utilization ratio of machine achieves highly , or the combination of mentioned above objective .The scheduling process among the FMS includes:Select the work piece of FMSProcess and select process route for the work pieceSelect the work processed gone at the machine gone forwardThe rule is sent in the selection for AGVMajor above aspect degree of the exchanging problem of emulation mode is analyzed and is appraisedThere are some the person who ripens available settlement scheduling problems of software at present, if Autosched, JobTimePlus, FACTOR, FACTOR/AIM, SIMNETDs etc. That our country has also developed is used the workshop to dispatch the simulation software of layer , if : Environment FASE, as well as the intelligent rule dispatching system developed on this foundation etc [ 3 ] is dispatched in the factory simulation of the Singh University and the Ministry of Aerospace Industry 204 unit waiting development to Job Shop’s dispatch simulation software of NanKai University development .3.3.4 The application in the inventory control of computer simulationStock the sub system taking to stress the effect wanted in the whole product system.Divide according to stocking the effect of material in the production line, and can be divided into online storehouse and center storehouse.According to stocking the material quality branch, can be divided into that raw material andoutside purchases the warehouse and in products warehouse, stock and maintenance spare parts and tool warehouseThe purpose of inventory control depends on, and makes the stock invest lastly, and just will satisfy the requirement producing and selling .Simulation as for the inventory control includes:1) Defining orders goods the tactics2)Order and order batch are defined3) Define the distribution of storehouse4) Define the safety stock standardThe reference [ 9 ] has been described the model building and the simulation of the pass the steps , distribution and inventory control system of trends中文译文：仿真技术在制造业中的应用与发展摘要在制造企业产品设计和制造的过程中，计算机仿真一直是不可缺少的工具，它在减少损失、节约经费、缩短开发周期、提高产品质量等方面发挥了巨大作用。

超声波加工中英文对照外文翻译文献超声波加工中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)超声波加工综述摘要超声波加工适合切削不导电、脆性材料，例如工程陶瓷。

与其他非传统加工，如激光束、电火花加工等不同，超声波加工不会导致工件表面热损伤或显著的残余应力，这对脆性材料尤其重要。

超声波加工的基本原理，包括材料去除原理，各类操作参数对材料切除率、刀具磨损、工件精确度要求都有叙述，并着重表述了在加工工程陶瓷上的应用，制造复杂的三维立体陶瓷的问题也在叙述当中。

1 概述超声波加工及其应用超声波加工是一种非传统机械切削技术，通常与低材料去除率有关，它并不被加工材料的导电率和化学特性所限制，它用于加工金属和非金属材料，非常适合于脆性大，硬度高于40HRC[6–12]的材料，比如无机玻璃、硅片、镍、钛合金等等 [13–24]，有了它，76um 的小孔也能加工，但是被加工的孔深度与直径之比限制在 3 比 1 之内 [8, 12]。

超声波加工的历史可以追溯到 1927 年，R. W. Wood 和 A. L. Loomis 发表的论文，1945年。

有关于超声波的第一项专利给了 L. Balamuth，现在超声波加工已经分化很多领域，超声波钻削、超声波切削、超声波尺寸加工、超声波研磨技术和悬浮液钻孔法，然而，在 20世纪 50 年代初只普遍知道超声波冲磨或 USM[8,25, 28, 30, 31]。

在超声波加工中，高频率的电能通过换能器/增幅器被转变为机械振动，之后通过一个能量集中装置被传送出去, 例如变幅杆/刀具组件[1, 17, 18, 30, 32]。

这导致刀具沿着其纵向轴线以振幅 0-50μm 高频率振动（通常≥20KHz）[16, 33, 34]，典型额定功率范围从50～3000W[35]不等，在某些机器上可以达到 4kw。

一个受控静负载被施加于刀具和磨料悬浮液（由研磨材料的混合物组成、例如碳化硅，碳化硼等等，悬浮在水或油中）被泵传送到切削区域，刀具的振动导致磨料颗粒悬浮在刀具和工件表面间，通过微型片冲击工件表面从而去除材料[19]。

外文原文Differential shell process and boring tooling design The motor car engine power transmission shaft and the clutch, and finally to drive around again assigned half shaft drive wheels, in this article, the drive power transmission way, it is the final assembly of the main parts is reducer and differential. Gear reducer is increased, the function of torque and completely on gear meshing gears, between are easy to understand. But more difficult to understand differential, what, why "differential differential"?The car is driven car differential main parts. It is in the power of both half shaft transmission shaft, allowing both half with different speed spinning wheels, satisfy both pure rolling form as possible, reducing equi-distant not tire and ground friction.Spider diagramObject graph theory differentialfunctionalAt the turn of the car wheel track line, if the car is circular arc, turn left at the center, and at the same time, the wheels went arc length, the wheels than to balance the difference, left, and right wheel wheels slowlySlip differentialFaster, with different speed up the distance.If you make a whole after wheel, can accomplish on both sides of the wheel speed difference, is also does not have an automatic adjustment. In order to solve this problem, a hundred years ago, France Renault automotive company founderluis Renault will design a differential this thing.Slip differentialconstituteOrdinary differential planetary wheel planetary gear, by plane (d ifferential shell), half axle gear parts etc. The power of the engine into the differential transmissionStructurePlanetary wheel frame, driven directly by the planets wheel driv e, right and left two half shaft, wheel drive left and right. Meet the design requirements of differential (left) and the shaft speed (right) = 2 (axial rotational speed) planet round frame. When the car goe s, left, right wheel and planetary wheel frame of equal speed, and in a state of equilibrium in the balance among car when turning ro und to destruction, reduce the speed, the wheel speed increase.StructurePrincipleThis adjustment is automatic differential here, involves "minimal energyconsumption principle", namely earth all objects are tend to minimum energy. Such a grain of beans in a bowl, beans will automatically stays in the bowl bottom and never stay in the bowl wall, because the bowl bottom is the lowest energy (potential), it automatically select static (minimum) without energy. In the same way,A 3d effectWheel in turning also will be the lowest power consumption tendency, automatically adjusted according to turn radius of the wheel speed around.When turning wheel, because the pull of the phenomenon, the medial wheel slip phenomenon, two driving wheel at will produce two opposite direction of additional force, due to the "principle of minimal energy consumption, will inevitably lead to the wheel speed different sides, thus destroyed the balance between three and half shaft are reflected by the half axle gear planetary gears, forced to produce the half shaft rotation speed, speed, the medial axis speed slow speed, so as to realize the difference on both sides wheels.If the drive wheels on both sides of the drive shaft with a whole rigid connection, only two wheels at the same Angle rotation. So, when the steering wheel, due to the lateral than inside the distance moved across the wheels, will make the scroll wheel on the slide, and drag on the scroll wheel inside the slip. Even the car run straight road gravamen, because although flat tire surface or rolling radius (but ranging from manufacturing error, wear different tyres, ranging from uneven pressure or carrying of sliding wheel) and cause.When the wheel sliding tire wear, not only aggravate increased power and fuel consumption, still can make steering difficulties, braking performance deterio rated. As for the wheels, and does not occur in structure sliding must ensure each wheel at different angles can rotate.Axis between differential driven wheels usually use bearing spindle support in the, can at any Angle rotation, and drive wheels with two and half shaft rigid connection, between two and half shaft with differential. The differential and called shaft between differential.Many of the drive shaft, and to make each off-road vehicle drive to different velocity rotating, in order to eliminate the bridge of the drive wheels, some in two axles sliding between between shaft with differential.Differential inspection1 differential shell doesn't have any properties of crack, shell and planetary gear differential half shaft washer, contact between gear, should be smooth without groove, If there is a slight groove or wear, can continue to use after grinding, or should be replaced or be repaired.2 the planetary gear differential shell and planetary gear wheel when the fitting clearance shall not greater than 0.1-0.15 mm, half axle gear shaft neck and shell hole for clearance, with no obvious loose labels should be replaced or feeling, or repair.Shell's processing technologyThe processing quality not only affects shell, the assembly precision and accuracy, but also affects the movement of the machine working accuracy, performance and life.There are many kinds of shell structure, its size and form with the structure of the machine and the shell in machine has the different function. But they rema in on the analysis from the craft had a lot in common and its structure features are:(1) appearance is basically composed of six or five plane again into the closed-end polyhedron, integral and combined two,(2) structure shape is more complex. Inside the cavity is often, some places "partition wall, shell and uneven thickness thin.(3) shell walls are usually decorate have parallel hole or vertical hole,(4) on the shell, main processing is the number of plane, in addition to many higher accuracy and precision of supporting bearing with less demanding tighten pore.Shell parts technical requirements:(1) bearing support size precision and accuracy, surface roughness, requirements,(2) position precision including hole axis of the distance between the dimension precision, the same axis parallel degree in each hole, and KongDuan facing the coaxial tolerance of vertical axis holes; etc.(3) to meet the needs and positioning of the shell processing machine assembly request, shell and assembly of shell with the datum plane positioning due and certain degree, and the surface roughness requirements, The bearing hole and assembling a certain distance between datum due to the accuracy requirement of the size.中文译文差速器壳体工艺及工装设计汽车发动机的动力经离合器、变速器、传动轴，最后传送到驱动桥再左右分配给半轴驱动车轮，在这条动力传送途径上，驱动桥是最后一个总成，它的主要部件是减速器和差速器。

本科毕业设计说明书减速器箱体机械加工工艺和专用工艺设备设计及三维仿真THE DESIGN OF REDUCTION CASE MACHINING PROCESS AND SPECIAL PROCESS EQUIPMENTAND 3D SIMULATION减速箱体机械加工工艺和专用工艺设备设计及三维仿真摘要箱体零件是机器及部件的基础件，它将机器及部件中的轴、轴承和齿轮等零件按一定的相互位置关系装配成一个整体，并按预定传动关系协调其运动。

箱体的装配基准面与加工中的定位基准面应有一定的平面度和表面粗糙度要求；各支承孔与装配基准面之间应有一定距离尺寸精度的要求。

铣削是采用被称为铣刀的多刃旋转刀具完成的机加工作业。

在此工艺中，金属去除是通过铣刀的旋转运动和工件的直线运动的组合实现的。

由于同一时间只有部分切削刃切削工件，因此可以在对刀具寿命没有不利影响的情况下承担重型切削。

事实上，铣削允许的切削速度和进给比车削或钻削高三到四倍。

此外，由铣削加工的表面质量通常优于车削、刨削或钻削加工的表面质量。

工业上可采用的铣刀类型众多。

连同铣床是极通用机床的事实，使得铣床成为机加工车间的支柱。

关键词：箱体，铣削, 铣刀THE DESIGN OF REDUCTION CASE MACHINING PROCESS AND SPECIAL PROCESS EQUIPMENTAND 3D SIMULATIONABSTRACTThat the box experiences and observes a part is a machine and the component basis document , it assembles parts such as axis , axle bearing and gear wheel in machine and component according to certain mutual location relation ready-made a overall , the person moves and according to the harmonious relations fixing drive in advance. Assembling base level and the base level fixing position in processing of the box body should have the certain flat surface degree and surface harshness request; Every holds a hole and assembles the request should have certain distance dimension accuracy between base level.Milling is a machining process that is carried out by means of a multi-edge rotating tool known as a milling cutter. In this process, metal removal is achieved through combining the rotary motion of the milling cutter and linear motions of the workpiece simultaneously. Since only a few of the cutting edges are engaged with the workpiece at a time, heavy cuts can be taken without adversely affecting the tool life. In fact, the permissible cutting speeds and feeds for milling are three to four times higher than those for turning or drilling. Moreover, the quality of the surfaces machined by milling is generally superior to the quality of surfaces machined by turning, shaping, or drilling. A wide variety of milling cutters is available in industry. This, together with the fact that a milling machine is a very versatile machine tool, makes the milling machine the backbone of a machining workshop.KEYWARDS：box body, milling , milling cutter序言箱体零件是机器或部件的基础零件,它把有关零件联结成一个整体,使这些零件保持正确的相对位置,彼此能协调地工作.因此,箱体零件的制造精度将直接影响机器或部件的装配质量,进而影响机器的使用性能和寿命.因而箱体一般具有较高的技术要求.由于机器的结构特点和箱体在机器中的不同功用,箱体零件具有多种不同的结构型式,其共同特点是:结构形状复杂,箱壁薄而不均匀,内部呈腔型;有若干精度要求较高的平面和孔系,还有较多的紧固螺纹孔等.箱体零件的毛坯通常采用铸铁件.因为灰铸铁具有较好的耐磨性,减震性以及良好的铸造性能和切削性能,价格也比较便宜.有时为了减轻重量,用有色金属合金铸造箱体毛坯(如航空发动机上的箱体等).在单件小批生产中,为了缩短生产周期有时也采用焊接毛坯.毛坯的铸造方法,取决于生产类型和毛坯尺寸.在单件小批生产中,多采用木模手工造型;在大批量生产中广泛采用金属模机器造型,毛坯的精度较高.箱体上大于30—50mm的孔,一般都铸造出顶孔,以减少加工余量.在生产过程中，使生产对象（原材料，毛坯，零件或总成等）的质和量的状态发生直接变化的过程叫工艺过程，如毛坯制造，机械加工，热处理，装配等都称之为工艺过程。

[摘要] 针对我国航空制造业当前装配工艺规划与设计的现状，开展了基于DELMIA进行飞机三维装配工艺设计与仿真方法的研究，对三维装配工艺设计与仿真的关键技术进行了重点分析，包括三维工艺组件划分、装配生产线布局规划、基于知识的装配工艺规划，以及装配仿真中的装配干涉检查、人机工效仿真，并通过某型飞机机翼装配对三维工艺设计与仿真进行了应用验证。

关键词：飞机制造　装配工艺设计　装配仿真　DELMIA　三维[ABSTRACT] The situation of assembly process design and layout in aircraft manufacturing department of our country are analyzed, proposes the method and work-flow for aircraft 3D virtual assembly process design and simulation based on DELMIA are proposed, the relational functions of this software with the contents of 3D virtual assembly are combined, the key technologies are analyzed in detail, including process-oriented component partition and assembly line layout through 3D model, assembly process design based on former knowledge, and the in-terference check and ergonomics analysis in assembly simulations. Finally the verifi cation of application in some aircraft wing virtual assembly is introduced.Keywords: Aircraft manufacturing Assembly process design Assembly simulation 3D随着数字化技术在我国航空制造业中的应用不断深入，飞机研制已经从三维数字化设计、数字化预装配向基于模型定义技术（Model Based Definition，MBD）迈进，已基本取消二维图，并且在部分航空企业已经实现了全机三维标注；同时自动化装配生产线、柔性工装、自动钻铆机、装配机器人、激光跟踪仪等先进设备的引入，也使产品制造、装配向数字化方向逐渐完善。

本科毕业设计论文题目飞机减速系统壳体类零件三维设计与加工仿真毕业任务书一、题目飞机减速系统壳体类零件三维设计与加工仿真二、指导思想和目的要求毕业设计（论文）是培养学生自学能力、综合应用能力、独立工作能力的重要教学实践环节。

在毕业设计中，学生应独立承担一部分比较完整的工程技术设计任务。

要求学生发挥主观能动性，积极性和创造性，在毕业设计中着重培养独立工作能力和分析解决问题的能力，严谨踏实的工作作风，理论联系实际，以严谨认真的科学态度，进行有创造性的工作，认真、按时完成任务。

三、主要技术指标1、pdf零件图一张；2、三维实体模型一个；3、实体加工仿真NC程序一个；4、加工仿真验证结果；5、设计说明书一份；四、进度和要求1、查阅和翻译相关机械专业英语文献（1周）2、认真分析图纸，把握零件结构。

（2周）3、用UG绘制零件图形，完成三维造型（3-5周）4、查阅有关仿真加工资料，设计出仿真加工的方式方法（6-7周）5、完成仿真加工及验证（8-12周）6、撰写毕业论文（13-14周）7、论文打印及答辩（15-16周）五、主要参考书及参考资料[1]、詹熙达,catiav5r20快速入门教程. 机械工业出版社2011[2]、网络教程（）CATIA编程入门视频教程[3]、马兰，机械制图，机械工业出版社，2008[4]、施平., 机械工程专业英语教程. 第二版. 2008[5]、吴宗泽，罗圣国.机械设计课程设计手册，第3版2006[6]、王素玉, 高速切削加工表面质量的研究.山东大学博士论文，2006[7]、宋爱平，CAD/CAM技术综合实训指导书，机械工业出版社，2012摘要近年来，随着数控技术与仿真技术的发展，在现代制造工业中，性能良好的加工中心设备和数控仿真技术使许多零件的加工更为方便，使得产品质量和加工效率都有所近年来，随着数控技术与仿真技术的发展，在现代制造工业中，性能良好提高。

利用这些设备如何能高效地加工出更为优质的零件，已成为企业关心的问题。

Ultrasonically assisted turning of aviation materials :simulations andexperimental studyV.I.Babitsky,A.V.Mitrofanov V.V.Silberschmidt,AbstractUltrasonically assisted turning of modern aviation materials is conducted with ultrasonic vibration(frequency f=20KHz amplitude a =15μm ) superimposed on the cutting tool movement.An autoresonant control system is used to maintain the stable nonlinear resonant mode of vibration through out the cutting process. Experimental comparison of roughness and roundness for workpieces machined conventionally and with the superimposed ultrasonic vibration, results of high-speed filming of the turning process and nanoindentation analyses of the microstructure of the machined material are presented.The suggested finite-element model provides numerical comparison between conventional and ultrasonic turning of Inconel 718 in terms of stress/strain state,cutting forces and contact conditions at the workpiece/ tool interface.KEYWORDS:Ultrasonic,machining,Turning,Finite element modelling,Microstructure航空材料超声辅助车削的仿真与实验研究莱斯特，拉夫堡大学机械工程专业摘要超声辅助切削现代航空材料，即把f=20KHz，a=15μm的振动加载在切削刀具的运动上。

减速器论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献What is a Gearbox?A XXX.1.The n of a Gearbox1) The gearbox ces the speed while increasing the output torque。

The torque output。

is the motor output multiplied by the n。

but it should not exceed the XXX.2) The gearbox also ces the inertia of the load。

which decreases by the square of the n。

Most motors have an inertia value that can be XXX.2.Types of GearboxesCommon gearboxes include bevel gear cers (including parallel-axis bevel gear cers。

worm gear cers。

and cone gear cers)。

ary gear cers。

cycloid cers。

worm gear cers。

XXX.mon Gearboxes1) The main feature of the worm gear cer is its reverse self-locking n。

which can achieve a large n。

The input and output shafts are not on the same axis or in the same plane。

However。

it generally has a large volume。

low n efficiency。

and low n.2) XXX and power。

It has a small size and high n。