不作为犯罪论文：论不作为犯罪的因果关系
【中文摘要】不作为与危害结果之间的因果关系问题,一直都是刑法因果关系研究中争议的热点问题。不作为是行为人对其所负有的某种特定的法律义务的不履行,正是由于其能够履行而不履行的消极不作为,最终导致了本来可以避免的危害结果的出现。以不作为的方式构成的犯罪被称为不作为犯罪,其一般外在表现为消极的不作为,对可能发生的危害结果的故意或者漠视。不作为犯罪同时又可以分为纯正不作为犯罪与不纯正不作为犯罪。通常认为,行为人以不作为的方式构成的刑法分则条文明确规定以不作为方式构成的犯罪是纯正不作为犯,也有学者称之为真正不作为犯。行为人以不作为的方式构成刑法分则条文明确规定以作为方式构成的犯罪,客观上又同时导致法定实害结果的发生或者法定的具体危险的出现的是不纯正不作为犯,也叫不真正不作为犯。刑法因果关系不是行为人承担责任的必然条件,但却是行为人承担刑事责任的客观基础,对于不作为犯罪因果关系来说,同样是不作为犯罪人承担刑事责任的客观基础,因而不作为犯罪因果关系的认定对于追究不作为犯罪有重要的现实意义。关于不作为犯罪的行为性、不作为犯罪的义务来源以及不作为犯罪的因果关系,在刑法学说史上曾经有过很长一段时间的争论,时至今日仍然不能得出令人信服的权威性结论。本文尝试从以下几个部分对不作为犯罪的因果关系的问题作一探讨。第一部分,笔者对不作为犯罪因果关系的相关学说分国外和国内两部分进行了详细的论述和归纳,从理
论学说上为深入研究和把握不作为犯罪的因果关系做了充足的准备。对国外不作为犯罪因果关系的学说按对不作为犯罪因果关系的承认
与否分为肯定说和否定说两大派,其中肯定说中根据对不作为犯罪因果关系的论证方法的不同又分为他行行为说、先行行为说、干涉说、作为义务违反说、防止可能性说、他因利用说、保证人说。国内不作为犯罪因果关系学说大体上也是分为积极说和消极说两种观点。其中积极说中根据对不作为犯罪的原因力解释的不同又分为作为义务违
反说、防果可能说、转辙说；消极说中根据具体的论证理由的不同,也分为拟制说和条件说两种学说。第二部分,笔者详细论述了不作为犯罪因果关系区别于作为犯罪因果关系的特点。不作为犯罪的因果关系与作为犯罪的因果关系都具有因果关系的顺序性、多样性及客观存在性的等特征,但同时不作为犯罪因果关系在原因、原因力、内部结构等方面都不同于作为犯罪因果关系而具有自身的特殊性。第三部分,从原理性层面上对不作为犯罪因果关系进行分析和探讨,并对不作为犯罪因果关系的认定和判断进行了详细的论述。不作为犯罪因果关系的起果性原理和防果破坏性原理已为大多数学者所承认,对原理的探讨和分析有助于不作为犯罪因果关系的理解和现实中的具体认定。对于不作为犯罪因果关系的认定,笔者认为应该区分纯正不作为犯罪和不纯正不作为犯罪,对纯正不作为犯罪因果关系的认定应采用作为义务违反说加期待说；对不纯正不作为犯罪因果关系的认定应采用干涉说加期待说。第四部分,通过以上三部分对不作为犯罪因果关系的论述,结合现实中最具有争议的不作为行为——见危不救,并对其区分
不同类型以具体分析其各自的不作为因果关系,见危不救的不作为与
危害结果之间具有因果关系的,该见危不救就构成不纯正不作为犯
罪；反之,则不承担刑事责任。
【英文摘要】As a causal relationship between the nonfeasance and the harmful results which caused by the nonfeasance, it has always been a hot issue in the dispute of the causal relationship research of the criminal law. Generally, the nonfeasance is refers to the harmful behavior that the people who do not act a particular act which we called the legal obligation he can do. The nonfeasance crime is also a crime which acts by a nonfeasance manner, external performance for a negative nonfeasance on the dangerous consequences that may result from intentional or ignored. At the same time, the nonfeasance crime can be divided into pure nonfeasance crime and impure nonfeasance crime. Generally accepted that a crime which the criminal law provisions clearly defined constituted by nonfeasance, the perpetrator is actually implement it by nonfeasance, and thus constitutes a crime is a pure nonfeasance crime, some scholars call it a real nonfeasance crime. If a crime that the provisions of criminal law clearly defined constituted by feasance, and the perpetrator is actually implement it by nonfeasance, and the statutory objective at the
same time result in real harm occurred or the results of the specific risk of the emergence of the statutory and therefore constitute a crime, is impure nonfeasance crime, also known as non-genuine nonfeasance crime.Criminal causal relationship is not the inevitable condition that make the perpetrator to undertake, but it is the objective basis for the perpetrator to undertake the criminal responsibility, for the causal relationship of the nonfeasance crime, it’s also the objective basis for the perpetrator to undertake the criminal responsibility, and therefore the cognition of the causal relationship of the nonfeasance crime has important practical significance in the investigation of the nonfeasance crime. There had been a long time debate in the history about the nonfeasance crime of the nonfeasance crime’s behavioral, obligations which according to and the causal relationship, and today still cannot conclude that convincing definitive conclusions. This paper attempts the following sections of the causal relationship of the nonfeasance crime problem for a study. The first part, the author divided the relevant theories of the causal relationship of the nonfeasance crime into two parts of foreign and domestic and summarized in detail, from the theories for the in-depth study and grasp the causal
relationship of the nonfeasance crime to do plenty of preparation. For the foreign theories of causal relationship of the nonfeasance crime, according to the nonfeasance crime causal relationship is recognized or not, were divided into positive and negative, among the two factions, the positive theory is divided into different methods based on proof of causation, including He did behavior theory, First behavior theory, Interference theory, Violation of doctrine, Prevent possibility doctrine, Use of the other, surety theory and etc. domestic relevant theory of nonfeasance crime causal relationship is also divided into positive and negative. Among the two, the positive theories are divided into three theories according to the different explain on reason force of the nonfeasance crime causal relationship, including Violation of doctrine, Prevent possibility doctrine, Turning point theory and etc; the negative theories are divided into theories depending on the argument that the reason for the difference of the nonfeasance crime causal relationship, that is also divided into fiction and condition that the two theories.The second part, the author discusses difference of the nonfeasance crime causal relationship and feasance crime causal relationship in detail. The nonfeasance crime causal