TPO51托福综合写作真题阅读与听力材料及参考范文【雷哥托福】

?小编给考生们带来了托福TPO51口语文本+题目及下载，希望大家多做题，多积累、多研究，有针对性的规划考试。

TPO51口语阅读文本+听力+题目+范文下载Task1A friend of yours is going to have an important job interview and has askedfor your advice. What do you think your friend should do in order to have asuccessful job interview? Explain why.索取“范文”，请加sunny老师微信(shnc2014)，发送暗号“TPO51”Task2Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Eighteen-year-oldsare not mature enough to vote. Use specific examples and details to support youropinion.索取“范文”，请加sunny老师微信(shnc2014)，发送暗号“TPO51”Task3阅读文本University Should Build a Parking Lot for the Humanities BuildingI think the university should consider building a parking lot near thehumanities building. Right now there's only street parking available, and itisn't enough. Whenever I look for a spot to park in the street near thehumanities building, I can't find one. A parking lot for the humanities buildingwould solve that problem. Also, there's a wooded area behind the building thatwould make an ideal location for the parking lot. The university could justclear away the trees and build a lot - the space is already there for it.Sincerely,Joe SimmonsQuestion：The woman expresses her opinion about the letter-writer's proposal. Briefly summarize the proposal. Then state her opinion about the proposal and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.索取“阅读+范文”，请加sunny老师微信(shnc2014)，发送暗号“TPO51”Task4阅读文本Image AdvertisingWhen companies advertise a product, they depend on the use of images aswell as words to achieve their goal of increasing sales. An image can be a symbol, character, or design - any visual figure or representation that will link the company with their product in the consumer's mind. Typically the image is a positive, entertaining one that consumers enjoy so much that it makes them want to buy the product in the future. The image also tends to be easy to remember even though it is usually something not normally or logically associated with the product.问题：Using the example from the lecture, explain the use of image advertising to sell products.索取“阅读+范文”，请加sunny老师微信(shnc2014)，发送暗号“TPO51”Task5Question：Briefly summarize the problem the speakers are discussing. Then state which。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO50综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO50综合写作阅读原文文本： Scientists are considering the possibility of sending humans to Mars in the coming decades. Although there have been successful manned missions to the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s, Mars is 150 times further away from Earth than the Moon is. Thus the project of sending humans to Mars would require solving an array of problems the Moon missions did not have to face. One problem is that a round-trip to Mars and back is likely to take at least two years. The trip to the Moon lasted only a few days, and it was easy to bring enough supplies of food, water, and oxygen; but the cargo capacity of space vehicles is too limited to put on board the food, water, and oxygen required by a crew for a period of two years. Without those essentials, though, a Mars mission is impossible. A second problem is that astronauts on the Mars mission would be in the zero-gravity environment of space for many months at a time. Spending a long time in the zero-gravity environment has negative effects on the human body, such as decreased muscle mass and lower bone density. Over the course of a two-year mission, the effects would be so severe, they would make it impossible for humans to make the trip without experiencing grave medical problems. Finally, astronauts on a mission to Mars would be exposed to dangerous levels of space radiation, much of which comes in the form of charged particles emitted by the Sun. Earth's magnetic field, which normally protects us from dangerous solar radiation, would not be able to protect a spaceship traveling in interplanetary space. Constructing a shield that would protect the whole spaceship from space radiation is at present impossible because it would add too much weight to the ship. 托福TPO50综合写作听力原文文本： A trip to mars would definitely be challenging but scientists have proposed solutions to the problems the reading selection discusses. First of all, food, water and oxygen. Well astronauts can use hydroponics. Hydroponics is a technique for growing plants with their roots in water rather than in soil. It requires relatively little space. Using hydroponics, the astronauts should be able to cultivate food crops in the spacecraft. In addition, the hydroponic will grow plants with recycle waste water and release it as clean water vapor, which can be collected as drinking water. And of course, all plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. So thanks to hydroponics the astronauts will also have fresh air to breathe. Second, the effects of zero gravity. Over the last few decades, we have launched several space stations orbiting the earth. And a number of astronauts have spent many months on them in a zero gravity environment. These astronauts have learned to useseveral techniques to safely manage the effects of zero gravity. For example, regular exercise prevents the decrease in muscle mass. Likewise, taking vitamins and minerals like calcium slows down the decrease in astronauts’ bone density. Third, solar radiation. Astronauts traveling to Mars will be exposed to some solar radiation but this radiation will not be at dangerous levels all the time. The sun only releases dangerous amounts of radiation occasionally, during periods when it is particularly active. In order to avoid this threat, the spacecraft could be equipped with special instruments that monitor solar radiation and with a small shelter that shield against radiation but doesn’t add much weight to the ship. Most of the time, the astronauts will go about their normal business in unshielded areas of the spacecraft. But when their instruments detect increased radiation, they could stay in the small shielded area until the danger has passed. 托福TPO50综合写作满分范文： Both the reading and listening are arguing over a question whether it is possible to send human being to Mars. The reading lists out three problems to a successful carrying out. However, the listening offers three solutions to these questions. First, the reading raises the question that it takes too long to send people to Mars, approximately two years and no spacecraft could take that many loads of food, water and life essentials. Instead, the listening says this is not a real problem since the astronauts could use hydroponics to grow crop plants in water and food will not be an obstacle. Also, they could grow plants with recycle waste water and reuse it as clean water vapor, which could be drunk. Plus, since all plants do photosynthesis, the astronauts could breathe fresh air released by them. Second, the reading asserts that living in a zero-gravity environment would exert a negative effect on one’s health. Nevertheless, the professor says that the astronauts have learned to use several techniques to make up for the health issue. They will do regular exercise to prevent muscle mass from decreasing and take vitamins and minerals to slow down problem with their bone density. In another word, they’ve figured out how to cope with the potential health problem. Third, the reading claims that radiation emitted by the sun would be dangerous to astronauts. This time professor subtly rejects by pointing out that a third solution has come out. The spaceship would be equipped with a special instrument to monitor the radiation. What’s more, the device could also shield against the radiation. When astronauts meet the period of a large amount of radiation, they could hide behind the shielded areas and come out when the danger has passed. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO50综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

托福TPO5套听力真题（文本）小马过河为大家准备了“托福TPO5套听力真题（文本）”，供各位备考托福的考生们参考使用，来提高自己的托福成绩！免费咨询电话：400-0123-267。

TPO-5TPO 05 – Listening PartConversationNarratorListen to a conversation between a student and a counselor at the University Counseling Center.StudentHi, thanks for seeing mein such short notice.CounselorNo problem. How can Ihelp?StudentWell, Ithink I might have made a mistake coming to the school.CounselorWhat makesyou say that?StudentI’m a little overwhelmed bythe size ofthis place. I comefrom a small town. Therewere only 75 of us in myhigh school graduating class. Everyone knew everyone.We all grew up together.CounselorSo it’s a bit of a culture shock for you? Being one of15,000 studentson a bigcampus in an unfamiliar city?StudentThat’s an understatement. Ijust can’t getcomfortable in class or in the dorms. You know, socially.CounselorUm…well,let’s startwith theacademics. Tellme about you classes.StudentI’m taking mostly introductorycourses and some are taught in these huge lecturehalls.CounselorAnd you are having trouble in keeping pace with the material?StudentNo, in fact I got an A on my first economics paper.It’s just that,it’s so impersonal, I’m not used to it.CounselorAre your classes impersonal?StudentNo, it’s just that…for example, in sociology yesterday,the professor asked a question, so I raised my hand, several of us raised our hands. And Ikept my hand up because Idid the reading and knew theanswer.But the professor just answered his own question and continued with the lecture.CounselorWell, in a big room it’s possible he didn’tnotice you. Maybe he was starting to save time.In eithercase Iwouldn’t takeit personally.StudentI suppose. ButI just don’t know how to,you know,distinguish myself.CounselorWhy not stop by his office during office hours?StudentThat wouldn’tseem right. You know, taking time from other studentswho needhelp?CounselorDon’t say that. That’s what office hours are for. Thereis no reason you couldn’t pop in to say hi and tomake yourself known. Ifyou are learning a lot in class,let theprofessor know. Wouldn’t you appreciate positive feedbackif you werea professor?StudentYou are right. That’s a good idea.CounselorOK, er…let’s turn toyour social life. How’s it going in thedorms?StudentI don’t have much in common with myroommate or anyone else I’ve met so far.Everyone’s into sports and I’m m ore artsy,you know,into music. I play thecello. CounselorHah, have you been playing long?StudentSince age ten. It’s a big part ofmy life. Athome I was the youngest memberofour community orchestra.CounselorYou are not going tobelieve this. Thereis a string quarteton campus, all students. And it so happened that the cellist graduated last year.They’ve been searching high and low for a replacement,someone with experience. Wouldyou be interested in auditioning?StudentAbsolutely.I wanted toget myacademic worksettled beforepursuing mymusic here.But Ithink this would be a good thing for me. Iguess if I reallywant to fit in hereI should find people who love music as much as I do. Thank you. CounselorMypleasure.LectureNarratorListen to part ofa lecturein a sociology class.Professor:Have you everheard theone about alligatorsliving in New York sewers?Thestorygoes like this: a family went on vacation in Florida and bought a couple of baby alligatorsas presentsfor theirchildren, then returned from vacation toNew York, bringing the alligators home with themas pets. But thealligatorswould escape and find their wayinto the New Yorksewer system where they startedreproducing, grew to huge sizesand now strike fear into sewer workers.Have you heard this story? Well,it isn’ttrue and it never happened. Butdespite that, thestory has been around since the 1930s. Or how about thesong ‘twinkle, twinkle little star’,you know, ‘twinkle, twinkle, little star,ho w I wonder what you are’. Wellwe’ve all heard this song. Where am I going withthis? Well, both the song and the storyare examplesof memes.And that’swhat we would talkabout, thetheoryof memes.A meme is defined as a pieceof information copied from person toperson. Bythis definition, most ofwhat you know, ideas, skills, stories, songs are memes.All thewords you know, allthe scientific theoriesyou’ve learned, therules your parentstaught you to observe, all arememes that have been passed on fromperson to person.So what?You maysay. Passing on ideas from one person to another isnothing new.Well, thewhole point of defining this familiar process astransmission of memesis so that wecan exploreits analogy with thetransmission of genes. Asyou know, all living organisms pass on biologicalinformation through the genes.What’s a gene? A gene is a piece ofbiological information that getscopied or replicated, and thecopy or replica is passed onto the new generation. So genesare defined as replicators.Genesare replicatorsthat pass on information about propertiesand characteristicsoforganisms. Byanalogy, memesalso get replicated and in theprocess pass on cultureinformation from person to person, generation togeneration. So memes arealso replicators.To be a successful replicator,thereare threekeycharacteristics: longevity,fecundity and fidelity.Let’s take acloser look.First, longevity. A replicator must exist long enough to be able to get copied,and transfer itsinformation. Clearly, thelonger a replicator survives, the better itschances of getting its message copied and passed on. So longevity is a key characteristicof a replicator. Ifyou take thealligator story,it can exist for a long time in individual memory, let’s say, mymemory.I can tellyou thestory now orten yearsfrom now,the same with the twinkle, twinkle song. So these memeshave longevity because theyarememorable for one reason or another.Next,fecundity.Fecundity is theability toreproduce in large numbers. Forexample,the common housefly reproducesby laying several thousand eggs,so each fly gene getscopied thousands of times. Memes, well, theycan bereproduced in large numbersas well. How many timeshave you sung the‘twinkle, twinkle song’ to someone? Each timeyou replicated that song, andmaybe passed it along to someone who did not know it yet,a small childmaybe.And finally, fidelity. Fidelity means accuracyofthe copying process. We knowfidelity is an essential principle ofgenetic transmission. Ifa copy ofa geneis abit different from theoriginal, that’s called a genetic mutation. And mutationsare usually bad news. An organism often can not survive with a mutated gene.And so a gene usually can not be passed on, unless it’s an exactcopy. For memeshowever,fidelity is not always so important.For example, if you tellsomeone thealligator story Itold you today, it probably won’t be word for word exactly as I said it. Still, it will be basically the same story,and the person who hearsthe storywill be able to pass it along. Other memesare replicated withhigher fidelity though, like the twinkle, twinkle song. Ithad the exact samewords 20 years ago as it does now.Well, that’s because we see songs assomething that has to be performed accuratelyeach time.Ifyou change aword, the otherswill usuallybring you in line. They’ll say, ‘that’s not how you sing it’,right?So, you can see how looking at piecesof culturalinformation as replicators,as memes, and analyzing them in termsoflongevity, fecundity and fidelity, wecan gain some inside about how theyspread, persist or changeLectureNarratorListen to part ofa lecturein an Astronomy ClassProfessor:Last week, wecovered some argumentsagainst going back to the Moon. Butthereare compelling reasons in favor of another Moon landing too, um… notthe least of which is trying topinpoint themoon’s age. We could do this in theoryby studying an enormousimpact crater,known as the SouthPole-Aitken Basin. Um…it’s located in themoon’s South Polar Region. But, since it’s on thefar side of the moon, it can only be seen from space. Hereis an image of…we’ll callit theSPA Basin. Thiscolor-coated image of theSPA Basin, those aren’t itsactual colors obviously, thisimage is from the mid 90s, from the American spacecraft called Clementine. Um…unlike earlier lunar missions, Clementine didn’t orbit only around the moon’s equator.Itsorbits enable it to send back data to create thistopographical map of … well,the grey and white area towardsthe bottom is the South Pole, thepurples and blues inthe middle correspond to low elevations - theSPA Basin itself, theorangesand redsaround it are higher elevations. The basin measures an amazing2,500 km in diameter,and itsaverage depth is 12 km. That makesit thebiggest known crater in our solar system and it maywell be theoldest.You know planetary researcherslove studying deep craters untillearn aboutthe impacts thatcreated them,how theyredistributed piec esof a planet’s crust and in this case, we especially want to know if any ofthe mantle, thelayerbeneath the crust,was exposed by the impact. Not everyone agrees, but some expertsare convinced thatwhatever created the SPA Basin did penetrate theMo on’s mantle.And we need to find out, because much more than thecrust,the mantle containsinformation about a planet’s or Moon’s totalcomposition. And that’s keyto understanding planet formation. Um… Dian?Dian: So, the only wayto know the basin’s age is tostudy its rocksdirectly? Professor: well,from radio survey data,we know that the basin contains lots of smaller craters. So it must be really old, about 4 billion years, give or takea few hundred million years. But that’s not very precise.Ifwe had rocksamplesto study,we’d know whetherthe small craters wereformed by impacts duringthe final stagesof planetaryformation, or if theyresulted from later meteor showers.Dian: But if we know around how old the Basin is, I’m not sure that’s reas on enough to go to the Moon again.Professor: No…,but such crude estimates…um…wecan do better than that. Besides, thereare other things worth investigating, like is there waterice on the moon? Clementine’s data indicated that thewall of the south-polar crater was more reflective than expected. So some experts thinkthere’s probably ice there.Also, data from a later mission indicatessignificant concentrations of hydrogen and by inferencewater less than a meterunderground at both poles. Student: Well if there’s water,how did it get there?Underground rivers?Professor: Wethink meteors that crashed into the moon or tails ofpassing cometsmay have introduced water molecules. Anywater moleculesthat foundtheir wayto the floors of cratersnear th e moon’s poles, that water would be perpetuallyfrozen,because thefloors ofthose cratersare always in shadow. Um…furthermore,if the water icewas mixed in with rockand dust, it would be protected from evaporation.Dian: So are you saying theremight be primitive life on the moon?Professor: that’s not mypoint at all. Um… o.k.,say thereis waterice on the moon. That would be a verypracticalvalue for a future moon base forastronauts. Water ice could be melted and purified for drinking. Itcould also be broken down into itscomponent parts- oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen couldbe used to breathe,and hydrogen could be turned into fuel, rocketfuel. So waterice could enable the creation ofa self-sustaining moon base someday, a mining camp perhapsor a departure point for further space exploration.Student: Butholding tonsof equipment to the moon to make fueland build alife support system for a moon base, wouldn’t that be too expensive?Professor: Permanentbase, maybe a way’s off,but weshouldn’th ave to waitfor that. The dust at the bottom ofthe SPA Basin reallydoes have a fascinating storyto tell.I wouldn’t give for a fewsamples of it.ConversationNarratorListen to a conversation between a student and a professor.StudentHi, Iwas wondering if Icould talkwith you about the assignment in the filmtheoryclass.ProfessorOf course,Jill.StudentItseems that prettymuch everyone else in the class getswhat theyaresupposed to be doing but I’m not so sure.ProfessorWell, theclass is for studentswho are reallyserious about film. You must havetaken film coursesbefore.StudentYeah, in high school, film appreciation.ProfessorUm…Iwouldn’t think thatwould be enough. Did you concentrate mainly onform or content?StudentOh, definitely content.We’d watch,say Lord of the Flies, and then discuss it.ProfessorOh, that approach, treating film as literature, ignoring what makes it unique.StudentI liked it, though.ProfessorSure, but that kind of class. Well, I’m not surprised that you are feeling a little lost. You know, we have two introductory coursesthat are supposed to betaken beforeyou get to mycourse, one in film art, techniques, technical stuffand another in film history. So studentsin theclass you are in should be prettyfar along in film studies. In fact, usually thesystem blocks anyone trying to sign up for the class theyshouldn’t be taking. And who hasn’t takenthe coursesyou are required todo first as prerequisites.StudentWell, Idid have a problem with that but I discussed it with one of your office staff, and she gave me permission.ProfessorOf course.No matter how many timesI tellthem,theyjust keep on…Well, foryour own good, I really suggest dropping back and starting at theusual place. StudentYes. ButI’ve already been in thisclass for 4 weeks. I’d hate to just drop it now especially since Ifind it so different,so interesting.ProfessorI guess so. Frankly Ican’t believe you’ve lasted this long. These are prettyin-depth theorieswe’ve been discussing and you’ve beendoing OKso far,Iguess. Butstill, theprogram’s been designed to progress through certainstages. Like anyother professional training we build on pervious knowledge.StudentThen maybe you could recommend some extra reading I can do to…catchup?ProfessorWell, areyou intending to study film as your main concentration?StudentNo, no. Iam just interested. I’m actually in marketing,but thereseemsto be aconnection.ProfessorOh…well, in…in that case, if you’re taking thecourse just out of interest, Imean I still highly recommend signing up for theintroductory coursesat somepoint, but in the meantime,thereis no harm I guess in trying to keepup withthis class. Theinterest is clearly there.Eh, instead ofany extra reading justnow though, you could view some of theold introductorylectures. Wehavethem on video. That would give you a better handle on the subject.It’s still aprettytall order,and wewill be moving right along, so you will reallyneed tostayon top of it.StudentOK, I’ve been warned. Now,could Itellyou about the idea for the assignment?LectureNarratorListen to part ofa lecturein a chemistryclass.ProfessorOkay. Iknow you all have a lot ofquestions about this lab assignment that'scoming out so ... I'mgonna takea little time this morning to discuss it.So, you know theassignment has to do with Spectroscopy, right?And yourreading should help you get a good idea of what that'sall about. But,let's talkabout Spectroscopya littlenow just tocover the basics.What is Spectroscopy? Well,the simplest definition I can give you is thatSpectroscopy is the study of theinteraction between matterand light. Now,visible light consists of different colorsor wavelengths, which together make upwhat's called spectrum, a band of colors, like you see in a rainbow. And allsubstances,all forms of matter,can be distinguished according to whatwavelength of light theyabsorb and which ones theyreflect.It'slike, um, well,everyelementhas, what we call, itsown spectralsignature.Ifwe can read thatsignature,we can identify the element.And that's exactlywhat spectroscopydoes.Now,Laser Spectroscopy,which is the focus ofyour assignment, worksbymeasuring veryprecisely what parts ofthe spectrum are absorbed bydifferentsubstances.And it has applications in a lot of different disciplines. And yourassignment will be to choose a discipline that interestsyou, and devise anexperiment. For example,I'm gonna talk about art. I'minterested in the artandto me it'sinteresting how spectroscopy is used to analyze art.Er... let'ssay a museum curatorcomes toyou with a problem. She's comeacross this painting that appears to be an original - let'ssay, a Rembrandt.And she wants to acquire it for her museum. Butshe's got a problem: she's not absolutelycertain it'san original.So, what do you do? How do you determine whetherthe painting's authentic?Okay. Thinkabout the scientific process. You've got the question: Isthepainting a Rembrandt? So first, you'll need to make a list of characteristics the painting would have tohave to be a Rembrandt.Then you have to discover whetherthe painting in question has those characteristics.So first ofall, you'll need to know thetechniques Rembrandt used when he applied paint tocanvas - his brushstrokes, how thickly he applied his paint. So you’d need to workwith an art historian who has expert knowledge ofRembrandt'sstyle.You'd have to know when he created his paintings, um...what pigmentsheused, in otherwords, what ingredients he used to make different colors ofpaint, costhe ingredients used in paints and binding agents plus varnishes, finishes, what have you, have changed over time.Since you're trying to verify that'sa Rembrandt, theingredients in thepigment would need to have been used during Rembrandt's lifetime - in the 17thcentury.And that's wherechemistrycomes in. You've got to find out what'sinthose pigments, learn their composition, and that requireslab work - detectiveworkreally - in a word, Spectroscopy.So, how do we use Spectroscopy? Well, we put an infrared microscope - a spectroscope - on tinytiny bitsof paint. And using ultraviolet light we can see the spectralsignature ofeach component part ofthe pigment. Then wecompare these signatureswith those ofparticular elements like zinc or lead, to determine what the pigment was made of.So, you can see whythis type ofanalysis requires a knowledge ofthe history ofpigments, right?How and when theyweremade? Say we determined a pigment was made with zinc, forexample.We know the spectralsignature ofzinc. And it matchesthat of thepaint sample. We also know that zinc wasn't discovered untilthe 18th century. And since Rembrandt lived during the 17th century, we know he couldn't have painted it.Now,Spectroscopy has a verydistinct advantage over previous methods of analyzing our works, because it's not invasive. You don't have to remove big chips of paint to do your analysis, which is what othermethods require.All you do is train themicroscope on tiny flecksof paint and analyze them.Now a word or two about restoration. Sometimes original art works appear questionable or inauth entic because they’ve had so many restorersaddtouchup layers to cover up damage, damage from the paint havingdeteriorated over time.Well, spectroscopy can reviewthe composition ofthose touchup layers too. So we can find out when theywereapplied. Then if wewant to undo some bad restoration attempts, we can determine what kind of process wecan use to remove them to dissolve the paint and uncover theoriginal.LectureNarratorListen to part ofa lecturein a literatureclass.ProfessorNow we can't really talkabout fairy taleswithout first talking about folk tales because there'sa strong connection between these two genres, these twotypesof stories. In fact,many fairy talesstarted out as folk tales.So, what's a folk tale?How would you characterize them?Jeff?Jeff:Well, theyareold stories, traditional stories. Theywerepassed down orallywithin culturesfrom generation togeneration, so theychanged a lot over time.I mean,everystory teller,or, maybe everytown, might have had a slightlydifferent version ofthe same folk tale.Professor:That's right.There'slocal difference.And that'swhy wesay folk talesare communal. Bycommunal, we mean theyreflectthe traitsand the concernsofa particular community at a particular time.So essentially the same tale could be told in different communities, with certain aspectsof the tale adapted to fitthe specific community.Um, not the plot, the details of what happens in the storywould remain constant.That was the thread that held the tale together.But allthe other elements, like the location or characters, might be modified for each audience.Okay. So what about fairy tales? Th…theyalso are found in most cultures, buthow are theydifferent from folk tales?I guess the first question is: what is a fairy tale?And don’t anyone say “a storywith a fairy in it” because we all know that very few fairy talesactually have those tinymagical creaturesin them.But,whatelse can we say about them?Mary.Mary:Well, theyseem tob e lessrealistic than folk tales…like theyhave something improbable happening - a frog turning into a prince, say. Oh, that'sanother common element,royalty - a prince or princess. And fairy talesall seem to take place in a location that'snowhere and everywhereat the same time.Professor:What's the line-up? How do all the storiesstart?Once upon a time, in a faraway land...oh, in the case of folk tales,each story teller would specify a particular location and time,though the time and location would differ for different storytellers.With fairy tales, however,the location is generally unspecified, no matterwho the storytelleris. That land far away... We'llcomeback to thispoint in a few minutes.Student:Um...I,I thought that a fairy tale was just a written version of an oral folk tale. Professor:Well, not exactly,though that is how many fairy talesdeveloped. For example,in thelate 18th century, theGrimm Brotherstraveled throughout what's now Germany, recording localfolk tales. These were eventually published as fairytales, but not before undergoing a processof evolution.Now,a number ofthings happen when an oral talegetswritten down. First, the language changes. Itbecomesmore formal, more standard - some might say,"less colorful". It's like thedifference in your language depending on whetheryou are talking to someone, or writing them a letter.Second, when an orally transmitted story is written down, an authoritative version with a recognized author is created. The communal aspect getslost. The tale no longer belongsto the community.It belongs to theworld, so to speak. Because ofthis,elementslike place and time can no longer be tailored to suit a particular audience. So theybecome less identifiable, moregeneralizable to anyaudience.On the other hand, descriptions ofcharactersand settings can be developedmore completely. Infolk tales,charactersmight be identified bya name, butyou wouldn't know anything more about them. Butin fairy tales,people nolonger have to remember plots. They're written down, right? So more energycan be put into otherelementsof thestory like characterand setting. So youget more details about thecharacters, about where the action takesplace,what people's houseswere like,ur, whetherthey're small cabins or grandpalaces. And it's worth investing thatenergybecause thestory,now in bookform, isn't in danger ofbeing lost. Those details won't be forgotten. Ifa folk taleisn't repeated byeach generation, it may be lost for all time.But with a fairytale,it's always there in a book, waiting to be discovered, again and again.Another interesting differenceinvolves thechange in audience.Who thestoriesare meant for? Contraryto what many people believe today, folk taleswereoriginally intended for adults, not for children. So why is it that fairy talesseem targeted toward children nowadays?源于：小马过河相关推荐：2012年11月18日托福写作真题解析2012年11月18日托福口语真题解析2012年11月18日托福阅读真题解析2012年11月18日托福听力真题解析。

tpo52三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (7)答案 (14)背景知识 (18)阅读-2 (23)原文 (23)译文 (26)题目 (28)答案 (37)背景知识 (40)阅读-3 (42)原文 (42)译文 (45)题目 (48)答案 (56)背景知识 (60)阅读-1原文Stream Deposit①A large,swift stream or river can carry all sizes of particles,from clay to boulders.When the current slows down,its competence(how much it can carry)decreases and the stream deposits the largest particles in the streambed.If current velocity continues to decrease-as a flood wanes,for example-finer particles settle out on top of the large ones. Thus,a stream sorts its sediment according to size.A waning flood might deposit a layer of gravel,overlain by sand and finally topped by silt and clay.Streams also sort sediment in the downstream direction. Many mountain streams are choked with boulders and cobbles,but far downstream,their deltas are composed mainly of fine silt and clay. This downstream sorting is curious because stream velocity generally increases in the downstream petence increases with velocity,so a river should be able to transport larger particles than its tributaries carry.One explanation for downstream sorting is that abrasion wears away the boulders and cobbles to sand and silt as the sediment moves downstream over the years.Thus,only the fine sediment reaches the lower parts of most rivers.②A stream deposits its sediment in three environments:Alluvial fans and deltas form where stream gradient(angle of incline)suddenly decreases as a stream enters a flat plain,a lake,or the sea;floodplain deposits accumulate on a floodplain adjacent to the stream channel; and channel deposits form in the stream channel itself.Bars,which are elongated mounds of sediment,are transient features that form in the stream channel and on the banks.They commonly form in one year and erode the next.Rivers used for commercial navigation must be recharged frequently because bars shift from year to year.Imagine a winding stream.The water on the outside of the curve moves faster than the water on the inside.The stream erodes its outside bank because the current's inertia drives it into the outside bank.At the same time,the slower water on the inside point of the bend deposits sediment,forming a point bar.A mid-channel bar is a sandy and gravelly deposit that forms in the middle of a stream channel.③Most streams flow in a single channel.In contrast,a braided stream flows in many shallow,interconnecting channels.A braided stream forms where more sediment is supplied to a stream than it can carry. The stream dumps the excess sediment,forming mid-channel bars.The bars gradually fill a channel,forcing the stream to overflow its banks and erode new channels.As a result,a braided stream flows simultaneously in several channels and shifts back and forth across itsfloodplain.Braided streams are common in both deserts and glacial environments because both produce abundant sediment.A desert yields large amounts of sediment because it has little or no vegetation to prevent erosion.Glaciers grind bedrock into fine sediment,which is carried by streams flowing from the melting ice.If a steep mountain stream flows onto a flat plain,its gradient and velocity decrease sharply.As a result,it deposits most of its sediment in a fan-shaped mound called an alluvial fan.Alluvial fans are common in many arid and semiarid mountainous regions.④A stream also slows abruptly where it enters the still water of a lake or ocean.The sediment settles out to form a nearly flat landform called a delta.Part of the delta lies above water level,and the remainder lies slightly below water level.Deltas are commonly fan-shaped, resembling the Greek letter"delta"(∆).Both deltas and alluvial fans change rapidly.Sediment fills channels(waterways),which are then abandoned while new channels develop as in a braided stream.As a result,a stream feeding a delta or fan splits into many channels called distributaries.A large delta may spread out in this manner until it covers thousands of square kilometers.Most fans,however,are much smaller,covering a fraction of a square kilometer to a few square kilometers.The Mississippi River has flowed through seven different delta channels during the past5,000to6,000years.But in recent years,engineers have built great systems of levees(retaining walls)in attempts to stabilize the channels.译文溪流沉积物①一条大而湍急的小溪或河流可以承载各种大小的颗粒，从微小的粘土到巨石。

托福TPO25综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福整理】雷哥托福小托君给大家分享TPO1-33综合作文部分的阅读和听力文本全集与综合作文的满分作文，以及满分作文的解析。

如果自己的托福综合作文分数如果可以很给力的话，就已经搞定了15分的分数，可以极大地缓解托福独立作文的压力。

如何使用这个文件呢？首先，就是在自己做托福TPO模考之后，可以根据这里面的听力的文本，来检验自己的听力内容是否抓的足够好，尤其是要看写的够不够全！第二点，也可以用于在托福考试前来做跟读，口语实力不够，那么做跟读，仔细地来模仿ETS 官方素材，是一个很好的提高自己口语的方式。

毕竟托福口语最终考的，是口语本身说的是否足够流畅，要想在考试的时候说的很流畅，就是要在平时张口多说，只有多说，我们才能够做到足够的流利。

第三点，熟悉托福考试的专业词汇。

不少托福考生之所以在听力考试里面不够给力，是因为对于里面的专业词汇不够熟悉。

在托福考试过程中，核心词汇不懂的话，在听力部分只能束手就擒了。

TPO25 综合写作听力+阅读原文ReadingIn 1938 an archaeologist in Iraq acquired a set of clay jars that had been excavated two years earlier by villagers constructing a railroad line. The vessel was about 2,200 years old. Each clay jay contained a copper cylinder surrounding an iron rod. The archaeologist proposed that vessel were ancient electric batteries and even demonstrated that they can produce a small electric current when filled with some liquids. However, it is not likely that the vessels were actually used as electric batteries in ancient times.First of all, if the vessels were used as batteries, they would probably have beenattached to some electricity conductors such as metal wires. But there is no evidence that any metal wires were located near the vessels. All that has been excavated are the vessels themselves.Second, the copper cylinders inside the jars look exactly like copper cylinders discovered in the ruins of Seleucia, an ancient city located nearby. We know that the copper cylinders from Seleucia were used for holding scrolls of sacred texts, not for generating electricity. Since the cylinders found with the jars have the same shape, it is very likely they were used for holding scrolls as well. That no scrolls were found inside the jars can be explained by the fact that the scrolls simply disintegrated over the centuries.Finally, what could ancient people have done with the electricity that the vessels were supposed to have generated? They had no devices that replied on electricity. As batteries, the vessels would have been completely useless to them.ListeningYour reading says that these vessels were not used as batteries in ancient times, but the arguments used in the reading are not convincing. The battery explanation could very well be correct.First, about the absence of wires or other conductors. Remember, vessels were discovered by local people, not archaeologists. These people might have found other material located near the jars. But since they were not trained archaeologists, they may not have recognized the importance of that material. So materials serving as wires or conductors might have been overlooked as uninteresting or even thrown away. We'll never know.Second, it is true that the copper cylinders in the vessels are similar to the cylindersused to hold scrolls, but that does not really prove anything. It's possible that the copper cylinders were originally designed to preserve scrolls. And that some ancient inventor later discovered that if you use them together with iron rods and some liquid in a clay vessel, they will produce electricity. That's how the first ancient battery could have been born. In other words, the copper cylinders could have been originally used for one purpose, but then adapted for another purpose.Finally, there's the question of the possible uses of the battery in the ancient world. Well, the battery could produce a mild shock or tingling sensation when someone touched it. This could very well have been interpreted as evidence of some invisible power. You can easily see how people could convince others that they had magical powers through the use of the battery. Also, the battery could have been used for healing. Modern medicine uses mild electric current to stimulate muscles and relieve aches and pains. Ancient doctors may have used the batteries for the same purpose.由于篇幅有限，托福综合写作满分范文，在雷哥托福微信公众号获取。

托福TPO52独立写作题目文本+满分范文为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO52独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO52独立写作题目原文：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:The most important characteristic of a successful politician or leader is good communication skills.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.托福TPO52独立写作满分范文：The belief that a successful politician or leader should have at his or her disposal an array of skills should not come as a surprise. It remains arguable though, as to whether mastery of the craft of speaking is one of the most important characteristics of a successful politician. My personal take on the issue is that good communication skills are not a stand-alone skill, rather, are closely interwoven with other critical qualities that make a politician a successful one.Some people consider Barack Obama, president of the United States, as an exemplary savvy communicator, citing his verbal eloquence that enables him to make his points crystal clear. If we take a close-up view of his communication styles, we see that he does utilize a variety of rhetorical tactics to get his message across. However, while good communication is a requirement for successful leadership, an accomplished political candidacy also thrives upon other key qualities such as accountability, decisiveness, and flexibility.Accountability figures heavily in successful leadership since after all, leaders are humans and are thus fallible by nature. Leaders who own up to their own mistakes and acceptresponsibility for their own failures are more likely to take efficient measures to remedy the situation. Moreover, accountability builds credibility and trust, which serve as the foundation to evoke confidence and respect from those around the leader.Decisiveness is another important quality of a successful leader because leaders are frequently confronted with complex situations where timely yet tough decisions have to be made. Take the year of 2008 as an example, the subprime mortgage troubles, rising oil prices, capricious stock markets, all made it a volatile year for a political leader to navigate through. Decisiveness is particularly called upon during unpredictable times like this, as unreasonably prolonging the decision-making process will only do more harm than good.Flexibility for a political leader enables him or her to comprehend the give-and-take aspects of politics. Rather than taking a microscopic view of the situation, a flexible leader listens carefully to all sides of the issue and is able to take in stride criticism and setbacks. Not every problem calls for the same solution. Staying open-minded increases a leader’s likelihood in finding the optimal solution in different situations.Taken together, good communication skills lead to successful leadership when, and only when, it is coupled with other qualities such as accountability, decisiveness, and flexibility. As the saying goes, words are cheap; actions are what count.以上是给大家整理的托福TPO52独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

托福TPO24综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福整理】考过的同学会发现托福综合作文分数不高，很大程度上是受我们听力实力的影响，我们很多托福考生的听力分数只有16分上下的时候，对于托福综合作文的听力妥妥的是束手无策，而且很多托福考生还感觉自己都听懂了，那也只能说明你听懂了大意，但是听力里面要的是每一个细节！请注意，是每一个细节！雷哥托福小托君给大家分享TPO1-33综合作文部分的阅读和听力文本全集与综合作文的满分作文，以及满分作文的解析。

如果自己的托福综合作文分数如果可以很给力的话，就已经搞定了15分的分数，可以极大地缓解托福独立作文的压力。

如何使用这个文件呢？做托福TPO模考之后，可以根据这里面的听力的文本，来检验自己的听力内容是否抓的足够好，尤其是要看写的够不够全！在托福考试前来做跟读，口语实力不够，那么做跟读，仔细地来模仿ETS官方素材，是一个很好的提高自己口语的方式。

熟悉托福考试的专业词汇。

不少托福考生之所以在听力考试里面不够给力，是因为对于里面的专业词汇不够熟悉。

毕竟在托福考试过程中，如果核心词汇都不懂的话，那么在听力部分只能是束手就擒了。

TPO24 综合写作听力+阅读原文ReadingAnimal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues, because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a70-million-year-old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made whenresearchers deliberately broke open the T. rex’s leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small branching channels inside, which probably correspond to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. rex.Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells. Tests showed that the spheres contained iron-a material vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells.Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue.ListeningAs much as we would like to have the remains of actual dinosaur tissue, there are sound reasons for being skeptical of the identifications made in the reading.First, the soft, flexible substance inside the bone channels isn’t necessarily the remains of blood vessels. It is much more likely to be something else. Like what? You might say. Well, long after an organism is died, bacteria sometimes colonize hollows, empty areas in bones, like the channels that once held blood vessels. When bacterialived inside bones, they often leave behind traces of organic material. What the researchers in the reading are identifying as blood vessels might just be traces of soft and moist residue left by bacteria colonies.All right. What about the iron-filled spheres? Well, the problem is that scientists found identical reddish spheres in fossils of other animals found in the same place. That includes fossils of primitive animals that did not have any red blood cells when they were alive. Clearly, if these spheres appear in organisms that did not have any red blood cells, then the spheres cannot be the remains of red blood cells. The spheres probably have a very different origin. They are probably just pieces of reddish mineral.Third, the collagen. The problem is that we have never found collagen in animal remains that are older than one hundred thousand years. Collagen probably cannot last longer than that. Finding collagen from an animal that lived seventy million years ago would really contradict our ideas about how long collagen can last. It is just too improbable. The most likely explanation for the presence of collagen is that it doesn’t come from the T.rex, but from another much more recent source. For example, human skin contains collagen, so the collagen may have come from the skin of the researchers who are handling the bone.由于篇幅有限，托福综合写作满分范文，在雷哥托福微信公众号获取。

托福TPO52综合写作题目及范文（附解析）托福TPO52综合写作题目及范文(附解析)TPO52综合写作的阅读要点内容为蔗糖可能带来许多健康风险，当作为糖的替代品。

今天给大家带来写作思路解析及范文，希望对大家有帮助。

托福TPO52综合写作题目听力文本：M: Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about:M: Many studies have found sucralose to be perfectly safe for people to consume. And it is useful for people who are trying to lose weight. The reading’s arguments against using sucralose can all be challenged.First, about sucralose affecting the thymus. If you look closely at the studies of sucralose consumption, there were no effects on the rats at all until they were eating extremely large quantities of sucralose. In order for a human to eat the equivalent amounts that affected the rats being studied, a human would have to consume about 4000 packets of sucralose per day for a month.Second, sure, some organochlorines are toxic. If they are consumed, they are digested and stored in fat tissue, and they continue to build up in the fat tissues till they reach toxic levels. But studies show sucralose is a bit different from the other organochlorines. Sucralose is not absorbed by the digestive system very well and so it does not accumulate in the body’s fat tissue. Since sucralose is not absorbed well by the digestive system and doesn’t build up to dangerous leve ls in fat tissue, it is unlikely to have the toxic effect that the otherorganochlorines do.Finally, there is the argument that many people who use artificial sweeteners in their drinks end up eating lots of real sugar in food like cake, and so they negate the benefits of using the sweetener. Well, that argument may hold true for many artificial sweeteners but sucralose has a unique property that makes it different. Most artificial sweeteners breakdown if they are heated too much, but sucralose does not break down when heated. That means that unlike other sweeteners, sucralose can be used to bake things, like cakes and cookies, for example. People craving something sweet can turn to cakes or cookies baked with sucralose, which helps them keep their diets on track.M: Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge the specific points made in the reading passage.阅读文本：ReadingSucralose is an artificial sweetener that is used in place of natural sugar. Many people use sucralose as a substitute for sugar to control their weight. However, there may be several health risks associated with sucralose. Also, it is not clear whether sucralose actually helps people lose weight.First, researchers in Australia did studies on rats and discovered that sucralose consumption caused shrinking of the thymus in rats. The thymus is an organ that is crucial to maintaining a healthy immune system; in humans it is particularly active in childhood. If sucralose has similar effects on humans, then long-term use of sucralose could cause harm to the immune system, especially in children.Second, sucralose is created by replacing some of the atoms in natural sugar molecules with chlorine. This means sucralose belongs to a group of chemicals called organochlorines, which is another cause for concern. Organochlorines are known to be toxic to plants and animals, including humans. Some organochlorines are even used as pesticides. Sucralose is chemically similar to these toxic chemicals, so there may be a risk of poisoning if sucralose builds up in human body tissue (in fat tissue, for example).Third, substituting artificial sweeteners for real sugar in coffee, tea, and soft drinks often does not help people lose weight, since it reinforces the habit of enjoying sweet food. When people use artificial sweeteners in their drinks, their appetite for sugar remains strong, and they satisfy their sweetness cravings by eating greater portions of foods containing real sugar, such as cakes or cookies. Such eating habits can prevent them from achieving their goal of losing weight.Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how theysupport/contradict specific points made in the reading passage.答题思路：1. 阅读要点概括：Main point: Sucralose may bring about many health risks when used as a substitute for sugar.Sub point 1: Sucralose may cause harm to the immune system.Sub point 2: There may be a risk of poisoning if sucralose builds up in human body tissue.Sub point 3: Substituting artificial sweeteners for real sugar does not help people lose weight.2. 听力要点概括：Main point: Sucralose is perfectly safe for people to consume.Sub point 1: It requires a consumption of extremely large quantities of sucralose to affect the thymus.Sub point 2: Sucralose does not accumulate in the body’s fat tissue so that it is unlikely to have the toxic effect.Sub point 3: People can use sucralose to replace sweet while keep their diets on track.范文：The sp eaker rebuts the reading’s arguments by debunking the exaggerated tested side effect on the human body, the hasty generalization that sucralose is proven toxic, and unwarranted claims that Sucralose can increase one’s sugar intake.The speaker begins by stating that Sucralose does affect the thymus, but only when the individual consumes a very large quantity of it, over 4000 packets per day. Despite the claim from the reading that sucralose might exert similar detrimental effects on a human thymus given the conclusive side effect has been witnessed in rats, the professor argues Sucralose can only pose a threat to one’s health under mass usage.Contrary to the belief in the passage that it belongs to a group of toxic chemicals called Organochlorines, Sucralose has been shown to act differently than traditional Organochlorines. The professor argues that people have a hard time fully digesting it and it does not build up in the body, therefore it is much less toxic. This directly challenges the fundamental theory in reading.Lastly, the professor casts doubt on the validity of the assumption that sucralose can encourage binge intakes of sweet food. The reading reasons that sucralose can build a growing reliance on sweetness, thus further d amaging one’s health.However, the speaker maintains that the very nature of Sucralose can endure a high heating temperature, thus serving as a perfect candidate to replace artificial sweeteners. In that sense any unfair concern over Sucralose being a gateway sugar inducer would be groundless.。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福,为大家带来托福TPO51口语Task1题目+满分范文,希望对大家备考有所帮助. 托福TPO51独立口语Task1题目: A friend of yours is going to have an important job interview and has asked for your advice. What do you think your friend should do in order to have a successful job interview? Explain why. 托福TPO51独立口语Task1满分范文: If one of my friends is going to have an essential job interview and wants some suggestions, I would say two things to him. First, dress properly and second, be yourself. Since this is a formal occasion, it is better to wear professional clothes, like wearing a suit or a tie. This way, he could leave a good impression on the interviewer and share a greater chance of successful employment. Speaking of being yourself, it just means take the interview as a casual talk and communicate your ideas about your own expertise. Sometimes pretending you know something that you actually don’t know can hurt you in some way. So if you want the job, just be honest and be yourself. And these are the two suggestions I may give to my friend. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO51口语Task1题目+满分范文,希望对你有所帮助!。

tpo50综合写作文本The reading and listening passages are having conflicting opinions about whether humpback whales navigate by the stars. The writer presents three theroies to explain the phenomenon. However, according to the listening, noneof the theories showed in the reading is convincing.First of all, the reading claims that humpback whales are intelligent enough to use stars for navigation. The whale'well-developed cognitive ability seems to provide a sound basis for the ability to use stars for their orientation. But the opposes that there is not necessarily any real connection between ability of anminals' to use stars for navigation and their intelligence. To illustrate, the professor takesdocks as an example. Docks are not highly intelligent, so theirability to navigate with star does not seem to have much of the connection to theiroverall intelligence, but the instinct. Accordingly,humpback whales'intelligence does not make them particularly likely to use stars for navigation.Second, the writer holds the opinion that humpback whales rely on stars at night to provide them withexternal signs by which to keep streight direction over long distance. But the professor in the lecture refutes this viewpoint bysaying that there may be a different explanation for the humpback whales 'ability to move in straight lines. For animals able to navigate in straight lines, they must depend on some external object or force, which is Earth's magnetic field. It is because a substance called bio-magnetite existsin whales' brains and ususally the animals with the substance in their brainare sensitive to the earth magnetic field. The presence of bio-magnetiteproves they orient themselves by the magnetic field, rather than stars.Finally, the writer states that humpback whales would float straight up for minutes ata time, known as sky-hopping,which indicates they are looking at stars when navigating. On the contrary, the listening rebuts this point. Theprofessorsays that spy-hopping probably has nothing to do with looking at stars. For example, other animals, like sharks,sky-hop. But their sky-hoppingis just in order to hunt for preys. In addition, humpback whales are observed sky-hoppingduring the daytime when no stars can be seen. Thus, the hypothesis that the function of spy-hopping is to look at starscannot hold water and is pure speculation.。