Fifty years of patent information centres in Russia
L.G.Kravets *
“Patent Information Today ”magazine,Druzhinnikovskaia Str.11A,Moscow 123995,Russia
Keywords:
Machine translation Automatic indexing Subject matter search
Bibliographic data processing Machine-readable information International exchange
State patent information system
Competitive business information support Soviet Union
a b s t r a c t
The article contains a brief historical review of developing patent information centres in the structure of the State Committee on Inventions and Discoveries (Rospatent)and their participation in establishing the national patent information system.The process is divided into three stages resulting from,?rst,changes in demands made by the new generations of users of information products and services and,second,renewal of methods,technologies and organizational forms of information support of innovation processes.
ó2011Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.
1.Introduction
In July 1960the Soviet government established within the structure of the Committee on Inventions and Discoveries,the Central Bureau of Technical Information (CBTI)e the ?rst specialized patent information agency in the country.In September 1962CBTI formed the basis of a newly established Central Research and Development Institute of Patent Information (CNIIPI).In June 1980the CNIIPI was renamed as the All-Union Research and Development Institute of Patent Information (VNIIPI),which was in October 1995reorganized as The Information Editorial Center “Patent ”(INIC).This chain of of ?cial renaming re ?ects the stages of intensive work aimed at improving patent information support for scienti ?c,technical and economic development of the country.These stages overlap initial development of centralized patent information processing at the CNIIPI;the VNIIPI activities,aimed at establishing the State Patent Information System;and,?nally,INIC “Patent ”mastering the market model of patent information support of innovation.
2.Developing the concept of centralized patent information processing
This stage coincided with the establishment of the CBTI.It was characterized by orienting patent information activity,mainly,towards the provision of patent examination with primary
information sources.This strategy presupposed the availability of suf ?ciently complete collections of patent speci ?cations,arranged according to patent classi ?cations,and their use in a traditional library system.This demanded an urgent decision on two main tasks:
to create,at the earliest possible date,initial patent information resources necessary for the development of inventing and patent-licensing activities in the country ’s scienti ?c and industrial organizations;
to develop and implement the scienti ?cally well-founded concept of centralized processing and dissemination of patent information with the help of modern information technologies.
It seemed logical that the absence of telecommunications made it necessary,?rst of all,to move patent information resources as near as possible to end users,dispersed across the vast territory of the USSR.Therefore CNIIPI and the Publishing Enterprise “Patent ”performed the gigantic task of micro ?lming the world patent collections and providing them with traditional reference and searching facilities (RSF).
As a result,already by the end of the 1970s,the country had over 5000regional and industrial branch patent collections containing about 500millions documents.Foreign speci ?cations were arranged by national classi ?cations.So it was necessary to translate them into Russian and supplement them with subject matter,name and other indexes.Moreover,the main part of the world patent collections were published in foreign languages.It was,therefore,decided at the CNIIPI to translate into Russian the abstracts or claims published in of ?cial bulletins of leading patent of ?ces.
*Tel.:t8(495)9638493,t89168236762(mobile).E-mail address:kravets27@yandex.ru .URL :
http://www.patent-kravets.ru.
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Despite indisputable usefulness of these extraordinary measures,the CNIIPI personnel became increasingly aware of the need for a clear-cut concept for optimizing centralized processing of patent information with the use of modern technology.By this time the institute employed several hundred specialists to start research and development work in various directions.On the one hand,there were ambitious experimental systems for machine translation,automatic indexing and a number of rapid subject matter search systems;on the other hand there were rather utili-tarian systems for automatic processing of bibliographic informa-tion about patent documents.
In the1960s the CNIIPI scientists developed an experimental system to automatically translate publications from the USPTO Of?cial Gazette.It was the?rst machine translation system specialized for processing patent texts:their segmentation,struc-tural analysis of typical patent phrases and selection of Russian equivalents[1].In parallel the institute developed an alternative automatic indexing system,based on an English-Russian thesaurus. This one translated into Russian only necessary search terms, simplifying the searching process of English texts[2].Taking into consideration that information retrieval was the most important task for patent examiners;the CNIIPI took part in the international programme of developing a number of thematically pro?led search systems[3].Simultaneously the institute was investigating different variants of automatic processing of bibliographic infor-mation on inventions.This direction proved to be more promising; it covered world patent information more widely and ensured more diverse practical applications[4].
Investigations revealed that the global state of information theory and practice and existing technology,that was at our disposal,allowed practical realization of only those automatic systems that did not propose complex semantic analysis of docu-ments and processing of large information bodies[5].Reasoning from this,it was recommended to consider,as the primary goal, developing a system of multi-purpose automatic processing of current bibliographic data on patents gradually covering retro-spective?les.The realization of machine translation,automatic indexing and a complex of search systems with manual indexing was postponed.
In the middle of the1960s the CNIIPI personnel concentrated a considerable part of their resources on the project for an auto-matic system for processing bibliographic data on inventions.It included sub-systems for processing current bibliographic data, issuing signal information on new inventions,its dissemination according to individual queries and accumulation of processed data in automatic RSF for the world patent collection,which would provide multifold patent search and comply with users’queries[6].
The project was positively received by the former SNFA (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)countries and was adopted as the basis for developing a joint system named as“ASBA”(Automatic Reference Bibliographic Apparatus).The direct practical result of this project became apparent in international exchange of bibliographic data in a machine-readable form among the member states.Intensi?cation of bibliographic information processing proved to be quite timely.It became known that BIRPI(United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property, later reorganized into WIPO)in the middle of the1960s also intended to carry out a similar project.The BIRPI Director General, Arpad Bogsch,visited Moscow to get acquainted with the ASBA project.
Parallel development of the WIPO international system radically facilitated the?lling of the CNIIPI system with initial bibliographic data.From1973machine-readable bibliographic information from most countries arrived at CNIIPI from INPADOC in exchange for similar information from the former SNFA countries that concentrated at the CNIIPI.At the end of1970the newly con-structed All-Union Magnetic Tape Service provided centralized dissemination of machine-readable patent information all over the country.
The appropriateness of the selected priorities was supported by the fact that-on the basis of the international exchange of machine-readable bibliographic and,later,abstract information e there were further developed at the CNIIPI(VNIIPI)systems for subject matter search,identifying patent families,determining their legal status and preparing patent publications and analytical materials on inventive activity all over the world[7].
3.Establishing the state patent information system
The development of patent information activity in the middle of the1970s intensi?ed orientation towards securing higher scienti?c and technical level and quality of industrial production by imple-menting effective inventions.In August of1973the government obliged the Committee on Inventions and Discoveries to carry out patent research concerning the most important problems of industrial development and assessment of their technical level.By this decision the activity of the Committee exceeded the narrow limits of departmental patent examination tasks.
The CNIIPI(VNIIPI)had to transform these directives into new patent information tasks.First of all,they raised the role of refer-ence and search facilities from short-cut and generalized infor-mation,suitable for assessing technology trends in speci?c industry branches and leading to new technical decisions.Patent speci?ca-tion?les ceased to be“labour tools”but were turned into a source for obtaining speci?c documents according to search results.All these facilities had to be put at the disposal of end users by mutual efforts of central,regional and industrial branch information bodies of the country.Therefore,in parallel with the developments in the ?rst stage,it was necessary to bring to the forefront new researches, directed to preparing an organizational and methodological base for constructing an integrated patent information system across the country.
In March1981the Committee,reorganized by that time into the State Committee on Inventions and Discoveries,together with the State Committee on Science and Technology adopted the5-year Programme of developing the State Patent Information System (GSPI).It was intended to unite the automatic system of centralized processing of the world patent information?ow with the network of dozens of regional and hundreds of industrial branch patent collections dispersed over the country,supplied by modern search tools.
At the beginning of the1980s the GSPI included,besides infor-mation bodies of the State Committee,30patent information services of regional scienti?c and technical information agencies with basic patent collections,about50patent information services of central industrial information bodies,1200information services of leading enterprises with patent?les for industrial branches and actual technological problems.Besides this,patent collections were compiled at dozens of other regional centres and thousands of organizations and enterprises that participated in innovation projects[8].One of the signi?cant components of the GSPI e the All-Union Magnetic Tape Service e supplied all branches of the system with machine-readable RSF[9].
The formation and development of this vast network of patent collections and equipping it with searching facilities presupposed scienti?c substantiation of their rational distribution over the country.It was necessary to optimize their structure and compo-sition,to determine the main characteristics of patent search tools etc[10].With that end in view the VNIIPI scientists performed statistical research to substantiate the representation in patent?les
L.G.Kravets/World Patent Information33(2011)282e285283
of certain countries,document types,themes and their retrospec-tive limits.They also determined the degree of correspondence between the distribution of national patent information resources and the concentration zones of their actual and potential users.The research showed that the system was oversaturated with primary patent documents and,at the same time,patent?les were not suf?ciently full and lacked the necessary search facilities.The primary task was to reduce super?uous patent collections, strengthen their searching capabilities and increase the corre-spondence between their holdings and the needs of customers[11].
The developments in constructing a state system of patent information resources,rationally distributed all over the country, were positively appreciated by WIPO and roused some interest in other countries.In the1980s the author of this article visited Mongolia and Cuba and assisted in establishing their national patent information systems.
Subsequent social transformations in the1990s interrupted the realization of the GSPI programme.Nevertheless,the main features of the previously described scheme of organizing national patent information activity endured.Traditional patent?les are being transformed into electronic format and inter-library exchange systems are are being replaced by telecommunication media. Patent department personnel,released from routine functions of processing new publications and traditional library servicing are turning their attention to targeted information and analytical support of their clients’research and development.But the ideo-logical base of constructing the information network remains,in its substance,unaltered.It is signi?cant that in many respects a simi-larly distributed patent information structure,though on a higher technological level,was later built in the European Patent Convention countries(PatLib).
4.Mastering the market model of patent information
support
The last period of the reviewed50year history is characterized by radical transformation of patent information services under the in?uence of two main factors:
-considerable change in demands made by the new generation of users of information products and services;
-radically renewed methods,technologies and organizational forms of information support for innovation processes.
Enterprises in the planned economy,which usually organized their patent information work according to instructions of higher bodies,were in the1990s replaced,as a rule,by economically independent institutions that form their information policy reasoning from practical needs and?nancial abilities.Today they decide for themselves whether they should compile their own information?les or if it would be preferable to address their queries to the specialized services acting in the information market.But in any case their information needs are mostly oriented to the?nal result e the production and dissemination of competitive tech-nologies or products.
A contemporary user is not content,in most cases,with a simple subject matter search,even if it is supported by the estimation of the present-day technology level and the trends in its further development.He is in critical need of additional intelligence for working out patent and licensing strategies and in-depth study of sales opportunities for patentable innovation results in internal and external markets.In other words,he needs multifold patent infor-mation support with the assistance of analytics having ef?cient access to the necessary patent document?les and databases.
The Information Editorial Center“Patent”(INIC)e the last embodiment of the VNIIPI e is one of the institutions claiming to provide such services.Its most valuable product e the widely known abstracts journal“Izobretenia stran mira”e ISM(Inventions of the World)e is the only Russian language edition with the widest coverage of patent documents published by the leading patent of?ces of the world.The subscriber may get it on a chosen carrier,as a whole or as separate thematic issues.In addition INIC offers to its users the abstracts database“INIC-ISM”;that covers patent publications from 1996to2010.A user may also order a database of selected subject matter on CD or DVD.Finally,INIC accepts queries for individual searches in the“INIC-ISM”database.Therefore,a user may choose any suitable form satisfying his patent information need and e what is extremely important e will overcome language barriers.
The second signi?cant constituent of INIC work consists in the additional processing of primary patent sources and preparing different analytic,oversight and reference materials.They include the quarterly magazine“Patent Information Today”(Patentnaia Informacia Segodnia),the monthly abstracts collections“Patent Affairs”(Patentnoe Delo),analytical reviews“Priority directions of scienti?c/technical development and prospective inventions”,“Annual Patent Review.Patenting in Russia”.Besides,INIC regularly publishes model documents and scienti?c and methodological works of well known scientists on intellectual property matters [12].INIC“Patent”contact details are:tel.(499)255-13-52,tel./f a x (499)252-06-96;e-mail:inic_patent@mtu-net.ru,the Internet e http//www.inicpatent/ru.
5.Conclusion
Patent information activity is changing under the in?uence of new social objectives,needing special information support,and the character of newly emerging user needs,as well as changing as a result of the methods and means for their satisfaction.
50years ago patent information activity was,mainly,oriented to information support for preliminary and subsequent of?cial patent examination by providing this process with primary patent infor-mation sources.This objective presupposed the availability of suf?ciently full collections of patent speci?cations,arranged according to patent classi?cations,and their use in the traditional library system.At the same time it was necessary to determine priorities of centralized processing and dissemination of patent information by means of modern information technologies.
In the1970s,when this task was mostly accomplished,the governmental authorities obliged the Committee on Inventions and Discoveries to carry out patent research concerning the most important problems of industrial development and assess the technical level of new projects.By this decision the activity of the Committee went beyond the narrow limits of departmental patent examination https://www.doczj.com/doc/9a12775280.html,rmation services were obliged to concen-trate more attention on patent search and assessment problems and bring to the forefront new researches,directed to preparing organizational and methodological base for constructing an inte-grated patent information system-the GSPI-in the country.
In the1990s the transfer to a market economy re-oriented Russian enterprises to the?nal result e the production and dissemination of competitive technologies and products.To solve this problem they needed additional intelligence for working out patent and licensing strategies and in-depth study of sales oppor-tunities for patentable innovation results in internal and external markets.
Therefore,meeting today’s requirements of users,INIC“Patent”provides a total service e beginning from processing patent primary sources and ending by publishing analytic and other materials so needed by intellectual property decision makers.
L.G.Kravets/World Patent Information33(2011)282e285 284
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Leonid G.Kravets,candidate of philological science
(applied and mathematical linguistics),assistant
professor at the patent information chair,former
head of a number of scienti?c departments at the
CNIIPI(VNIIPI),now-deputy editor-in-chief of the
“Patent Information Today”magazine,published by
INIC“Patent”
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L.G.Kravets/World Patent Information33(2011)282e285285
微软Visual Studio 1微软Visual Studio Visual Studio 是微软公司推出的开发环境，Visual Studio可以用来创建Windows平台下的Windows应用程序和网络应用程序，也可以用来创建网络服务、智能设备应用程序和Office 插件。Visual Studio是一个来自微软的集成开发环境IDE，它可以用来开发由微软视窗，视窗手机，Windows CE、.NET框架、.NET精简框架和微软的Silverlight支持的控制台和图形用户界面的应用程序以及Windows窗体应用程序，网站，Web应用程序和网络服务中的本地代码连同托管代码。 Visual Studio包含一个由智能感知和代码重构支持的代码编辑器。集成的调试工作既作为一个源代码级调试器又可以作为一台机器级调试器。其他内置工具包括一个窗体设计的GUI应用程序，网页设计师，类设计师，数据库架构设计师。它有几乎各个层面的插件增强功能，包括增加对支持源代码控制系统（如Subversion和Visual SourceSafe）并添加新的工具集设计和可视化编辑器，如特定于域的语言或用于其他方面的软件开发生命周期的工具（例如Team Foundation Server的客户端：团队资源管理器）。 Visual Studio支持不同的编程语言的服务方式的语言，它允许代码编辑器和调试器（在不同程度上）支持几乎所有的编程语言，提供了一个语言特定服务的存在。内置的语言中包括C/C + +中（通过Visual C++）,https://www.doczj.com/doc/9a12775280.html,（通过Visual https://www.doczj.com/doc/9a12775280.html,），C＃中（通过Visual C＃）和F＃（作为Visual Studio 2010），为支持其他语言，如M,Python,和Ruby等，可通过安装单独的语言服务。它也支持的 XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML ,JavaScript和CSS.为特定用户提供服务的Visual Studio也是存在的：微软Visual Basic，Visual J＃、Visual C＃和Visual C++。 微软提供了“直通车”的Visual Studio 2010组件的Visual Basic和Visual C＃和Visual C + +，和Visual Web Developer版本，不需任何费用。Visual Studio 2010、2008年和2005专业版，以及Visual Studio 2005的特定语言版本（Visual Basic、C++、C＃、J＃），通过微软的下载DreamSpark计划，对学生免费。 2架构 Visual Studio不支持任何编程语言，解决方案或工具本质。相反，它允许插入各种功能。特定的功能是作为一个VS压缩包的代码。安装时，这个功能可以从服务器得到。IDE提供三项服务：SVsSolution，它提供了能够列举的项目和解决方案; SVsUIShell，它提供了窗口和用户界面功能（包括标签，工具栏和工具窗口）和SVsShell，它处理VS压缩包的注册。此外，IDE还可以负责协调和服务之间实现通信。所有的编辑器，设计器，项目类型和其他工具都是VS压缩包存在。Visual Studio 使用COM访问VSPackage。在Visual Studio SDK中还包括了管理软件包框架(MPF)，这是一套管理的允许在写的CLI兼容的语言的任何围绕COM的接口。然而，MPF并不提供所有的Visual Studio COM 功能。
Unit 1 课文翻译及课后练习翻译参考答案 课文翻译： Unit1 从能力到责任 当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们也承认自己的迷茫：在这个变幻莫测的时代，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也感到纠结——一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。 最终，本科教育的质量将由毕业生参与社会与公民活动的主动性来衡量。雷霍德·尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有奉献社会，才能了解自我。一个人如果一味地以自我为中心（或直译：一个人如果不能找到自我以外的中心），他将会失去自我。”理想化的本科教育应该反映在超越自我中。在这一个残酷的、竞争激烈的社会，人们期望大学生能具备正直、文明，甚至富有同情心的人格品质，这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合（或直译：希望大学的人文教育能使大学生在与他人的人际交往中具备人文情怀，这是否合适）? 毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。这迫切需要美国教育有助于弥合公共政策与公众理解程度之间的极具危险性、正日益加深的鸿沟。建设性思考政府议程问题所必备的知识似乎越来越无法掌握。所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。他们问，如果一些非专业人士甚至不懂专业术语，怎么可能让他们去讨论重大的政策选择问题? 核能的利用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。 公民们带着类似的困惑讨论“星球大战”问题，试图搞懂那些关于“威慑”与“反威慑”等高科技的专业术语。像地方的区域规划，学校种族隔离制的废除，排水系统的问题，公共交通的治理，以及相互竞争中的有线电视公司对许可证的申请等这些曾经看起来只是一些地方性事务的事情，现在也需要专家来解决。这些专家讨论专门术语，常常不是阐明问题，反而使问题变得让人迷惑不解。然而，公共生活的复杂性，要求更多、而非更少的信息资料；需要更积极、而非更消极的公众参与。 对于那些关心“民治”政府的人，公众理解程度的每况愈下是无法接受的。当今世界，人类生存问题吉凶未卜、危在旦夕，无知是不可取的。由视野有限的专家完全控制政策制定，这也是不可容忍的。作为公民，我们如果不能找到更好的方法教育自己，如果不能提出难题，并得到满意的答案，那么我们会冒险做一些关键性的决定，不是基于我们所了解的知识，而是基于对一两个所谓专家的盲目信任。 我们的民主社会需要一批受过良好教育(well-informed)、关心他人(caring)的人士。他们能作为公民，本着服务大众的精神，团结一致，相互学习，参与到民主建设之中。 我们需要关心公众事务的人，他们能参与调查，知道如何提出合适的问题，了解公民政策制定的程序，并能够对那些影响深远的问题做出有根据的、敏锐的判断。诚然，没有哪个社会机构能独立培养我们所需的领导人才，但我们深信，如果“民治政府”要有生命力的话，大学相对于其他机构来说，更有责任去培养我们国家所急需的开明领导人。 为了完成这个迫切的使命，所需的视野不仅要着眼国内，还必须放眼世界。当代大学生必须还了解其它国家的民族与文化。人类的势力范围已涉及到太空，一切变得都很明了，我们都是同一个星球的守护者。在过去的半个世纪中，我们的地球变得越来越拥挤，相互依赖
FINANCIAL INNOV ATION Like other industries, the financial industry is in business to earn profits by selling its products. If a soap company perceives that there is a need in the marketplace for a laundry detergent with fabric softener, it develops a product to fit the need .Similarly, in order to maximize their profits, financial institutions develop new products to satisfy their own needs as well as those of their customers; in other words, innovation-which can be extremely beneficial to the economy-is driven by the desire to get (or stay) rich. This view of the innovation process leads to the following simple analysis: A chance in the financial institutions for innovations that are likely to be profitable. Starting in the 1960s, individuals and financial institutions operating in financial markets were confronted with drastic changes in the economic environment: Inflation and interest rates climbed sharply and became hard to predict, a situation that changed demand conditions in financial markets. Computer technology advanced rapidly, which changed supply conditions. In addition, financial regulations became especially inconvenient. Banking institution discovers many old ways of doing business being able to not have earned money again; they provide the masses finance with service and financial products sale neither well. Many financial intermediary is discovered they have no way to raise having arrived at a fund, but these self that will not a suspense of business right away with original tradition finance implement. For existing under new economy environment, research and development puts up banking institution be obliged to being able to satisfy customer need moreover the new product being able to gain a profit of and serving, this process is called financial engineering. In their case, necessity was the mother of innovation. Our discussion of why financial innovation occurs suggests that there are three basic types of financial innovations: Escapism to responding to needing condition change, to the small advantages supplying with condition change and to controlling. We have had one now understandable that banking institution is innovative for instance the cause institutions, let’s look at examples of how financial institutions in their search for profits have produced financial innovations of the three basic types. 1
A Wavelet Based Approach for Fast Detection of Internal Fault in Power Transformers The power transformer is one of the most expensive elements of power system and its protection is an essential part of the overall system protection strategy. The differential protection provides the best protection for power transformer. Its operation principle is based on this point that the differential current during an internal fault is higher than normal condition. But, a large transient current (inrush current) can cause mal-operation of differential relays. Then, studies for the improvement of the transformer protection have focused on discrimination between internal short circuit faults and inrush currents in transformers. The magnetizing inrush current has a large second order harmonic component in comparison to internal faults. Therefore , some transformer protection systems are designed to halt operating during the inrush current by sensing this large second order harmonic. The second harmonic component in the magnetizing inrush currents tend to be relatively small in modern large power transformers because of improvements in the power transformer core materials. Also , it has been seen that the fault current can contain higher second order harmonics than the inrush current due to nonlinear fault resistance, CT saturation .the distributed capacitance in the transmission line, which transformer is connected to, or due to the use of extra high voltage underground cables. Various methods have been suggested for overcoming this protection system mal-operation. This paper presents a wavelet based method for discrimination among inrush current, internal short circuit ,external short circuit and energizing and it is not affected by CT saturation and it is able to detect internal faults while transformer energization. Unlike Artificial Neural Network and Fuzzy logic based algorithms. This approach is not system dependent. The operating time of the scheme is less than 10ms. The Daubechies mother wavelet is used with a sample rate of 5 kHz. Then , the differential currents of the three phases are decomposed into two details and only the second level will be considered by using db5 mother wavelet. Discrete Wavelet Transform The wavelet transform is a powerful tool to extract information from the non-stationary signals simultaneously in both time and frequency domains. The ability of the wavelet transform to focus on short time intervals for high-frequency components and long intervals for low-frequency components improves the analysis
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
文献翻译 原文 Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology. Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to
Exercise I. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.如今，作为东方艺术的一颗璀璨的明珠，京剧不仅在中国各地喜闻乐见，而且已被全世界人民广泛接受。 2.根据所表演角色的性别、年龄和社会地位的不同，演员角色分成四类：生（男角）、旦（女角）、净（花脸男角）、丑 （丑角）。 3.京剧的独特艺术魅力使它经久不衰：它创造了一种台上台下演员观众相互交融的美学欣赏与享受。 4.他曾成功地塑造了许多古代中国妇女的形象，完美地表现了她们的温柔、优雅和细腻。 5.梅兰芳也是把京剧介绍到国外的第一人。 6.作为中国的文化瑰宝，京剧必将获得全中国和全世界人民越来越多的喜爱。 Key to Exercise I. 1.Today, as one of the glowing pearls of oriental arts, not only has Beijing Opera been widely enjoyed all over China, it has also been well received all over the world. 2.According to the gender, age and social position of the different roles which they play, actors and actresses are divided into four categories: sheng (male roles), dan (female roles), jing (male roles with facial paintings) and chou (clowns). 3.The uniqueness of Beijing Opera makes its artistic charm so everlasting: the creation of an aesthetic co-appreciation between the actors and actresses on stage and the audience off stage. 4.Mei Lanfang had created very successfully various images of ancient Chinese women and expressed their tenderness, elegance and subtlety. 5.Mei Lanfang was also the first person who introduced Beijing Opera to foreign countries. 6.Being a great treasure of the Chinese culture, Beijing Opera will surely be more and more appreciated by people in China and in the whole world. Exercise II. Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. 著名的京剧武生徐力先生最近接受了我们舞蹈学校的邀请，担任高级舞蹈教员。武生是京剧中的一个重要生角。武生的特点是武艺好，身手矫健敏捷。武生演员常通过在舞台上翻滚武打（tumbles, tweists, and somersaults）来表现他们高超的武艺。武生的动作准确有力，是大量艰苦训练的结果。 中国古典舞蹈和民族舞蹈的舞台技巧和身段（floor skills and postures）大多来自中国传统戏曲的武功（acrobatic skills）。我们舞蹈学校非常荣幸能够请到徐先生教授女子班毯子功(floor skills)和男子班的功夫课。有关课程安排请点击此网址。 Key to Ex. II Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. A Rare Opportunity The famous Beijing Opera performer of Wu Sheng (acrobatic male role), Mr Xu Li, recently accepted an engagement with our Dancing School. Wu Sheng is a very important role in Beijing Opera. It requires a high level of acrobatic skills. Wu Sheng actors often show off their skills with tumbles, twists, and somersaults on the stage. These skills and movements require great precision in timing and strength, which takes a lot of training and exercise. Many of the floor skills and postures of classic and ethnic Chinese dances were originally from the acrobatic skills of traditional Chinese operas. Our dancing school is very fortunate to have Mr Xu Li to teach our Floor Skills class for girls and Kungfu class for boys. For class schedule, please click HERE. Exercise III. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.齐白石以革新水墨画和毕生献身于这项中国的传统艺术形式而闻名于世。 2.他在几天后把那幅画重画了很多次，但是总比不上他当天即兴完成的作品。 3.兰亭序的极高的艺术价值促使更多书法家临摹王羲之的字体。 4.一个好的书法家所写出来的字必须充满生气，活力并具备完美的形体。 5.书法是一门艺术，它需要清醒的头脑以及对毛笔有全面的掌握。 6.这个年轻演员认识到自己的演技还差，无法与他老师的演技相提并论。 Key Exercise III.
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个人资料 name 姓名 alias 别名 pen name 笔名 date of birth 出生日期 birth date 出生日期 born 出生于 birth place 出生地点 age 年龄 native place 籍贯 province 省 city 市 autonomous region 自治区prefecture 专区 county 县 nationality 民族，国籍citizenship 国籍 duel citizenship 双重国籍address 地址 current address 目前地址present address 目前地址permanent address 永久地址postal code 邮政编码 home phone 住宅电话 office phone 办公电话business phone 办公电话Tel.电话 sex 性别 male 男
female 女 height 身高 weight 体重 marital status 婚姻状况family status 家庭状况married 已婚 single/unmarried 未婚divorced 离异 separated 分居 number of children 子女人数none 无 street 街 lane 胡同，巷 road 路 district 区 house number 门牌 health 健康状况 health condition 健康状况blood type 血型 short-sighted 近视 far-sighted 远视 color-blind 色盲 ID card No.身份证号码 date of availability 可到职时间available 可到职membership 会员，资格president 会长 vice-president 副会长director 理事 standing director 常务理事
学号2013211033 昆明理工大学 专业英语 专业光学 姓名辜苏 导师李重光教授 分数 导师签字 日期2015年5月6日 研究生部
专业英语考核
Fig.1 Geometric coordinate of digital holography 2.1 Getting information of object wave on hologram plate shifting N-1 times and capturing N holograms. interferogram after k- 1 times phase-shifting is
4 Spatial resolution of digital holography 4.1 Affecting factors of the spatial resolution of digital holography considered in three respects: (1) sizes of the and the direction of the reference beam, the registering material, and (3) diffraction limitation. For pointx2on the object shown in Fig.3, the limits of spatial frequency are ξθ??????? ?-'--211tan sin sin x R Fig.2 Determining reconstructing distance
512 2011 International Conference on Computer, Electrical, and Systems Sciences, and Engineering The Application of BP Neural Network Model in the Project Implementation Control Yang Xiaoping, Wu Shengcai Management College University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026, China wsc854@https://www.doczj.com/doc/9a12775280.html, Abstract: - The application of BP neural network in dynamic management of the implementation and control of the construction project is a scientific method corresponding to the practice and its importance has gradually been valued by parties in project activities. Based on the theory of project implementation phase dynamic management, this paper uses the BP neural network method to analyze the projects in implementation phase. It focuses on the analysis of the idea works that using the BP neural network theory and application theory to the project control research, and discusses the dynamic modeling, the learning and training algorithms of the hidden layer space structure, and forming the training sample set from the collected project costs information, finally achieving the application of the project costs dynamic management of the project implementation phase based on BP neural network model. Key-Words: - BP neural network, project implementation control, model, sample 1 Introduction In recent years, in the international developed countries, the requirements for project investment are to pre-control in advance and control in the progress. Chinese traditional methods will objectively cause the result of despising decision-making, valuing implementation, despising economic and valuing technology, building first and evaluating later. In this way, make the long-term management target difficult to achieve. For the above situation, from the perspective of construction enterprises, based on the analysis of the status of domestic and international project management, on the guide of the basic theory of the project dynamic management of project implementation phase, using BP neural network theory to built the construction costs dynamic management model in the implementation phase. Considering the various effect factors in the implementation phase of project, analyzing the influence range that each effect factor did to the construction costs and quantities, the author hopes to find a more effective and quick way and method to control the project price and save social resources. This has practical guidance meaning to the owners to strengthen the costs management in the construction phase, has good enlightenment to the enterprises to raise their own construction costs management level. Therefore, select this topic to research has great theoretical and practical significance; it is in line with the requirements of the age and is an urgent and beneficial subject. 2 BP neural network theory Neural network (or known as connection model) is the abstraction and simulation of human brain or some basic features of the natural neural network. It originated from the interdisciplinary research of physics, psychology and neurobiology. The basical unit of neural network is the nerve cells, nerve cells also known as biological neuron, in short, neuron. BP network is a one-way transmission a nd multilayer forward network, which has three layers or more than three-layer network structure, including input layer, middle layer (hidden layer) and output layer, there are whole connections between the upper and lower layers, but no connection between eachneuron. Specific structure shows as Fig. 1. Fig. 1 BP network model construction BP network transfer function is generally Sigmoid function, for the BP network, its transfer function must be differentiable, 978-0-615-42292-3/10/$25.00 ?2011 IERI CESSE2011