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Lesson 1 翻译资料

Lesson 1 翻译资料
Lesson 1 翻译资料

Lesson 1

教学时数:4学时

教学重点:翻译的概念、标准、过程、分类和译者素质;

中国翻译史简介;摸底练习考核要求:掌握基本的翻译理论知识

1. 翻译的概念

什么是翻译?回答这个问题由于人们认识的角度不同,所以答案也就不一。下面是部分翻译理论家对翻译的定义,由此可见人们在翻译性质认识上的差别:

Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida)

Translation may be defined as

follows: The replacement of textural material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language.(TL). (Catford)

Translation is a process in which the parole of one language is transferred into the parole of another with the content i.e. meaning unchanged. (Barhudarov)

翻译是一种创造性的工作,好的翻译等于创作,甚至还可能超过创作。(郭沫若)

翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来,以达到沟通思想感情、传播文化知、促进社会文明,特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。(孙致礼)

2.翻译的类别

翻译的种类可从不同的视角来分类。一般说来,翻译可从5种不同的角度来分类:

1)从译出语和译入语的角度来分类,翻译可分为本族语译为外语外语译为本族语;

2)从涉及到的语言符号来分类,翻译分为语内翻译(intralingual

translation)、语际翻译

(interlingual translation)和符际翻

译(intersemiotic translation);

3) 从翻译的手段来分类,翻译可分为口

译(oral interlingual translation)、

笔译(written interlingual translation) 和机器翻译(machine translation);4) 从翻译的题材来分类,翻译可分为专

业文献翻译(translation of English

for science and technology)、文学翻

译(literary translation)和一般性翻

译(practical writing translation);5)从翻译的处理方式来分类,翻译可分为全译(full translation)、摘译

(partial translation)和编译(translation plus editing)。

3.翻译的标准

1898严复:信达雅。近百年来在中国译坛上一

直发挥着主导作用,对我国

翻译工作者产生过而且仍在

产生着巨大的影响。

1951傅雷:文学翻译“传神”论。内容一致为“意

似”,内容和形式

同时一致为“形

似”,

形式上和精神上同时一致为“神似”

1964钱钟书:化境说。把作品从一国文字转变成

另一国文字,既能

不因语文习惯的

异露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原

有的风味,那就算得入于

化境。

除了严复的“雅”争议较大外,以上种种主张和见解基本上是对严复三原

则的进一步解释、深化和引申,不过侧重点各有不同而已,对于“信”和“达”多数人持肯定态度,这说明“信”“达”是翻译的基本要求

一般标准:忠实与通顺。不同内容翻

译实际

要求有

所不

同,文

学翻

译:艺

术特

色;政治翻译:措辞和语气方面的立场

和观点;科技

翻译:说理清

楚,专业术语

确无误。

4. 翻译的过程

翻译过程主要包括理解、表达和校核这三个方面:

1) 理解(comprehend)可分为广义理解

和狭义理解。广义理解指对原文作者

的个人、原文产生的时代背景、作品

的内容以及原文读者对该作品的反

映。狭义的理解仅指对原作文本的理

解。这中理解主要包括语法分析、语

义分析、语体分析和语篇分析

(grammatical analysis, semantic analysis, stylistic analysis and text analysis)。理解是翻译成功与否的先

决条件和重要步骤,务必正确可靠,杜绝谬误。

2) 表达(express) ——表达是理解后能

否保证译文成功的又一重要关键步

骤,是理解的深化和体现。在这一过

程中,译者要注意恰到好处地再现原

文的思想内容和语体色彩,使译文既

忠实于原作又符合译入语的语法

和表达习惯。要做到这一点,译者就

必须在选词用字、组词成句、组句成

篇上下工夫,在技巧运用上下工夫。

能直译时尽可直译,不能直译时则可

考虑意译,灵活运用翻译技巧。例如:The winds of November were like summer breezes to him, and his face glowed with the pleasant cold. His cheeks were flushed and his eyes glistened; his vitality was intense, shining out upon others with almost a material warmth.

十一月的寒风,对他就像夏天吹拂的凉风一样。舒适的冷空气使他容光焕发,两颊通红,两眼闪光。他生气勃勃,叫别人感到是一团炙手的火。(英语material warmth字面意思是"物质的温暖",这里具体译作"一团炙手的火"言明意清,让人一看就懂。)

My dear girls, I am ambitious for you, but not to have you make a dash in the world-marry rich men merely because they are rich, or have splendid houses, which are not homes because love is wanting..

亲爱的姑娘们,我对你们期望很高,可并不是叫你们在世上出人头地-要你们去嫁给富人,仅仅因为他们有钱,有奢华的住房,缺少爱情的话,豪华的住房算不得上家。(英语ambitious 既可表示"雄心壮志的"意思,也可表示"野心勃勃的"意思,这里选用褒义词"期望很高"翻译比较妥当。)

It was morning, and the new sun sparkled gold across the ripples of gentle sea.

清晨,初升的太阳照着平静的海面,微波荡漾,闪耀着金色的光芒。(英语the ripples of the gentle sea译成汉语时在结构上作了调整,这样译文念起来意思清楚,行文漂亮。)

表达时还应注意避免翻译腔、过分表达和欠表达。所谓翻译腔,就是指译文不符合汉语语法和表达习惯,诘屈聱牙,晦涩难懂。例如:

To appease their thirst its readers drank deeper than before, until they were seized with a kind of delirium.

为了解渴,读者比以前越饮越深,直到陷入了昏迷状态。

这个句子的译文死抠原文形式,死抠字典释义,翻译腔严重,让人难以明白其意思,可改译为:读者为了满足自己的渴望,越读越想读,直到进入了如痴如醉的状态。

3) 校核——校核是对理解和表达质量

的全面检查,是纠正错误、改进译文

的极好时机,切不可认为是多余之

举。优秀的译者总是十分重视校核的

作用,总是利用这一良机来克服自己

可能犯下的错误,初学翻译的人就更

应该如此了。

5.对译者的要求

深厚的双语语言功底:正确的理解和纯

熟的表达能力、

良好的语感、

丰富的词汇积

累和全面的语

法知识

广博的文化知识:相关国家的文化背景

知识,涉及历史、地

理、风俗、文学艺术、

文化传统、宗教信仰

等;跨语言、跨文化

的交际活动,意义的

转换。如龙和狗的概

念,亚洲四小龙the

four “tigers”in

Asia

相关翻译理论知识高度的责任感:严谨、端正的工作态度

6. 中国翻译简史

使用不同语言的人要进行“相互交际,交流思想,达到相互了解”(斯大林),就必须通过翻译作为中介手段。中国是一个多民族不断融合的大国,长

期以来,内部各民族之间的交际和对外与各个国家的交往均少不了翻译。

6.1汉唐佛经翻译(东汉——北宋末年)

从东汉末年到北宋末年的佛经翻译,大致分为四个阶段:第一阶段,从东汉桓帝末年到西晋,是草创时期,(本时期的翻译家有安清、支娄迦畿、朱士行。);第二阶段,从东晋到隋,是发展时期,(释道安、鸠摩罗什、真谛、彦琮);第三阶段,唐代是全盛时期,(玄奘);第四阶段,北宋时基本结束时期。

6.2 明末清初科技翻译

中国出现资本主义萌芽。葡萄牙、西班牙和荷兰侵略中国沿海地区,欧洲传教士将基督教传入中国,中西文化开始了新的接触。明初中期:四夷馆---- 翻译学校。中国士大夫与传教士联手将欧洲的宗教、哲学、科技等西学书籍介绍到中国,翻译了各类著作300余种。自然科学的翻译:利玛窦;汤若望;罗雅各;南怀仁等译120

部;徐光启与意大利利玛窦合译了欧几里德的《几何原本》,还独译了许多天文地理方面的书籍;李之藻翻译了亚里士多德的《辩证法概论》,最早介绍西方逻辑学,他创立的某些逻辑术语沿用至今。文学作品的翻译:马若瑟译元杂剧《赵氏孤儿》对伏尔泰和歌德的影响。

6.3 清末民初的学术名著和文学著作翻译

鸦片战争后,林则徐:《四洲志》;

《华事夷言》。在师夷长技以制夷的思想影响下,中国开展了洋务运动,提出中学为体,西学为用。清政府开设了同文馆,学制8 年(第八年:天文,测算,地理,进食,富国策,译书)。

洋务派派出留学生赴欧、日等国学习科学技术,同时政府组织学者翻译西方自然科学方面的书籍。在维新派思想影响之下,大批介绍西方政治思想、科学方法的译著和文学名著问世。代表人物严复,林纾。

6.4 五四以后的马列著作和无产阶级革命文学作品

五四以后,我国翻译事业开创了一个新的历史时期,开始介绍马列主义经典著作和无产阶级文学作品。《共产党宣言》的译文就发表在五四时期。这一时期的翻译工作在内容和形式上都起了很大变化。白话文代替了文言文。东西方各国优秀文学作品,特别是俄国和苏联的作品,开始由我国近代翻译史上卓越的先驱者鲁迅、瞿秋白等前辈介绍进来。二人通过翻译实践,总结了许多宝贵的经验。

四九年后,随着新中国的成立,翻译事业也得到了解放,不断迅速发展,取得了巨大成绩,翻译作品质量大大提高,在翻译理论方面也日益充实完善。

约两千年的翻译历史为我们积累了一份宝贵的文化遗产。我们要认真总结前人的翻译经验,批判地吸收前人从实践中总结出来的理论、方法,继续提高我们的翻译水平,发展中国翻译事

业。

Homework:

I. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.

1. They prefer to discipline themselves rather than be disciplined by others.

2. They pride themselves on their independence, their right to make up their own minds.

3. They are prepared to take the initiative.

4. They will take any sort of job anywhere rather than be unemployed.

5. When on ceremonial occasions they

see a flag,or attend parades celebrating America’s glorious past, tears may come to their eyes.

6. They love to boast, though often with tongue in cheek.

7. They can laugh at themselves and

their country, and they can be very

self-critical,while remaining always intensely patriotic.

8. The Americans have a passion for grandeur.

9. While these underprivileged people

receive help from the Government, they have no high hopes for their future.

10. It is from this “underclass,”and

those who take advantage of it, that most of the violence springs.

11. It has been said that the individual American is generous, but that the American nation is hard.

12. The manual worker is usually quite at ease in any company.

13. Americans are no exception.

14. You are required to provide details

of companies/organizations, which have previously purchased the same equipment from you. Contact details should be provided, as the

Employer may wish to inspect the equipment or obtain a reference from the person concerned.

15. Proposals should include sufficient

technical detail to allow an objective assessment of the offer. Technical literature should be restricted to descriptive material on the specific model offered, and not be of a general catalogue type.

II. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.

Learning a foreign language has been almost trying experience for me, one that I wouldn’t trade for anything. Not only did learning another language teach me the value of hard work,but it also gave me insights into another culture, and my mind was opened to new ways of seeing things. The most wonderful result of having learned a

foreign language was that I could communicate with many more people than before. Talking with people is one of my favorite activities, so being able to speak a new language lets me meet new people, participate in conversations, and for, new, unforgettable friendships. Now that I speak a foreign language, instead of staring into space when English is being spoken, I can participate and make friends. I am able to reach out to others and bridge the gap between my language and culture and theirs.

计算机专业外文文献及翻译

微软Visual Studio 1微软Visual Studio Visual Studio 是微软公司推出的开发环境,Visual Studio可以用来创建Windows平台下的Windows应用程序和网络应用程序,也可以用来创建网络服务、智能设备应用程序和Office 插件。Visual Studio是一个来自微软的集成开发环境IDE,它可以用来开发由微软视窗,视窗手机,Windows CE、.NET框架、.NET精简框架和微软的Silverlight支持的控制台和图形用户界面的应用程序以及Windows窗体应用程序,网站,Web应用程序和网络服务中的本地代码连同托管代码。 Visual Studio包含一个由智能感知和代码重构支持的代码编辑器。集成的调试工作既作为一个源代码级调试器又可以作为一台机器级调试器。其他内置工具包括一个窗体设计的GUI应用程序,网页设计师,类设计师,数据库架构设计师。它有几乎各个层面的插件增强功能,包括增加对支持源代码控制系统(如Subversion和Visual SourceSafe)并添加新的工具集设计和可视化编辑器,如特定于域的语言或用于其他方面的软件开发生命周期的工具(例如Team Foundation Server的客户端:团队资源管理器)。 Visual Studio支持不同的编程语言的服务方式的语言,它允许代码编辑器和调试器(在不同程度上)支持几乎所有的编程语言,提供了一个语言特定服务的存在。内置的语言中包括C/C + +中(通过Visual C++),https://www.doczj.com/doc/7613246955.html,(通过Visual https://www.doczj.com/doc/7613246955.html,),C#中(通过Visual C#)和F#(作为Visual Studio 2010),为支持其他语言,如M,Python,和Ruby等,可通过安装单独的语言服务。它也支持的 XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML ,JavaScript和CSS.为特定用户提供服务的Visual Studio也是存在的:微软Visual Basic,Visual J#、Visual C#和Visual C++。 微软提供了“直通车”的Visual Studio 2010组件的Visual Basic和Visual C#和Visual C + +,和Visual Web Developer版本,不需任何费用。Visual Studio 2010、2008年和2005专业版,以及Visual Studio 2005的特定语言版本(Visual Basic、C++、C#、J#),通过微软的下载DreamSpark计划,对学生免费。 2架构 Visual Studio不支持任何编程语言,解决方案或工具本质。相反,它允许插入各种功能。特定的功能是作为一个VS压缩包的代码。安装时,这个功能可以从服务器得到。IDE提供三项服务:SVsSolution,它提供了能够列举的项目和解决方案; SVsUIShell,它提供了窗口和用户界面功能(包括标签,工具栏和工具窗口)和SVsShell,它处理VS压缩包的注册。此外,IDE还可以负责协调和服务之间实现通信。所有的编辑器,设计器,项目类型和其他工具都是VS压缩包存在。Visual Studio 使用COM访问VSPackage。在Visual Studio SDK中还包括了管理软件包框架(MPF),这是一套管理的允许在写的CLI兼容的语言的任何围绕COM的接口。然而,MPF并不提供所有的Visual Studio COM 功能。

Unit 1课文翻译及课后翻译练习参考答案

Unit 1 课文翻译及课后练习翻译参考答案 课文翻译: Unit1 从能力到责任 当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西:追求安全保障,追逐物质财富的积累。年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为,但他们也承认自己的迷茫:在这个变幻莫测的时代,他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在,寻找生活的意义。一如芸芸众生的我们,他们也感到纠结——一方面,他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义,而另一方面,他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑,陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。 最终,本科教育的质量将由毕业生参与社会与公民活动的主动性来衡量。雷霍德·尼布尔曾经写道:“一个人只有奉献社会,才能了解自我。一个人如果一味地以自我为中心(或直译:一个人如果不能找到自我以外的中心),他将会失去自我。”理想化的本科教育应该反映在超越自我中。在这一个残酷的、竞争激烈的社会,人们期望大学生能具备正直、文明,甚至富有同情心的人格品质,这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力,如今是否仍然适合(或直译:希望大学的人文教育能使大学生在与他人的人际交往中具备人文情怀,这是否合适)? 毫无疑问,大学生应该履行公民的义务。这迫切需要美国教育有助于弥合公共政策与公众理解程度之间的极具危险性、正日益加深的鸿沟。建设性思考政府议程问题所必备的知识似乎越来越无法掌握。所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。他们问,如果一些非专业人士甚至不懂专业术语,怎么可能让他们去讨论重大的政策选择问题? 核能的利用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。 公民们带着类似的困惑讨论“星球大战”问题,试图搞懂那些关于“威慑”与“反威慑”等高科技的专业术语。像地方的区域规划,学校种族隔离制的废除,排水系统的问题,公共交通的治理,以及相互竞争中的有线电视公司对许可证的申请等这些曾经看起来只是一些地方性事务的事情,现在也需要专家来解决。这些专家讨论专门术语,常常不是阐明问题,反而使问题变得让人迷惑不解。然而,公共生活的复杂性,要求更多、而非更少的信息资料;需要更积极、而非更消极的公众参与。 对于那些关心“民治”政府的人,公众理解程度的每况愈下是无法接受的。当今世界,人类生存问题吉凶未卜、危在旦夕,无知是不可取的。由视野有限的专家完全控制政策制定,这也是不可容忍的。作为公民,我们如果不能找到更好的方法教育自己,如果不能提出难题,并得到满意的答案,那么我们会冒险做一些关键性的决定,不是基于我们所了解的知识,而是基于对一两个所谓专家的盲目信任。 我们的民主社会需要一批受过良好教育(well-informed)、关心他人(caring)的人士。他们能作为公民,本着服务大众的精神,团结一致,相互学习,参与到民主建设之中。 我们需要关心公众事务的人,他们能参与调查,知道如何提出合适的问题,了解公民政策制定的程序,并能够对那些影响深远的问题做出有根据的、敏锐的判断。诚然,没有哪个社会机构能独立培养我们所需的领导人才,但我们深信,如果“民治政府”要有生命力的话,大学相对于其他机构来说,更有责任去培养我们国家所急需的开明领导人。 为了完成这个迫切的使命,所需的视野不仅要着眼国内,还必须放眼世界。当代大学生必须还了解其它国家的民族与文化。人类的势力范围已涉及到太空,一切变得都很明了,我们都是同一个星球的守护者。在过去的半个世纪中,我们的地球变得越来越拥挤,相互依赖

翻译资料英语

FINANCIAL INNOV ATION Like other industries, the financial industry is in business to earn profits by selling its products. If a soap company perceives that there is a need in the marketplace for a laundry detergent with fabric softener, it develops a product to fit the need .Similarly, in order to maximize their profits, financial institutions develop new products to satisfy their own needs as well as those of their customers; in other words, innovation-which can be extremely beneficial to the economy-is driven by the desire to get (or stay) rich. This view of the innovation process leads to the following simple analysis: A chance in the financial institutions for innovations that are likely to be profitable. Starting in the 1960s, individuals and financial institutions operating in financial markets were confronted with drastic changes in the economic environment: Inflation and interest rates climbed sharply and became hard to predict, a situation that changed demand conditions in financial markets. Computer technology advanced rapidly, which changed supply conditions. In addition, financial regulations became especially inconvenient. Banking institution discovers many old ways of doing business being able to not have earned money again; they provide the masses finance with service and financial products sale neither well. Many financial intermediary is discovered they have no way to raise having arrived at a fund, but these self that will not a suspense of business right away with original tradition finance implement. For existing under new economy environment, research and development puts up banking institution be obliged to being able to satisfy customer need moreover the new product being able to gain a profit of and serving, this process is called financial engineering. In their case, necessity was the mother of innovation. Our discussion of why financial innovation occurs suggests that there are three basic types of financial innovations: Escapism to responding to needing condition change, to the small advantages supplying with condition change and to controlling. We have had one now understandable that banking institution is innovative for instance the cause institutions, let’s look at examples of how financial institutions in their search for profits have produced financial innovations of the three basic types. 1

外文翻译

Load and Ultimate Moment of Prestressed Concrete Action Under Overload-Cracking Load It has been shown that a variation in the external load acting on a prestressed beam results in a change in the location of the pressure line for beams in the elastic range.This is a fundamental principle of prestressed construction.In a normal prestressed beam,this shift in the location of the pressure line continues at a relatively uniform rate,as the external load is increased,to the point where cracks develop in the tension fiber.After the cracking load has been exceeded,the rate of movement in the pressure line decreases as additional load is applied,and a significant increase in the stress in the prestressing tendon and the resultant concrete force begins to take place.This change in the action of the internal moment continues until all movement of the pressure line ceases.The moment caused by loads that are applied thereafter is offset entirely by a corresponding and proportional change in the internal forces,just as in reinforced-concrete construction.This fact,that the load in the elastic range and the plastic range is carried by actions that are fundamentally different,is very significant and renders strength computations essential for all designs in order to ensure that adequate safety factors exist.This is true even though the stresses in the elastic range may conform to a recognized elastic design criterion. It should be noted that the load deflection curve is close to a straight line up to the cracking load and that the curve becomes progressively more curved as the load is increased above the cracking load.The curvature of the load-deflection curve for loads over the cracking load is due to the change in the basic internal resisting moment action that counteracts the applied loads,as described above,as well as to plastic strains that begin to take place in the steel and the concrete when stressed to high levels. In some structures it may be essential that the flexural members remain crack free even under significant overloads.This may be due to the structures’being exposed to exceptionally corrosive atmospheres during their useful life.In designing prestressed members to be used in special structures of this type,it may be necessary to compute the load that causes cracking of the tensile flange,in order to ensure that adequate safety against cracking is provided by the design.The computation of the moment that will cause cracking is also necessary to ensure compliance with some design criteria. Many tests have demonstrated that the load-deflection curves of prestressed beams are approximately linear up to and slightly in excess of the load that causes the first cracks in the tensile flange.(The linearity is a function of the rate at which the load is applied.)For this reason,normal elastic-design relationships can be used in computing the cracking load by simply determining the load that results in a net tensile stress in the tensile flange(prestress minus the effects of the applied loads)that is equal to the tensile strength of the concrete.It is customary to assume that the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is equal to the modulus of rupture of the

1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总

华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计(论文)附件 外文文献翻译 学号:121912020115姓名:彭钰钊 所在系别:动力工程系专业班级:测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师:李冰 原文标题:Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日

红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术,被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低,小型化,传输速率快,点对点安全传输,不受电磁干扰等特点,可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送,在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值,目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术,在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降,红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号,主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调,其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262,解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是:利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息,PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间,然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息,由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字:红外线;编码;解码;LM386;红外收发器。 1 绪论

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A Wavelet Based Approach for Fast Detection of Internal Fault in Power Transformers The power transformer is one of the most expensive elements of power system and its protection is an essential part of the overall system protection strategy. The differential protection provides the best protection for power transformer. Its operation principle is based on this point that the differential current during an internal fault is higher than normal condition. But, a large transient current (inrush current) can cause mal-operation of differential relays. Then, studies for the improvement of the transformer protection have focused on discrimination between internal short circuit faults and inrush currents in transformers. The magnetizing inrush current has a large second order harmonic component in comparison to internal faults. Therefore , some transformer protection systems are designed to halt operating during the inrush current by sensing this large second order harmonic. The second harmonic component in the magnetizing inrush currents tend to be relatively small in modern large power transformers because of improvements in the power transformer core materials. Also , it has been seen that the fault current can contain higher second order harmonics than the inrush current due to nonlinear fault resistance, CT saturation .the distributed capacitance in the transmission line, which transformer is connected to, or due to the use of extra high voltage underground cables. Various methods have been suggested for overcoming this protection system mal-operation. This paper presents a wavelet based method for discrimination among inrush current, internal short circuit ,external short circuit and energizing and it is not affected by CT saturation and it is able to detect internal faults while transformer energization. Unlike Artificial Neural Network and Fuzzy logic based algorithms. This approach is not system dependent. The operating time of the scheme is less than 10ms. The Daubechies mother wavelet is used with a sample rate of 5 kHz. Then , the differential currents of the three phases are decomposed into two details and only the second level will be considered by using db5 mother wavelet. Discrete Wavelet Transform The wavelet transform is a powerful tool to extract information from the non-stationary signals simultaneously in both time and frequency domains. The ability of the wavelet transform to focus on short time intervals for high-frequency components and long intervals for low-frequency components improves the analysis

英文文献翻译

中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离,该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好,但是其需要消耗大量的时间,并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时,这些问题显得更加突出。近年来,几种制备系统已经进行了改进,能将分离时间减少到1-3h,并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥(使用薄层色谱分析进行分析)。在这些方法中,在我们的实验室中,媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近,我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术,可用于反应产物的常规提纯,我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等(ΔR f≥),而且构建这个系统花费非常低,并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础,专门针对快速分离,介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的,优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本,放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内,使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间(r)和峰宽(w,w/2)的比率进行测定的(Figure 1),结果如图2-4所示,图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。

毕业设计外文翻译资料

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