New Innovative Habitat-Creating Bank Protection Method
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关于创意环保行动的英语作文英文回答:Creative Environmental Action.Environmental degradation is an urgent and complex issue that demands innovative and sustainable solutions. Creative environmental action refers to the implementation of imaginative and out-of-the-box ideas to address environmental challenges. By leveraging creativity, individuals and organizations can devise unconventional approaches to reduce their ecological impact, promote conservation, and foster environmental stewardship.Examples of Creative Environmental Action.Numerous initiatives worldwide showcase the power of creative environmental action. Here are a few examples:Biodegradable Mushroom Packaging: Mycelium, the rootstructure of mushrooms, can be cultivated into a sturdy, biodegradable material that can replace plastic packaging. This innovation reduces plastic waste while utilizing a natural and renewable resource.Upcycled Plastic Art: Artists and designers transform discarded plastic bottles, bags, and other waste materials into stunning pieces of art. This approach not only reduces landfill waste but also raises awareness about plastic pollution.Green Roofs: Installing vegetation on rooftops provides multiple environmental benefits, including stormwater management, energy efficiency, and wildlife habitat creation. These green spaces also improve air quality and reduce the urban heat island effect.Community Composting: Community composting programs encourage residents to collect organic waste, which is then processed into nutrient-rich compost. This practice reduces landfill methane emissions and provides natural fertilizer for gardens.Zero-Waste Stores: Specialty stores dedicated to zero-waste shopping offer package-free alternatives to conventional products. Customers can bring their own containers to fill with items such as produce, grains, and cleaning supplies, eliminating single-use packaging.Benefits of Creative Environmental Action.Creative environmental action offers several advantages:Increased Engagement: Engaging with environmentalissues through creativity can make sustainability more accessible and appealing to a broader audience.Innovative Solutions: Creative thinking allows individuals and organizations to break free fromtraditional approaches and explore novel solutions to persistent environmental problems.Behavioral Change: By creating impactful and memorable experiences, creative environmental action can influencepeople's behavior and foster more sustainable practices.Empowerment: When individuals participate in creative environmental projects, they feel empowered to make a difference and contribute to positive change.Community Building: Collaborative creative actions can strengthen community bonds and foster a sense of collective responsibility for the environment.Conclusion.Creative environmental action is a vital tool in the fight against climate change and environmental degradation. By embracing ingenuity and innovation, we can develop effective and engaging solutions that protect our planetfor future generations.中文回答:创造性的环保行动。
创新措施英文作文范文Innovation is the key to success in today's fast-paced world. Companies are constantly looking for new ways tostay ahead of the competition and meet the ever-changing needs of their customers. One innovative measure that many companies are implementing is the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning to improve their products and services. By analyzing large amounts of data, these technologies can help companies make more informeddecisions and provide better experiences for their customers.Another innovative measure that companies are taking is to focus on sustainability and environmental responsibility. Many companies are investing in renewable energy sources, reducing waste and emissions, and implementing eco-friendly practices in their operations. This not only helps the environment, but it also appeals to a growing number of environmentally-conscious consumers.One of the most effective innovation measures is to encourage a culture of creativity and idea-sharing within the company. Companies are realizing the importance of fostering an environment where employees feel empowered to contribute their ideas and take risks. This can lead to breakthrough innovations and new perspectives that can drive the company forward.In the digital age, companies are also embracing innovative measures to improve their online presence and reach their target audience more effectively. This includes leveraging social media, creating engaging content, and using data analytics to better understand and connect with their customers.Finally, many companies are exploring new business models and partnerships to stay competitive in the rapidly changing market. This includes collaborations with other companies, entering new markets, and diversifying their product or service offerings. These innovative measures can help companies adapt to new trends and stay ahead of the curve.。
president of new development bank -回复什么是新开发银行(New Development Bank)?新开发银行(NDB),又称金砖国家银行,是金砖五国(巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国和南非)于2014年共同创立的一家多边开发银行。
作为这五个新兴市场国家和发展中大国的代表,新开发银行旨在促进成员国可持续发展,并支持其他发展中国家的经济增长。
新开发银行的设立源于金砖国家之间对当前国际金融机构的不满,认为这些机构在决策过程中存在一些不合理的问题,没有充分反映发展中国家的利益和需求。
因此,金砖五国决定建立一家完全独立的多边开发银行,以更好地满足他们的金融需求,并在世界范围内推动可持续发展议程。
新开发银行的目标和使命是什么?新开发银行的目标是为成员国提供融资支持,尤其是为基础设施和可持续发展项目提供融资。
银行旨在促进金砖国家以及其他发展中国家的务实合作,通过提供可持续融资解决方案来推动经济发展。
该银行重视支持绿色经济和可再生能源,以及通过发展创新金融工具来应对气候变化等挑战。
另一个重要的使命是通过建立网络和合作,加强金砖五国以及其他发展中国家之间的经济联系和互联互通。
通过促进贸易和投资,新开发银行希望拉动经济增长,减少贫困和不平等,为改善人民生活水平做出贡献。
新开发银行的治理结构如何?新开发银行有一个以五国代表为基础的治理结构。
每个成员国都有一个代表作为董事会成员,董事会则负责管理银行的运营和决策。
董事会通过多数决策原则作出决策,以确保每个国家在决策中都能发表意见并参与决策过程。
此外,新开发银行还设有一个由五个成员国代表组成的副行长委员会,负责监督银行的日常运营,并向董事会提出政策和战略建议。
银行还设有一个由五个成员国代表组成的审计和监察机构,负责监督银行的财务和运营状况。
新开发银行的成果和未来展望是什么?自成立以来,新开发银行已经取得了一系列重要成果。
银行已经启动了多个基础设施和可持续发展项目的融资,为成员国提供了重要的资金支持。
环境保护欲经济发展高分范文英语全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Environmental protection and economic development are often seen as conflicting goals. However, this does not have to be the case. In fact, when approached correctly, environmental protection can actually enhance economic development.Firstly, protecting the environment can lead to cost savings in the long run. For example, investing in renewable energy sources such as solar or wind power may require a significant initial investment, but over time, the cost of generating electricity from these sources is much lower than traditional fossil fuels. This not only saves money for consumers but also reduces the country's dependence on imported fossil fuels, which can be a source of economic instability.Furthermore, taking steps to protect the environment can also create new economic opportunities. For instance, investing in green technologies such as electric vehicles or energy-efficient buildings can create new industries and job opportunities. According to a report by the Environmental Defense Fund, theclean energy sector in the United States alone employs over 3 million people and is growing at a faster rate than the overall economy.Additionally, protecting the environment can enhance the quality of life for citizens. Cleaner air and water not only improve public health but also make cities more attractive places to live and work. This can lead to increased tourism and investment in local businesses, further boosting the economy.Moreover, environmental protection can also help mitigate the impacts of climate change, which can have devastating effects on the economy. Extreme weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, and wildfires can cause billions of dollars in damage and disrupt supply chains, leading to shortages of goods and services. By taking steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and protect natural habitats, countries can reduce the risk of these disasters and build more resilient economies.In conclusion, environmental protection and economic development are not mutually exclusive goals. In fact, they can complement each other and lead to a more sustainable and prosperous future. By investing in green technologies, creating new industries, and improving public health, countries can protect the environment while also promoting economic growth.This requires a shift in mindset and policies that prioritizelong-term sustainability over short-term gains, but the benefits are well worth it.篇2Environmental protection is a topic that has become increasingly important in recent years, as the impact of human activity on the environment becomes more apparent. The need to balance economic development with environmental protection has become a critical issue for policymakers and businesses around the world.One of the main arguments against strict environmental protection measures is that they can hinder economic development. Proponents of this view argue that imposing regulations and restrictions on businesses in the name of environmental protection can stifle innovation, reduce competitiveness, and ultimately slow down economic growth.However, this view overlooks the fact that environmental protection can actually be good for the economy in the long run. By investing in green technologies and sustainable practices, businesses can not only reduce their impact on the environment but also improve their bottom line. For example, companies thatembrace renewable energy sources can lower their energy costs and reduce their exposure to volatile fossil fuel prices.Furthermore, there is a growing demand for environmentally friendly products and services, as consumers become more aware of the impact of their purchasing decisions on the environment. Businesses that prioritize environmental protection can tap into this growing market and gain a competitive advantage over their less sustainable counterparts.In addition, environmental protection can lead to job creation in industries such as renewable energy, waste management, and sustainable agriculture. By investing in these sectors, governments can create new opportunities for employment and stimulate economic growth.Another important point to consider is the cost of environmental degradation. Pollution and the depletion of natural resources can have significant economic consequences, from healthcare costs associated with air and water pollution to the loss of ecosystem services that support agriculture and tourism. By investing in environmental protection now, we can prevent these costs from escalating and protect the long-term health of our economy.In conclusion, the idea that environmental protection is incompatible with economic development is a false dichotomy. In fact, the two can and should go hand in hand. By recognizing the economic benefits of environmental protection and investing in sustainable practices, we can create a healthier, more prosperous future for ourselves and the planet. It is time for policymakers and businesses to embrace this new paradigm and work together towards a more sustainable and prosperous future.篇3Environmental protection is crucial in today's society as we face numerous environmental challenges such as climate change, air and water pollution, deforestation, and habitat destruction. At the same time, economic development is also essential for improving living standards and promoting growth. There has often been a debate between the two, with some arguing that environmental protection hinders economic development, while others believe that they can go hand in hand. In this essay, we will explore how environmental protection can actually enhance economic development in the long run.Firstly, investing in environmental protection can create new economic opportunities and industries. Renewable energy suchas solar, wind, hydro, and biomass have been growing rapidly in recent years and are creating thousands of jobs worldwide. By transitioning to a low-carbon economy, countries can reduce their dependence on fossil fuels and create a more sustainable and resilient economy. Additionally, green technology and innovation have the potential to drive economic growth and attract investment.Secondly, protecting the environment can improve public health and reduce healthcare costs. Air pollution, for example, is a major problem in many cities around the world and has been linked to respiratory diseases, heart attacks, and premature death. By reducing air pollution through stricter environmental regulations and cleaner technologies, countries can save billions of dollars in healthcare costs and improve the quality of life for their citizens. A healthier population is also more productive and can contribute to economic growth.Thirdly, preserving natural resources and ecosystems is essential for long-term economic sustainability. Biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation can have serious consequences for agriculture, fisheries, and tourism industries, which rely on healthy ecosystems for their survival. By protecting forests, rivers, oceans, and wildlife habitats, countries can ensure the continuedavailability of resources and services that support economic activities. Sustainable management of natural resources is key to promoting economic development while safeguarding the environment for future generations.Furthermore, environmental protection can enhance the competitiveness of businesses and industries in the global marketplace. Consumers are becoming more environmentally conscious and are demanding products and services that are produced sustainably and ethically. Companies that adopt environmentally friendly practices and embrace corporate social responsibility are seen as more trustworthy and attractive to customers. Additionally, many countries are implementing carbon pricing and other environmental regulations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable development. Businesses that are proactive in reducing their environmental impact are better positioned to succeed in a changing and competitive market.In conclusion, environmental protection and economic development are not mutually exclusive, but rather complementary goals that can reinforce each other. By investing in environmental protection, countries can create new economic opportunities, improve public health, preserve natural resources,and enhance the competitiveness of businesses. It is important for policymakers, businesses, and individuals to work together to find innovative solutions that promote sustainable development and protect the environment for future generations. Only by integrating environmental considerations into economic decision-making can we achieve a more prosperous and sustainable world.。
城市绿色变化英文作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1With the rapid urbanization taking place all over the world, cities are constantly facing challenges such as pollution, congestion, and lack of green spaces. However, in recent years, there has been a noticeable shift towards making cities more environmentally friendly by implementing green initiatives. This trend towards creating greener cities can be seen in various ways, from the development of green infrastructure to the promotion of sustainable practices.One of the key ways in which cities are becoming greener is through the development of green infrastructure. This includes initiatives such as creating parks and green spaces, planting trees, and installing green roofs and walls. These green spaces not only improve the aesthetic appeal of the city but also help to reduce air pollution, combat urban heat island effects, and promote biodiversity. For example, cities like Singapore have made significant efforts to increase green spaces by creating vertical gardens on buildings and transforming empty lots into lush parks.Another important aspect of creating greener cities is promoting sustainable transportation options. Cities are investing in public transportation systems, cycling lanes, and pedestrian-friendly streets to reduce reliance on cars and lower carbon emissions. Additionally, initiatives such as car-sharing programs and electric vehicle charging stations are being implemented to encourage residents to choose more environmentally friendly modes of transport. For instance, cities like Amsterdam have prioritized cycling as a means of transportation, with extensive bike lanes and bike-sharing programs available to residents.Furthermore, cities are also focusing on implementing energy-efficient and eco-friendly building practices. Green building standards such as LEED certification are becoming increasingly popular, with buildings incorporating features such as energy-efficient heating and cooling systems, solar panels, and green roofs. These sustainable building practices not only reduce energy consumption but also improve indoor air quality and create healthier living spaces for residents. Cities like Copenhagen have been at the forefront of sustainable building design, with many new buildings meeting high environmental standards.In addition to infrastructure and transportation, many cities are also implementing policies and programs to promote recycling and waste reduction. By setting targets for waste diversion and implementing curbside recycling programs, cities are working towards reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills. Furthermore, initiatives such as composting programs and plastic bag bans are being introduced to encourage residents to adopt more sustainable waste management practices. For example, cities like San Francisco have successfully implemented a zero waste policy, diverting over 80% of their waste away from landfills.Overall, the shift towards creating greener cities is a positive trend that is beneficial for both the environment and residents. By investing in green infrastructure, promoting sustainable transportation options, implementing energy-efficient building practices, and encouraging waste reduction, cities are able to improve air quality, reduce carbon emissions, and create healthier and more livable environments for their residents. As more cities around the world continue to prioritize sustainability, we can look forward to a future where urban spaces are not only vibrant and thriving but also environmentally friendly and sustainable.篇2With the rapid urbanization and industrialization taking place in cities around the world, the issue of environmental degradation has become a major concern. However, in recent years, there has been a growing trend towards creating green spaces within cities in order to combat pollution, improve air quality, and enhance the overall quality of life for residents. This shift towards sustainability and conservation has led to significant changes in the way cities are designed and managed.One of the most noticeable changes in cities today is the proliferation of urban parks and green spaces. These areas serve as a refuge from the hustle and bustle of city life, providing residents with a place to relax, exercise, and connect with nature. In addition to providing recreational opportunities, urban parks also play a crucial role in improving air quality and reducing the urban heat island effect. By absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen, trees and plants help to mitigate the impact of pollution and combat the effects of climate change.Another key aspect of the green transformation taking place in cities is the adoption of sustainable practices and technologies. From green building design and energy-efficient transportation systems to waste management initiatives and renewable energysources, cities are increasingly embracingenvironmentally-friendly solutions to address the challenges of urbanization. By investing in green infrastructure and implementing eco-friendly policies, cities are not only reducing their carbon footprint but also improving the health andwell-being of their residents.Furthermore, the concept of urban agriculture has gained traction in recent years as a means of promoting sustainability and food security in cities. By repurposing vacant lots, rooftops, and other underutilized spaces for growing food, urban farmers are able to produce fresh, local produce while also reducing the need for long-distance transportation and storage. This not only benefits the environment but also creates opportunities for community engagement and economic development.Overall, the green transformation of cities represents a positive shift towards a more sustainable and resilient future. By prioritizing environmental conservation, resource efficiency, and community engagement, cities are able to create healthier, more livable urban environments for current and future generations. As more and more cities around the world embrace the principles of sustainability and green development, the potentialfor positive change and innovation is endless.城市绿色变化英文作文2505字符展开The transition to green urban spaces is not only beneficial for the environment but also for the health and well-being of city residents. Studies have shown that access to green spaces can have a positive impact on mental health, reducing stress levels and promoting a sense of well-being. In addition, green spaces provide opportunities for physical activity, social interaction, and relaxation, all of which contribute to a higher quality of life for urban dwellers. By investing in green infrastructure and promoting sustainable practices, cities are not only improving the environment but also promoting the health and happiness of their residents.In conclusion, the green transformation of cities represents a positive and necessary evolution in response to the challenges of urbanization and climate change. By prioritizing sustainability, conservation, and community engagement, cities around the world are creating healthier, more livable urban environments for all. The shift towards green spaces, sustainable practices, and eco-friendly technologies is not only beneficial for the environment but also for the health and well-being of city residents. As more and more cities embrace the principles ofsustainability and green development, the future of urban living looks brighter and more sustainable than ever before.篇3Title: The Green Transformation of CitiesWith the rapid urbanization and development of technology, cities have been facing various environmental challenges such as pollution, global warming, and depletion of resources. In order to combat these issues and create a sustainable future, many cities around the world have been implementing green initiatives to transform themselves into eco-friendly urban spaces. This green transformation not only benefits the environment but also improves the quality of life for city residents.One of the key aspects of the green transformation of cities is the promotion of green infrastructure. Green roofs, vertical gardens, and urban forests are being introduced in many cities to enhance biodiversity, reduce urban heat island effect, and improve air quality. These green spaces not only provide a natural habitat for wildlife but also offer a peaceful retreat for urban dwellers in the midst of bustling city life.Another important aspect of the green transformation is the promotion of sustainable transportation. Cities are investing inpublic transportation systems, bike-sharing programs, and pedestrian-friendly infrastructure to reduce traffic congestion, air pollution, and carbon emissions. By encouraging people to use more sustainable modes of transportation, cities are not only reducing their carbon footprint but also promoting a healthier and more active lifestyle for their residents.In addition to green infrastructure and sustainable transportation, cities are also focusing on waste management and recycling programs to minimize waste generation and promote circular economy. By implementing effective waste management systems and encouraging citizens to recycle and compost, cities are reducing landfill space and conserving natural resources. Some cities have even introduced innovative initiatives such as zero waste goals and plastic bans to further reduce waste production.Furthermore, cities are shifting towards renewable energy sources to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels and combat climate change. Solar panels, wind turbines, and geothermal systems are being installed in many cities to generate clean energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. By transitioning to renewable energy sources, cities not only reduce theirenvironmental impact but also create new opportunities for green jobs and economic growth.Overall, the green transformation of cities is crucial for creating a sustainable and livable urban environment for present and future generations. By implementing green initiatives such as green infrastructure, sustainable transportation, waste management, and renewable energy, cities can improve air quality, reduce carbon emissions, and enhance the well-being of their residents. It is important for cities to continue investing in green initiatives and work towards a more sustainable future for all.In conclusion, the green transformation of cities is a necessary step towards creating a sustainable and resilient urban environment. By implementing green initiatives such as green infrastructure, sustainable transportation, waste management, and renewable energy, cities can mitigate the impacts of climate change, improve air quality, and enhance the quality of life for their residents. It is crucial for cities to prioritize sustainability and work towards a greener future for all.。
写一篇题为让农业再生和环保的文章英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Fostering Agricultural Regeneration and Environmental ProtectionAgriculture has been the backbone of human civilization for thousands of years, providing us with food, fiber, and fuel. However, modern agricultural practices have taken a toll on the environment, leading to deforestation, soil degradation, water pollution, and loss of biodiversity. In order to ensure the sustainability of our food system and protect our planet, it is crucial that we promote regenerative agricultural practices that not only restore the health of the soil and ecosystems but also mitigate climate change and enhance food security.Regenerative agriculture is a holistic approach that focuses on restoring and enhancing the health of our soils, promoting biodiversity, and sequestering carbon from the atmosphere. By minimizing tillage, using cover crops, practicing crop rotation, and integrating livestock into cropping systems, regenerative farmers can improve soil structure, boost water retention, reduceerosion, and increase nutrient cycling. This not only leads to higher yields and better-quality crops but also helps mitigate the impacts of climate change by storing carbon in the soil.In addition to adopting regenerative practices on farms, it is important to support small-scale farmers and local food systems, which tend to have a lower environmental impact than industrial agriculture. By buying local, organic, and seasonal produce, consumers can help reduce the carbon footprint of their food and support farmers who are working to protect the environment. Furthermore, investing in agricultural education and research can help develop new technologies and practices that promote sustainability and resilience in the face of climate change.Another key aspect of fostering agricultural regeneration and environmental protection is reducing food waste and promoting a circular economy. By minimizing food waste at every stage of the supply chain, from production to consumption, we can not only save resources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also ensure that more people have access to nutritious food. Composting organic waste and recycling nutrients back into the soil can also help close the nutrient loopand reduce the need for synthetic fertilizers, which can pollute waterways and harm ecosystems.In conclusion, by promoting regenerative agriculture, supporting small-scale farmers and local food systems, reducing food waste, and investing in agricultural education and research, we can work towards a more sustainable and resilient food system that nourishes both people and the planet. By working together to protect and regenerate our soils, water, and ecosystems, we can create a future where agriculture and the environment thrive in harmony. Let us all do our part to ensure a healthy and sustainable future for generations to come.篇2Title: Reviving Agriculture and Protecting the EnvironmentIn recent years, the importance of sustainable agriculture and environmental protection has been increasingly emphasized by experts and policymakers around the world. As the impacts of climate change become more apparent and the consequences of industrial agriculture are felt, there is a growing recognition that urgent action is needed to revitalize our agricultural systems and protect the environment for future generations.One of the key challenges facing agriculture today is the reliance on chemical inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides. While these inputs have enabled farmers to increase yields and meet the growing demand for food, they have also had negative impacts on the environment. Chemical fertilizers can pollute water sources and contribute to soil erosion, while pesticides can harm beneficial insects and pollinators. In order to mitigate these impacts, it is essential to shift towards more sustainable farming practices that minimize the use of chemical inputs and focus on improving soil health.One approach to revitalizing agriculture and protecting the environment is through the promotion of agroecology. Agroecology is a holistic approach to farming that integrates ecological principles into agricultural systems. By promoting biodiversity, enhancing soil fertility, and supporting natural pest control mechanisms, agroecological practices can help farmers increase resilience to climate change and reduce their reliance on chemical inputs. Moreover, agroecology can improve the livelihoods of smallholder farmers by enhancing their food security and promoting sustainable land management practices.Another important aspect of reviving agriculture and protecting the environment is the promotion of sustainable foodsystems. This includes supporting local food production, reducing food waste, and promoting sustainable consumption patterns. By sourcing food locally, consumers can reduce the carbon footprint of their diets and support small-scale farmers in their communities. Additionally, reducing food waste can help to conserve resources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while promoting sustainable consumption patterns can lead to healthier diets and a more sustainable food system overall.In conclusion, reviving agriculture and protecting the environment are essential for ensuring the long-term sustainability of our food systems and the health of our planet. By promoting agroecological practices, supporting sustainable food systems, and fostering a culture of environmental stewardship, we can create a more resilient and sustainable future for agriculture and the environment. It is time for all stakeholders – from farmers and consumers to policymakers and corporations – to come together and work towards a more sustainable and environmentally-friendly agricultural system. The time to act is now.篇3Making Agriculture Sustainable and Environmentally FriendlyWith the growing awareness of environmental issues and the need for sustainable practices in agriculture, it has become increasingly important to find ways to make farming moreeco-friendly. By implementing innovative technologies, sustainable practices, and environmentally conscious policies, we can ensure that agriculture not only meets the needs of our growing population but also preserves our precious natural resources for future generations.One of the key ways to make agriculture more sustainable and environmentally friendly is through the use of organic farming practices. Organic farming avoids the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, relying instead on natural methods to control pests and improve soil fertility. By avoiding harmful chemicals, organic farming protects the health of both consumers and farmers, as well as the environment.Another important aspect of sustainable agriculture is water conservation. With water scarcity becoming an increasingly pressing issue, it is essential that farmers use water resources wisely. This can be achieved through practices such as drip irrigation, rainwater harvesting, and the use of drought-tolerant crops. By reducing water waste and improving water efficiency,farmers can help to preserve this precious resource for future generations.In addition, sustainable agriculture also involves reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change. Agriculture is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, due to factors such as livestock production, deforestation, and the use of synthetic fertilizers. By adopting practices such as agroforestry, conservation tillage, and crop rotation, farmers can reduce their carbon footprint and help to combat climate change.Furthermore, sustainable agriculture should also prioritize biodiversity conservation. Monoculture farming, where only one crop is grown over a large area, can lead to a loss of biodiversity and the depletion of soil nutrients. By promoting crop diversity, using cover crops, and creating habitat for beneficial insects and pollinators, farmers can help to protect biodiversity and create more resilient agroecosystems.Government policies and incentives also play a crucial role in promoting sustainable agriculture. By providing subsidies for organic farming, investing in research and development of sustainable technologies, and enforcing regulations to protectthe environment, governments can support farmers in their transition to more sustainable practices.Ultimately, the goal of making agriculture sustainable and environmentally friendly is to ensure food security for all while preserving the health of our planet. By embracing organic farming practices, conserving water resources, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting biodiversity conservation, and implementing supportive government policies, we can create a more sustainable and resilient agricultural system for the future.In conclusion, the future of agriculture lies in sustainability and environmental stewardship. By prioritizing the health of our planet and the well-being of future generations, we can ensure that agriculture remains a vital and sustainable industry for years to come. Let us work together to make agriculture a force for positive change in the world.。
云南省昆明市第一中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期中考试英语试题一、阅读理解Summer is coming. Are you looking for a part-time job? Here are some possible options.LifeguardAre you a strong swimmer and a good communicator? Would you like a challenge? We are looking for lifeguards for our busy summer season. No experience is necessary as you will get two weeks of training before you start the job. As well as being physically fit, you need to be available for work Mon-Fri, 7- 11 a.m.Store assistantWe are looking for store assistants for our busy gift store. Applicants need to be reliable, friendly, and enjoy speaking to customers. A second language is preferred as many of our customers are tourists from other countries. The positions are part-time and you need to work from Thursday to Sunday, 10 a.m.-4 p.m.Fashion designerAre you interested in the latest styles? Are you creative and good at art? If so, Dresswise is looking for a young person to create new looks for our teen department. This is a great opportunity to gain experience in the clothing industry. You will need to work four days a week and we’ll pay you for each design we use. We’ll also give you samples of your designs to wear.Game testerAre you into technology and creative? Would you like to play and test educational games and get paid for it? This is an exciting part-time job for somebody who loves playing games. We offer flexible hours. If this is for you, write a description of your favorite game and why you like it in no more than 150 words.If you are interested in any of the above jobs, please contact us at studentunrion @.1.What is a shared requirement for lifeguard and store assistant?A.Communicative ability.B.A second language.C.Professional experience.D.A strong body.2.Which job can you apply for if you can only work on weekends?A.Lifeguard.B.Store assistant.C.Fashion designer.D.Game tester.3.What can you get from the job as a fashion designer?A.Samples of the latest styles.B.Payment for each of your designs.C.Experience in the fashion industry.D.Chances to design clothes for adults.When was the last time you used a telephone box? I mean to make an actual phone call — not to shelter from the rain. Ages ago, right? The last time I used a phone box for its intended purpose was…2006. I was conducting auditions (试演) for my play in my tiny old shared house in London. Hoping to impress some talented actors to come and work for me for nothing, I spread some throws over the sofas and lit candles to make it seem a bit more ”young professional”.As I rushed outdoors to empty the wastepaper baskets, the door swung shut behind me. Suddenly I was locked outside. My mobile phone was inside, but luckily there was a telephone box across the street. So, I called Directory Assistance, got put through to our landlady’s managing agent, and had a spare key sent to me with just enough time to get back in before the actors arrived.As it has been many years since I last used one, I should hardly be surprised that then are no longer any public telephones near my house. The last one standing has just been turn into a “mini community library”: any passer-by can “borrow” a book from its shelves return it later, or replace it with another title from their own collection.For a few months after the “library” opened, I didn’t bother taking a look, as I had assumed that it would be stuffed full of cheese love stories. Then I noticed fork conducting spring cleans dropping boxes of voluminous books on various subjects there. And these books were free. This unbeatable price-point encouraged me to experiment with dozens of titles that I would never normally consider buying. And I’ve discovered some great books!If I ever get trapped outside my house again, my local telephone box will, sadly no longerbe able to connect me with my keys. But it can certainly keep me entertained while I wait for my wife to rescue me.4.What does the underlined word “it” in the first paragraph refer to?A.The play.B.The shared house.C.The sofa.D.The telephone box.5.Why did the author use the telephone box in 2006?A.To place an urgent call.B.To put up a notice.C.To shelter from the rain.D.To hold an audition.6.What do we know about the “mini community library”?A.It provides phone service for free.B.Anyone can contribute to its collection.C.It is popular among young readers.D.Books must be returned within a month. 7.Why did the author start to use the “library”?A.He wanted to borrow some love stories.B.He was encouraged by a close neighbour.C.He found there were excellent free books.D.He thought it was an ideal place for reading.When John was growing up, other kids felt sorry for him. His parents always had him weeding the garden, carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers. But when John reached adulthood, he was better off than his childhood playmates. He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier. Most of all, he was happier, far happier.These are the findings of a 40-year study that followed the lives of 456 teenage boys from Boston. The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than those who had not. “Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society,” said George Vaillant, the psychologist who made the discovery. “And because they felt good about themselves, others felt good about them.”Vaillant’s study followed these males in great detail. Interviews were repeated at ages 25, 31 and 47. Under Vaillant, the researchers compared the men’s mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores. Points were awarded for part-time jobs, housework, effort in school, andability to deal with problems.The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly manifest. Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed. The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys turned out. Working — at any age — is important. As Tolstoy once said, “One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love one’s work.”8.What do we know about John?A.He enjoyed his career and marriage.B.He had few childhood playmates.C.He received little love from his family.D.He was envied by others in his childhood. 9.Vaillant’s words in Paragraph 2 serve as ________.A.a description of personal values and social valuesB.an analysis of how work was related to competenceC.an example for parents’ expectations of their childrenD.an explanation why some boys grew into happy men10.V aillant’s team obtained their findings by ________.A.recording the boys’ effort in school B.evaluating the men’s mental healthC.comparing different sets of scores D.measuring the men’s problem solving ability 11.What does the underlined word “manifest” probably mean in Paragraph 4?A.Common but abstract.B.Normal but annoying.C.Clear and definite.D.Sudden and rapid.According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially infarming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.12.What do solar developers often ignore?A.The decline in the demand for solar energy.B.The negative impact of installing solar panels.C.The rising labor cost of building solar farms.D.The most recent advances in solar technology.13.What does InSPIRE aim to do?A.Improve the productivity of local farms.B.Invent new methods for controlling weeds.C.Make solar projects environmentally friendly.D.Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.14.What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4?A.To conserve pollinators.B.To restrict solar development.C.To diversify the economy.D.To ensure the supply of energy.15.Which of the following is the best title for the text?A.Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B.Solar Energy: Hope for the FutureC.InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D.Solar Farms: A New DevelopmentTime management is all about making the most effective use of your time and working smarter. It requires planning, and then sticking to the plan — and that takes discipline (自律).16It’s important that you know what your short-term and long-term goals are — this will enable you to differentiate between what’s important and what’s not. 17 It's only when you know where you want to go and what you want to achieve that you can figure out exactly what needs to be done, and in what order.Some people have the habit of putting off doing things. 18 It’s important to look at the causes of your postponement — is it because you re waiting for the right time or mood, or have just developed a very bad habit? The only way to break a habit is to consistently act in other ways — so stop putting things off and just do it.19 They can increase your productivity by 20 per cent, help to clear your mind, and save you energy and stress. Start your day by spending five to ten minutes planning your activities for the day — or, better still, prepare your list the evening before.Write out your tasks to-do either on paper or on your computer. Focus on one task at a time. As you complete your tasks, cross them off.20Learning how to squeeze more into your day, and knowing how to make the most of your time is essential to your career and life balance.A.It can give you a very satisfying feeling.B.You need to be energetic in the activities.C.It is a good method for you to make to-do lists.D.You’d better figure out your strengths in your mind.E.Here are some tips which can help you maximise your time.F.For them, this bad behavior may be a major barrier to their success.G.Once you have clear goals, you can prepare a series of actions to achieve them.二、完形填空After a whole day’s football practice with her three kids, Brittany felt worn out and decided to grab dinner from McDonald’s.Wyatt was a teenager working at McDonald’s who took Brittany’s 21 . As Brittany pulled up to the drive-through window to 22 , her 4-year-old son began crying and the other two soon 23 , almost driving Brittany mad. And that was when it 24 Brittany that she’d left her purse at home.“I wanted to cry,” Brittany recalled (回忆). “I looked at the young man with 25 eyes and said, ‘I’m so sorry but I have to 26 the order.’”27 , Wyatt pulled out his wallet, swiped (刷) his card and paid for the 28 mom’s meal.Wyatt probably couldn’t make much money from his job. Yet, he firmly 29 Brittany’s promises to pay him back later, 30 saying that it was no big deal.Brittany was so grateful that she was determined to 31 Wyatt’s kindness in a big way! She discovered that Wyatt was saving up for a vehicle, so she shared the story on social media and started a 32 campaign to help him realize his dream.Strangers from all over the country were inspired by the young man and 33 poured in. Before long, Brittany collected over $ 40,000! She was shocked. “I honestly didn’t expect such an incredible 34 ! Wyatt will now have enough money to buy a car and even start saving for college. So when you put 35 out in the world, it comes back to you more than you expect.”21.A.opportunity B.order C.position D.advice 22.A.pay B.rest C.eat D.explain 23.A.stood out B.moved aside C.cooled down D.joined in 24.A.hit B.attacked C.reminded D.touched 25.A.curious B.cold C.tearful D.sharp 26.A.place B.cancel C.refuse D.change27.A.In secret B.Out of respect C.Without hesitation D.By accident 28.A.responsible B.relieved C.elegant D.stressed29.A.declined B.accepted C.considered D.appreciated 30.A.proudly B.humbly C.impatiently D.vividly 31.A.deserve B.express C.reward D.spread 32.A.brain-washing B.painstaking C.time-saving D.fundraising 33.A.letters B.supplies C.donations D.complaints 34.A.experience B.response C.arrangement D.behavior 35.A.good B.hope C.honesty D.passion三、语法填空阅读下列材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
黑龙江省哈尔滨第三中学校2023-2024学年高二上学期第二次验收考试英语试题(含答案,含听力原文)哈三中2023-2024学年度上学期高二学年第二次验收考试英语试卷(考试时间:120分钟试卷满分:150分)注意事项:本试卷分第一部分(听力),第二部分(阅读理解),第三部分(完形填空),第四部分(单句填空),第五部分(篇章语法填空),第六部分(写作)。
第一部分:听力(共两节,每小题1.5分,满分30分)第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分.满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题,从题中给出的A,B.C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题,每段对话仅读一遍。
1. What does the man want to buyA. A soft drink.B. A movie ticket.C. Some popcorn.2. What does the woman meanA. She wants to try the restaurant.B. She will treat the man.C. She likes to eat out.3. What are the speakers mainly talking aboutA. When the T-shirts will arrive.B. How the quality of T-shirts is.C. Whether they should order more T-shirts.4. What is the woman most likely to do todayA. Visit a lake.B. Stay at homeC. Go to Mumbai.5. Why does the man come to the companyA. To attend an interview.B. To make an appointment.C. To visit the woman.第二节(共15小题:每小题1.5分,满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
高2025届高二下期3月阶段性测试英语试题第一部分听力(共两节,满分30分)第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1. What does the girl like about her parentsA. They are strict.B. They are rich.C. They are caring.2. How much does the keyboard cost nowA. $40.B. $50.C. $20.3. Why does the boy refuse the girl’s offerA. He has a doctor’s appointment.B. He needs to go to see his family.C. He has been to the beach before.4. What are the speakers doingA. Making dinner.B. Ordering some food.C. Shopping for a party.5. What does the man want to knowA. The recipe of making desserts.B. The solution to the problems.C. The meaning of the expressions.第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分,满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。
听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟;听完后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话或独白读两遍。
宣传册文字素材稿宣传册方式:插页式设计要求:健康,环保,科技,大气感。
P1(封一):封面部分祥源新材,绿色生活!XiangYuan New Material , Green LivingP2(封二): 企业简介(BRIEF INTRODUCTION)湖北祥源新材科技有限公司,座落于美丽的江城武汉,是一家致力于高科技环保新材料的研发、生产及销售为一体的高新技术企业,拥有国内最权威环保科技专家团队和最先进的仪器设备。
Hubei XiangYuan New Material Technology CO.Ltd , is located in WuHan City of Changjiang River . We’re qualified as a high-tech company integrates with new materials of R&D, Manufacturing and sale in the field of environment protection. We have the most authoritative environmental technology expert team and the most advanced equipment.“新材宝”系列产品具有细密的闭孔结构,光滑的表面,优良的回弹性,较高的力学强度,优异的隔热、防水、防潮性能,优良的耐老化和耐化学腐蚀性,优良的体积稳定性的消声性能,并可进行复合、粘接、切割等二次成塑加工。
适当改进配方后还可赋予其阻燃性、导电性等。
产品再循环利用性出色,可回收炼油,是有利于环保的新材料。
Products with the obturator detailed structure, smooth surface, good elasticity, high mechanical strength, excellent insulation, waterproof, moisture resistant, excellent anti-aging and corrosion-resistant chemical, good volume stability of the muffler, and a composite, adhesive, cut into secondary harm such as plastic processing. After an appropriate formula can be given to improve their fire-retardant, such as conductivity 。
ASCE EWRI ConferenceEmerging and Innovative Technologies- Understanding, Measuring, and Implementing Water Resources Sustainability through Innovative StrategiesHydraulics and Waterways-Bank StabilizationNew Innovative, Habitat-Creating Bank Protection MethodTim Abbe1, Jack Bjork2, Al Zehni3 and James Park41Cardno ENTRIX, 200 First Ave West, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98119. PH (206) 790-1079; FAX (206) 269-0098; tim.abbe@2Cardno ENTRIX, 200 First Ave West, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98119. PH (206) 269-0104; FAX (206) 269-0098; jack.bjork@3Pierce County Public Works, 2702 42nd St, Tacoma, WA. 98409. PH (253) 798-4677; FAX (253) 798-27254Washington Department of Transportation, MS 47331, 310 Maple Park Ave, Olympia, WA 98504. PH (360)705-7415; FAX (360) 705-6833; parkj@ABSTRACTThe traditional method to control river bank erosion and channel migration has been rock revetment. Although this approach can be effective, it often has negative impacts on aquatic habitat. In the Pacific Northwest billions of dollars have been spent on restoration, restrictions and spillage of water at hydropower dams to stop the decline of threatened and endangered salmon. We developed a new innovative method for bank protection which combines the habitat benefits of large woody debris and the stability and erosion resistance of concrete dolos. The first application was along the Lower Puyallup River where a complex revetment of dolos and logs was constructed in 2009 to protect a segment of the river’s North Levee in the highly developed city of Fife, Washington. Regulators considered the work to be self-mitigating. The second application, now being designed, will provide 1,300 LF of protection along State Route 20 in northern Washington where the Skagit River has caused repeatedly obliteration of the highway. The project reach is a Wild and Scenic River near the North Cascade National Recreation Area, has numerous spawning redds of endangered steelhead and Chinook salmon and resource agencies would not allow further placement of a rock revetment. The dolos will be made of colored concrete and will have a roughened, bark-like surface. Connected to logs, the units can be placed with a crane or excavator without dewatering or river diversions, a substantial cost savings. The resultant is bank protection which has both a large surface area of logs and a huge volume of interstitial spaces which enhances physical complexity critical to habitat. This new approach is in the process of being patented and offers tremendous potential for more sustainable bank protection and maintenance.INTRODUCTIONRiver bank erosion is one of the most widespread threats to infrastructure and propertyin the world. When bank erosion threatens major facilities like levees, roads and developed areas, it can result in major environmental, social and economic damages. Traditional bank protection has focused on limiting economic and social damages, but come at a high cost to aquatic and riparian habitat. Over the last 30 years the increasing awareness of the cumulative environment impacts of bank protection, particularly under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, has led to a wide range of bank protection alternatives. Many of these alternatives fall under the umbrella of “bio-engineering”. These techniques focus on the role of riparian vegetation in limiting erosion. But in large channels the toe scour that drives most bank erosion occurs well below the root depth of vegetation and requires more structural elements. The most common approach for toe protection is placement of large rock. Thus many bioengineered bank protection projects only differ from a traditional blanket revetment by the presence of vegetation along the upper bank. Other bank protection methods that deflect flow away from the bank have increased in popularity because they create more diverse habitat conditions for fish, structures such as bend way weirs, spur dykes, rock vanes, and engineered logjams. They offer different ways to create more physical complexity within the river channel – a key objective for protecting aquatic habitat. Engineering solutions that add physical complexity add uncertainty to predicting river response, requiring more extensive analysis. Compared to traditional rock revetments, more complex structures will induce more complex response and may be subject to more severe conditions such as greater drag, shear and scour. They are also more difficult and, therefore, more expensive to build. Despite the challenges, the negative environmental impacts of rock revetments continues to drive changes in bank protection. This is very much the case along the Pacific Coast where many rivers have ESA-listed salmonids. If the project is found to impact aquatic and riparian habitat then mitigation is likely to be required that is costly and increases permitting times. Additionally, construction is usually limited to very short periods when impacts to threatened and endangered species will be minimized. The best solutions are those that demonstrate positive enhancements and thus deemed “self-mitigating”.An example of innovation coming out the Pacific Northwest (PNW) has been development of engineered logjam technology (ELJs) which takes a naturally occurring feature of river systems and integrates into into river management and restoration (Abbe et al. 1997, 2005). In the last 15 years ELJs have become a widely applied technique in the restoration of Pacific Northwest rivers (Abbe et al. 2003a, b; Abbe and Brooks 2011). While there are many different applications for ELJs within fluvial environments and many more different variations in ELJ design, the underlying philosophy is to emulate natural systems (Abbe et al. 1997). When properly designed and constructed, ELJs have been very successful in enhancing aquatic habitat and achieving bank protection goals. One of the major differences between ELJs and bioengineering is that ELJs are in-stream structures which induce local scour and therefore must be designed to accommodate scour. Just as in the case of rock structures and bridge piers, scour poses the most serious threat to an ELJ. To design for scour we have three basic options for any structure: 1) it must go deeper than depth of scour, 2) not going as deep and thus limiting scour depth proximal to the structure, or 3) the structure settles with scour without compromising its integrity or performance. The firstoption involves river bed excavation that brings up many challenges for permitting and construction. The second option still involves either excavation or pile driving. Both of the first two options almost always require measures to isolate the construction area. Because of the buoyancy of wood structures it is critical they are either deeply embedded (e.g., piles) or ballasted. The last option simply places material into the river bed that will settle as scour occurs but is designed so that as the structure deforms it still achieves the desired bank protection goals. A good example is a dynamic revetment in which rock launches into scour holes. Obviously using wood in this type of approach can only be done if the wood also settles when subjected to scour and doesn’t simply get washed away. Thus individual wood must have attached ballast or the wood structures such as cribs be designed to retain their ballast and still perform if structural elements undergo changes in their position and orientation as they settle into the riverbed.This paper focuses on the development of a solution to meet the following objectives:1.Provide long-term protection to critical infrastructure (levees and roads)2.Create complex edge habitat for salmonids3.Integrate large quantities of large woody material (LWM)4.Minimize construction impacts and time5.Minimize cost6.Limit the need for mitigationMany bank protection protections on the Pacific Coast typically come with these objectives and thus created incentives to develop new ideas based on sound science and engineering. We will describe one project in which we were faced with these objectives and developed a unique solution never before done.THE LOWER PUYALLUP RIVERBank erosion along the right bank of the Lower Puyallup River at River Mile (RM) 5.26 presents a potential threat to the integrity of the river’s North Levee protecting the city of Fife, WA (Figure 1). This portion of the Lower Puyallup used to have a tortuous meandering channel that went from went from one side of its valley to the other. Between 1914 and 1930 the river was straightened and levees constructed. The project site is located about 5 miles upstream of Puget Sound and 2500 feet downstream of the 66th Ave Bridge (Figure 1). The Puyallup River flows northwest between North Levee road along the river’s right bank and State Route (SR) 167 along the left bank. The river has a 2457 km2 basin that originates from 12 glaciers on the West and North sides of Mount Rainier (4392 m). The river carries high loads of bedload and suspended sediment. Estimated peak flows at the project site are listed in Table 1. The estimated 2-yr flood stage is approximately equivalent to the top of bank along the silt bench. Water elevations increase about 9.5 feet from the 2-yr to 10-yr flood stage, completely inundating the silt bench. Water elevations increase approximately 2 feet from the 10-yr to 100-yr floods.Figure 1. Lower Puyallup River, Pierce County, WA. Project site is located along North Levee which protects the city of Fife.Table 1.Flood recurrence intervals and magnitudesFlood Recurrence Interval (yrs) Peak Flood Magnitude(cfs) (cms)1 9,0002552 22,0006235 33,00093510 41,000116150 46,0001303 100 48,0001359 Throughout this reach of the river, the inboard side of the North Levee is abutted by an inset floodplain referred to as the “Silt Bench”(Figure 2). The silt bench is approximately 50-70 feet in width. The original levee design included a concrete slope slab mattress on the inboard slope of the levee (Figure 2) with a cedar brush mattress along its toe for erosion control. This cedar brush mattress is believed to have initiated sedimentation along the North Levee that ultimately formed the silt bench. The current ground elevation of the silt bench is estimated to be about 5-10 feet above the original cedar brush mattress.Much of silt bench is covered by riparian vegetation dominated by native deciduous trees. The silt bench forms a buffer between the levee and the river which is considered integral to protecting the levee itself. Between the years of 2000 and 2004, a 250 feet section of the silt bench experienced approximately 20 feet of lateral erosion that eliminated riparian vegetation between the utility road and the North Levee (Figure 3). This erosion posed a serious threat of losing the silt bench and threat to the integrity of the levee.Historic photos clearly show that the North Levee silt bench encroached out into theriver over time and gradually become more densely vegetated. No further encroachment of the bench into the river occurred after 1982, after which both banks of the river have been relatively stable. Based on historic airphotos, a loss of riparian treesat the project site suggests bank erosion began shortly before 2002. Colonization of riparian vegetation would have played an important role in development and stabilization of the silt bench by addition soil cohesion and hydraulic roughness, the later slowing down flows and promoting sedimentation. Recent cross-section surveys show that most of the erosion at the project site occurred between 2002 and 2007. Given the lack of toe protection along the North Levee, Pierce County Public Works did not want to risk erosion getting into the upper levee prism.Figure 2. Generic cross-section geometry of Lower Puyallup North Levee near the project site with silt bench intact.The silt bench is composed almost exclusively of sand whereas the point bar along the south bank is composed of larger sand and gravel. A boring into the silt bench was done to determine grain size distributions of subsurface materials. At a depth of 5 ft the D50 = 4 mm and the D95 = 30 mm. At a depth of 17.5 ft the D50 = 0.08 mm and theD95 = 2 mm. The scour analysis used an intermediate value of 2 mm. As a sensitivity analysis, the scour analysis was also performed using a grain size of 0.20 mm. Substrate mobility is typically expressed as a function of basal shear stress.The shallower depths and coarser grain size of the point bar mean it is less likely to erode opposed to finer grained sand located in deeper water along the silt bench. But this is based on some important assumption that there are no other factors (such as wood debris) contributing to energy losses along the right bank of the river and the sediment has no cohesion. The primary factors contributing to energy loss along a river bed are roughness elements. The cumulative effect of different roughness elements (e.g., bed/bank roughness and wood debris) reduces the energy available for moving sediment. This is referred to as roughness or shear stress partitioning (Manga and Kirchner 2000, Hygelund and Manga 2003):τE = τ0 – (τGS + τLWD)where τ0 = basal shear stress (Pa)τE = effective basal shear stress available for sediment transportτGS = stress borne by bed roughnessτLWD = stress borne by wood debrisRelatively small quantities of stable wood debris can account for significant reductions in the effective shear stress available for sediment transport. In the case of the Puyallup River silt bench, snags and woody vegetation clearly play a substantial role in stress partitioning. At high flows woody vegetation further partitions the shear stress, and adds cohesion to otherwise cohesionless materials, increasing bank resistance to erosion. Other alternatives considered involved costly structural elements (i.e., timber or sheetpile wall, a rock revetment with riparian planting, or engineered logjams). The alternatives all encountered opposition from regulatory agencies and stakeholders including the Puyallup Tribe. The project was of special concern to the Puyallup Tribe not only because of the salmon fishery but because they actually own the riverbed below ordinary high water. Each of the alternatives also entailed significant construction challenges with regards to dewatering and grading. Placement of an adequate toe on the rock revetment would require a major effort to control water in the work area. The natural process by which the silt bench formed and has been sustained was not accounted for in the alternatives. None of the three alternatives would look or function like the existing stable vegetated shorelines observed along the river, particularly with regards to stress partitioning. The engineered logjam alternative addressed some of the regulatory concerns but was incompatible with the county’s zero-rise flood policy. Thus the county was not only looking at a set of expensive alternatives, but substantial mitigation costs required by the Puyallup Tribe.The project team at Cardno ENTRIX conducted a geomorphic and hydraulic assessment of the project reach in which processes of erosion and the role of vegetation were evaluated (Abbe 2008). To best meet the project objectives of the County and stakeholders a new design approach was developed that used self-settling interlocking roughness elements intended to simulate the role of natural snags and LWM found along the river’s banks. A conceptual model of river bank processes was presented that incorporated the role of vegetation and LWM (Abbe 2008). Sections of the silt bench shoreline devoid of vegetation, such as the project site, are clearly at the highest risk of experiencing further erosion. Trees substantially increase frictional roughness along the bank at high flows and along the toe of the bank when they fall in (the snag visible in Figure 3 marks old shoreline and remained intact from 2004-2010). In many locations along the river where there is more of a riparian buffer snags accumulate more wood debris and together with other riparian vegetation stabilize the bank (Figure 4). In this way, the vegetation not only limits bank erosion but provides excellent complexity and cover for fish. The stress partitioning provided along these rough channel boundaries encourages sedimentation which is followed by more plant colonization, rebuilding banks that had been subjected to erosion. To simulate these conditions yet provide the structural confidence and longevity needed for protecting an important levee, a new idea was needed. So we sought out an artificial means of simulating a tree trunk that would eliminate uncertainty with regards to stability and longevity. The answer was a complex shaped self-ballasted element similar in size to a tree. Simple rock revetments have several common characteristics: rock must be big enough not to move and placed deep enough not to be undercut. To get around the massive size that would be required of individual rocks in some coastal environments, coastal engineers focused on usinggeometry instead of size to create more effective clasts for constructing shoreline revetments. The result has been a variety of inter-locking pre-cast concrete elements (USACE CEM 2006) that offer the closest analog meeting the goals laid out above for the Puyallup project site. The most suitable option for simulating a snag are dolosse (individually referred to as “dolo”), large pre-cast unreinforced concrete “jacks”.Figure 3. Erosion along Lower Puyallup River at project site in 2007. Photo is looking downstreamt. Maintenance road sits on silt bench. Original shoreline located about 20 ft out from existing bank.Figure 4. Natural conditions in which fallen trees form embedded snags and capture wood material along the forested banks of Lower Puyallup River (looking downstream). These conditions are very important for juvenile salmonids, particularly in a channelized river that doesn’t offer much cover. Note sand deposits upstream and downstream of the wood.We know of at least one site in Washington State where dolosse were used in a river for bank protection (Nooksack River in Whatcom County). What made the Lower Puyallup Project unique was the addition of wood. Abbe (2008) laid out a concept in which an individual dolo was combined with a log to form a more complex form that increased roughness, stability and environmental benefits. Each combined element of dolo and logs offered a self-settling, interlocking unit that could be lowered into the river. Cumulatively, these individual elements could be used to form a complex revetment that emulated the natural conditions found along the river (Figure 5). We know of no other project that has ever done anything similar.Figure 5. Concept visualization of pre-cast concrete elements (e.g., dolosse and logs) used to simulate natural snags and ballast natural wood to substantially roughen shoreline of silt bank. View is looking upstream.The concept provided a design that could accommodate scour (because units would simply settle into the riverbed, while remaining linked to the matrix of the entire revetment. The entire structure could be fit within the erosion prism of the project site thereby having no more impact on water surface elevations than the original shoreline prior to erosion. Good bathymetry is critical to estimating the number of units that will be needed and how the revetment may deform with scour – thus influencing the structure’s initial geometry and ultimate number of units needed.The individual dolo units used in the project have a volume of 106 ft3 and a surface area of 180 ft2. Each dolo weighs 8 tons and was delivered by truck. The volume of wood attached to the dolo ranges from 50 to 100% of the dolo volume. Since approximately 3 logs were used for each dolo, the total surface area of wood was more than twice that of the dolosse. For the Puyallup River project chain was used to attach the timber to each dolo. Once in place, additional logs and small woody material was placed within the primary matrix. The Puyallup project used 60 individual dolo units four layers deep over a distance of 225 ft. The project used over 250 logs. Each dolo and log unit was lowered into place (Figure 6) with a single 400 series excavator with one person on the ground. No backfill was placed to reconstruct the original bank; it was assumed that natural sedimentation would rebuild it. The project was completed in less than two weeks. The total construction cost of the project was approximately $372,000, of which the pre-cast dolosse were about $207,000. This was more than a million dollars less than estimated costs of other alternatives which would have also required mitigation. Thus far the project has achieved all the objectives and performing as intended. The structure has formed a complex interstitial, low velocity area along the length of the project (Figure 7). Sedimentation within the matrix is occurring as expected. The only criticism of the project is the bright white color of the concrete used for the dolosse (Figure 9). Natural weathering and sedimentation is already changing the color. And riparian vegetation is expected to rapidly cover the entire revetment. Observations of the project (personal communication, Tom Nelson, Pierce County Public Works):1.The structure has stopped all erosion along the project site.2.Juvenile salmon, coho and either chum or pink salmon were observed rearing inand around the dolo/log matrix of the project site.3.The edge and interior of the structure has created low velocity areas. Measuredflow velocities of about 8 ft/s about 10 ft off the structure reduce to zero to within5 ft of the revetment.4.Sedimentation is occurring within the structure.5.The recently planted willows and other plants at the silt bench have a 90%survival rate.Figure 6. Individual dolo and timber unit being lowered into place;2009 constructionFigure 7. Completed dolo and timber revetment structure, 2009 (looking downstream).Figure 8. Project site on April 2010. Road is situated on top of the North Levee. Bare area between road and river is maintenance road. 3 of 4 layers of dolo and log revetment are visible. Flow is from right to left.The Skagit RiverThe success of the Lower Puyallup River dolo and log revetment provided a general prototype for other projects. Cardno ENTRIX was contracted in 2010 by the Washington Department of Transportation (WSDOT) to assess erosion and develop designs to protect a 1500 ft section of the right bank of the Skagit River along State Route 20, the northern most highway crossing the Cascade Mountains. The Skagit River is the largest river draining into Puget Sound and has 2 yr and 100 yr peak flows of 36,000 and 92,500 cfs, respectively.The blanket rock revetment built along SR 20 had been subjected to chronic failures and repairs. Additionally, resource agencies would not allow further construction of rock revetments. The impacts of the repairs were driving development of a long-term solution that could better emulate natural conditions and enhance habitat. The project site is adjacent to spawning beds of endangered steelhead and Chinook salmon, and is federally designated as a Wild Scenic River, bringing up major restrictions on any bank protection strategy. On top of the regulatory constraints, the project site presents major challenges including deep water and high velocities along the bank. The upper segment of the project has water depths of over 15 ft during construction conditions.It was determined the site was a good candidate for applying the dolo and log approach. The challenge would be creating a structure that incorporated ELJ features and using dolo units that much more resembled trees. The solution created a textured and colored concrete that resemble natural tree bark (Figure 9). Each dolo would also have logs attached. The complete unit is called a “dolotimber©”(copyright 2011 Tim Abbe and CardnoENTRIX). These units could include any type of simulated concrete log attached to real timber and take on any form and configuration that creates a complex shape intended to partition shear stress. Just like the Puyallup project, each dolotimber©could be lowered directly into the river, a major advantage for the Skagit River site. The dolotimbers© could also be used for ELJ structures that included lots of logs and small debris inserted into the dolotimber© matrix. This approach was determined to be lower in cost than other alternatives.Figure 10. Example of concrete texture and coloration included in a dolotimber©.Figure 11. Physical model of a complex dynamic revetment constructed usingdolotimbers © (copyright 2011 Tim Abbe and CardnoENTRIX).ReferencesAbbe, T. 2008. Preliminary assessment and erosion protection concept for LowerPuyallup River North Levee. Fife, Pierce County, Washington. Report byENTRIX, Inc. for Pierce County Water Programs Division, Tacoma, WA. 45 p. Abbe, T. and Brooks, A. in press. Geomorphic, engineering and ecologicalconsiderations when using wood in river restoration. American GeophysicalUnion.Abbe, T., D.R. Montgomery, and C. Petroff. 1997. Design of Stable In-Channel WoodDebris Structures for Bank Protection and Habitat Restoration: An Examplefrom the Cowlitz River, WA. pp. 809-816 in: S.S.Y. Wang, E.J. Langendoen, and F.D. Shields Jr. (eds.), Proceedings of the Conference on Management ofLandscapes Disturbed by Channel Incision. University of Mississippi.Abbe, T., A. Brooks, and D.R. Montgomery. 2003a. Wood in River Restoration andManagement. pp. 367-389 in: S. Gregory et al. (ed.), Wood in World Rivers. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.Abbe, T., G. Pess, D.R. Montgomery, and K.L. Fetherston. 2003b. IntegratingEngineered Logjam Technology in River Rehabilitation. pp. 443-490 in: D.R. Montgomery, S. Bolton, D. B. Booth, and L. Wall (eds.), Restoration of Puget Sound Rivers. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington.Abbe, T., D.R. Montgomery, C.A. Adams, R.C. Riley, K.M. Robinson, and E.L .Owens, 2005. Bank protection and habitat enhancement using engineered log jams: an experimental approach developed in the Pacific Northwest. USDANatural Resource Conservation Service.Hygelund, B. and Manga, M. 2003. Field measurements of drag coefficients for modellarge woody debris. Geomorphology 51, 175-185.Manga, M., Kirchner, J.W., 2000. Stress partitioning in streams by large woody debris.Water Resources Research 36, 2373– 2379.USACE CEM. 2006. Coastal Engineering Manual. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers./cemtoc2021World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011:Bearing Knowledge for Sustainability © ASCE 2011 World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011。