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高三英语科学前沿练习题30题1.The new scientific discovery is extremely _____.A.astonishB.astonishingC.astonishedD.astonishment答案：B。
“astonishing”令人惊讶的，修饰物；“astonished”感到惊讶的，修饰人；“astonish”是动词；“astonishment”是名词。
这里修饰“scientific discovery”科学发现，用“astonishing”。
2.The scientist is known for his _____ research.A.preciseB.precisionC.preciselyD.preciseness答案：A。
“precise”精确的，形容词，修饰“research”；“precision”是名词；“precisely”是副词；“preciseness”也是名词。
这里需要形容词修饰名词。
3.The experiment was carried out with great _____.A.accuracyB.accurateC.accuratelyD.accurateness答案：A。
“accuracy”准确性，名词；“accurate”精确的，形容词；“accurately”精确地，副词；“accurateness”也是名词，但不常用。
这里“with great”后面接名词。
4.The technology is highly _____.A.advanceB.advancedC.advancementD.advancing答案：B。
“advanced”先进的，形容词，修饰“technology”；“advance”作动词或名词；“advancement”是名词；“advancing”是动词的现在分词形式。
5.The scientific breakthrough is truly _____.A.spectacularB.spectacleC.spectacularlyD.spectacles答案：A。
2023-2024学年新疆乌鲁木齐市高新区（新市区）重点达标名校中考英语适应性模拟试题含答案考生须知：1．全卷分选择题和非选择题两部分，全部在答题纸上作答。
选择题必须用2B铅笔填涂；非选择题的答案必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或答字笔写在“答题纸”相应位置上。
2．请用黑色字迹的钢笔或答字笔在“答题纸”上先填写姓名和准考证号。
3．保持卡面清洁，不要折叠，不要弄破、弄皱，在草稿纸、试题卷上答题无效。
Ⅰ. 单项选择1、I’d like to go with you, _____________I’m too busy.A．or B．and C．so D．but2、Would you like to go to the museum with me?I’d love to, ______ I’m afraid I have no time.A．but B．and C．or D．so3、Parents must be patient their children.A．at B．about C．with D．to4、The bell rang ________the teacher was explaining the experiment to the students.A．until B．before C．while D．after5、Father’s Day is on _________ Sunday of June.A．three B．the three C．third D．the third6、—I can’t open the window. —Well , let me have a(an) _____.A．hand B．open C．go D．kick7、—Someone the classroom when I passed.—Well, it wasn’t me.A．is cleaning B．has cleaned C．was cleaning D．will clean8、We want students for the school show. If you _________ play the guitar, please talk to Mr. Zhang after school. A．can B．may C．should D．must9、---- David asked______ in China.----- Of course not. Chinese usually shake hands with a lady as a greeting.A．why he can greet a lady by kissing herB．Why he could greet a lady by kissing herC．Whether he can greet a lady by kissing herD．Whether he could greet a lady by kissing her10、Hurry up, __________ we’ll have to wait another two hours for the next train.A．and B．but C．or D．soⅡ. 完形填空11、Joe was a farmer. His farmland was so poor that he hadn’t good harvest for years. “If God let me control the1 , then everything will get better,” he complained, “I know better than God does because I am a clever farmer.”God heard his words. “Well, I will give you one year,” God replied. “You will be in charge of the weather. Let’s see what your crops grow like.”On hearing this, Joe was so 2 that he couldn’t believe what he heard. But he still wanted to have a try. He shouted, “Sunny!” Suddenly the clouds went away.“Unbelievable!” He thought to himself and tried again, “rain!” The sky became cloud y right away and heavy rain poured down.In the following year, he changed the weather between sunny and 3 . Watching his crops growing bigger and bigger, he felt satisfied.When the harvest season came, he went to the field, looking forward to a big harvest. But his heart sank to the bottom when he found his strong crops had not grown any grain（谷粒）at all. Puzzled and 4 , he started crying. Once again, God 5 him.“Don’t you have your wish to control the weather?” God asked again. “Yes, but I just can’t understand it. I have given them what they 6 . How could it be?” Joe 7 . “That’s because you 8 asked for wind, rainstorm, snow or anything that could make the roots stronger. Without strong roots, of course they won’t grow any fruit.” After he realized this, Joe asked God to 9 the power.It turned out that only through life’s challenges, we would succeed in harvest the 10 of life. It takes both ups and downs to get satisfactory results.1．A．time B．world C．weather D．way2．A．surprised B．sorry C．angry D．worried3．A．windy B．rainy C．cloudy D．snowy4．A．excited B．embarrassed C．nervous D．disappointed5．A．refused B．heard C．thanked D．punished6．A．know B．have C．offer D．need7．A．mentioned B．noted C．suggested D．wondered8．A．almost B．never C．always D．just9．A．take back B．take off C．give up D．put out10．A．taste B．money C．fruit D．discoverⅢ. 语法填空12、A robot has started serving customers at a high-tech highway restaurant in Chongqing. After greeting customers atthe gate, the robot 1．(name) Amy brings meals to customers. But 2．can a robot avoid walking into customers and the restaurant's human staff while walking? In fact, Amy has 3．in-built navigation system (导航系统) that allows it to choose a proper way to reach a customer's table without any problem. Orders 4．(place) at two tables that double as big touch screens and customers can order food there or simply on their own phones 5．scanning QR code(二维码). After they have ordered their food, diners can pay using a mobile payment app 6．as Alipay or WeChat Pay.While waiting for the orders, customers can use the special tables to play games, read some 7．(news), and check the traffic and weather conditions for their journey ahead.The robot catches everybody’s eyes with 8．(it) human-like appearance. It is really welcomed by customers and the restaurant 9．it not only cuts down much of business cost for the restaurant, but makes diners wait a much 10．(short) time. So the local government is trying to put them into use in the city's other service stations.Ⅳ. 阅读理解A13、If you watch the sky for about an hour after the sun goes down, you may see some “moving stars”. But they’re not real stars. They’re man-made satellites(人造卫星). And the biggest of all is the International Space Station (ISS). From May to July is the best season to watch the ISS flying over the earth. And people can see it with their eyes.The ISS is the biggest satellite and scientists want to live on it. They think that the best way to learn more about space is to live there.When the space station is finished, it will be like a city in space. People will stay and study there with many of the things they have at home. Laboratories, living rooms and power stations are being built. The ISS is the most expensive space program. Billions of dollars are being spent on it every year.Scientists hope that the ISS will be a stepping stone for future space exploration(探测). “The ISS will help us understand the human body better, explore space and study the earth. It can help us make life on the earth better,” said Kathryn Clark, an ISS scientist.Sixteen countries are part of the program: the US, Russia, Canada, Japan, Brazil and 11 European countries. China isn’t an ISS country, but it has helped with some of the experiments. In 2003, China sent some rice up to the ISS to find out what space would do to it.根据短文内容，选择正确答案。
Unit 2 words and phrases (C13)[复制]1.n.事故，灾难 [单选题] *A.misadvantureB.misadventure(正确答案)2.adj.看得见的，可见的 [单选题] *A. visiableB. visible(正确答案)3. n.雕像，雕塑作品 [单选题] *A. sculpture(正确答案)B. sculption4. n.反义词 [单选题] *A. opposingB. opposite(正确答案)5. enterance [单选题] *A. 入口(正确答案)B. 出口6. on the _____ of 以……为基础 [单选题] *A. baseB. basis(正确答案)7.adj.不熟悉的，不了解的 [单选题] *A. unfamiliar(正确答案)B. umfamilar8. subway 同义词 [单选题] *A. motorwayB. underway(正确答案)9.adj.积极的，正面的 [单选题] *A. positive(正确答案)B. negative10._____on his own experiences , the stories created by the famous author are attractive to readers. [单选题] *A. Being basedB. BasingC. Based(正确答案)11.intend to do sth. [单选题] *A.易于 / 倾向于做某事B.计划 / 打算做某事(正确答案)12. adj.（书写或言谈）非正式的 [单选题] *A. imformalB. informal(正确答案)13.recognise 的名词形式 [单选题] *A. recognition(正确答案)B. recognision14.every day同义词组 [单选题] *A. be based onB. on a daily basis(正确答案)15.填写表格 [单选题] *A. in the form ofB. fill in the form(正确答案)16.个性，性格 [单选题] *A. personalB. personality(正确答案)17.have an influence on 可以换成 [单选题] *A. effectB. affect(正确答案)18. IT = [单选题] *A. Information Technology(正确答案)B. Intelligent Teacher19. 有时会 [单选题] *A. can(正确答案)B. Would20.People often have trouble_____ English. [单选题] *A. to learnB. Learning(正确答案)21.an opposing pair is____ [单选题] *A. shameless and shamefulB. harmless and harmful(正确答案)。
let’s say you love roller-skating六级完型填空1.【问题】let’s say you love roller-skating六级完型填空【答案】let’s say you love roller-skating六级完型填空整理如下，供大家学习参考。
Let's say you love roller-skating. Just the thought of __26__ on your roller-skates brings a smile to your face. You also know that roller-skating is excellent exercise. You have a __27__ attitude toward it.This description of roller-skating __28__ the three components of an attitude: affect, cognition, and behavior. You love the activity; it's great fun. These feelings __29__ the affective or emotional component; they are an important ingredient in attitudes. The knowledge we have about the object constitutes the cognitive component of an attitude. You understand the health __30__ that the activity can bring. Finally, attitudes have a behavioral component. Our attitudes __31__ us to go outside to enjoy roller-skating.Now, we don't want to leave you with the __32__ that these three components always work together __33__ . Theydon't; sometimes they clash. For example, let's say you love pizza (affective component); however, you have high cholesterol and understand (knowledge component) that eating pizza may be bad for your health. Which behavior will your attitude result in, eating pizza or __34__ it? The answer depends on which component happens to be stronger. If you are walking past a pizza restaurant at lunchtime, your emotions and feelings probably will be stronger than your knowledge that pizza may not be the best food for your health. In that instance, you have pizza for lunch. If you are at home trying to decide where to go for dinner, however, the knowledge component may __35__ , and you decide to go where you can eat a healthier meal.参考答案:26 [N] 空格前的 of 表明此处应填入动名词，与介词 on 搭配。
应对区爱护学校2015高考英语单项选择和阅读理解暑假作业（3）及答案单项选择题（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）16. --- You have not lost your heart, then?--- ________. I will try again.A.It dependsB. By no meansC. Don’t mention itD. Maybe17.Making _______ good impression on the interviewers is of ________ vital importance.A.a; /B. a; aC. /; /D. /; a18.The Three Gorges will offer you a wonderful trip, ______ you’ll remember all your life.A.whatB. thatC. itD. one19.To be honest, no speech ________ so far has had the same effect on me as this one.A.has been madeB. being madeC. madeD. to be made20.Clare has offered a _______ of $ 100 to anyone who can find her lost cell phone.A.benefitB. costC. rewardD. price21.The manager seemed to be doubtful about my ability, _______ I could see from the expressionon his face.A.thisB. whereC. thatD. which22.It’s beyond our comprehension that Jim, who tops the class in English, ________ havedifficulty translating such a simple sentence.A. shallB. shouldC. mightD. must23.In addition to the farming they ______ since the 1990s, the Smiths have started a smallbusiness.A.have doneB. had been doneC. were doingD. have been doing24.--- How about having a party this weekend?--- That _______ me fine. I’m coming.A.suitsB. fitsC. matchesD. agrees25.__________, they couldn’t make her change her mind.A.Hard as they triedB.Tried hard as theyC.As they tried hardD.They tried as hard26._______ his return from America, he got down to his research.A.WhileB. InC. AsD. On27.He pretended not to care but that remark _________ his real opinion on the matter.A.put awayB. put outC. gave awayD. gave outrge amounts of money _______ spent on the bridge, which ________ to be completed the nextmonth.A.were; was expectedB. was; was expectedC. was; expectedD. were; expected29._______ is known to us all is that the theme of Shanghai World Expo is “Better City, BetterLife”.A.ItB. ThatC. WhichD. What30.Without you, I _______ the first prize in the speech contest. Thank you, John.A.can’t winB. won’t winC. hadn’t wonD. wouldn’t have won【参考答案】单项选择BADCC DBDAA DCADD阅读理解。
小学上册英语第四单元真题(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1. (Sumerians) invented one of the first writing systems. The ____2.I love to listen to ______ (音乐) while doing homework.3.The __________ (亚历山大大帝) created one of the largest empires in history.4.The ______ is known for its strength and size.5.My favorite ice cream flavor is ________ (巧克力).6. A __________ (植物园) showcases many types of plants.7.An acid-base indicator changes color at a specific _____.8.The sky is ________ and clear.9.The ________ (presentation) was engaging.10.I like to ___ with my friends. (play)11.The ant's colony is usually found underground in a _______.12.The squirrel collected ______ for winter.13.My dad _____ the car every Sunday. (washes)14.The platypus is unique because it lays eggs and has ______ (毒腺).15.The process of changing from a solid to a liquid is called _______.16.The frog jumps into the ______ (水). It makes a big ______ (水花).17.The finch sings a beautiful ________________ (歌).18.I like to play ______ (soccer) with my friends.19.My mom loves to create ____ (recipes) for the family.20.The chemical formula for sodium bicarbonate is _______.21.My ________ (玩具名称) is a superhero that saves the day.22.The roots help the plant to __________ (吸收) water.23.My brother loves to build with ____ (Legos).24.The fire is ___ (crackling).25.I have a toy _______ that can make sounds.26. A chemical property describes how a substance _____ with others.27.The __________ is a body of water that is part of the ocean.28.The tiger roars loudly in the _________ (丛林).29.What is 20 divided by 4?A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 6答案: C30.The process of melting occurs when a solid becomes a _______.31.The main component of the ozone layer is ______.32.The elephant's ears help to regulate its ________________ (体温).33.I enjoy ________ (走路) in the park.34.My sister is ________ her friends.35.The capital of Spain is ________.36.The ________ (balloon) is floating up.37.The _______ (青蛙) is often found near water sources.38.At school, I enjoy __________. It allows me to express my creativity and learn new skills. My favorite project was __________ because I had so much fun working on it.39.Birds can _______ in the sky.40.Chemical equilibrium occurs when the rates of forward and reverse reactions are______.41.Each toy has its own special ____. (特点)42. A ______ is a geographical formation that influences weather patterns.43.The _____ (sapling) will grow into a strong tree.44.My sister is a ______. She loves fashion design.45. A hamster runs fast on its ______ (轮子).46.My sister loves to __________ (学习) new things every day.47.The park is ______ (a great) place to relax.48.I enjoy ______ (与同龄人社交).49.The sun is ________ (温暖) in spring.50.The teacher is _____ (kind/strict) to us.51.What is the name of the large mammal known for its trunk?A. LionB. GiraffeC. ElephantD. Rhino答案: C52.The flowers in the garden attract _______ and happy bees.53.He is drawing a ___. (picture)54.The ______ (花瓣的颜色) can signal to pollinators.55.The speed of sound is faster than the speed of _______.56.What do you use to measure time?A. RulerB. ClockC. ScaleD. Thermometer答案:B57. A reaction that produces a precipitate is called a ______ reaction.58.The _____ (lake/ocean) is blue.59.I wear a coat in the ___. (winter)60. A chemical reaction can lead to the formation of new ________.61.The _______ is often seen in fairy tales.62.The capital of Cyprus is __________.63.The __________ is an important region for agriculture. (平原)64.The ancient Romans used ________ as a form of entertainment.65.nts can grow in _____ (容器) indoors. Snakes _66.What is the main language spoken in the USA?A. SpanishB. FrenchC. EnglishD. Chinese答案: C67.I enjoy ______ (与家人一起) going to the beach.68.The __________ is a region known for its fjords.69.The ancient Greeks developed the concept of ________ (逻辑).70.I love collaborating on projects because it combines our __________.71.ts are used for __________ (装饰). Some pla72.The manager, ______ (经理), organizes the team.73.Sound travels through _______ like air or water.74.Gardening can be a rewarding ______ that connects people with nature. (园艺是一项有益的活动，可以将人们与自然联系起来。
小学上册英语第六单元测验卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.I want to grow a ________ that brings happiness.2. A ______ (草本植物) is often used for culinary purposes.3.The __________ (历史遗产) can be tangible or intangible.4.What is the name of the technology that allows us to communicate over distances?A. TelevisionB. RadioC. TelephoneD. Computer答案: C5.The ______ (植物的适应能力) is key to survival.6.My dad is a __________ (投资顾问).7.Which animal is known as "man's best friend"?A. CatB. DogC. BirdD. Fish答案:B.Dog8.I enjoy ________ (跳舞) at parties.9. A ______ (果园) is where fruit trees are grown.10.__________ energy is required to break chemical bonds.11.The ______ loves to play music.12.The __________ is known for its ancient monuments.13.The __________ is a famous desert in the United States.14.What is a common pet that purrs?A. DogB. CatC. BirdD. Fish答案: B15.The __________ is a major city known for its art and culture. (巴黎)16.My ________ (老师) encourages us to do our best in school.17.y of __________ (凡尔赛) ended World War I in 1919. The Troj18.The baby is _____ (crying/laughing) loudly.19.The __________ is a region known for its heat and dryness.20.I find ________ (古典文学) very inspiring.21.The boy likes to play ________.22.The chemical formula for cobalt chloride is _____.23.The __________ is famous for its unique rock formations.24.The ________ (squirrel) is looking for nuts.25.My toy ____ can turn into a car. (玩具名称)26.I enjoy painting my ________ (玩具类型).27.Every Saturday, I go to the _______ (地方) with my family. We enjoy _______ (活动) together.28.I enjoy _______ (drawing) in my sketchbook.29.What do we call the leader of a country?A. PresidentB. MayorC. GovernorD. Senator答案: A30. A ____ is a playful animal that loves to chase after balls.31.My grandma enjoys visiting ____ (libraries).32.Chemistry is the study of ______ and their interactions.33. A __________ is a smaller body of water connected to a larger body.34.Which planet is known as the Blue Planet?A. MarsB. EarthC. VenusD. Jupiter答案: B35.What is the color of an emerald?A. RedB. BlueC. GreenD. Yellow答案: C36.My ________ (玩具名称) can turn into different characters.37.The butterfly has colorful ______ (翅膀). It flutters from flower to ______ (花).38.I can ________ (calculate) numbers easily.39.The _____ (pollen) helps plants reproduce.40.我的朋友喜欢 _______ (活动). 她觉得这很 _______ (形容词)41.I like to _______ (study) science.42.We are making ________ (果汁) for breakfast.43.What do we call the process of changing from a caterpillar to a butterfly?A. TransformationB. EvolutionC. GrowthD. Metamorphosis答案: D44.We need to _______ (遵守) the law.45.I enjoy riding my ______ (滑板) at the skate park. It is a lot of ______ (乐趣).46.The element with the atomic number is ______.47.The capital of Portugal is ________ (里斯本).48.The classroom is ________ (安静的).49.What do you call the process of a solid becoming a liquid?A. FreezingB. MeltingC. EvaporatingD. Condensing答案: B50.The first successful airplane flight took place in ________.51.My friend is very __________ (灵活).52.What is the capital of Russia?A. MoscowB. St. PetersburgC. KievD. Minsk答案:A53.The chemical formula for potassium carbonate is ______.54. A horse gallops quickly across the _______.55.The ____ enjoys basking in the sun on warm days.56.The chemical symbol for uranium is _____.57.The _______ point is the temperature at which a liquid turns to a gas.58.My grandma enjoys making __________ (传统食品).59.The country known for its wildlife is ________ (以野生动物闻名的国家是________).60.My cat loves to chase ______ (蝴蝶) in the garden.61.The __________ (克里米亚战争) involved many European powers.62.The _____ (秋天) leaves are falling.63.The ______ is a measure of how much matter is in an object.64.I love to collect ______ (邮票) from different countries. They are very ______ (特别).65.The chemical formula for sodium thiosulfate is ______.66.The _______ (小蜻蜓) flits around over the water.67.What do you call the main character in a story?A. VillainB. ProtagonistC. NarratorD. Supporting character答案:B68. A ______ (猴子) swings from branch to branch in trees.69.He is reading a ________ (书) in the library.70.The main gas emitted from car exhaust is _______.71.The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is __________.72.The first man to walk on the moon was ______ (尼尔·阿姆斯特朗).73.I think it's essential to be respectful to __________.74.We enjoy ______ (fishing) at the lake.75.What is the name of the fairy in Peter Pan?A. Tinker BellB. CinderellaC. Snow WhiteD. Ariel答案: A76.I have a toy _______ that can build things.77.I can ______ (write) my name in cursive.78.We are _____ (waiting) for the bus.79.The ______ is known for her artistic skills.80.I enjoy drawing ______ animals.81.The movie starts at _______ (七点).82.An atom is the smallest unit of a ______.83.The ________ is a beautiful creature that glows.84.The plant needs more ___ (water).85.The ancient Greeks celebrated ________ as a tribute to their deities.86.The _______ can thrive in various climates.87.My ________ (玩具) is perfect for outdoor play.88.The Earth revolves around the ______.89. A __________ is an area where two tectonic plates meet.90.What is the main ingredient in pancakes?A. RiceB. FlourC. CornD. Oats答案: B91.ground Railroad helped slaves escape to ________ (自由). The Unit92.The crust is made up of both continental and ______ landforms.93.The _____ (自然景观) features a variety of plant habitats.94.The antelope's agility keeps it safe from predators, ensuring its ____.95.The butterfly has colorful ______.96.My sister calls me her _______ because we are close.97. A _______ can be used to measure the flow rate of a liquid through a pipe.98.The __________ in the summer can be really hot. (天气)99.I like to ___ (play/read) stories.100.I need to _____ (finish/start) my homework.。
2020年12月英语六级阅读真题及答案2020年12月英语六级阅读真题及答案第一套：第二套第三套选词填空As it is，sleep is so undervalued that getting by on fewer hours has become a badge on Plus， we live in a culture that（36） to the late neighter， from 24 hour grocery store to ? shopping site that never close。
It’s no surprise，then， that more than half of American adults get the 7 to 9 hours of shut-eye every night as （37）by sleep experts。
Whether or not we can catch up on sleep on the weekend，say- is a hotly （38） among sleep researchers。
The latest evidence suggests that while it isn’t （39）， it might ? when Liu， the UCLA sleep researcher and professor of medicine， brought （40） sleep-rest people into the lab for a weekend of sleep during which they lagged about 10 hours per night。
showed （41）in the ability of insulin（胰岛素）to process blood sugar。
That suggests up sleep may undo some but not all of the damage that sleep （42） causes， which is encouraging ? given how many adults don’t get the hours they need each night。
学术英语爱尔兰第二单元阅读sustainable energy课后答案1. John: Sorry, Liz. I think I was a bit rude to you. Liz: ________, but don’t do that again! [单选题] *Forget it(正确答案)Go aheadIt dependsWith pleasure2. The quality of education in this small school is better than________in some larger schools [单选题] *that(正确答案)oneItthis3. Only when Lily walked into the office________ that she had left the contract at home. [单选题] *did she realize(正确答案)she realizedshe has realizedhas she realized4. John：Jack, you seem excited. Jack：________? I won the first prize. [单选题] *Guess what(正确答案)So whatWho caresPardon me5. ________in painting, John didn’t notice evening approaching. [单选题] * Absorbed(正确答案)To absorbTo be absorbedAbsorbing6. Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she________at that time. [单选题] *will be teaching(正确答案)will teachwould teachhas taught7. I________have worried before I came to the new school, for my classmates here are very friendly to me. [单选题] *needn’t(正确答案)mightn’tmustn’tcouldn’t8. ________for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule. [单选题] *Having worked(正确答案)To workWorkedTo be working9. Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement________so far by the two sides. [单选题] *has been reached(正确答案)will reachwas reachedwill have reached10. Tom had to ________the invitation to the party last weekend because he was too busy. [单选题] *turn down(正确答案)turn inturn overturn to11. If you have any doubts about your health, you’d better ________your doctor at once. [单选题] *consult(正确答案)avoidconvinceaffect12. We need to get to the root of the problem________we can solve it. [单选题] * before(正确答案)whileafteras13. I wish I________at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then. [单选题] *had been(正确答案)will behave beenwould be14. See, your computer has broken down again! It doesn’t ________sense to buy the cheapest brand of computer just to save a few dollars. [单选题] *make(正确答案)havedisplaybring15. The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere________his employees enjoy their work. [单选题] *where(正确答案)whichwhenwho16. He was afraid that the branch might bend over and break, and he would be sent________to the ground. [单选题] *crashing(正确答案)throwingrushingdropping17. The generation________makes it difficult for parents to understand their children’s opinions. [单选题] *gap(正确答案)divisionseparationinterval18. If the boy had________the dog alone it wouldn't have bitten him. [单选题] *left(正确答案)sethadput19. We can’t________one to change the habits of a lifetime in a short time. [单选题] * expect(正确答案)hopewait20. Jack is good, kind, hard-working and intelligent.________, I can't speak too highly of him. [单选题] *In a word(正确答案)As a resultBy the wayOn the contrary21. His landlady gave him a week's________to leave the flat. [单选题] *notice(正确答案)threatadvicecaution22. With the change of the economic foundation the entire immense superstructureis________rapidly transformed. [单选题] *more or less(正确答案)anything butat largeany more23. These plastic flowers look so________that many people think they are real. [单选题] *natural(正确答案)beautifulsimilar24. I remember her face but I cannot________where I met her. [单选题] *recall(正确答案)remindremarkregret25. The open university was started in order to help those who ____having a university education when they were young. [单选题] *missed(正确答案)droppedfailedhad26. Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to ________healthy. [单选题] *stay(正确答案)preservemaintainreserve27. You won’t find paper cutting difficult ________you keep practicing it. [单选题] * as long as(正确答案)as ifever since28. John: Can’t you stay a little longer? Jack:It’s getting late. I really________go now, My daughter is home alone. [单选题] *must(正确答案)maycandare29. Secretary: Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment. John: All right.I________him later. [单选题] *will call(正确答案)have calledcallwill be calling30. If ________for the job, you will be informed soon. [单选题] *accepted(正确答案)to acceptacceptaccepting31. It isn't so much whether he works hard; the question is whether he was_____. [单选题] *at all(正确答案)above allin allafter all32. I truly believe ________beauty conies from within. [单选题] *that(正确答案)whereacceptingaccepted33. If I________it with my own eyes, I wouldn’t have believed it. [单选题] * hadn’t seen(正确答案)didn’t seeweren’t seeingwouldn’t see34. ________we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel. [单选题] * How(正确答案)WhyWhereWhen35. Give me a chance,________I’ll give you a wonderful surprise. [单选题] * and(正确答案)ifwhileor36. John: Ok, I’ll fix your computer right now. Jack: Oh, take your time. ____ [单选题] * I'm in no hurry.(正确答案)I can’t stand it.That’s a great idea.It's not my cup of tea.37. Wind is now the world’s fastest growing________of power. [单选题] *source(正确答案)senseresultroot38. ________ you start eating in a healthier way, weight control will become much easier. [单选题] *Once(正确答案)unlessAlthoughBefore39. Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only________didn't fit [单选题] *to find(正确答案)foundfindinghaving found40. Clearly and thoughtfully________, the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers. [单选题] *written(正确答案)to writebeing writtenwriting41. Life is the like________ocean; Only________strong-willed can reach the other shore. [单选题] *an; the(正确答案)the;athe;//;a42. My parents always________great importance to my getting a good education. [单选题] *attach(正确答案)havepayaccept43. Tom: How long have you been learning English? John: One year. Tom:________! Your English is so good. [单选题] *You can’t be serious(正确答案)You got itI couldn’t agree moreI’m stuck44. We won’t start the work until all the preparations________. [单选题] *have been made(正确答案)are being madewill be madehad been made45. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, ________uses it differently. [单选题] *each of which(正确答案)all of whichall of themeach of them46. The two countries are going to meet to________some barriers to trade between them. [单选题] *break down(正确答案)make upuse upturn down47. I think________impresses me about his painting is the colors he uses. [单选题] * what(正确答案)thatWhichwho48. ________the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting. [单选题] * Did he catchShould he catchHas he caughtHad he caught(正确答案)49. ________the school, the village has a clinic, which was also built with government support. [单选题] *In reply toIn addition to(正确答案)In charge ofIn place of。
a r X i v :0707.3591v 4 [h e p -p h ] 30 N o v 2007New results on the Roper resonance and theP 11partial waveA.V.Sarantsev a ,b ,M.Fuchs a ,M.Kotulla c ,d ,U.Thoma a ,d ,J.Ahrens e ,J.R.M.Annand f ,A.V.Anisovich a ,b ,G.Anton g ,R.Bantes h ,O.Bartholomy a ,R.Beck a ,e ,Yu.Beloglazov b ,R.Castelijns i ,V.Crede a ,j ,A.Ehmanns a ,J.Ernst a ,I.Fabry a ,H.Flemming k ,A.F¨o sel g ,Chr.Funke a ,R.Gothe h ,A.Gridnev b ,E.Gutz a ,St.H¨o ffgen h ,I.Horn a ,J.H¨o ßl g ,D.Hornidge e ,S.Janssen d ,J.Junkersfeld a ,H.Kalinowsky a ,F.Klein h ,E.Klempt a ,H.Koch k ,M.Konrad h ,B.Kopf k ,B.Krusche c ,ngheinrich h ,H.L¨o hner i ,I.Lopatin b ,J.Lotz a ,J.C.McGeorge f ,I.J.D.MacGregor f ,H.Matth¨a y k ,D.Menze h ,J.G.Messchendorp d ,i ,V.Metag d ,V.A.Nikonov a ,b ,D.Novinski b ,R.Novotny d ,M.Ostrick h ,H.van Pee a ,M.Pfeiffer d ,A.Radkov b ,G.Rosner f ,M.Rost e ,C.Schmidt a ,B.Schoch h ,G.Suft g ,V.Sumachev b ,T.Szczepanek a ,D.Walther h ,D.P.Watts f ,and Chr.Weinheimer aa Helmholtz-Institutf¨u r Strahlen-und Kernphysik der Universit¨a t Bonn,Germanyb PetersburgNuclear Physics Institute,Gatchina,Russiac PhysikalischesInstitut,Universit¨a t Basel,Switzerlandd II.Physikalisches Institut,Universit¨a t Giessen e Institutf¨u r Kernphysik,Universit¨a t Mainz,Germanyf Departmentof Physics and Astronomy,University of Glasgow,UKg PhysikalischesInstitut,Universit¨a t Erlangen,Germany h PhysikalischesInstitut,Universit¨a t Bonn,Germany i KVI,Groningen,Netherlandsj Departmentof Physics,Florida State University,USA k PhysikalischesInstitut,Universit¨a t Bochum,GermanyThe lowest-mass excitation of the nucleon,the Roper N(1440)P11resonance with spin and parity J P=1/2+,and the second scalar nucleon excitation N(1710)P11[1],remain to be the most enigmatic states in baryon spectroscopy. In the bag model[2]and in the Skyrme model[3],the Roper resonance was interpreted as surface oscillation,also called breathing mode.In quark models, two low-mass scalar excitations of the nucleon are ing a linear confining potential and one-gluon-exchange[4]or instanton-induced interac-tions[5],a level ordering is calculated in which the mass of the N(1440)P11 exceeds the mass of the negative-parity state N(1535)S11by80MeV;exper-imentsfind it∼100MeV below.The spacing between the two scalar excita-tions is predicted to be∼220MeV[4,5,6]while experimentsfind270MeV[1]. When one-gluon exchange interactions are replaced by exchanges of Goldstone bosons,the N(1440)P11mass can well be reproduced[7],the N(1710)P11mass was not ttice gauge calculations indicate that thefirst scalar ex-citation of the nucleon should be expected above N(1535)S11[8].Compared to model and lattice predictions,the mass of the Roper resonance is too small; compared to other low-mass resonances,its width too large.These problems would not occur if N(1710)P11were thefirst radial scalar ex-citation of the proton.The Roper resonance can then be interpreted within a coupled-channel meson exchange model based on an effective chiral-symmetric Lagrangian[9];no genuine N(1440)(3quark)resonance was needed tofitπN phase shifts and inelasticities,in agreement with[10].Motivated by the Q2 dependence of the Roper helicity amplitude which would seem to suggest a hy-brid nature[11],Capstick and Page[12]calculated masses of baryonic hybrids. Their masses were,however,too large to interpret the Roper resonance as a hy-brid.TheΘ+(1530),a baryon with positive strangeness,which may have been observed in low-statistics photo-production experiments[13,14,15,16],made the Roper resonance[17]and/or the N(1710)P11[18]to viable pentaquarkcandidates.The existence of a very narrow P11state in the mass region1650-1750MeV was investigated in[19].The fading evidence forΘ+(1530)[20,21] makes this interpretation less attractive.Morsch and Zupranski[22]suggested the Roper mass region might house two resonances,one at1390MeV with a small elastic width and large coupling to Nππ,and a second one at higher mass–around1460MeV–with a large elastic width and small Nππcou-pling.The former resonance was found to be produced inπN scattering,and inα-proton scattering using anαbeam of Eα=4.2GeV kinetic energy;the latter resonance was suggested to be excited byγN.The two resonances may have rather different wave functions[23].Studies of the reaction pp→ppπ+π−suggested that the low-energy tail of the Roper resonance might decay to both Nσand∆π[24].Obviously,the P11partial wave is not sufficiently constrained by precision data and supports very different interpretations.In this letter,we present data onγp→pπ0π0of the A2-TAPS collaboration at the Mainz Microtron(MAMI)electron accelerator[25]and of the CB-ELSA collaboration at the Bonn ELectron Stretcher Accelerator(ELSA)[26].The Bonn set up and the analysis method was described briefly in the preceding paper[27].Here we give only a short summary of the TAPS setup,for more details see[28].Earlier data taken at MAMI[29,30]have smaller statistics and are not discussed here.The photon energy at MAMI covered the range285–820MeV.The photon energies were measured in the Glasgow tagged photon facility[31]with an average energy resolution of2MeV.The TAPS detector[32,33]consisted of six blocks each with62hexagonally shaped BaF2crystals arranged in an 8×8matrix and a forward wall with138BaF2crystals arranged in a11×14 rectangle.This setup covered≈40%of4π.Theγp→π0π0p reaction channel was identified by constructing the4-momenta of the two neutral pions from theirγγdecays;proton detection was not required in the analysis.Theπ0 mesons were detected via their2γdecay and identified by their invariant mass.The mass of the missing particle was calculated from the four-momenta of the pions,and the beam energy Eγusing the mass of the target proton.The resulting distribution is shown in Fig.1a and demonstrates the unambiguous identification of the reactionγp→π0π0p.At incident beam energies above theηproduction threshold of Eγ=707MeV,a possible background from theη→3π0decay with one undetectedπ0can be cleanly separated from the reaction of interest(see Fig.1a).Further details are given in[34].In Fig.1b the total cross section is displayed.Two peaks due to the second and third resonance region are observed,with peaks at∼1500and∼1700MeV. There is good general agreement between the three data sets.The GRAAL data[35]fall offat high masses more rapidly than the CB-ELSA data.At low energies,the TAPS data fall below the CB-ELSA data while the peak cross sections of all3experiments agree reasonably well.The discrepanciesM X - m p , MeV/c 2c o u n t s / 2M e VM(γp), GeV/c2σt o t , µbFig.1.a)TAPS:Missing mass M X −m p calculated from two detected π0mesons for incident beam energies E γ≤820MeV (data:symbols with errors,π0π0simu-lation dotted line,ηsimulation dashed line).The cut to eliminate ηbackground is indicated.b)Total cross sections for γp →pπ0π0.The shaded area below the zero line represents the systematic error of the CB-ELSA data,the solid line a PWA fit.There are two PWA solutions,marked 1and 2,giving a similar likelihood (see text).The D 33partial wave (dotted line)gives the strongest contribution to the second resonance region,followed by D 13(dashed-dotted line)and P 11(dashed line).The D 13–D 33interference generates the dip between the second and third resonance region.show the difficulties of extracting total cross sections when the full phase space is not covered by the detector.Note that the extrapolation was done differently:the CB-ELSA and the A2-TAPS collaborations used the result of this partial wave analysis;the GRAAL collaboration used a simulation based on γp →∆+π0and γp →pπ0π0phase space.The inclusion of both,CB-ELSA and TAPS data,provides an additional tool to estimate the systematic error of the experimental data.The fit curves in Fig.1b are discussed below.The total cross section gives only a very superficial view of the reaction.Fig.2a shows the experimental pπ0π0Dalitz plots,Fig.2b,c the pπ0and π0π0mass distributions.The solid line represents the result of a fit,the dashed line rep-resents the distribution of reconstructed phase space events.The projections are not corrected for detection efficiency to allow the reader to compare data and fit directly.From the π0p mass distributions we conclude that the ∆iso-bar plays an important role in the two-pion photoproduction dynamics.The π0π0mass distributions are featureless but show strong deviations from phase space.Even the Dalitz plot and the projections do not carry the full information on the reaction dynamics.The full sensitivity of the data can only be exploited using an event-based likelihood fit.The data presented here were subjected to a partial wave analysis based on the Bonn-Gatchina approach [36,37].Com-1.11.31.51.71.92.11.11.31.51.71.92.1M(πp), GeV/c2M (πp ), G e V /c2TAPSaM(πp), GeV/c 2c o u n t s / 20 M e VM(ππ), GeV/c 21.11.31.51.71.92.11.11.3 1.5 1.7 1.92.1M(πp), GeV/c2M (πp ), G e V /c2CB-ELSAaM(πp), GeV/c 2c o u n t s / 20 M e VM(ππ), GeV/c 2Fig.2.Dalitz plots (a)and pπ0(b)and π0π0(c)mass distributions for TAPS (upper row)and for CB-ELSA (lower row)data for γp →pπ0π0.The CB-ELSA data shown here are restricted to M ≤1.55GeV.In (b,c),data are represented by crosses,the fit as histogram.The dashed lines represents the phase space contributions within the acceptance.The distributions are not corrected for acceptance which are different for the two experiments,leading to different distributions.pared to a previous analysis [38,39],several new data sets are included in this analysis.A list of additional data and a description of the partial wave analysis method can be found in [40].In the case of two-particle final states (including γp →ΛK +and γp →ΣK ),angular distributions are fitted;three-body final states like Nπ0π0and pπ0η[41]undergo an event-based likelihood fit.The reactions most relevant for the present analysis are collected in Table 1.The πN elastic scattering [46]amplitude provides a strong constraint for Nπpartial decay widths of resonances in this partial wave.The inclusion of data on γp →pπ0[42,43,44,45]and on π−p →nπ0π0[47]over-constrains resonance properties:the three partial decay widths,ΓNγ,ΓNπ,and ΓNππ,of the RoperTable 1The reactions most important for the study of properties of the Roper resonance.1γp →pπ0π0Figs.1,2this work 2γp →pπ0Figs.3-5[42,43,44,45]3πN →NπFig.6[46]4π−p →nπ0π0Fig.7[47]N (1440)P 11resonance have to describe its properties in four reactions.In addition,the partial widths define the number of events ascribed to the Roper resonance in the reactions above.Their sum must equal the total width since the only missing channel,N (1440)P 11→Nρ,is expected to provide a very small contribution due to the small available phase space.We believe that the tight constraints due to the use of four different reactions defines the Roper mass,width,and coupling constants with much higher reliability than analyses of individual reactions can do.The background amplitudes in the four reactions are treated independently.The data and the quality of the description are shown in Figs.1-7.We started the partial wave analysis from the solution given in [38,39].Includ-ing the new data,we found good compatibility for masses and widths of the contributing resonances.The new description of single π0photoproduction is shown in Fig.3.In Figs.4and 5we present a comparison of fit and data on target asymmetry and on the proton recoil polarization from different experi-ments [48].Inclusion of the latter data had an impact on the size of couplings but did not change the pole positions;the properties of the Roper resonance were nearly unaffected.The figures (not the fits)are restricted to the mass range below 1800MeV.cos θcmFig.3.The γp →pπ0differential cross section.Open circles [42];full circles:[44].Solid lines:our fit;dotted lines:SAID,the solution FA06[45].The γp →pπ0π0data provide new information on the N ππdecay modes.The D 33amplitude gives the largest contribution to this data (see Fig.1b).Its interference with N (1520)D 13,constructive at ∼1500MeV,destructive at ∼1600MeV,generates the dip between the two peaks in the total cross section.The ∆(1700)D 33has a large coupling to ∆π.In the main solution,∆(1700)D 33decays into ∆πin a relative S wave.There is however a second solution with very similar likelihood in which the ∆(1700)D 33→∆πdecays proceed viaTcos θcmFig.4.The target asymmetry from different experiments[48]for selected 5MeV mass bins.Solid lines:our fit;dashed lines:SAID,the solution FA06[45].Pcos θcmFig.5.The proton recoil polarization from different experiments [48]for selected 5MeV mass bins.Solid lines:our fit;dashed lines:SAID,the solution FA06[45].-0.200.20.40.60.8a)Re Tb)Im T -0.200.20.40.60.8c)1.21.41.61.82M(πN), GeV/c21.2 1.4 1.6 1.82d)M(πN), GeV/c2Fig.6.Real (a,c)and imaginary (b,d)part of the πN P 11elastic scattering am-plitude;data and fit with two (a,b)and three (c,d)poles [46].The dashed line in (a,b)represents a fit in which the Roper resonance is split into two components.The overall likelihood deteriorates to extremely bad values.The fit tries to make one Roper resonance as narrow as possible.D -wave.This ambiguity results in different contributions of all pπ0π0partial waves as shown in Fig.1b.The interference between ∆(1700)D 33and back-ground contributions is responsible for the shallow dent in solution 2of the D 33contribution visible in Fig.1b.The importance of the (ππ)-S -wave was already hinted at by Murphy and Laget (quoted by the GRAAL collaboration in [35]),although in a very differ-ent framework based on an effective isobaric Lagrangian.In the Laget model,the Roper resonance provided the largest contribution to Nππ,followed by the D 13partial wave while D 33(1700)was very weak.The Valencia model [49,50]is limited to E γ<0.84GeV;it predicted strong contributions of D 13(1520)and small N (1440)P 11and D 33(1700)contributions.Our analysis finds a very strong D 33(1700)contribution.However,the dominant orbital angular momen-tum in the D 33(1700)→∆πdecay is ambiguous giving rise to two acceptable solutions.Both solutions are fully compatible with the D 33πN elastic scatter-ing amplitude (see Fig.5in [41]).The analysis presented here is constrained by a large number of data sets and exploits all two-particle correlations within the Nππfinal state.These technical differences may very well be a reason for the discrepant results.The P 11amplitude for πN elastic scattering is written in the form of a K-matrix containing three constants,describing non-resonant contributions to elastic and inelastic reactions,and a series of poles representing resonant con-tributions.The P 11photoproduction amplitude is written as a K-matrix inM(πp), GeV/c2σt o t , m bM(πn), GeV/c2c o u n t s / 10 M e VM(ππ), GeV/c2Fig.7.The reaction π−p →nπ0π0[47].(a)Total cross section;the errors are smaller than the dots.(b)π0P and (c)π0π0invariant mass distributions for 551MeV/c.In (a)the dotted,dashed and dashed dotted lines give the P 11,D 13,and S 11contribu-tions,respectively.In (b,c)data (crosses),fit (histogram)and phase space (dashed line)are shown.The distributions are not corrected for acceptance.P-vector approach (which neglects pγloops in the rescattering series).The photoproduction amplitude has the same poles as the scattering matrix.One constant each is introduced for reaction (1)and (2)in Table 1describing direct pπ0and pπ0π0production.The constants,pole positions and couplings g Nx to a final state N x are free parameters of the fit.The Born term is described by a pole at the proton mass.At least two poles were required,with pole positions at 1370and 1850MeV,respectively.In Fig.6a,b we show the P 11amplitude for the two-pole solution.The data are well described.As a next step,we introduced a second pole in the Roper region,a pion-induced resonance R and a second photo-induced R’.This attempt failed.The fit reduced the elastic width to the minimal allowed value of 50MeV;the overall probability of the fit became unacceptable.The resulting elastic amplitude is shown in Fig.6a,b as dashed line.We did not find any meaningful solution where the Roper region could comprise two resonances.In [38,39],no evidence for N (1710)P 11was found.The increased sensitivity due to new data encouraged us to introduce a third pole in the P 11amplitude.Fig.6c,d show the result of this fit.A small improvement due to N (1710)P 11is observed,and also other data sets are slightly better described.The param-eters of the resonance are not well defined,the pole position is found in the 1580to 1700MeV mass range.Introduction of the N (1710)P 11as third pole changes the N (1840)P 11proper-ties.In the two-pole solution,the N (1840)P 11resonance is narrow (∼150MeV),in the three-pole solution,the N (1710)P 11and a ∼250MeV wide N (1840)P 11resonance interfere to reproduce the structure.Data with polarized photons and protons will hopefully clarify existence and properties of these additional resonances.Further P 11poles are expected at larger masses.Introducing such a pole does not lead to a significant improvement of the fit.Table2Properties of N(1440)P11.The left column lists mass,width,partial widths of the Breit-Wigner resonance;the right column pole position and squared couplings to thefinal state at the pole position.M=1436±15MeV M pole=1371±7MeVΓ=335±40MeVΓpole=192±20MeVΓπN=205±25MeV gπN=(0.51±0.05)·e−iπ(35±5)180Γπ∆=59±15MeV gπ∆=(−0.57±0.08)·e iπ(25±20)γp→π0p2.4±0.84±17±2γp→π0π0p7±26±211±3γp→∆+π05±14±17±2γp→pσ4±13±17±2Table4Fractional contributions(in%)of the N(1440)P11and its isobars toπ−p→pπ0π0 for3differentπ−energies.pπ(MeV/c)472551655In this letter,we have presented new data on photoproduction of two neutral pions in the energy range from the2π0production threshold up to a photon energy of820MeV(Mainz)and up to1300MeV(Bonn)and reported results from a partial wave analysis of this and of related reactions.The focus of this letter is the Roper resonance.We show that the data are incompatible with the conjecture that conflicting results on its properties could originate from the presence of two similar resonances and their interference, where both are in the P11wave and both fall into the1300to1500MeV mass region.Due to the fact that the Roper properties are over-constrained by the data,we can rule out this possibility.The decay pattern is consistent with an interpretation of the Roper resonance asfirst radial excitation of the nucleon. AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank the technical staffof the ELSA and MAMI machine groups and of all the participating institutions of their invaluable contributions to the success of the experiment.We acknowledgefinancial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG)within the SFB/TR16and from the Schweizerische Nationalfond.The collaboration with St.Petersburg received funds from DFG and RFBR.U.Thoma thanks for an Emmy Noether grant from the DFG.A.V.Sarantsev acknowledges support from RSSF. 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