Lecture 6 The Modern Period

Lecture 14The Modern Period (II)ⅠTeaching ContentModernism; the Stream of Consciousness; James JoyceⅡTime Allotment2 periodsⅢTeaching Objectives and Requirements1 Help the students know about modernism.2 Help the students know the characteristics of the novels of the Stream ofConsciousness.3 Help the students know clearly about James Joyce.ⅣKey Points and Difficult Points in Teaching1Modernism2 The Stream of Consciousness3 James JoyceⅤTeaching Methods and MeansLecture; Discussion; Multi-mediaⅥTeaching Process1 Modernism●Modernism is a general term applied retrospectively to the wide range ofexperimental and avant-garde trends in literature of the early 20th century, including Symbolism, Futurism, Expressionism, Imagism, Vorticism, Dada, and Surrealism, along with the innovations of the unaffiliated writers.●Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as itstheoretical base. It is a reaction against realism. It rejects rationalism which is the theoretical base of realism; it excludes from its major concern the external, objective, material world, which is the only creative source of realism; by advocating a free experimentation on new forms and new techniques in literary creation, it casts away almost all the traditional elements in literature such as story, plot, character, chronological narration, etc., which are essential to realism. As a result, the works created by the modernist writers can often be labeled as anti-novel, anti-poetry or anti-drama.(See Chang Yaoxin, 380-381)2 The Stream of consciousness●The tradition of the stream of consciousness can be traced to various sources. Theearliest attempt to concentrate the subject matter of fiction on the innerconsciousness of the c haracter can be found in Laurence Sterne’s Tristram Shandy.● Stream of Consciousness is a literary technique which was pioneered by DorthyRichardson, Virginia Woolf, and James Joyce. Stream of consciousness is characterized by a flow of thoughts and images, which may not always appear to have a coherent structure or cohesion. The plot line may weave in and out of time and place, carrying the reader through the life span of a character or further alonga timeline to incorporate the lives (and thoughts) of characters from other timeperiods. It was represented by James Joyce (Ulysses), Virginia Woolf (To the Light house, The Waves) and William Faulkner (The Sound and Fury).●Writers, who create stream-of-consciousness works of literature, focus on theemotional and psychological processes that are taking place in the minds of one or more characters. Important character traits are revealed through an exploration of what is going on in the mind.3 James Joyce (1882-1941)3.1 Life and achievements● James Joyce is an Irish novelist, noted for his experimental use of language in suchworks as Ulysses(1922) and Finnegans Wake(1939). During his career Joyce suffered from rejections from publishers, suppression by censors, attacks by critics, and misunderstanding by readers. From 1902 Joyce led a nomadic life, which perhaps reflected in his interest in the character of Odysseus. Although he spent long times in Paris, Trieste, Rome, and Zürich, with only occasional brief visit to Ireland, his native country remained basic to all his writings.“But when the restraining influence of the school was at a distance I began to hunger again for wild sensations, for the escape which those chronicles of disorder alone seemed to offer me. The mimic warfare of the evening became at last as wearisome to me as the routine of school in the morning because I wanted real adventures to happen to myself. But real adventures, I reflected, do not happen to people who remain at home: they must be sought abroad.”(From Dubliners)●Joyce’s life’s work was to write only and always about his hometown Dublin. Hetreated it in such a way that in fact he was writing about all of human experience.His works include Dubliners, The Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man, Ulysses, and Finnegans Wake.3.2 Comments on James Joyce●He was serious with both his thematic and technical concerns.◆In Thematic terms, he never forgot to promote spiritual freedom of his nativecountry with his writings. Irish nationalism features prominently in his work.The theme of Irish discontentment and struggle for freedom always appear asa clear narrative thread. Furthermore, he loves the common people. He findsthe great value in love and passion. He loves life itself and believes that love makes life worth living and makes man invincible. Finally, there is his preoccupation with art and its mission in life. All of his major works related to art and artist and their bearing on life.◆With regarded to his formal features, Joyce is noted for his frankrepresentation of reality. He embraces realism against romanticism. H e is outspoken on important social issues, and insists on portraying all the aspects of man—the good as well as the evil side. For him, characterization matters more than does plot. He is also well renowned for his adroit use of the stream-of-consciousness technique and his contribution to its subsequent popularity as an effective stylistic medium. In addition, Joycean language has always been a topic of immense interest to people. It is poetic, accurate, forceful, connotative, rhythmic, musical, picturesque, aptly polyglottic, and humorous beyond description.●By pushing both thematic and formal boundaries infinitely further back, he hasbecome “the writes’ writer” in literary history. His influence over the writers of his own and later generation can never be overstated.3.3 Discussion of “Araby”●In “Araby,” the allure of new love and distant places mingles with the familiarityof everyday drudgery, with frustrating consequences.◆Mangan’s sister embodies this mingling, since she is part of the familiarsurroundings of the narrator’s street as well as the exotic promise of the bazaar.She is a “brown figure” who both reflects the brown façades of the buildings that line the street and evokes the skin color of romanticized images of Arabia that flood the narrator’s head.◆Like the bazaar that offers experiences that differ from everyday Dublin,Mangan’s sister intoxicates the narrator with new feelings of joy and elation.His love for her, however, must compete with the dullness of schoolwork, his uncle’s lateness, and the Dublin trains. Though he promises Mangan’s sister that he will go to Araby and purchase a gift for her, these mundane realities undermine his plans and ultimately thwart his desires. The narrator arrives at the bazaar only to encounter flowered teacups and English accents, not the freedom of the enchanting East. As the bazaar closes down, he realizes that Mangan’s sister will fail his expectations as well, and that his desire for her is actually only a vain wish for change.●The narrator’s change of heart concludes the story on a moment o f epiphany, butnot a positive one. Instead of reaffirming his love or realizing that he does not need gifts to express his feelings for Mangan’s sister, the narrator simply gives up.He seems to interpret his arrival at the bazaar as it fades into darkness as a sign that his relationship with Mangan’s sister will also remain just a wishful idea and that his infatuation was as misguided as his fantasies about the bazaar. What might have been a story of happy, youthful love becomes a tragic story of defeat. Much like the disturbing, unfulfilling adventure in “An Encounter,” the narrator’s failure at the bazaar suggests that fulfillment and contentedness remain foreign to Dubliners, even in the most unusual events of the city like an annual bazaar.● The tedi ous events that delay the narrator’s trip indicate that no room exists forlove in the daily lives of Dubliners, and the absence of love renders the characters in the story almost anonymous. Time does not adhere to the narrator’s visions ofhis relationship. The story presents this frustration as universal: the narrator is nameless; the girl is always “Mangan’s sister” as though she is any girl next door, and the story closes with the narrator imagining himself as a creature. In “Araby,”Joyce suggests that all people experience frustrated desire for love and new experiences.ⅦReflection Questions and Assignments1. Self study Virginia Woolf.2. What is the function of Big Ben in Mrs.Dalloway?3. How does the bazaar experience become an epiphany for the boy in “Araby”?ⅧMajor References1 Abrams, M. H. ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature, (6th edition),Norton: 1993.2 Baugh, Albert C. A Literary History of England. 1967.3 Drabble, Margaret.The Oxford Companion to English Literature. OxfordUniversity Press and Foreign language and Research Press, 1998.4 陈嘉.《英国文学史》. 北京：商务印书馆，1986.5 陈嘉.《英国文学作品选读》. 北京：商务印书馆，1982.6 侯维瑞. 《英国文学通史》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999.7 刘炳善. 《英国文学简史》. 郑州：河南人民出版社，1993.8刘洊波. 《英美文学史及作品选读》（英国部分），北京：高等教育出版社，2001.9 罗经国. 《新编英国文学选读》. 北京：北京大学出版社，1997.10 孙汉云. 《英国文学教程》. 南京：河海大学出版社，2005.11 王佩兰等. 《英国文学史及作品选读》. 长春：东北师范大学，2006.12 王松年. 《英国文学作品选读》. 上海：上海交通大学出版社，2002.13 吴伟仁. 《英国文学史及选读》（第二册）. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1990.14 杨岂深，孙铢.《英国文学选读》. 上海：上海译文出版社，1981.15 张伯香.《英国文学教程》. 武汉：武汉大学出版社，2005.16 张伯香.《英美文学选读》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1998.17 张定铨. 《新编简明英国文学史》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002.。

第一章1.Which of the following statement is not proper in definingyour core values inlife?答案: Follow the suit of others.2.From the video clip, we learn that to achieve success, we need to have thefollowing qualities except________.答案:luck3.Einstein and Edison are examples cited to illustrate the point that nothingcan inhibit a strong spirit committed to success.答案:对4. A wise selection of sufficient examples and an expert arrangement of theseexamples are two key factors in writing a successful example essay.答案:对5.It’s hard for foreigners to imagine the original representations of Chinesecharacters, without adequate knowledge of Chinese culture.答案:对6.With China’ increased role in the world, more and more foreigners are deeplyattracted by the Chinese language and culture and gradually acquire thelanguage.答案:对7.Yan Fu set his famous translation criteria: the trinity principle of xin, da, yaduring his translation of ____________.答案:Evolution and Ethics8.What are the four periods of Chinese translation history according to thelecture?答案:The contemporary period;1840-1919;1919-1949;The ancientperiod9.How to make your general language specific?答案:Use exact names, time,places and numbers;Use descriptive words10.________________ means that the words you use are precise and they expressyour ideas clearly.答案:Specificity第二章1.When we prepare a speech, we need to recite it word-for-word.答案:错2.Why should we practice our speech before we give it?答案:Because practicewill help you feel confident.3.Which of the following way is not mentioned to confront your worries?答案:Smile, even if it’s fake4.The author was determined to save the boy from the beginning without anyhesitation.答案:错5.The author tried to save the boy, but the rip current seemed to triumph. Thisis the time of the greatest tension and is thus the climax of the plot.答案:错6.Plotting a story well is key to building a cohesive narrative.答案:对7.There are lexical gaps because of the influence of many factors, suchas__________.答案:natural environments;thinking patterns;history;culturaltraditions8.Some culture-loaded words in Chinese without equivalents in English areusually translated through _________.答案:transliteration9.Don’t call me unless it’s a real emergency. This is a __________ sentence.答案:complex10.As periodic and balanced sentences are very impressive, we should use moreof them in writing.答案:错第三章1.Hepburn was a successful actress because of her powerful family background.答案:错2.The United States' highest civilian award refers to the Presidential Medal ofFreedom.答案:对3.Audrey Hepburn impressed us deeply not only for her starring roles in thefilm domain, but also the roles she preferred most as an exemplary motherand a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador.答案:对4.Which of the following facts can Not indicate that Audrey Hepburn remainedtrue to herself despite her fame and wealth?答案:She suffered from thebrutality, death and destruction of war.5.Chinese sentences are usually in the topic-comment pattern for its ________prominent feature.答案:topic6.Hypotaxis means the dependent or subordinate construction or relationshipof clauses ______ connectives.答案:with7.Chinese thinking pattern is greatly influenced by Confucianism, emphasizingthe holistic.答案:对8.The river was more than a mile wide, he could not swim across.What’s wrongwith the sentence? It’s a ____________.答案:run-on sentence9.I have many hobbies. Including tennis, chess, and golf.What’s wrong with thesentence? It’s a ____________.答案:sentence fragment10.Every sentence must have a subject and a verb but may not necessarilyexpress a complete thought.答案:错第四章1.According to the lecture, the wonders of reading include: ______.答案:Help youtackle challengs you’ll ever face.;Enable you to be exposed to so manywonderful things.;Improve your imagination and vocabulary.;Exercise yourmind.;Relieve stress for you.2.According to the lecture, travelling can help us to dispel “stereotype” towardan exotic culture for the following reasons except___________.答案:We canenjoy various delicious food.3.Stereotyping is the process of creating a picture of a whole culture,overgeneralizing all people belonging to the same culture as having similarcharacteristics and categorizing people accordingly.答案:对4.Text A in Unit 4 tries to illustrate the reason why we travel – because weneed mental refreshment for creativity.答案:对5.It is cohesive among sentences and paragraphs in a text, such as _________.答案:omission;connective;coordination;substitution6.It is important to distinguish when and how to add subject while doingChinese-English translation.答案:对7.Kelly told her instructor that she had made a mistake.What’s wrong with thesentence?答案:Ambiguous pronoun reference8.An effective sentence should ______________.答案:lay due emphasis on the keywords and phrases;show clear and reasonable connection between the parts of a sentence;express a single complete thought;contain no unnecessarywords9.He visited all the famous historical monuments of this ancient city, and healso found out that the people of the city had to pay heavy taxes. This is aunified sentence.答案:错10.At a basic level, cause-and-effect essays are mainly cause-focused, effect-focused or causes and effects-focused.答案:对第五章1.Selecting a new career path should be a carefully thought-out process. Whatare the suggestions mentioned in the lecture?答案:Embrace the change.;Plan your career in reverse.;Know your talents and strengths.;Identify yourpassion.2.According to the lecture, one common piece of advice you might hear whenlooking for jobs is to “follow your passion.”答案:对3.The body part of Text A is from Paragraph 4 to Paragraph 8. The authorpresents the differences between workers and laborers from differentperspectives. In this part the author uses the ______ when contrasting workers and laborers.答案:point-by-point method4.Text A in Unit 5 argues, by differentiating among work, labor, and play, thatinterest and enjoyment in work are important for the benefit of bothindividual and society.答案:对5.他爱看戏，她爱待在家，他俩总是吵。

托福听力tpo45 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (15)原文 (15)题目 (17)答案 (19)译文 (19)Lecture4 (21)原文 (21)题目 (24)答案 (26)译文 (26)托福听力tpo45 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1原文NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.MALE PROFESSOR: As I was saying, the Renaissance period—which started in the fourteen hundreds in Europe—the Renaissance was still a pretty religious period. And that's reflected in the artwork of that time.But artists were starting to experiment with a more secular point of view as well—a tendency to also use the natural world as the subject matter for their art.And there were different ways that these natural themes were explored. For instance, many artists would paint portraits, while others—although this was more common in northern Europe—would make landscapes the subject of their works.But today I'd like to consider an influential Italian Renaissance artist, Leon Battista Alberti, who took a slightly different approach.Leon Battista Alberti was a painter, sculptor, architect, musician, poet—very wide-ranging interests—like daVinci or Michelangelo, the sort of guy for whom the term “Renaissance man” was in fact created.Alberti believed that the most important approach for a painter was to capture a story or narrative. Now, as I've indicated, this narrative could be either religious or secular, depending on what the work of art was for. If the work was to be placed in a church then obviously it'd have a religious theme, whereas if it was for someone's home then it could deal with a different subject matter. The exact narrative didn't really matter, so long as it was one that captivated the audience—that held the viewer's attention.So what is actually needed to tell a story?Well, Alberti needed characters, right? Human figures.And he wanted to represent them as realistically as possible to capture the viewer's attention. One way he achieved this was to make use of what's known as the contrapposto pose.A contrapposto pose basically entails showing a slight twist in the body. The shoulders and hips are usually bent in different directions. In other words, if the left shoulder is bent so that it's slightly higher than the right shoulder, then the hips will be bent so that the left side will be slightly lower than the right side. Similarly, in sculptures, most of the weight seems to be on one foot, which also results in this slanted position—making it seem like the figure is about to walk or move. This adds to the realistic aspect of the figure.But there are actually a lot of things that could go wrong in the attempt to create such a pose. You could make a figure’s arms bigger than its legs, or the head too small for the body. Messing up the proportions can leave a figure looking cartoon-like and unnatural. But Alberti had a solution: He encouraged artists to visualize a figure's bones and structure. This would give the artist an idea of the proportions of the figure. From there, Alberti suggested the artist imagine attaching the tendons and muscles, then covering those with flesh and skin.Now, although this method may seem complicated, artists since antiquity have used anatomical observations to try to get the proportions of the human figure as accurate as possible—though obviously not to the degree that Alberti was recommending.Now, in addition to characters, the setting is extremely important, especially when attempting to tell a story realistically. Renaissance artists essentially needed to create a three-dimensional scene on a two-dimensional surface. They accomplished this by the use of perspective—a relatively new idea for artists at the time. In particular, the type of perspective that Alberti advocated was called linear one-point perspective. In fact, Alberti was one of the artists who developed the geometry behind linear one-point perspective.Linear perspective basically consists of drawing straight lines that extend from the forefront of the painting into the background—lines that seem to be parallel to each other, but which actually converge on a single point in the horizon, called the vanishing point. By drawing figures and objects smaller and smaller as the lines get closer together, the artist is able to create depth in a painting. This gives the illusion of a third dimension and makes the work of art more realistic.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A. Reasons for the transition from religious to secular themes in Renaissance artB. The disproportionate influence of Italian artists during the Renaissance periodC. Techniques used during the Renaissance to produce realistic works of artD. A comparison of themes in paintings and sculptures during the Renaissance2.What is the professor's opinion of Leon Battista Alberti as an artist?A. Alberti's interests were too diverse for him to succeed in any one field.B. Alberti was ineffective in imposing his own theories on other artists.C. Alberti was a much more skilled artist than da Vinci or Michelangelo.D. Alberti represents the Renaissance ideal of wide-ranging achievement.3.According to the professor, what did Alberti consider to be the most important aspect of a Renaissance painting?A. That it convey an appealing narrativeB. That its figures be posed symmetricallyC. That its theme not be religiousD. That its characters be positioned within a landscape4.Why did some artists begin to use the contrapposto pose?A. To create a cartoon-like effectB. To help viewers identify the main figure in a work of artC. To show the relative sizes of human figuresD. To make human figures appear more natural5.Why does the professor discuss tendons and muscles?A. To emphasize that Alberti's study of anatomy led to his interest in artB. To show the emphasis Alberti placed on using physically fit modelsC. To illustrate the difficulty of maintaining a contrapposto pose in real lifeD. To explain one of Alberti's methods for creating accurate proportions6.Why was the development of linear one-point perspective important to Renaissance artists?A. It helped painters to place figures more symmetrically within their paintings.B. It allowed painters to create an illusion of three dimensions.C. It enabled artists to paint large landscapes for the first time.D. It encouraged artists to take an interest in geometry.答案C D A D D B译文旁白：听一篇艺术史学科讲座。

Modernism began in Germany in the 1890s, spread worldwide, and ended in the early 1940s. It was the consequence of the transformation of society brought about by industrialism and technology in the course of the 19th century. The essence of modernism was a break with the past, and the literature of the early 20th century mirrored a somber mood of uncertainty.In 1915 he published The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock.In 1922, he published his great work, The Waste Land, which catches precisely the state of culture and society after WWI and graphically illustrates the spiritual poverty of the West of the time. The Waste Land shows the search for regeneration by people who live in a chaotic world. It has been regarded as a central text of modernism.“新英格兰诗人”): Robinson and Frost were modern in their themes about the wasted, blighted, or impoverished lives, but not modern in their technique.✧Eldwin Arlington Robinson (1860-1935) New England Poet (from Maine缅因州)Robinson was a transitional poet between the centuries. His fascination with the interior drama of human defeat earned him a reputation as a pessimist poet.✧Robert Frost (1874-1963) New England Poet (from New Hampshire新罕布什尔州)Frost is liked by the Americans because the subject and the landscape of his poems are forever New England and his simplicity never fails to reveal some profound truth.His representative poetry collections include Boy’s Will (1913), North of Boston (1914), Mountain interval (1916), New Hampshire (1923),West-Running Brook (1928).意象派诗歌Imagism appeared as a reaction to the traditional English poetics but served to meet the need of expressing the temper of the age. 1. It records the momentary impressions; 2. The means to express the momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image or a quick succession of images to capture an emotion, for freeze on moment in time. 3. It is written in free verse with as few words as possible. The leader is Ezra Pound (1885-1972). Others include William Sandburg, Amy Lowell and Hilda. D. Doolittle.“The Lost Generation”The term ―Lost Generation‖ was first used by Gertrude Stein (1874-1946). It includes Hemingway, Fitzgerald and Faulkner, T·S ·Eliot, ect., who were caught in the war and painted the post-war Weste rn world as a wasteland, lifeless and hopeless. They are also called ―Waste Land Painters‖ with T·S ·Eliot’s The Waste Land as the manifesto. They indulged in hedonism and livedin Europe in order to make their life less unbearable.(1876–1941)Winesburg, Ohio (full title: Winesburg, Ohio: A Group of Tales of Ohio Small-Town Life《俄亥俄州的温斯堡镇》或《小镇畸人》) is a 1919 short story cycle, dealing with people’s alienation, loneliness and psychological problems in a transforming age.Yoknapatawpha Country (约克纳帕塔法), imprisonment in the pastHis representative novels include The Sound and the Fury《喧嚣与骚动》, As I Lay Dying《我弥留之际》, Absalom, Absalom《押沙龙, 押沙龙》, Light in August《八月之光》, Go Down, Moses (1942)《去吧，摩西》.(1899-1961) awarded the Nobel PrizeHe is characterized by his ―telegraphic language‖, (The use of short, simple and conventional word), ―Code hero‖ and ―grace under pressure‖ or ―despairing courage‖ (重压下的风度).His representative novels include: The Sun Also Rises (太阳照样升起》1926),A Farewell to Arms (《永别了，武器》1929), For Whom the Bell Tolls(《丧钟为谁而鸣》1940), The Old Man and the Sea (《老人与海》1952).What is Hemingway Hero: ―the code hero‖?The typical Hemingway’s hero one, who wounded but strong, destroyed but not defeated. He struggle alone and holds it firm that he plays well in front of ruin and death.—Singer of Jazz Age, ―Dollar Decade‖, 1920sWhat is Jazz Age?To many, WWI was a tragic failure of old values, of old politics, of old ideas. The social mood was often one of confusion and despair. Yet, on the surface the mood in America during the 1920s did not seem desperate. Instead, Americans entered a decade of prosperity and exhibitionism. Fads swept the nation. F· Scott· Fitzgerald portrays the Jazz Age as a generation of ―the beauti ful and damned‖, drowning in their pleasures.This Side of Paradise (《人间天堂》1920) is his first novel.The Great Gatsby (《了不起的盖茨比》1925) is his masterpiece, in which the ―incorruptible dream‖ is ―smashed into pieces by the relentless reality.‖ Gatsby’s failu re predicts to a great extent the end of the American dream. American dream means that in America one might hope to satisfy every material desire and thereby achieve happiness.The Grapes of Wrath (《愤怒的葡萄》1939) recounts the odyssey of a family of Oklahoma migrant farmers who make their way to California in search of a living.。