Lecture 8翻译技巧(词义的延伸)

专八翻译6大翻译技巧整理一、确立主干1、确立主语（1）避免主语机械对应这个地区雨比较多。

It rains a lot in this area.（2）方位词或时间词在主语位置山下住着一位老妇人。

There lives an old lady at the foot of the mountain.（3）用it做主语翻译主语是复合结构的汉语信不信是你的事。

It is your concern whether you believe me or not.最好是等他们回来。

It is advisable to wait till they come back.勤能补拙It is diligence that makes for deficiency.2、确立谓语：英语的动词通常只能由某个动词或者系表结构担任在人际关系上我们不要太浪漫主义。

We shouldn't be too romantic about personal relationship.当他活着一天，总要尽量多工作、多学习，不肯虚度年华，不让时间白白地浪费掉。

As long as he is living, he always works and studies as hard as possible, unwilling to dream his life away, let alone waste even a single moment of life.二、语序调整1、定语的位置：英语中，单词充当定语时多为前置，短语和从句充当定语时多为后置。

钓鱼是一项能陶冶性情的运动，有益于身心健康。

Fishing is an outdoor sport that can cultivate your mind and it is good for your mental and physical health.2、状语的位置他是1970年5月20日在北京朝阳区出生的。

lecture的意思用法大全lecture的意思n. 演讲,训斥，教训vi. 作演讲vt. 给…作演讲,教训(通常是长篇大论的)变形：过去式: lectured; 现在分词：lecturing; 过去分词：lectured;lecture用法lecture可以用作名词lecture主要指教育性或学术性“演讲”,引申可指“冗长的训斥或谴责”。

lecture是可数名词,其后接介词on或about ,意为“关于…的演讲”“就…做演讲”“因…训斥或谴责某人”。

lecture作“讲演,讲课”解时,是不及物动词。

说“讲授某课程”时常与介词on连用,说“在某地讲演”时常与介词at〔in〕连用。

lecture用作名词的用法例句She ran over her notes before giving the lecture.她讲课前把讲稿匆匆看了一遍。

His lecture covered various aspects of language.他的讲课涉及到语言诸方面的问题。

They could not follow the lecture.他们听不懂这次演讲。

lecture可以用作动词lecture作“讲演,讲课”解时,是不及物动词。

说“讲授某课程”时常与介词on连用,说“在某地讲演”时常与介词at〔in〕连用。

lecture也可用作及物动词,意思是“向…讲演,给…讲课”,接名词或代词作宾语。

lecture还可作“责备”“教训”“训斥”解,用作及物动词,接名词或代词作宾语。

“因…而受到训斥”可说lecture sb for n./v -ing。

lecture用作动词的用法例句It was a shame for me to be lectured in front of the whole class.当着整个班级的面被训斥了一顿，真让我感到羞辱。

He lectured to his students on modern writers.他给学生们讲了关于现代作家的一课。

2.lecturelecture /ˈlektʃə(r)/ 词频4n. 讲座；讲课；教训. vi. (开)讲座；讲课. vt. 训斥派：lecturer 词频2 n.演讲者；（大学）讲师①高义频vi.&n.（尤指大学中的）讲座；讲课；演讲go to/attend a lecture 听讲座deliver/give a lecture做讲座a lecture on/about 关于……的讲课/训斥e.g. He lectures on literature at Manchester University. 他在曼彻斯特大学教文学。

②低义频vi.&n.教训；训斥lecture sb. about/on...因……训斥某人give sb. a lecture 给某人一个教训e.g. He’s always lecturing me about the way I dress. 他总是对我的穿着说三道四。

e.g. I know I should stop drinking-don’t give me a lecture about it.我知道我该戒酒，别教训我了。

1.单词拼写（1）I went to the ___(讲座) he gave in the hall.(lecture)（2）He learned a ___(教训)from this thing-he should stop smoking for his health.(lecture)（3）Professor Smith will give a l___ in Fudan University this evening about the history of English.(lecture)（4）She suffered a bad cold. As a result, she missed the ___(讲座) she liked very much.(lecture)（5）She preferred that we should have the discussion right after the ___(讲座).(lecture)（6）Please stop___(lecture) me! I know I should quit smoking.2.语法填空（1）The ___ (lecture) spoke very clearly so that we could hear every word.(lecturer) 3. 完成句子（1）He ___ ___ ___ ___time management to first-year students___ ___ ___ ___.他在报告厅给一年级学生做关于时间管理的讲座。

专八翻译技巧有人误以为，所谓合乎翻译标准，就是在把一种语言转换为另一种语言时，做到“不增不减”。

翻译实践告诉我们，由于两种语言表达方式上存在差异，翻译时往往都是“既增又减”。

这种根据各自语言特点，在具体上下文中适当地“增、减”，就是我们所要讨论的翻译技巧。

词量增减，是指根据原文上下文的意思、逻辑关系以及译文语言句法特点和表达习惯，在翻译时增加原文字面没有出现但实际内容已包含的词，或者减去原文虽有但译文语言表达用不着的词。

必须指出的是，词量增减必须防止两个倾向：一是添枝加叶，任意发挥；二是避难就易，肆意裁割。

1、增词增词，从理论上说可以增加任何词，但在什么时候增加什么样的词，才能恰到好处，而不超出一定界限，则需要悉心体会。

下面试分析几个译例：1）A book, tight shut, is but a block of paper.译文一：一本书，紧紧合上，只是一叠纸。

译文二：一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠纸。

译文三：一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠废纸。

译文四：闲置之书只是一叠废纸。

上面同一个句子四个译文，可以体现翻译不同层次。

译文一，与原文似乎丝丝入扣，但却显得支离破碎、关系不清、语意不足；译文二，增加了“如果……不读”，意思明白无误，只是觉得言犹未尽；译文三，又增加了一个废字，这可是点睛之举。

能否译出这个废字，是翻译这个句子的关键。

一个废字，说话者语意才得以充分表达。

译文三不足之处，就是行文拖沓累赘；而译文四则简明扼要，笔酣墨浓了。

2）Success is often just an idea away.译文一：成功往往只是一个念头的距离。

译文二：成功往往只是一念之差。

译文三：成功与否往往只是一念之差。

译文一让人看后莫名其妙；译文二改变说法，但仍让人似懂非懂，而译文三只是简简单单增加了一个“与否”，但却使人豁然开朗！原句意思表达得淋漓尽致。

如同文学翻译一样，经贸文字翻译增词现象也是千变万化。

Lecture One 定语从句[原句]Other government activities are the responsibilities of the individual states, which have their own constitution and laws.[译文]各州都有自己的宪法和法律，承担政府的其他职能。

[原句]Within each state are counties, townships, cities and villages, each of which has its own elective government.[译文]各州下属辖县，镇，市，村，皆有其民选政府。

一．省略法1.One of the features of London is the number of big stores, most of which are to be found inor near the W est End.[译文]伦敦一大特色是大商店多，大多数位于西区及其周边地区。

2.Another feature of London’s shopping life is the chain store, in which prices are low and awide variety of goods are offered.[译文]伦敦购物生活另一特色是连锁店，里面价格低廉，提供各种商品。

3.Like the press in most other countries, American newspapers range from the sensational,which feature crime, sex and gossip, to the serious, which focus on factual news and the analysis of world events.[译文]美国报纸和其他国家一样，既有耸人听闻的小报，报道犯罪，色情和小道消息，也有严肃报刊，聚焦实事新闻，分析国际时事。

学术讲座—学生版生物tpo8 lecture 1一、背景介绍：在生物世界，什么是动物栖息地，在栖息地被破坏之后人类是如何采取措施的，蓝莺和黑头莺如何选择栖息地的等。

二、分类表格：三、考点分析及各分类常见逻辑结构：生物类考点分析分类部位及特征用途（植物）习性（动物）栖息地繁殖与其他生物的关系生存状况相关研究生物类常见逻辑结构在课堂演讲中，教授常常会就某一生物现象或者生物特征进行讲解，并举出相应的例子进行证明，期间往往会有老师的自问自答和已经和学生之间的讨论。

四、十三大原则中这节课会用到的原则+举例1.开头原则：2.强调原则（语义的强调）：3.举例原则4.转折原则5.因果原则6.问答原则五、本次课可能用到的笔记法1. 笔记热身1）中文简写2）符号2. TPO1 Conversation1 笔记六、词汇，短语及句式1）生物类场景常用的词汇2）本次课常用词汇3）本次课常用短语及句式：七、文章框架分析Trouble and need some help: Woman cannot find where the journals are. Man says that she has focus which is good and she can find the book on the reserve.How to do the research and find more journals: Man tells her there are electronicresources. The woman thinks it is unable to use computer at home. But actually she can do it at home.How to save time to do research: narrow down the research by display abstract and summary.What will the woman do next: The woman will research the resource in the library just in case.八、听力文本Pro: OK. Well, last time(提示词，典型的回顾型开头方式) we talked about passive habitat selection, like plants for example, they don’t make active choices about where to grow. They are dispersed by some other agent, like the wind. And if the seeds land in a suitable habitat, they do well and reproduce.(针对例子出题是lecture中常见的出题方式，这里即可以针对此例出一道题) With active habitat selection, an organism is able to physically select where to live and breed. And because an animal breeding habitat is so important, we expect animal species to develop preferences for particular types of habitats. Places where their offspring have the best chance for survival.So l et’s look at the effects of the preference can have by looking at some examples(回顾完了之后转到本次的主题，本句话是主旨的体现), but first let’s recap. What do we mean by habitat?(在进入主体部分前进行相关名词解释，这也是听了lecture里常见的一个环节) Frank?Stu:Well, it’s basically the place or environment w here an organism normally lives and grows.Pro:Right, and as we discussed, there are some key elements that habitat must contain, food obviously, water, and it’s got to have a right climate and basics for physical protection.(这里可针对habitat所需的key elements出双选题或多选题) And we saw how important habitat selection is when we look at the habitat were some of the factors are removed, perhaps through habitats’ destruction. I just read about a short bird, the plover.The plover lives by the ocean and feeds on small shellfish, insects and plants. It blends in with the sand, so it well camouflage from predator birds above.(可以针对这里的信息出关于plover的细节题) But it lags eggs in shallow depressions in the sand with very little protection around them. So if there are people or dogs on the beach, the eggs and fledglings in the nest are really vulnerable. Outing California weather has been a lot of human development by the ocean. The plovers are now is threaten species. So conservation is tried to recreate a new habitat for them. They made artificial beaches and sand bars in area inaccessible to people and dogs. And the plover population is up quite a bit in those places. (此处可出细节题，针对如何挽救plover)Ok. That is an incidence where a habitat is made less suitable. But now, what about cases where an animal exhibits a clear choice between two suitable habitats? In cases like that, does the preference matter? Let’s look at the blue warbler.(这几句话是联系上下文的过渡句，That is an incidence .. But now, what about cases … Let’s look at…这些语言都是需要重点注意的常见过渡表达，帮助我们建立框架)The Blue warbler is a songbird that lives in the North America. They clearly prefer hard wood forests with dense shrubs, bushes underneath the trees. They actually nest in the shrubs, not the trees. So they pretty close to the ground, but these warblers also nest in the forests that have low shrub density. It is usually the younger warblers that nest to the area because their preferred spots where a lot of shrubs are taken by older more dominant birds.(可以针对这块儿的细节信息出关于Blue warbler的细节题)And the choice of habitat seems to affect the reproductive success. Because the older and more experienced birds who nest in the high density shrub areas have significantly more offspring than those in low density areas(可以针对这里出推断题，推断住在forests that have low shrub density里的blue warbler有什么特点，答案可设置为“They are less experienced.”), which suggests that the choice of where to nest does have impact on the number of chicks they have. But preferred environment doesn’t always seem to correlate with greater reproductive success. For example, In Europe, study has been done of blackcap warblers.(可以出回放题，问教授说这2句话的意思；另外，这里是需要重点听的联系上下文的过渡句) We just call them blackcaps.Blackcaps can be found in two different environments. Their preferred habitat is forest that near the edge of streams. However, blackcaps also live in pine woods away from water.(可针对前面的信息出关于blackcap的habitat特点的问题) Study has been done on the reproductive success rate for birds in both areas, and the result showed surprisingly that the reproductive success was essentially the same in both areas--- the preferred and the second choice habitat. Well. Why?It turns out(表结果的表达，需重点注意) there were actually four times as many bird pairs or couples living in the stream edge habitat compared to the area away from the stream, so this stream edge area has much denser population which meant more members of same species competing for the resources. When into feed on same thing or build their nests in the same places, which lower the suitability of the prime habitat even though it’s their preferred habitat. So the results of the study suggests(表结果的信息是我们重点要的听的地方，往往是对前面情况的总结) that when the number of the competitors in the prime habitat reaches a certain point, the second random habitat becomes just as successful as the prime habitat, just because there are fewer members of the same species living there. So it looks like competition for resources is another important factor(表列举的词another提示我们这句话的信息很重要) in determining if particular habitat is suitable.九、学生听力过程注：此过程中，“小节”的长度由老师根据每个学生的水平来决定，两个句子到两个自然段不等。

可编辑修改精选全文完整版专八翻译词语的译法专八翻译词语的译法自201x改革后，专八翻译只保留了汉译英，本文整理了一些词语的翻译方法技巧，希望对大家有帮助。

一、词义选择(1) 语境词手机刷新了人与人的关系。

Cell phone has altered the relationship among people.(2) 表意模糊的词这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批的人才。

The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society.(3) 比喻词汇老师答应给这几个学生“开小灶”。

The teacher promised to give these students special tuition.二、词义转换：英语的静态性和抽象性决定其出现名词化和介词化的倾向。

(1)动词转名词吃头两个菜时，也是赞不绝口。

You will be full of praise while eating the first main courses.(2)动词转介词这样，每个地方都有自己的传说，风俗也就衍传了下来。

Thus, every place, with its own legends and tales, has its traditions and customs passed on from generation to generation.(3)动词转形容词所以人们对于大自然，全都一致并且深深地依赖着。

Therefore, everyone has become unanimously andprofoundly dependent on Nature.(4)形容词副词转名词只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。

…leaving there living thins to enjoy this moment of dusk with full ease and freedom.(5)名词转动词大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。