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汉英翻译---谓语的选择 (1)

汉英翻译---谓语的选择 (1)
Chinese-English Translation
Selection of Predicates
Chinese-English Translation
汉英翻译之“谓语的选择”
翻译要点1：找到主谓结构
• 主谓结构&主次分明 • 翻译时应注意： • 1. 找到主谓结构，就确定了句子的中轴
• 孔乙己是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人。
翻译要点3：注意主谓搭配
• 3. 注意主谓搭配 • Improve the following sentences:
• 1. 你的教学科研取得了很大的进步。 • Your teaching and research has made great progress. • 2. 现在人们的生活离开不了电视。 • Now people’s life can’t leave TV.
• 我今天又累又失望。 a ___________________________ long and rather disappointing day, so… • I’ve had
根据主语调整谓语
• 我今天的糟糕表现可能是功夫史上之 最了。也是中国历史之最，糟糕历史 之最！ proபைடு நூலகம்ably sucked more today than anyone in • I ____________________________ the history of Kung Fu… _____________________________ in the history of China…. in the history of sucking.
Movie Lines Translation
Kong Fu Panda
根据主语调整谓语

句式处理[1]

句式处理[1]

例：不同的人对退休持不同的态度。 Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person. （ 6）以思维对象为无灵主语 例：我一时想不起他的名字。 His name escapes me for the moment. 例：这个问题我实在不能理解。 The problem is quite beyond me. （7）以抽象名词为无灵主语 （不管夜有多深，总有一盏小灯亮着，留给迟归的人，）远远望 见，温暖便从窗口一直注入心底。（《恋家》）
例：作生意他没经验 He is little experienced in doing business.
英语的主语是最重要的句子成份，是句子必不可少的部分， 英语的主语必须由名词、代词、名词性短语或名词性从句担任， 它通常位于谓语之前，也可能位于谓语之间(疑问句中)，也有可 能位于谓语之后，(倒装句、There is结构等)、主语与谓语存在 语法上的一致关系，主语决定谓语动词的人称、数，不仅如此， 主语还影响着其它语法成份。 英语的主语可以分成以下几种类型： 1.施动主语 I broke the glass with a stone. 2.被动主语 The translation reads smoothly. 3.工具主语 A stone broke the glass.
（2）以具体的事物为无灵主语。 我给你打国际直拨就跟给楼下的李姐打电话差不多，一拨就通。 An international phone call to you is as easy as a call to Sister Ii downstairs.
（3）以自然现象为无灵主语 例：于是，暮色里匆匆的人群中，总是有我赶路回家的身影， （雨里，雾里，风里，雪里，只盼着早些回家，……）（《恋 家》） Thus, the gathering dusk often finds me hastening home in a hurrying crowd. （Whether it rains or snows, windy or foggy, it is the longing to be home that quickens my steps. ）

汉英翻译课件之 谓语确定

汉英翻译课件之 谓语确定

Two thirds of the swampland has/have been reclaimed for farming. Forth minus fifteen leaves/leave twenty-five. Seven plus/and five makes/make twelve. All of the cargo was/were lost. All of the crew were/was saved.
句子翻译之谓语确定
英汉谓语之比较
英语句子谓语只有动词和动词词组才能充当； She was smiling. He likes translation. They have become health-conscious. John is at home. We gave him advice. We consider that plan wonderful. He has put the salt on the table. The children might have been playing in the garden. I agree with you on that point. In the valley we came across a group of Mexicans.
学校教育不仅要抓智育，更要重视德育。 Schools must provide students not only sound intellectual training, but, more importantly, moral development.
2 汉语动词无时态变化，时态概念通过词汇手段来
大学在推动经济增长方面的作用已是有目共睹。 Already, the university’s role as an engine of economic growth is well recognized. 我们的国防变得越来越巩固和强大。 Our national defence becomes more and more consolidatory and powerful. 他在会上说的话非常正确，非常有说服力。 What he said at the meeting is very right and persuasive. 他们ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ言语和行动充满了信心和自豪。 They are confident and proud in their speeches and actions.

大学英语四六级汉英翻译之句子主谓确定

大学英语四六级汉英翻译之句子主谓确定
1. 科技兴农在中国发展粮食生产方面存在着巨 大的潜力。 The application of science and technology to agriculture points to huge potential in the development.
2. 这一证书课程分三年学完。 This certificate course of studies will spread over 3 years.
2 重新确定主语
由于中国人和英美人的思维方式和语言习惯 存在较大差异，汉语主语并非总能完全对 应地转换英语中。在许多情况下，我们需 要重新选择和确定主语，以保证译文行文 流畅，语言自然地道。
鲁迅的骨头是最硬的，他没有丝毫的奴颜媚骨 (sycophancy or obsequiousness )。 --Lu Xun’s bones were the hardest; he was free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness. (没有表达比喻的实际意义) --Lu Xun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy and obsequiousness.
谓语动词选择
一． 所选择谓语应该在人称和数上与主语一 致
1.
在西方，吃饭用的是刀和叉 。 In the west, fork and knife is used for having dinner. 面包和牛奶是少数政府不纳税的东西。 Bread and milk is one of the few things that the government do not impose taxes on. 当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。 Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country.

英译汉谓语确定

英译汉谓语确定

英译时谓语的确定 1 谓语确定应充分、贴切传达原意； 中国经济将融入世界经济大潮。 The economy of China will merge into the tide of the world economy. The economy of China will converge with that of the world. 中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。 The central government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR. The central government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.
新改建的城中公园建了许多草坪。 Plenty of lawns were built in the gardens of the newrenovated city’s centers. 大家知道盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。 Salt is known to have a strong corroding effect on metals. 应该教育孩子讲实话。 Children should be taught to tell the truth.
汉语的谓语也是句子中的重要成分，但汉语的谓语 除了用动词充当，还可以用形容词、名词或其他 词语充当。 他买了一本书。 他是江苏人。 小王今年29岁。 南京的秋天很美。 我的老师今天不在学校。
在英语句子中，作谓语的动词对句子其他成分的形 式和句子结构有很大影响。谓语受主语支配，在 人称和数上必须和主语一致。 He has put the salt( them) on the table.

汉译英谓语的选择与翻译

汉译英谓语的选择与翻译

汉译英谓语的选择与翻译作者：张立恒来源：《科学与财富》2015年第33期摘要：汉语动词句英译时，常需要转化为系动词或虚义动词谓语结构句，动词谓语转译为译句的补语、主语或宾语。

谓语动词的转换翻译一般使译句正式庄重，语域提高，且适应不同的语用要求：转译为系动词谓语结构补语，是从语言而非言语角度，对语义内容作概括表述；转译为主语，是为恰当表述论述主题，或便于上下文的衔接和照应；转译为宾语名词，虚义动词结构为修饰语提供了自由的句法框架。

关键词：谓语动词；转换；系动词结构；虚义动词结构；汉英翻译一、引言主语和谓语在句子中起着“主心骨”的作用。

句子的主语和谓语就像一棵树的主干，只有恰当的确定了主语和谓语，整个句子的结构关系才能脉络分明。

在分析句子时是如此，在将句子译成英文时亦是如此。

汉语的谓语喝英文的谓语差别很大。

前者的范围非常宽泛，可以用来充当谓语的成分也多种多样，因而汉语主谓搭配的形式复杂多变。

英语的谓语则只能由动词来充当，其形态比较稳定，对于非谓语动词，英语赋予它们已非常严谨的非定式形态。

二、英语被动句的翻译方法具体来说，汉语谓语与英语谓语的差别表现在以下几个方面：1. 汉语的谓语无人称和数的变化，不管主语是单数还是复数，不管主语是第几人称，谓语的语态都不变。

而英语的谓语有人称和数的变化，其单、复数和人称要依据主语来定。

例如：（1）我来自上海。

I am from Shanghai./ I come from Shanghai.（2）你来自北京。

You are from Beijing./ You come from Beijing.从上面三个句子可以看出，不管主语是第几人称，汉语中作谓语动词用来的“来”都没有形态上的变化，但英译文中与之对应的部分分别以am或come（主语为第一人称单数）、are或come（主语为第二人称单复数均可）和is或comes（主语为第三人称单数）译出。

很明显，汉译英时，译者必须时时考虑到英语中的谓语动词与主语在人称和数上的一致性。

汉译英翻译——找谓语

汉译英翻译——找谓语找谓语的方法：1、汉语的动词没有人称、时态、数和语态的变化；英语的动词有人称、时态、数和语态的变化；多关注主谓一致原则，多注意英语句子的语法结构。

2、汉语是明显的动作性语言，多数句子都有明显的谓语动词；英语中只有动词才能充当谓语。

3、汉语中有名词、形容词、数词、主谓短语和介词短语充当谓语，有是字句；英语中用系表结构来翻译。

4、汉语有连动式；英语没有两个动作直接叠加的情况。

（1）用and连接并列谓语的动作；（2）用非谓语动词连接；（3）用介词短语代替动作。

5、汉语的谓语有兼语式；英文中用主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语来翻译。

句型：请某人做某事；让某人做某事；叫某人做某事6、汉语中少用被字句；汉语中有：把、受、让、给、由、受到、得到、加以、得以、为...所、由...来、是...的，等时，英语多用被动句翻译。

7、汉语有存现句；英语多用There be 句型翻译。

例：过去的五十年不是发明创新的黄金时期。

The past fifty years was not the gold age for invention and innovation.Passage 21．实行改革开放以来改变了过去封闭半封闭状态，提高了我国经济水平。

Since China started to implement the policy of opening up to the outside, its total or semi-closure has been changed and the level of its economy and technology has been raised. Passage 8迄今为止，教育工作还没有找到比考试更有效、更可靠的方法，着实有点离奇。

So far, there has been no way which is more effective and reliable than exams in education, which seems kind of queer.我相信，中国加入世贸组织后，外商参与中国投资活动的机会将越来越多，自身发展的空间也越来越大。

汉译英——谓语的确定

原文若同时有几个动词出现句中的谓语由连动词组或兼语词组充当译文应选择一个主要动词做谓语其他动词用其他形式非谓语动词介词短语等第二天早晨她腋下夹着几本书回来了
谓语的确定
• • • • • •
汉译英时通常选择谓语的原则 １．在人称和数上与主语保持一致． ２．保持时态与原文语义相吻合． ３．与主语在逻辑上搭配得当． ４．与宾语在逻辑上搭配得当． ５．原文若是形容词，名词，数量词或介词短 语做谓语，译文常用系表结构作谓语． • ６．原文若同时有几个动词出现，（句中的谓 语由连动词组或兼语词组充当），译文应选择 一个主要动词做谓语，其他动词用其他形式 （非谓语动词，介词短语等）
• 原文若为有形式标志的被动式，译文用被 动式做谓语． • 鼎湖山整个地区为热带，亚热带森林所覆 盖，气候独特． • Dinghu Mountain is covered by tropical as well as subtropical forest and has unique climate.
• ７．原文若为有形式标志的被动式，译文 用被动式做谓语． • ８．原文若为无形式标志的被动式，译文 可选择用被动式做谓语． • ９．若不知原文谓语的发出者，或主语为“ 大家，人们”等，或含“据说，据传”等，译 文谓语常用被动式． • １０．若要突出宾语，则往往将宾语置于 主语的位置上，谓语动词用被动式．
• 原文若同时有几个动词出现，（句中的谓 语由连动词组或兼语词组充当），译文应 选择一个主要动词做谓语，其他动词用其 他形式（非谓语动词，介词短语等） 第二天早晨，她腋下夹着几本书回来了． • The next morning, she came back home with some books under her arm.
• 与主语在逻辑上搭配得当． • 1. 这次旅游可选择的地方有北京、上海或 西安． • The tour will include Beijing, Shanghai and Xi’an. • 2. 这一证书课程分在三年中学完． • This cead over three years.

(完整版)2013汉英翻译谓语选择

这一证书课程分在三年中学完． The certificate course of studies will spread over three years.
谓语必须与宾语在逻辑上搭配得当
1. 抓紧施肥
1. pay close attention to or attend
2. 取得成就
to the task of manuring
2. 今晚有人在此讲了些不该讲的话。
Some things were said here tonight that ought not to have
been spoken.
3. 众所周知，中国人在四千年前就发明了指南针。
It is well known that the compass was invented in China four thousand years ago.
After-class practice for last lecture
1. Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person.
2. Some people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement,
After-class practice for last lecture
5. Others have already prepared themselves for the significant change in their lives.
6. Tired out after all exhausting life revolving around work, they are anxious to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved.

英语翻译学谓语的选择


一想到要出国深造，他就激动不已 – The idea that he would go abroad for further study made him greatly excited. • He felt greatly at the thought of going abroad for further study
• 原文若为有形式标志的被动式，译文中也 用被动式作谓语
鼎湖山整个地区为热带、亚热带森林所覆盖， 气候独特。 • Dinghu Mountain is covered by tropical as well as subtropical forest and has unique climate.
家家房顶上都装上了供沐浴用的太阳能热水 器。 • A solar heater is installed on the roof of every house, providing warm water of the shower.
据说，核电站正在筹建中。 • Nuclear power plants are said to be under preparation for construction.或It’s said that nuclear power plants are under preparation for construction.
从这次讲座中，我们学到了许多美国历 史方面的知识。
• We obtained much knowledge of American history from the lecture.
•
The rapid development of the national economies of China and Thailand in recent years has laid a sound foundation for economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.
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3. 谓语必须与宾语在逻辑上搭配得当
动宾搭配是一种常见的搭配形式，汉译英时，如果原文的动 宾搭配不符合英语逻辑，而原文的宾语又不宜变动，我们 就需要重新选择谓语。 秦朝第一位皇帝秦始皇于公元前221年统一六国…… unify the other six states？ Qin Shihuang, the first Emperor of the Qin Dynasty, conquered the other six states in 221 BC. 热腾腾的晚餐已摆好在桌上。 Hot meals were served on the dinner table. 如译成： hot meals were put on the dinner table 就显得 过于呆板。而serve和meals联用最符合英语的动宾搭配习 惯。
确定谓语的原则


1. 主谓一致+时态+语气 2. 谓语必须与主语在逻辑上搭配得当 3. 谓语必须与宾语在逻辑上搭配得当 4. 根据谓语和状语搭配确定谓语 5. 根据英语表达习惯 6. 谓语的确定应该基于表意的需要 7. 谓语的确定应该基于构句（语法）的需要
1. 主谓一致+时态+语气
2. 谓语成分的复杂性VS单一性


英语谓语比较单一，只能由动词或动词短语充 当，系动词可看成一种特殊为谓语。 英语同一主语下的并列谓语一般不超过三个， 多数句子只有一个谓语动词，其他动作概念以 非谓语动词、介词短语、名词短语或从句的形 式出现。 原文若是形容词、名词、数量词或介词短语作 谓语，译文中常常采用系表结构。
2. 谓语必须与主语在逻辑上搭配得当
如果原文的主谓语不符合英语主谓搭配逻辑，则需要改变主语或谓语。 这件事告诉我们，他为人不诚实。 This incident showed that he was dishonest. 农村改革中的好多东西，都是基层创造出来的。 Many of the good ideas in rural reform came from people at the grassroots. Many of good ideas in rural reform are created by people at the grassroots. 世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 China’s diplomacy is most active at the turn of the century. (*) The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena. 分析：前种译法不符合英文主谓搭配。后种译法以“时间”为主语， 以“find”为谓语，是比较典型的 “无灵主语句”。





Isolating/analytic language A language in which word forms do not change, and in which grammatical functions are shown by WORD ORDER and the use of FUNCTION WORDS. Inflecting language A language in which the form of a word changes to show a change in meaning or grammatical function. Often there is no clear distinction between the basic part of the word and the part which shows a grammatical function such as number or tense. Agglutinating language A language in which various AFFIXES may be added to the stem of a word to add to its meaning or to show its grammatical function.
我想吃麦当劳。 历史是人民创造的。 他就会持枪劫车、杀人越货。 He wants to eat at the Macdonald‟s. History is made by the people. He is good for nothing but hijacking vehicles and looting the goods by killing the drivers with his gun.
谓语应该在人称、数、时态、语态上与主语一致 他做实验时心不在焉，几乎引起化学药物爆炸。 His absent-mindedness during the experiments nearly caused an explosion of the chemical. 在西方，吃饭用的是刀和叉 。 In the west, fork and knife is used for having dinner. （三中全会的政策）谁想变也变不了。 No one could change this even if he wanted to. 当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。 Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country. 她的独生子让车给轧了。 Her only son was run over by a car.
5. 根据英语表达习惯

灵活翻译谓语


冬天如果你怕冷的话，可能到昆明。 fear, be afraid of？ If you dislike the cold in winter, you can visit Kunming in south China. 花坛北面有一株腊梅花，南端是一丛南天竹。 A winter plum stood on the northern end of the terrace, and a nandina erected on the southern end. 译文运用“化静为动”的手法，将原文中“有”、“是”等静态 动词翻译成stand和 erect等动态动词，使译文更加生动活泼。
谓语的选择
一、汉英主谓结构的差别


汉语的分析型(analytic)语言VS.英语的综合型 (synthetic)语言 汉语的复杂谓语成分VS.英语的单一谓语成分 汉语谓语的多主动式VS.英语谓语的多被动式
1. 分析型语言VS综合型语言

汉语分析型语言 无词尾屈折变化 (inflection) 词没有阳性和阴性的变化，没有表阳性和阴性的词缀 英语综合型语言有丰富的屈折变化形式： 英语谓语形态稳定，受语法规范约束，需与主语保持一致关系 table／tables run／ran／run the boy„s She sings beautifully. 汉语语法呈隐含性(covertness)，英语语法呈外显性(overtness)

3. 谓语的多主动式VS多被动式



无形式标志的被动句，形式主动，意义被动 原文若为有/无形式标志的被动式，译文宜用被动式作谓 语； 若不知原文谓语动作的发出者是谁，或者原文的主语为 “人们”、“大家”等，或者句中含有 “据传”、“据 悉”等字眼，译文的谓语常用以 “it” 为形式主语的被动 句式； 问题解决了。 The problem has been solved. 大家都觉得这样做不妥。 It is generally considered not advisable to act that way. 必须采取措施来控制水污染。


你的教学科研取得了长足的进步，但不应因此而自 满。 You have made great progress in teaching and research but you should guard against complacency． 本书精选中国南方26个少数民族的131则脍炙人口的 故事。 The book consists of 131 superb stories popular among 26 minority nationalities in the south of China.




（日本派大批的留学生到中国来学习中国文化。）自 然，他们也学会了中国的饮茶。 Accordingly, they became accustomed to the Chinese tea-drinking. 到麦当劳去吃什么? 有人总结说：吃时髦，吃清洁， 吃快捷，吃氛围，吃气派，吃档次，吃高雅。闹了半 天，还没有涉及“吃饱肚子”。 For what do we go to the McDonald’s? Summarized are the following answers: for its popularity, for its remarkable cleanness, for its instant services, for its exotic atmosphere, for showing off, for its super quality, for its elegant consumption. With so many “fors”, yet we have not come to “for our stomach”. (曾利沙译)

众所周知，中国人在四千年前就发明了指南针。 It is well known that the compass was invented in China four thousand years ago. 书到后应立即付款。 You are supposed to pay right after the books are delivered． 请您为大家表演一个节目。 You are requested to give us a performance. 流言蜚语使他们之间的友谊变成了怨仇。 Their friendship was turned into enmity through idle gossip.