汉英翻译---谓语的选择 (1)
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汉英翻译三步策略一.确定主语英语的句子中,大多数句子都有主语和谓语。
那么汉英翻译,只要我们能把汉语转变成为准确通顺的英语,就需要搭建英语的主语和谓语等句式结构。
而英语本身语法非常严谨,逻辑非常严密的特点,所以,在汉英翻译中,主语的确定和谓语的选择就是成功构建英语句式结构的关键,也是保证英语译文和汉语原文功能对等的关键。
1. 使用原文主语1) 把汉语原文中的主语直接翻译成英语充当译文的主语,这是一种最简单、最可靠的对应方法,也是我们做汉英翻译“定主语”的时候首先应该考虑的方法。
如:例1.当前,国际形势正经历着自冷战结束以后最复杂、最深刻的变化。
At present, the international situation is experiencing the most complicated and profound changes since the end of Cold War.例2.和平与发展仍然是摆在世界各国人民面前的两大课题。
Peace and development are still the two subjects confronted with people all over the world.以上两个例子中,汉语句子的主语是名词,由于名词在英语句子中可以直接充当主语,所以在翻译的时候可以直接对应下来,确定这个名词为译文的主语。
2) 汉语和英语都有一个共同的特点,就是代词可以充当主语,所以,我们当然还可以直接选用汉语原文中的代词来充当英语译文的主语。
如:例3.我们正努力教育公民不要像西方国家那样过度消费,比如使用过多的空调、私人汽车、以及随意处理的产品。
We are managing to educate citizens to avoid the behavior of over-consumption, such as the excessive use of air conditioners, private cars and disposable products at will.例4.如今我们有许多不同的选择:除传统的家常菜以外,还有营养保健配餐和方便可口的快餐食品。
谓语的选择一、英汉谓语的比较? 英语谓语比较单一,只能由动词或动词短语充当,系动词可看成一种特殊为谓语。
? 英语谓语形态稳定,受语法规范约束,需与主语保持一致关系。
? 英语同一主语下的并列谓语一般不超过三个,多数句子只有一个谓语动词,其他动作概念以非谓语动词、介词短语、名词短语或从句的形式出现。
二、单个谓语的翻译? 如果原文的主谓语不符合英语主谓搭配逻辑,则需要改变主语或谓语。
? 1、这件事告诉我们,他为人不诚实。
? - This incident showed that he was dishonest.? 根据主语,这里的“告诉”用“show”比较合适。
? 2、农村改革中的好多东西,都是基层创造出来的。
? Many of the good ideas in rural reform came from people at the grassroots.? 从逻辑上分析,原文主语实际上是创造对象,创造的主体是“人”,因此译文变更了谓语动词,使主语和谓语构成符合逻辑的搭配,并增补people 一词。
当然,此句也能译成被动句:? Many of good ideas in rural reform are created by people at the grassroots.? 世纪之交,中国外交空前活跃。
? -China’s diplomacy is most active at the turn of the century. (*)? -The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.? 分析:前种译法不符合英文主谓搭配。
后种译法以“时间”为主语,以“find”为谓语,是比较典型的“无灵主语句”。
二、根据动宾搭配确定谓语? 动宾搭配是一种常见的搭配形式,汉译英时,如果原文的动宾搭配不符合英语逻辑,而原文的宾语又不宜变动,我们就需要重新选择谓语。
谓语的选择选择谓语的原则——瞻前顾后1.所谓“瞻前”,谓语要和上文的主语一致例如:一个人的生命究竟有多大意义,这有什么标准可以衡量吗?(05年试题)错译:Are there any standard to measure the significance of one’s life?Is there a criteria to measure how meaningful one’s life is?Are there any criterion to measure the meaning of one’s life?改译:Is there any standard to measure the significance of one’s life?Is there a criterion on the evaluation of the meaning of human life at various degrees?Are there any criteria for the measurement of the significance of life?2.所谓“顾后”,谓语要和下文的宾语搭配例如:温哥华(Vancouver)的辉煌是温哥华人智慧和勤奋的结晶,其中包括多民族的贡献。
(99年试题)错译:The glory of Vancouver is the wisdom and the diligence of the Vancouver people and includes the contributions of many ethnic groups.The glory of Vancouver is the wisdom and the diligence of the Vancouver people, including the contributions of many ethnic groups.改译:The glory of Vancouver has been achieved through the wisdom and the industry of the Vancouver people, including the contributions of many ethnic groups.Vancouver’s prosperity owes to the intelligence and diligence of the people there, as well as to the contributions made by a variety of other ethnic groups.选择谓语的方法——汉英谓语对比法汉语英语1.汉语的动词没有人称、数、时态和语态英语有,所以汉英翻译时,一定要关注主谓一致原则,多注意英语句子的语法结构2.汉语是明显的“动作性语言”,多数句子都有明显的谓语动词英语中只有动词才能做谓语3.汉语中名词、形容词、数词、主谓短语和介词短语可以充当谓语,有“是字句”英语有系表结构4.汉语中有连动式英语中一个句子只有一个主要动词,其他动词可以用and并列,或者用“非谓语动词”连接5.汉语有兼语式英语中有谓语+宾语+补足语6.汉语少用“被字句”,常有“把、受、让、给、由、受到、得到、加以、得以、为…所、由…来、是…的”等句式英语多用被动态7.汉语有存现句英语有there be句型8. 英语有It开头的形式主语,强调结构等句型选择谓语的方法:2.找动词得病以前,我受父母宠爱,在家中横行霸道,一旦隔离,拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里,我顿感打入冷宫,十分郁郁不得志起来。
浅析汉译英中的句法结构转换周蔚蔚【摘要】Language is linked with a national thinking forms and idiomatic expressions closely. But there are many differences in the respect, so Chinese is quite different from English in the syntactic structure. This paper focuses on the differences between the English and Chinese language, analysis the transformation of Chinese - English translation from the syntactic structure, and discuss how to transform the syntactic structure in Chinese -English translation through specific examples, in order to realize the function of language equivalence.%语言同一个民族的思维形式和表达习惯有着密切联系,而东西方民族间在这方面存在很多差异,因此,汉语和英语的句法结构存在较大差异。
分析了英汉两种语言的区别,从句法结构的层面对汉译英中的转换进行分析,并通过具体的实例探讨了汉译英中如何进行句法结构转换,以实现语言的功能对等。
【期刊名称】《盐城工学院学报(社会科学版)》【年(卷),期】2012(025)004【总页数】5页(P56-60)【关键词】汉译英;句法结构;差异;转换【作者】周蔚蔚【作者单位】盐城工学院大外部,江苏盐城224051【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H059一、引论英语和汉语属于完全不同的语系,英语属于印欧语系,而汉语属于汉藏语系,由于民族的地理环境、历史发展、文化传统、思维方式各不相同,导致两种语言的句法结构、语序、文字表达等方面有很大的差异。
大学英语专业翻译练习题汉译英翻译训练1. 翻译的定义翻译是指把一种语言文字的意义转换成另一种语言文字。
简言之,翻译是一种用不同的语言文字将原文作者的意思准确地再现出来的艺术。
从以上翻译定义我们知道,原文的思想必须尽可能得到保持,不可有所增删。
译者的任务只是转换文字而不是改变其意思。
因此,翻译有两种要素:准确性与表达性。
准确性是翻译的首要条件。
译者必须谨慎地遵循原作者的意思,所选用的字词和句式结构必须如实地传达出原文的思想。
表达性是让译文易于理解。
换言之,译者必须用自己的手段尽可能地将原文的思想清楚而有力地表达出来。
准确性使译出的思想明确无误,而表达性则使译文生动,具有魅力。
焦点问题:词语的选择参考译文:Definition of TranslationTranslation means the conversion of an expression from one language into another. To say it plainly, translation is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original. From the above definition of translation we know that the original thought of the expression must be kept as far as possible. Nothing should be added to or taken away from the original work. The duty of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary, not the thought. In translation therefore, there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness. Accuracy is the first indispensable quality of translation. The translator must cautiously stick to the author’s idea. Words selected and sentences constructed must be such as to convey the exact original thought. Expressiveness is to make the translationreadily understood. In other words, the translator must express the author’s idea as clearly and as forcibly as he can by the medium he employs. Accuracy is to make the thought definite and exact; while expressiveness is to make the translation vivid and attractive.2.文化的交流当今的世界,既非丝绸之路时代,亦非马可.波罗时代。