英美文学,17世纪的英国诗人
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英美文学玄学派:是指17世纪英国文坛出现的一个独特的诗歌流派。
英国诗人约翰·邓恩是这个流派的代表人物,他因在诗歌中精妙地运用“奇喻”的比喻手法而蜚声文坛。
它们往往以精致典雅的形式表现情感与观念的矛盾,把古典主义的性情与浪漫主义的风骨很好地融合到了一起。
骑士文学盛行于西欧,反映了骑士阶层的生活理想。
骑士精神和道德是上层社会的贵族文化精神,它是以个人身份的优越感为基础的道德与人格精神,但它也积淀这西欧民族远古尚武精神的某些积极因素。
三联剧:在古希腊悲剧创作中,有一类悲剧均由三部分组成,每部分即能独立存在,各部之间又有紧密联系。
这种剧合则为一,分则为三,代表作家为埃斯库罗斯。
文艺复兴:是指13世纪末在意大利各城市兴起,以后扩展到西欧各国,于16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动,带来一段科学与艺术革命时期,揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕,被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。
人文主义:是文艺复兴核心思想,是新兴资产阶级反封建的社会思潮,也是资产阶级人道主义的最初形式。
它肯定人性和人的价值,要求享受人世的欢乐,要求人的个性解放和自由平等,推崇人的感性经验和理性思维。
七星诗社:是16世纪中期法国的一个文学团体,是由七位人文主义诗人组成的文学团体。
他们中以龙沙和杜贝莱最著名。
七星诗社的诗人们从事过各种创作,他们的诗声望很高,但他们的主要贡献却是对于法语改革的主张。
狂飙突进运动:是18世纪德国文学界的运动,是文艺形式从古典主义向浪漫主义过渡时的阶段,也可以说是幼稚时期的浪漫主义。
但其中心代表人物是歌德和席勒,歌德的《少年维特的烦恼》是其典型代表作品,表达的是人类内心感情的冲突和奋进精神。
伤感主义:18世纪后期欧洲资产阶级启蒙运动中的一种文艺思潮,也称为“主情主义”。
该派的得名,源与英国作家斯特恩的小说《在法国和意大利的感伤的旅行》。
该派作家崇尚感情,把感情看的高于“理性”,因而强调文学的主要任务是细致刻画任务的心理动态和描写人物的不幸遭遇,以便唤起读者在感情上的同情和共鸣,表达出对当时贵族阶级的理性主义和古典主义的反抗。
•17世纪文学1603年伊丽莎白女王去世后,英国国王与议会矛盾日趋激烈,政局动荡。
1649年1月国王查理一世被送上断头台,同年5月,英国宣布为共和国。
约翰·弥尔顿(John Milton, 1608-1674)积极投入资产阶级革命,曾任共和国政府拉丁秘书,写了不少文章捍卫共和国。
1660年,查理二世回国复辟,弥尔顿一度被捕入狱,在朋友帮助下才得免一死,获释回家。
在双目失明的状态下,他完成了长诗《失乐园》(Paradise Lost)和《复乐园》(Paradise Regained)、诗剧《力士参孙》(Samson Agonistes)。
这些作品反映了王政复辟后弥尔顿内心的痛苦以及对资产阶级革命始终不渝的态度,文体雄伟庄严。
•17世纪英国诗歌另外的一支是玄学派诗歌,代表诗人有约翰·邓恩(John Donne, 1572-1631)和安德鲁·马韦尔(Andrew Marvell, 1621-1678)。
玄学派诗歌的特点是采用奇特的意象和别具匠心的比喻,揉细腻的感情与深邃的思辩于一体。
玄学派诗歌在18和19世纪一直为世人所忽视,直到20世纪初,才从历史的尘封中重见天日,对现代主义诗风产生很大影响。
•王政复辟时期最受人欢迎的作家是约翰·班扬(John Bunyan, 1628-1688),他的《天路历程》(The Pilgrim's Progress)采用梦幻的形式讲述宗教寓言,但揭开梦幻的面纱,展现在读者面前的是17世纪英国社会的一幅现实主义图景。
•查理二世复辟后,被清教徒关闭的剧院重新开放,英国戏剧获得新生。
这一时期出现的风俗喜剧是当时戏剧的最高成就,威廉·康格里夫(William Congreve, 1670-1729)的《以爱还爱》(Love for Love)、《如此世道》(The Way of the World)等剧作是风俗喜剧的代表作品。
英美文学主要作家及其作品☆英国文学名家名著《贝奥武甫》(Beowulf )是英国盎格鲁?撒克逊时期的一首英雄史诗,古英语文学的最高成就,同时标志着英国文学的开始。
史诗的第一部分讲述瑞典青年王子贝奥武甫来到丹麦,帮助丹麦国王赫罗斯加杀死了12年来常来进行夜袭的巨妖格伦德尔及他的母亲;第二部分简述了贝奥武甫继承王位,平安统治50年。
后来,他的国土被一条喷火巨龙蹂躏,老当益壮的贝奥武甫与火龙交战,杀死火龙,自己也受了致命伤。
杰弗里?乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer ,1340-1400)是英国文学之父亲和前最杰出的作家。
主要作品有《坎特伯雷故事集》等。
作品的主要特点是主题、题材、风格、笔调的多样性及描写人对生活的追求的复杂性。
他的代表作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》(The Canterbury Tales )不仅描绘了31位朝圣者的各个社会阶层,而且也反映了他们各自叙述故事的不同风格,读者广泛,对后世影响很大。
威廉?莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ,1564-1616)是文艺复兴时期英国著名的剧作家和诗人。
他创作了大量的作品,其中包括喜剧、悲剧和历史剧。
他的剧本至今仍在许多国家上演,并为人们所普遍阅读。
莎上比亚的作品文才横溢,创造的喜、怒、哀、乐场面使人印象深刻,历久难忘。
主要作品有四大悲剧:《奥赛罗》(Othello)、《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet )、《麦克白》(Macbeth),《李尔王》(King Lear);四大喜剧:《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night’s Dream)、《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)、《无事生非》(Much Ado about Nothing)和《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It)等。
此外,历史剧《亨利六世》(Henry VI)三部曲,爱情悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》(Romeo and Juliet )也都很受欢迎。
English drama是英国文艺复兴的主流姓名年代-生卒年国籍备注Geoffrey Chaucer 中世纪(1343-1400) 英国<The Canterbury Tales>:firsttime to use …heroic couplet‟(双韵体) by middle EnglishThe father of English poetry. (writingstyle: wisdom, humor, humanity.)尔Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞文艺复兴1552~1599英国the Fairy Queen仙后(for QueenElizabeth)Thomas More 托马斯.莫文艺复兴:(1478~1535)英国<Utopia>乌托邦是英国的空想社会主义者Oneof the greatest English humanistsFrancis Bacon 弗兰西斯.培根(1561-1626)英国Essays:<Of studies>;New InstrumentAdvancement of Learning英国唯物主义及现代实验科学之父Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛(1564~1595)英国①<The Tragical History of DoctorFaustus>浮士德博士的悲剧(根据德国民间故事书写成)②<Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝③<The Jew of Malta>马耳他的犹太人把blank verse无韵诗作为英语戏剧主要表达方式的开创者。
“UniversityWits”, the pioneer of English drama(完善了无韵体诗。
)Blank verse:written in unrhymed iambicpentameter.John Lyly: 约翰。
英美文学选读复习资料英美文学选读复习资料一、英国文学1、文艺复兴时期:莎士比亚的戏剧《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》等,以及弥尔顿的《失乐园》。
2、17世纪:约翰·多恩的玄学派诗歌,以及约翰·班扬的《天路历程》。
3、18世纪:启蒙时期,亨利·菲尔丁和理查逊的小说,以及亚历山大·蒲柏的讽刺诗歌。
4、19世纪:浪漫主义时期,包括拜伦、雪莱、济慈等人的诗歌,以及简·奥斯汀、爱米莉·勃朗特等的小说。
5、维多利亚时期:查尔斯·狄更斯、乔治·艾略特、托马斯·哈代等作家的小说,以及马修·阿诺德、约翰·罗斯金等人的诗歌。
二、美国文学1、浪漫主义时期:包括华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传说》、爱伦·坡的短篇小说、以及纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》。
2、现实主义时期:包括马克·吐温的《汤姆·索亚历险记》、亨利·詹姆斯的小说、以及艾米莉·狄金森的诗歌。
3、20世纪:包括F.斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》、欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》、杰克·凯鲁亚克的《在路上》等文学作品。
三、文学术语和概念1、象征主义:通过象征性的符号或形象来表达某种思想或情感。
2、叙事视角:从特定的角度来描述故事,常见的有第一人称、第二人称、第三人称等。
3、意象主义:通过形象和比喻来表达情感和思想。
4、文艺复兴:欧洲历史上的一次文化运动,强调人文主义和古希腊罗马文化。
5、玄学派:17世纪英国的一种文学流派,强调诗歌中的哲学思考和神秘主义。
6、悲剧:一种戏剧类型,通常表现英雄人物的悲惨命运。
7、喜剧:一种戏剧类型,通常表现幽默、讽刺等轻松愉快的主题。
8、自然主义:一种文学流派,强调对自然和社会现实的客观描写。
9、超验主义:一种哲学思想,强调个人经验和直觉,反对传统权威。
paradise lost英美文学名词解释(一)Paradise Lost英美文学引言Paradise Lost是伟大的英美文学作品之一,旨在讲述人类起源和墮落的故事。
以下是与Paradise Lost相关的名词:1. 约翰·弥尔顿 (John Milton)•约翰·弥尔顿是17世纪英国著名的诗人和政治家。
•他是Paradise Lost的作者,被誉为英国文学的伟大创作者之一。
2. Paradise Lost•《失乐园》是约翰·弥尔顿的史诗诗歌作品,被认为是英美文学中最伟大的作品之一。
•该作品以叙事形式讲述了圣经中亚当和夏娃的墮落故事,融入了神话、宗教和哲学等元素,思想深邃。
3. 史诗诗歌 (Epic Poetry)•史诗诗歌是一种叙事性的诗歌形式,常常以神话、英雄或重大历史事件为题材。
•Paradise Lost被认为是一部史诗诗歌,以其庞大的叙事范围和深刻的主题使其在英美文学中占据重要地位。
4. 亚当 (Adam) 和夏娃 (Eve)•亚当和夏娃是圣经中的首个人类夫妻,被认为是人类的祖先。
•Paradise Lost中,亚当和夏娃被描绘为至善无罪的人类,但由于被魔鬼所引诱,他们墮入罪恶之中。
5. 天堂 (Paradise) 和地狱 (Hell)•天堂是上帝的居所,被描绘为完美、和谐和纯洁的地方。
•地狱则是邪恶和黑暗的领域,由魔鬼和堕落天使居住。
•Paradise Lost通过对天堂和地狱的描绘,探讨了善恶、正邪和人类的自由意志等哲学议题。
6. 上帝 (God) 和魔鬼 (Devil)•上帝是基督教中的至高无上存在,被描绘为至善、全知全能的创造者。
•魔鬼是一位堕落天使,反叛天堂而被驱逐到地狱。
•Paradise Lost中,上帝和魔鬼之间的斗争和争议成为故事的核心。
结论Paradise Lost是一部浩大的文学作品,通过纵览人类起源和墮落的故事,探讨了善恶、正邪和自由意志等重大主题。
玄学派诗人[编辑本段]1 玄学派诗人The Metaphysical Poets指英国17世纪以约翰·多恩为首的一派诗人,还包括赫伯特、马韦尔、克拉肖、亨利·金、克利夫兰、特勒贺恩、沃恩、考利、凯利、拉夫莱斯等。
其中有些诗人在风格和内容上也属于"骑士派",如克利夫兰、凯利、拉夫莱斯。
他们并不是一个有组织的文学团体,只有在诗歌风格上有共同点。
首先用"玄学派"这名词的是17世纪英国诗人、批评家德莱顿,他指出多恩这一派诗人太学究气,他们用哲学辩论和说理的方式写抒情诗,用词怪僻晦涩,韵律不流畅。
18世纪英国批评家约翰逊进一步分析了这一派的特点,指出"玄学派诗人都是学者",他们的"才趣"在诗歌中的表现是"把截然不同的意象结合在一起,从外表绝不相似的事物中发现隐藏着的相似点","把最不伦不类的思想概念勉强地束缚在一起"(即所谓"奇想")。
18世纪古典主义诗人重视规范,19世纪浪漫派诗人强调自然,都不重视玄学派诗歌。
20世纪初英国学者格里尔逊先后编选了《多恩诗集》(1912)和《十七世纪玄学派抒情诗和诗歌》(1921),引起了强烈反响。
美裔英国诗人、批评家艾略特广为传布,并指出玄学派诗人是"把思想和情感统一起来",是"统一的感受性"的典范。
30年代"新批评派"作了更进一步的研究,英美文学评论界对玄学派的兴趣迄今未衰。
他们之间有意见分歧,但基本态度是肯定的。
玄学派诗歌主要有爱情诗、宗教诗、挽歌、诗简、讽刺诗、冥想诗等。
爱情诗用说理辩论的方式,从科学、哲学、神学中摄取意象,反映出对流行于文艺复兴时期的彼特拉克式的"甜蜜的"抒情诗的不满。
宗教诗和其他诗歌则多写信仰上的苦闷、疑虑、探索与和解。
英国1. Geoffrey Chaucer, 1343-1400 乔叟Mediaeval Realism (Narrative Poetry)2. William Shakespeare, 1564-1616 莎士比亚T udor Lyric Poetry3. John Donne, 1572-1631约翰·多恩Metaphysical Poetry•4. John Milton, 1608-1674 约翰·米尔顿Epic in English•5. Daniel Defoe, 1661-1731 丹尼尔·笛福Rise of English Realism•6. Oliver Goldsmith, 1728-1774 奥利弗·哥德史密斯Sentimentalism•7. William Wordsworth, 1770-1850 华兹华斯Romanism in English Poetry•8. Charles Dickens, 1812-1870 狄更斯Victorian Critical Realism•9. Thomas Hardy, 1840-1948 托马斯·哈代Critical / Pessimistic Realism•10. E.S. Eliot, 1888-1965 艾略特Naturalism•11. Oscar Wilde 1854-1900 王尔德Aesthetic Movement & Decadents•12. James Joyce, 1882-1941 詹姆斯·乔伊斯Stream of Consciousness 意识流•13. Somerset Maugham, 1874-1965 毛姆Continuity of Critical Realism•14. D.H. Lawrence 1885-1930 劳伦斯Psychological Penetration•15. George Orwell, 1903-1950 乔治·奥威尔Social Satire1、Unit 2 William Shakespeare知识点:英国文学史简介、英国文艺复兴文学特征、人文主义的定义、莎士比亚戏剧和诗歌写作特点,莎士比亚在英国文学史上的地位重点:选读《哈姆雷特》第三幕第一场,赏析莎士比亚十四行诗第十八首难点:《哈姆雷特》主题及哈姆雷特的个性、莎士比亚十四行诗的韵式、人文精神在莎士比亚诗歌和戏剧中的体现2、Unit 3 Francis Bacon知识点:培根的文学地位及其散文风格,《论说文集》的特点、培根的格言名句重点:选读《论婚姻和单身》及《论读书》难点:培根散文的语言特色、修辞手法及理念;人文精神在培根的箴言中的体现3、Unit 4 17th-century British Poets知识点:十七世纪英国资产阶级革命及复辟时期社会背景、十七世纪英国文学特点、弥尔顿诗歌作品的文学特征重点:选读《失乐园》第一部难点:《失乐园》的文学特点、《失乐园》的修辞手法分析、“撒旦”形象分析、古希腊罗马文学和文艺复兴文学传统在《失乐园》中的体现4. Unit6 Romantic Poets(I)& Unit8 Romantic Poets(II)知识点:浪漫主义文学的特征、浪漫主义文学流派、浪漫主义诗歌特征及代表诗人、彭斯的诗歌风格、华兹华斯的诗歌特点、雪莱的诗歌成就、济慈的主要诗作的主题思想、语言风格、艺术特色。
英美文学知识点总结(专八)Part I. English LiteratureI. Early-Medieval English Literature (古英国文学, 450-1066)Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》: The first English national epic.S ir Gawain and the Green Knight 《高文爵士与绿林骑士》:knight literature.II. Medieval English Literature(中世纪英语文学, 1066-1500)Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟,c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English literature ―英国文学诗歌之父‖III. Renaissance English Literature (文艺复兴时期英国文学, 16-17世纪)William Shakespeare (莎士比亚,1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》Shakespeare’s greatest works:1. Greatest tragedies are King Lear《李尔王》, Macbeth《麦克白》, Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》, Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》.2. Great comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》, As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》, The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night《第十二夜》3. great historical plays:Richard III 《理查三世》, Henry IV《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》Francis Bacon (弗朗西斯·培根, 1561-1626) a representative of the Renaissance in England, is a well-known philosopher, scientist and essayist. He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge. His Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose.Works by Bacon:The Advancement of Learning(1605)《学术的推进》,New Instrument (1620) 《新工具》,Essays (1625) 《培根文集》.John Donne (约翰·邓恩,1572-1631), a leading figure of the ―metaphysical school‖(玄学派主要代表人物),who frequently applies conceits (奇喻) or fantastic metaphors in his poems, involving dramatic contrasts. His poems feature a diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moods, achieving vividness of imagery, vitality of rhythms, ingenuity of speech and depth of philosophy.Works by Donne:Songs and Sonnets《歌与十四行诗》,of which ―The Flea‖, ―The Good Morrow‖, ―Break of Day‖and ―A Valediction: Forbidding Morning‖are most popular. Holy Sonnets 《圣十四行诗》,of which Holy Sonnet 10 ―Death Be Not Proud‖ is the most famous. John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was a Puritan English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epics Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson《力士参孙》.IV. English Literature in the 18th century (18世纪英国文学)Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet (inherited from Chaucer) 英雄双韵体. His major works include mock epic satirical poem ―AnEssay on Man‖ 《人论》and ―An Essay on Criticism‖ 《论批评》.Daniel Defoe (丹尼尔·笛福,1660—1731) was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class people.Henry Fielding (亨利·菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ,an English novelist known for his novel: The History of Tom Jones《汤姆·琼斯》.Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特, 1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》.Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹,1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal (造谣学校). He was a representative writer of Comedies of Manners.Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy 《商第传》.Oliver Goldsmith (哥尔德斯密斯,1728-1774)English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield《威克菲尔德牧师传记》.Thomas Gray (托马斯•格雷1716—1771 ),an English poet, author of Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园哀歌》, writer of sentimentalism (感伤派作家).V. Romantic English Literature (英国浪漫主义文学,18-19世纪)浪漫主义诗人:William Blake (威廉·布莱克,1757 –1827) was an English poet, best known for his poetical collections of Song of Innocence 《天真之歌》(1789) and Song of Experience《经验之歌》(1794). William Wordsworth (威廉·华兹华斯,1770-1850), a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, started the Romantic Movement in the 19th-century English literature. Their collaborated work Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》(1798)marked the beginning of the Romantic Movement. Wordsworth is the major member of the Lake poets and his beautiful lyrics include Lucy Poems《露西》(1799),Poems in Two Volumes《两卷诗集》(1807),of which ―I Wondered lonely as a cloud”(1804)is the most popular. His The Prelude《序曲》(1850)is generally considered as his autobiographical poem.Samuel Taylor Coleridge (柯勒律治, 1772 –1834) was an English poet who was, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of the founders of the Romantic Movement in England and one of the Lake Poets. He is probably best known for his poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子颂》and Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》.George Gordon Byron (拜伦,1788—1824 )was a English poet and a leading figure of Romanticism. Among Byron‘s best-known works are his narrative poems Childe Harold‘s Pilgrimage 《哈罗尔德游记》(1812),Don Juan《唐璜》(1818-1823)and his collection of lyrics Hebrew Melodies《希伯来歌曲》(1815),of which lyrics like ―She Walks in Beauty‖《她在美中行》(1814)and ― When We Two Parted ‖《当我们分别》(1813)are most popular.Percy Bysshe Shelley (雪莱,1792—1822) was one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among the finest lyric poets in English Literature. He is perhaps most famous for his ―Ode to the West Wind‖《西风颂》(1820), ―To a Skylark‖《致云雀》(1820), ―Ozymandias‖《奥西曼提斯》(1818)and Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》. John Keats ( 济慈, 1795—1821) was an English poet who became one of the principal poets of the English Romantic movement. His masterpieces include ―Ode on a Grecian Urn‖ 《希腊古瓮颂》(1819)and ―Ode to a Nightingale‖《夜莺颂》(1819).浪漫主义时期小说家Jane Austen (简·奥斯丁,1775—1817) , was an English novelist. Her major novels include Sense and Sensibility 《理智与情感》(1811), Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》(1813), Emma 《爱玛》(1816).Walter Scott (司各特, 1771---1832),a prolific Scottish historical novelist . His major work is Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》.VI. English Realist Literature(英国维多利亚时期文学, 1837-1901)19世纪英国现实主义小说Bronte sisters 勃朗特姐妹: Charlotte (夏洛蒂, 1816 – 1855), Emily (艾米丽, 1818 – 1848) and Anne (安妮, 1820 –1849), were English writers of the 1840s and 1850s. Charlotte‗s Jane Eyre《简爱》(1847), Emily‘s Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》(1847)and Anne's Agnes Grey 《艾格妮斯·格雷》(1847)are masterpieces of English literature.George Eliot (乔治-爱略特,1819—1880 ) was an English novelist. She was one of the leading writers of the Victorian era. Her novels, largely set in provincial England. Her major novels include: The Mill on the Floss《佛洛斯河上的磨坊》Middlemarch《米德尔玛契》.Charles Dickens (1812–1870):one of the greatest English novelists of critical realism in the Victorian era. His major novels include: A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》(1854), Oliver Twist 《奥利弗退斯特》(1838), David Copperfield《大卫科波菲尔德》(1849), Great Expectation《远大前程》(1860), Hard Times 《艰难时世》(1854).William Makepeace Thackeray (萨克雷,1811—1863) was an English novelist of critical realism in the 19th century. He was famous for his satirical works, particularly Vanity Fair《名利场》.Mrs. Gaskell (盖斯凯尔夫人, 1810-1865) was an English novelist during the Victorian era. Her major novels include: Mary Barton《玛丽• 巴顿》.Thomas Hardy (哈代, 1840 –1928) , an English novelist of the naturalism (自然主义). His major novels include those of ― Character and Environment‖ : Tess of the D’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》(1891),Far from the Madding Crowd 《远离尘嚣》(1874),Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》(1896). Most of his novels are set in Wessex(威塞克斯).19世纪现实主义诗歌Robert Browning (布朗宁, 1812–1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues戏剧独白, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets, and ― My Last Duchess‖《我已故的公爵夫人》is known as one of his best monologues.Alfred Tennyson (丁尼生,1809 – 1892) was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom and remains one of the most popular English poets in the 19th century. Tennyson excelled at penning short lyrics, including "Break, break, break" 《溅吧,溅吧,溅吧》(1842).Oscar Wilde (王尔德, 1854 – 1900)A playwright and novelist, who is known for his ideas of aestheticism唯美主义(art for art‘s sake:为了艺术而艺术). His major plays include The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要性》(1895); His major novel is The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林-格雷的画像》(1891).VII. English Modernist Literature (20世纪英国现代主义文学)George Bernard Shaw (萧伯纳, 1856-1950), an Irish playwright, the greatest dramatist in English literature in the 20th century. He adhered to the tradition of realism, writing plays as away to discuss social problems. He won Nobel Prize for literature in 1925. His major plays include Mrs Warren’s Profession《华伦夫人的职业》(1898), Major Barbara《芭芭拉少校》(1905), Pygmalion《皮革马力翁》(1913)and Saint Joan《圣女贞德》(1924). Joseph Conrad (约瑟夫·康拉德, 1857-1932). Conrad was a Polish-born English novelist. His major novels include Lord Jim《吉姆老爷》(1900)and The Heart of Darkness《黑暗的心》(1899).James Joyce (詹姆斯·乔伊斯, 1882-1941): An Irish-born novelist, known for the technique of the stream of consciousness. His main works: Ulysses《尤利西斯》(1922),A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man《青年艺术家的肖像》(1916),Finnegan’s Wake《芬尼根守灵》(1939)Dubliners《都柏林人》(1914).E. M. Forster (福斯特, 1879-1970)was an English novelist. His main work is A Passage to India《印度之行》(1924).T.S. Eliot (T.S.艾略特, 1888-1965):an American poet, one of the most important Modernist writers in the 20th century, best known for his poem The Waste Land《荒原》(1922). In 1948, he won the Nobel Prize for literature.David Herbert Lawrence (D.H.劳伦斯, 1885-1930),an English novelist. His most important novels are Rainbow 《彩虹》and Sons and Lovers《儿子与情人》. His novels on the one hand, explore the psychological development of the characters, and on the other, criticize the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature.William Butler Yeats (叶芝, 1865-1939) was an Irish poet and awarded Nobel Prize for literature in 1923. His major poems include “Sailing to Byzantium”《驶向拜占庭》and ―Leda and Swa n‖《利达和天鹅》.Samuel Beckett (贝克特,1906-1989), an Irish dramatist and Nobel Prize winner for Literature. His masterpiece is Waiting for Godot《等待戈多》. He is the exponent of the theatre of the absurd (荒诞派戏剧).Iris Jean Murdoch (默多克, 1919-1999), an English female novelist, her major novels include Black Prince《黑王子》, The Sea, the Sea《大海啊,大海》and Unicorn 《独角兽》.Doris Lessing (莱辛, 1919--) is a British writer, author of works such as the novels The Grass is Singing《野草在唱》. In 2007, Lessing won the Nobel Prize in Literature.Muriel Spark (斯帕克, 1918-2006)an English female novelist, best known for her novel The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie《布罗迪小姐的青春》(1961).Virginia Woolf (伍尔夫, 1882-1941) Woolf is an exponent of modernism and one of the most important female novelists. Her major works include Mrs. Dalloway《达洛威夫人》, To the Lighthouse《向灯塔去》.Part II. American Literature (美国文学)I. The Literature of Reason & Revolution (理性与革命时期文学)Benjamin Franklin (富兰克林, 1706-1790) one of the American founding fathers (美国之父). Major works:Autobiography《自传》Poor Richard’s Almanack《理查德的年鉴》. Jonathan Edwards (爱德华兹,1703 –1758) was a colonial theologian and writer. His works are often associated with the Puritan heritage. His famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"《落在忿怒之神手中的罪人》is credited for starting the First Great Awakening.Thomas Pain (托马斯·潘恩, 1737-1809), an American pamphleteer. Major works: CommonSense《常识》(1776).II. Romantic Literature (浪漫主义时期文学)The Romantic Period(1790-1865):Earlier Romantic Period (1790-1830)Romantic Heyday (1830-1865)1. Earlier Romantic Period. Major writers:Washington Irving (1783-1859)Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) Washington Irving (华盛顿• 欧文, 1783-1859):An American romantic novelist. He was best k nown for his short stories ―The Legend of Sleepy Hollow‖ and ―Rip Van Winkle‖, both of which appear in his book The Sketch Book《见闻札记》. Irving is the first American writer who gained the international fame.James Fenimore Cooper (库珀, 1789-1851): An American romantic novelist , best remembered for his Leatherstocking Tales《皮袜子故事》,The Pioneer《拓荒者》, Deer Slayer《猎鹿者》, Pathfinder《探路人》, Prairie《大草原》, The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫西干人》featuringa frontiersman Natty Bumppo.2. Romantic Heyday (1830-1865). Major Writers:Waldo Ralph EmersonHenry David ThoreauWalt WhitmanEmily DickinsonNathaniel HawthorneHerman MelvilleHarriet Beecher StoweEdgar Allan PoeTranscendentalists(超验主义作家): Waldo Ralph EmersonHenry David ThoreauWalt WhitmanWalt Whitman (惠特曼,1819-1882): An American romantic poet, father of free verse (自由诗) , best known for his collection of poems Leaves of Grass《草叶集》.Waldo Ralph Emerson (爱默生,1803-1882):leader of the transcendentalism, and his essay “Nature‖《论自然》is the manifesto of transcendentalism. His another essay “The American Scholar”《美国学者》is considered to be America's "Intellectual Declaration of Independence‖. Henry David Thoreau (梭罗, 1817–1862) : An American romantic writer, best known for his book Walden《瓦尔登湖》, a reflection upon simple living.Herman Melville ( 麦尔维尔, 1819–1891) : An American novelist, best known for his novel Moby Dick《白鲸》.Nathaniel Hawthorne ( 霍桑, 1804–1864): An American novelist, best known for his four romances (传奇小说): The Scarlet Letter《红字》The House of the Seven Gables《七个尖角阁的房子》The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》Emily Dickinson(艾米丽·狄金森,1830–1886) , an American poetess, whose poems are concerned with life, death and immortality, of which the most famous are ―This is My Letter to the World‖, ―I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I Died‖, ―Because I Could Not Stop for Death‖.Harriet Beecher Stowe (斯托夫人, 1811–1896), an American female novelist, whose novelUncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》attacked the cruelty of slavery.III. Realist Literature (现实主义文学)Mark Twain (马克•吐温1835 –1910), an American novelist, most noted for his novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆索亚历险记》, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝恩历险记》, Life on the Mississippi River《密西西比河上的生活》, The Gilded Age《镀金时代》. Henry James (亨利•詹姆斯,1843-1916), an American realist novelist, the first American writer to achieve his career of international terms.Important works: The American 《美国人》The Europeans 《欧洲人》The Portrait of a Lady 《贵妇画像》The Wings of the Dove《鸽冀》The Ambassadors 《大使》The Golden Bowl《金碗》O. Henry (欧·亨利)was the pen name of the American novelist William Sydney Porter (1862 –1910). O. Henry‗s short stories are well known, such as ―Cop and Anthem‖《警察和赞美诗》and ―Gift of Magie‖《麦琪的礼物》.William Dean Howells (豪威尔斯, 1837 –1920) was an American realist novelist and literary critic. Major works include The Rise of Silas Lapham 《赛拉斯• 拉帕姆的发迹》.American Naturalists (自然主义作家)Theodore Dreiser (德莱塞)Stephen Crane (克莱恩)Frank Norris (诺里斯)Jack London (杰克·伦敦)Theodore Dreiser (德莱塞, 1871–1945) , an American novelist and journalist. He pioneered the naturalist school and is known for his novels Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》, An American Tragedy 《美国悲剧》and his desire trilogy《欲望三部曲》: The Financier 《金融家》The Titan 《巨头》The Stoic 《斯多葛》Stephen Crane (克莱恩, 1871–1900) was an American novelist. He won the international acclaim for his Civil War novel The Red Badge of Courage《红色的英勇勋章》in 1895.Jack London (杰克• 伦敦, 1876–1916), an American novelist, known for his novel Martin Eden 《马丁• 伊登》, The Call of the Wild《野性的呼唤》.IV. The Modernist Literature in the 20th Century(20世纪美国现代主义文学)1. 20世纪美国现代主义诗歌T.S. Eliot (T.S.艾略特, 1888-1965):an American poet, best known for his poem The Waste Land 《荒原》, in 1948 he won the Nobel Prize for literature.Ezra Pound(埃兹拉·庞德): an American imagist poet (意象派诗人), major poems include Cantos《诗章》, Hugh Selwyn Maubery《莫伯里》, Cathay 《华夏》a collection of translation of ancient Chinese poems.Robert Frost (罗伯特·弗罗斯特, 1874–1963), an American poet. He is highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life in New England and his command of American colloquial speech. His work was first recognized in England and then in America. Major poems include ―AfterApple-Picking‖《摘苹果之后》, ―The Road Not Taken‖《未选之路》.Wallace Stevens(斯蒂文斯, 1879-1955), an American poet, best known for his poem Anecdote for the Jar and his emphasis on Imagination.2. 20世纪美国现代主义小说Ernest Hemingway (海明威, 1899—1961)an American novelist. He was part of the 1920s expatriate community in Paris, and one of the veterans of World War I, later known as "the Lost Generation". He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Major works:The Sun also Rises《太阳照样升起》A Farewell to Arms 《永别了-武器》The Old Man and the Sea《老人与海》For Whom the Bell Tolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》F. Scott Fitzgerald (斯科特·菲茨杰拉德, 1896–1940), an American writer of novels, whose works are evocative of the Jazz Age (爵士时代). Fitzgerald is considered as a member of the ―Lost Generation‖. Most important work is The Great Gatsby《了不起的盖茨比》which represents the destruction of American dream.Lost Generation迷惘的一代:The 'Lost Generation' is a phrase made popular by American author Ernest Hemingway in his first published novel The Sun Also Rises. Figures identified with the "Lost Generation" include authors and poets Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson.William Faulkner (威廉·福克纳,1897-1962): an American novelist, winner of Nobel Prize for literature in 1950. Most of his works were set in an imaginary location named Yoknapatawpha. Major works include:The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》, Go Down, Moses《去吧,莫西》, Light in August 《八月之光》, Absalom, Absalom!《押沙龙,押沙龙!》, Sanctuary《圣地》.John Steinbeck (约翰·斯坦贝克, 1902–1968), an American novelist, Nobel Prize winner. He is known for his novel The Grapes of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》.James Baldwin (鲍德温, 1924-1987), a black American novelist, best known for his novel Go Tell It on the Mountain 《向苍天呼吁》.Alex Harley (1936-1969), a black American novelist, best known for his Roots《根》.Toni Morrison (莫里森, 1931-)Toni Morrison is a Nobel Prize-winning female American novelist. among the best known are her novels The Bluest Eye《最蓝的眼睛》and Beloved《宠儿》.3. 20世纪美国戏剧Eugene O‘Neil(尤金-奥尼尔, 1888-1953)was an American playwright, a Nobel Prize winner, best known for his Long Day’s Journey Into Night《长夜漫漫路迢迢》, Beyond the Horizon《天边外》,The Hairy Ape《毛猿》.Arthur Miller (亚瑟·米勒,1915-2005), an American playwright, best known for his The Death of Salesman《推销员之死》.Edward Albee (阿尔比1928---) is an American playwright best known for Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?《谁害怕弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫》. His early works reflect an Americanization of the Theatre of the Absurd (荒诞派) that found its peak in works by Irish playwrights such as Samuel Beckett.。
玄学有关简介玄学派是指17世纪英国文坛出现的一个独特的诗歌流派。
英国诗人约翰·邓恩是这个流派的代表人物,他因在诗歌中精妙地运用“奇喻”的比喻手法而蜚声文坛。
玄学派在18世纪的古典主义潮流和19世纪浪漫派的发展中都没有得到足够的重视,直到20世界在文学界才被充分肯定,对20的英美文学影响颇深。
17世纪以约翰·邓恩为首的一派诗人,还包括赫伯特、马韦尔、克拉肖、亨利·金、克利夫兰、特勒贺恩、沃恩、考利、凯利、拉夫莱斯等。
其中有些诗人在风格和内容上也属于“骑士派”,如克利夫兰、凯利、拉夫莱斯。
首先用“玄学派”这名词的是17世纪英国诗人、批评家德莱顿,他指出多恩这一派诗人太学究气,他们用哲学辩论和说理的方式写抒情诗,用词怪僻晦涩,韵律不流畅。
18世纪英国批评家约翰逊进一步分析了这一派的特点,指出“玄学派诗人都是学者”,他们的“才趣”在诗歌中的表现是“把截然不同的意象结合在一起,从外表绝不相似的事物中发现隐藏着的相似点”,“把最不伦不类的思想概念勉强地束缚在一起”(即所谓“奇想”)。
17世纪玄学派诗人想象奇特,语言机智,表达方式新颖,在英国诗歌的道路上留下了很深的烙印。
其主要代表人物约翰·多恩在语言上经常采用口语体,用词怪僻,韵律不流畅,尤其是运用大量的“奇喻”使得他的诗歌别具一格,充满了哲学辩论与说理意味。
约翰·多恩约翰·多恩的诗歌特色:约翰·多恩是一名颇具影响的怪才,他极具诗歌天赋,开创了“玄学派”,从此掀起了一股新的诗歌浪潮。
多恩的诗歌具有意想奇异、结构严谨的风格,其内容新颖、深刻,特别是他的出人意料的比喻、多变的格律以及口语化诗体更加使人耳目一新,开创了玄学派的一代诗风。
约翰·多恩的诗歌最显著的一个特色毫无疑问是他的奇思妙喻。
他一贯追求新奇的思想,喜欢云前人所未云,经常从各种“新哲学”和日常生活中捕捉稀奇的事例,再把两个属性截然不同的物体安置在一个语境中,使二者的关系既贴切又隐秘,还能在内容上彼此阐发。
英美文学选读四大史诗英国文学:上古和中世纪时期(公元450年—14世纪下叶)《贝奥武甫》英国上古时期盎格鲁撒克逊的民族史诗,杰弗雷·乔叟其首创的英雄双韵体为以后的英国诗人所广泛采用,被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。
作品:《坎特伯雷故事集》文艺复兴时期(14世纪到17世纪中叶)埃德蒙·斯宾塞(1552-1599)著名诗人主要作品:《仙后》,《牧人月历》,《情诗小唱十四行诗集》、《婚前曲》、《祝婚曲》克里斯托弗·马洛(1564—1593)诗人,剧作家,革新了中世纪的戏剧,在舞台上创造了反映时代精神的巨人性格和“雄伟的诗行”,主要作品:《浮士德博士的悲剧》,《帖木儿大帝》,《马耳他岛的犹太人》威廉·莎士比亚(1564—1616)世界上最杰出的戏剧家和诗人之一,一生创作了38个剧本,154首十四行诗及两首长诗。
主要作品:《亨利六世》(上,中,下)、《理查三世》、《仲夏夜之梦》、《威尼斯商人》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》四大悲剧:《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》弗朗西斯·培根(1561—1626)英国文艺复兴时期代表人物,著名的散文家、唯物主义哲学家,实验科学的创始人,是近代归纳法的创始人,又是给科学研究程序进行逻辑组织化的先驱。
主要作品:《新工具》、《学术的进步》、《新大西岛》《培根随笔》约翰·邓恩(1572—1631),英国玄学派诗人、教士,为T·S艾略特所推崇,主要作品:《歌与十四行诗》、《圣十四行诗》约翰·弥尔顿(1608—1674)英国诗人、政论家。
主要作品:《失乐园》、《复乐园》《力士参孙》新古典主义时期(1660年英国斯图亚特王朝复辟—1798年华兹华斯与柯勒律治合作出版《抒情歌谣集》)约翰·班扬英国著名作家、布道家。
主要作品:《天路历程》《灵魂城圣战》《恶人传》《奔走天路》《绝望者的盼望》《自省》《丰盛的恩典》亚历山大·蒲柏启蒙运动时期新古典主义的代表,著名诗人,主要作品:《夺发记》、《愚人志》、《人论》《与阿布斯诺博士书》丹尼尔·笛福(1660—1731)英国作家,主要作品:《成为异教徒的途径》,《地地道道的英国人》,《鲁滨逊漂流记》(此书是他60岁才开始动笔的) 乔纳森·斯威夫特英国著名文学家、讽刺作家、政治家主要作品:《书的战争》《格列佛游记》,《一只桶的故事》、《一个温和的建议》亨利·菲尔丁(1707-1754)英国小说之父,创造了散文体喜剧史诗。