17世纪英国文学

17世纪英国文学的特点与群体形态17世纪是英国文学历史上一个非常重要的时期，这个时期的文学作品以诗歌和戏剧为主，而且主要的创作群体是贵族和富商。

在这个时期，英国文学厚重而且充满文化自信，与此同时，17世纪的文学也是受政治、宗教、哲学等因素影响很大的一个时期。

本文将围绕这个主题展开，让我们一起来了解一下17世纪英国文学的特点与群体形态。

一.严格的诗歌规范与17世纪其他欧洲国家相比，英国的诗歌表现得更加严谨、精细。

英国文学史上著名的文学家约翰·米尔顿就是在这个时期崭露头角的。

米尔顿是英国文学史上一位非常重要的诗人和政治家，他的《失乐园》等作品具有深刻的叙事技巧和诗歌形式，而且在文学创作上对规范和严谨性的要求十分高。

此外，17世纪英国文学的诗歌体裁也相当多样化，不仅有典雅的爱情诗，还有英雄史诗以及抒情诗等多种形式。

二.富有叙事性和哲学深度的戏剧在英国文学的发展过程中，戏剧一直是不可忽视的一部分。

17世纪的戏剧文学除了在形式上有所创新外，还着重强调戏剧具备的叙事性和哲学深度，以此来探讨人性问题和社会现实。

经典的伊丽莎白·安·R——尤作品《麦克白》就是18世纪文学史上著名的戏剧作品之一。

这部作品不仅描写了人性的复杂性和政治权力的腐败，而且也通过戏剧形式展现了人性中所存在的善与恶的斗争。

三.主要创作群体为贵族和富商在17世纪的英国社会，贵族和富商是文学创作的主要群体。

相比其他欧洲国家，英国的贵族和富商有着更高的文化修养和更为广泛的阅读经验，这也使得17世纪的英国文学更加成熟、丰富多彩。

其中，著名的文学家约翰·德莱顿就是来自贵族群体的代表人物。

德莱顿是17世纪英国文学中非常著名的政治家，同时也是一位具有重要影响力的诗人，他努力地将政治、哲学思想与文学创作融为一体。

另外，英国富商也是17世纪英国文学中不可忽视的一部分，他们的支持和赞助使得许多优秀的文学作品得以问世。

总结在17世纪的英国文学中，古典主义成为了一种显著的倡导和风格，文学作品呈现出严谨、精密的特点。

英国文学renaissance名词解释英国文学renaissance是一个重要的学术概念，它指的是16世纪中叶到17世纪初期，英国文学出现了一个显著的复兴潮流。

这一时期可以从几个方面来解释，主要有文体、主题、历史背景和文学作家，具体而言，这一时期的文学可以分为几个最具特色的流派。

首先，从文体上来看，英国文学renaissance当中有几个突出的流派，其中包括古典诗歌、英国人文主义小说、新古典讽刺诗以及宗教类文学等。

古典诗歌是17世纪英国文学发展的一大支柱，作品以写实主义的手法记述了文学时代的历史变迁，并突出了对社会现实的描绘。

英国人文主义小说代表作有《汤姆索亚历险记》和《革命的影子》，小说的笔触沉着地描绘了17世纪英国人的生活，突出了人文主义价值观。

新古典讽刺诗以讽刺社会风气为主，作品包括《抓住你吻你》和《十二步曲》，以有趣的诗歌方式，把讽刺对社会价值体系和特权阶层的反省表达得淋漓尽致。

宗教文学是17世纪英国文学发展的另一个重要流派，宗教文学把宗教经典和神秘文学元素融合在一起，以更具艺术性的方式把神秘宗教故事表达出来，包括《莎士比亚的威尼斯商人》、《葡萄牙战纪》等。

其次，从文学主题上来看，英国文学renaissance中出现了一系列典型的主题，如宗教和道德、社会关系、道德和荣誉等，作家在文学作品中通过深刻的刻画揭示了英国社会的思想观念和道德准则。

宗教主题是17世纪英国文学发展中最重要的主题之一，作家积极把宗教信仰融入文学作品当中，对社会生活和人性做出了深刻的揭示和抒发。

社会关系主题在17世纪英国文学中也占据了重要的地位，作家把社会上的不公平、多样及其他人性关系等以更准确的方式描绘出来，以强烈的情感表达出社会冲突以及人们生活状况的差异。

此外，道德和荣誉主题也是17世纪英国文学发展中不可缺少的一部分，如《汤姆索亚历险记》中被安排去海上航行的小男孩汤姆，他最终凭借勇气和道德准则圆满完成了历险任务，也体现了17世纪英国社会对荣誉的珍视和追求。

英国启蒙文学的主要成就
英国启蒙文学是17世纪末至18世纪中叶的一段文学时期，其主要成就包括：
1.理性和启蒙思想的推崇：启蒙文学强调理性、科学和人文主义，倡导通过理性思考和知识追求真理。

这种理性主义的思想影响了文学、哲学和社会。

2.政治讽刺文学的兴起：启蒙文学的作家通过政治讽刺和批判社会不公正的手法，表达对当时政治体制和社会问题的关切。

其中，作家如乔纳森·斯威夫特（Jonathan Swift）的《格列佛游记》就是一部以政治讽刺为特色的杰作。

3.小说的兴盛：启蒙时期是英国小说兴起的时代，小说逐渐成为一种广泛流行的文学形式。

代表作包括丹尼尔·笛福（Daniel Defoe）的《鲁宾逊漂流记》和塞缪尔·理查德森（Samuel Richardson）的《潘帕斯之恋》。

4.哲学和文学的交融：启蒙时期的作家同时也是思想家，他们的作品中融入了哲学思考。

约翰·洛克（John Locke）的政治哲学影响深远，而大卫·休谟（David Hume）则对人类认识论进行了重要探讨。

5.文学批评的发展：启蒙时期见证了文学批评的发展，其中亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope）的《诗意的批评》是一部标志性的文学批评作品，对文学规范和审美标准进行了深入的探讨。

这些成就共同构成了英国启蒙文学的特色，为后来的文学和思想运动奠定了基础。

十七世纪早期英国文学作品的特点
17世纪早期英国文学作品的特点，主要反映了当时英国社会的历史、宗教、政治、经济等方面。

首先，17世纪早期英国文学作品强调了人与自然之间的关系，着重强调自然界的美丽与神秘。

例如，莎士比亚的作品中经常描写大自然的美景，展示出自然与人类之间的和谐共存，强调自然的不可抗拒力量。

其次，17世纪早期英国文学作品具有浓厚的宗教色彩，强调宗教的重要性，并将宗教内涵融入其作品中。

例如，莎士比亚的作品中经常出现宗教意象，用以表达对宗教的尊重和崇敬，并把宗教作为作品写作的灵感源泉。

此外，17世纪早期英国文学作品还具有强烈的政治色彩，着重表达当时社会现实中的种种不公正现象和政治矛盾，并以此呼吁改革。

例如，莎士比亚的作品中经常出现政治性的叙事，以此表达对当时社会的反对和抗议，以此呼吁社会的变革。

总的来说，17世纪早期英国文学作品在内容上涉及了英国社会历史、宗教、政治、经济等多个方面，深刻地反映了当时英国社会现实情况。

它凸显了自然的伟大，强调宗教的重要性，表达政治矛盾及不公正现象，以此来呼吁社会的变革。

17世纪的英国文学对语言发展的影响一、概述17世纪英国文学的重要性17世纪是英国文学史上一个重要的世纪，这一时期的文学作品对英国语言和文学发展产生了深远的影响。

在这一时期，英国文学经历了文艺复兴和启蒙两大浪潮，涌现出了许多杰出的作家和作品，这些作品不仅丰富了英国文学的内涵，也对英语语言的发展起到了重要的推动作用。

二、诗歌的发展与影响1. 17世纪的英国诗歌在17世纪，英国诗歌经历了从文艺复兴时期的优美诗歌到启蒙时期的现实主义诗歌的转变。

约翰·米尔顿的史诗《失乐园》和约翰·德蔡尔的《耶鲁撒冷释放》等作品不仅体现了作者对政治和宗教的关注，也在诗歌语言和风格上具有了革新性的突破。

这些作品丰富了英语诗歌的形式和内涵，同时也对英语的韵律和表达方式产生了深远的影响。

2. 诗歌对英语语言的影响17世纪的英国诗歌在形式和内容上都对英语语言的发展产生了重要影响。

诗歌的形式多样化和丰富化，例如使用了更多的修辞手法和象征意义，这些变化丰富了英语的表达方式，使得英语更加富有表现力。

诗歌作品的内容也对英语词汇和语法产生了推动作用，使得英语逐渐发展成为了一种更加丰富和灵活的语言。

三、戏剧的兴盛与影响1. 17世纪的英国戏剧在17世纪，英国戏剧取得了巨大的发展，这一时期涌现了许多重要的戏剧作家，如威廉·莎士比亚、本·琼生和约翰·福斯特等。

这些作家创作的戏剧作品以其生动的语言和深刻的思想感染了整个英国社会，成为了英国文学史上的经典之作。

这些戏剧作品不仅在戏剧表演上有着丰富的表现形式，也对英语语言的发展产生了深远的影响。

2. 戏剧对英语语言的影响17世纪的英国戏剧对英语语言的影响主要体现在语言的活跃和生动上。

戏剧作品中丰富多彩的语言形式，如对话、独白和嘎嘎语的运用，使得英语语言变得更加生动和近乎真实。

这些戏剧作品也通过对社会和政治的关注，丰富了英语语言的词汇和表达方式，使得英语成为了更加适合表现各种情感和思想的语言。

Other metaphysical poets
• George Herbert (1593-1633)
– “the saint of the metaphysical school” – 极为虔诚的国教牧师，其诗常有牵强的奇喻，晦涩难懂。 有时采取具象诗的形式表现其虔诚。 – “The Easter Wing” (具象诗)
• Later Life
• Areopagitica《论出版自由》(1644) • Defence of the English People (《为英国 人民辩护》，1651), • Second Defence of the English People (《为英国人民再辩护》，1654).
– After the restoration, in blindness he completed three great epics with the help of his daughter and some other young men. – Paradise Lost《失乐园》; Paradise Regained 《复乐园》; and Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》
• 3. Drama
– Restoration Drama – John Dryden (1631-1700)
1.3 John Milton (1608-1674)
• Life and literary career
– Early Life(1608-1640)
• Education at Cambridge • His first work: an ode On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity（《基 督诞生晨颂》，1629） • Horton: L’Allegro (《快乐的人》， 1632), Il Penseroso (《沉思的人》， 1632), Lycidas (《利西达斯》， 1638), Comus (《科玛斯》，1634). • 2 years’ travel in the Continent, returned in 1939

17世纪英国文学史17世纪是英国文学史上一个重要的时期，也是文学作品丰富多样的时期。

本文将从该时期的背景、主要作家和作品以及文学风格等方面进行介绍，以展现17世纪英国文学的独特魅力。

17世纪英国文学的背景可以追溯到文艺复兴时期。

在这个时期，人们开始对古典文化进行研究和借鉴，对人类思维和艺术创作进行了探索。

同时，英国也经历了政治、宗教和社会的剧烈变革，这些变革对文学创作产生了深远影响。

在17世纪的英国文学史上，有许多重要的作家和作品。

其中最著名的是威廉·莎士比亚。

莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家之一，他的作品包括许多经典的戏剧作品，如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》等。

莎士比亚的作品不仅在英国广受欢迎，也被世界各地的观众所喜爱。

除了莎士比亚，还有其他许多重要的作家和作品出现在17世纪的英国文学史上。

其中包括约翰·米尔顿的史诗《失乐园》，这是一部描写亚当和夏娃失乐园经历的作品，同时也反映了米尔顿对政治和宗教自由的关注。

还有埃德蒙·斯宾塞的长诗《仙后》，这是一部描写骑士精神和爱情的作品，被认为是英国史诗的巅峰之作。

17世纪的英国文学也涌现出一批女性作家，她们在当时的男性主导的文学界中取得了一定的突破。

玛格丽特·卡文迪什是其中一位重要的女性作家，她的作品《新亚特兰蒂斯》被认为是科幻小说的先驱之一。

17世纪的英国文学风格丰富多样。

除了戏剧和史诗，还涌现出许多其他类型的文学作品。

例如，约翰·唐纳的散文作品《新科学》对科学发展和实验方法进行了探讨；罗伯特·伯顿的《解剖学》则是一部关于人类心理学和行为学的重要著作。

总的来说，17世纪是英国文学史上一个繁荣的时期，这个时期的作家们不仅在戏剧、史诗和散文等领域取得了重要成就，也为后世的文学发展奠定了基础。

他们的作品不仅具有艺术上的价值，也反映了当时社会和政治背景下的人类思考和情感表达。

通过对这些作品的研究和欣赏，我们可以更好地了解17世纪英国文学的独特之处，以及它对后世文学的重要影响。

1.2 Cavalier Poets
• The Cavalier Poets（骑士派诗人）: a group of English gentlemen poets loyal to Charles I (1625–49) during the English Civil Wars, they were known for their light and amorous verse.
Famous prose writers and their works
• John Bunyan (1628-1688): The Pilgrim’s Progress 《天路历程》
• Izaak Walton (1593-1683) – The Compleat Angler, 1653《垂钓大全》
3.1 Restoration Drama
• 从1642 年清教徒关闭剧院到复辟后3 个月剧院开演，英国 剧坛沉寂了18 年。 • 复辟时期的悲剧作家除德莱顿以外，著名的还有纳撒 尼· 李（Nathaniel Lee，1653-1692）、托马斯· 奥特维 （Thomas Otway，1652-1685），他们受法国古典主义戏 剧很大的影响。李的《争宠的王后》（The Rival Queens, 1677）和奥特维的《保全了威尼斯》，都写了爱情与荣誉、 责任之间的冲突，后一部戏常被推为英国古典主义悲剧的 代表作。 • 复辟时期的喜剧相当出色。它们不同于伊丽莎白时代的浪 漫喜剧，而是讽刺性的风俗喜剧，讽刺对象是当时的英国 上流社会。但是它们的讽刺并不深刻，以轻松的心情和偷 快的反讽来表现生活，俏皮幽默的对话为突出特点。喜剧 最常见的主题是上流社会男女之间爱的纠纷，反映出宫廷 环境中轻浮放荡的时尚。
– 1) the diction is simple and echoes the words and cadences[节奏] of common speech; – 2) the imagery is drawn from the actual life yet subtle, the extended metaphors for such images are typically called “metaphysical conceits”; – 3) the form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s beloved, with God, or with himself.

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王政复辟时期最受人欢迎 的作家是约翰 约翰•班扬 的作家是约翰 班扬 （John Bunyan）。查理 ） 二世复辟后， 二世复辟后，被清教徒关 闭的剧院重新开放， 闭的剧院重新开放，英国 戏剧获得新生。 戏剧获得新生。这一时期 出现的风俗喜剧是当时戏 剧的最高成就，威廉•康格 剧的最高成就，威廉 康格 里夫（ 里夫（William Congreve, 1670-1729）的《以爱还 ） 爱》（Love for Love）、 ）、 如此世道》 《如此世道》（The Way of the World）等剧作是 ） 风俗喜剧的代表作品。 风俗喜剧的代表作品。
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“全体人类就是一本书。 全体人类就是一本书。
17世纪英国诗歌另外的一 17世纪英国诗歌另外的一 支是玄学派诗歌， 支是玄学派诗歌，代表诗 人有约翰•邓恩 邓恩（ 人有约翰 邓恩（John Donne, 1572-1631）和安 1572-1631） 德鲁•马韦尔 马韦尔（ 德鲁 马韦尔（Andrew 1621-1678）。 Marvell, 1621-1678）。 他们才智过人。 他们才智过人。喜欢使用 玄学奇喻” “玄学奇喻”，被称为玄 学派诗人。其中，约翰邓 学派诗人。其中， 恩为领导者。 恩为领导者。 玄学派诗歌在18和19世纪 玄学派诗歌在18和19世纪 18 一直为世人所忽视， 一直为世人所忽视，直到 20世纪初，才从历史的尘 20世纪初， 世纪初 封中重见天日， 封中重见天日，对现代主 义诗风产生很大影响。 义诗风产生很大影响。
•1649年1月国王查理一世被送上 年 月国王查理一世被送上 断头台，同年5月 断头台，同年 月，英国宣布为 共和国。因为资产阶级势力弱小， 共和国。因为资产阶级势力弱小， 在当时无法保证英国社会的稳定 和安全，为了他们自己的利益， 和安全，为了他们自己的利益， 他们只好和封建主义想妥协， 他们只好和封建主义想妥协，但 是1660年，查理二世回国复辟王 年 朝想置资产阶级于死地， 朝想置资产阶级于死地，为了自 身的利益， 身的利益，于是又发生了光荣革 期间，约翰·弥尔顿 弥尔顿（ 命，期间，约翰 弥尔顿（John Milton)积极投入资产阶级革命， 积极投入资产阶级革命， 积极投入资产阶级革命 曾任共和国政府拉丁秘书， 曾任共和国政府拉丁秘书，写了 不少文章捍卫共和国。 不少文章捍卫共和国。

英国文学源‎远流长，经‎历了长期、‎复杂的发展‎演变过程。

‎在这个过程‎中，文学本‎体以外的各‎种现实的、‎历史的、政‎治的、文化‎的力量对文‎学发生着影‎响，文学内‎部遵循自身‎规律，历经‎盎格鲁-撒‎克逊、文艺‎复兴、新古‎典主义、浪‎漫主义、现‎实主义、现‎代主义等不‎同历史阶段‎。

下面对英‎国文学的发‎展过程作一‎概述。

‎一、中世‎纪文学（约‎5世纪-1‎485）‎英国最‎初的文学同‎其他国家最‎初的文学一‎样，不是书‎面的，而是‎口头的。

故‎事与传说口‎头流传，并‎在讲述中不‎断得到加工‎、扩展，最‎后才有写本‎。

公元5世‎纪中叶，盎‎格鲁、撒克‎逊、朱特三‎个日耳曼部‎落开始从丹‎麦以及现在‎的荷兰一带‎地区迁入不‎列颠。

盎格‎鲁-撒克逊‎时代给我们‎留下的古英‎语文学作品‎中，最重要‎的一部是《‎贝奥武甫》‎（Beow‎u lf），‎它被认为是‎英国的民族‎史诗。

《贝‎奥武甫》讲‎述主人公贝‎尔武甫斩妖‎除魔、与火‎龙搏斗的故‎事，具有神‎话传奇色彩‎。

这部作品‎取材于日耳‎曼民间传说‎，随盎格鲁‎-撒克逊人‎入侵传入今‎天的英国，‎现在我们所‎看到的诗是‎8世纪初由‎英格兰诗人‎写定的，当‎时，不列颠‎正处于从中‎世纪异教社‎会向以基督‎教文化为主‎导的新型社‎会过渡的时‎期。

因此，‎《贝奥武甫‎》也反映了‎7、8世纪‎不列颠的生‎活风貌，呈‎现出新旧生‎活方式的混‎合，兼有氏‎族时期的英‎雄主义和封‎建时期的理‎想，体现了‎非基督教日‎耳曼文化和‎基督教文化‎两种不同的‎传统。

‎公元10‎66年，居‎住在法国北‎部的诺曼底‎人在威廉公‎爵率领下越‎过英吉利海‎峡，征服英‎格兰。

诺曼‎底人占领英‎格兰后，封‎建等级制度‎得以加强和‎完备，法国‎文化占据主‎导地位，法‎语成为宫廷‎和上层贵族‎社会的语言‎。

这一时期‎风行一时的‎文学形式是‎浪漫传奇，‎流传最广的‎是关于亚瑟‎王和圆桌骑‎士的故事。

竟扭过脸去，掏出手帕，要她把胸脯遮起来。然而，他一边答应做奥尔贡旳女婿，一 边又向奥尔贡旳妻子求婚；当奥尔贡送他一点钱时，他总是说“太多了，二分之一已 经太多”；当奥尔贡把全部家产赠给时，他没说半个“多”字。
• 2. 进一步揭发答尔丢夫伪装虔诚旳罪恶用心在于贪财好色。 • 如：一看见欧米耳太太就垂涎欲滴，“要拔去上帝这么一种障碍”。当他旳罪行面临
• 女主人公：安德洛玛克(赫克托尔旳寡妻)、
皮洛斯、爱弥奥娜、奥雷斯。
布瓦洛：古典主义旳理论家
• 布瓦洛 • 古典主义旳理论家 • 最大成就：诗体文艺理论著作《诗旳艺术》
强调“理性”是文学创作旳最高准则。全 方面系统得论述了古典主义旳美学观点和 创作原则。作者由此而取得“古典主义立 法者”旳称号。
• 社会意义：体现了强烈旳反封建反教会旳民主倾向。答尔丢夫成了“伪善者”旳同义
语，是个不朽旳艺术经典。
分析：《伪君子》旳艺术成就。
• 分析《伪君子》旳艺术成就。 • 1遵照了古典主义旳“三一律”原则。 • 情节单纯集中：都是体现答尔丢夫旳虚伪与欺骗；时间：二十四小时之内；
地点：奥尔贡家里，而且只有一种布景，就是奥尔贡旳客厅。
旳现实主义手法。
• 艺术形式上：古典主义戏剧与文艺复兴戏剧一脉相传。 • 2.反拨 • 人文主义文学对个性解放旳过分强调，造成了否定一切秩
序旳倾向。
• 语言不规范、艺术形式杂乱。
高乃依：法国古典主义悲剧旳创始人
• 高乃依《熙德》(被公以为法国古典主义第一部典
范性作品)
• 《熙德》主人公：罗狄克、 施曼娜。 • 作品经过男女主人公在爱情与荣誉、义务旳冲突
分雕琢和华丽旳建筑。
• 2. 内容上多写带有神秘宗教色彩旳生死、
哀怨。艺术上借鉴了中古文学象征、寓意、 梦幻手法、并体现出华丽纤巧旳风格。

Part ThreeThe Seventeenth Century(1640-1688)Chapter 1: Revolution and Restoration一、Social BackgroundThe 17th century was one of the most tempestuous periods in English history. Conflicts and clashes appeared between the King and the Parliament, which represented the bourgeois class.In 1642, a civil war (English revolution) broke out between Charles I and the parliament. At last, the royalists were defeated by the parliament army led by Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658). In 1649 Charles I (1600–1625–1649) was beheaded, and England was declared to be a commonwealth.After the death of Cromwell, the parliament recalled Charles II (1630–1660–1685) to England in 1660 and monarchy was restored, and then followed the Restoration Period.In 1688, the bourgeoisie invite William, prince of Orange (1650–1689–1702) from Holland to be king of England. This is called the “Glorious Revolution”. This bloodless event completed the bourgeoisie revolution and modern England was firmly established.二、The English Revolution and PuritanismThe English revolution was carried out under a religious cloak. So, English revolution also called the Puritan revolution. The Puritan Movement aimed to make man honest and to make man free.Puritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during this period. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work, but with very little extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labor. Worldly pleasures were condemned as harmful. This was precisely the outlook needed by the bourgeoisie for the accumulation of capital. So in the triumph of Puritanism under Cromwell, severe laws were passed, many simple pleasures were forbidden and an austere standard of living was forced upon an unwilling people. The London theaters were closed in 1642.The criticism is made that the wild outbreak of immortality which followed the Restoration was partly due to the unnatural restriction of the Puritan era. The criticism was just but we must not forget the whole spirit of the movement. Puritans fought for liberty and justice overthrew despotism and made men’s life and property safe from the tyranny of rulers.三、Literature of the 17th centuryEnglish literature of the revolution and restoration was very much concerned with the tremendous social upheavals of the time.1. Literature of the Revolution PeriodGeneral characteristics①The Revolution Period was one of confusion in literature due to the breaking up of the old ideals. The Puritans believed in simplicity of life. They disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry written in the previous period. Literature was as divided in spirit as were the struggling parties.②Literature in the Puritan Age expressed age and sadness. Even its brightest hours were followed by gloom and pessimism.③Romantic ardor can not be found in literature of the Puritan period.④John Milton (1608-1674), whose work would glorify any age and people, and in his work the indomitable revolutionary spirit found its noblest expression. For this reason, this period is also called Age of Milton．⑤The main literary form of the period was poetry．Besides Milton, there were two other groups of poets, the Metaphysical Poets and the Cavalier Poets.1) Metaphysical PoetsThe Metaphysical Poets appeared in England at about the beginning of the 17th century. They sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new world and new poetry. With a rebellious spirit, they favored in poetry a more colloquial language, a singleminded working of one theme. Besides, they tended to logically reason the things, esp. emotions, psychologically analyze the emotions of love and religion, love the novelty and the shocking, use the metaphysical conceits, and ignore the conventional devices. The works of these poets are characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.2) Cavalier PoetsAnother school of poetry prevailing in the period was the Cavalier Poets. Most of these poets were courtiers and soldiers. They sided with the king to fight against the revolution. The representatives of this school are Sir John Suckling(1609-1642), Richard Lovelace(1618-1657), Thomas Carew (1595-1639), and Robert Herrick (1591-1674).2. Literature of the RestorationRestoration literature is deeply influenced by French classical taste. It is a period of French influence.General characteristics①The tendency to vulgar realism in the drama. Restoration writers sought to paint realistic pictures of a corrupt society.② A general formalism. They produced coarse, low plays without interest or moral significance.③The development of a simpler and more direct prose style.④The prevalence of the heroic couplet (two iambic pentameter lines which rime together) in poetry.Chapter 2: Writers in this period一、John Milton (1608-1674)1. Life and literary careerMilton was born in London in1608. His education began at St. Paul's school, then he went on to distinguish himself at Cambridge University, where he graduated B. A. in 1629, and M. A. in 1632. His first work is an ode On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity（1629）.After leaving Cambridge, he retired for nearly six years to his father's country house in Horton, where he devoted his time chiefly to further mastery of the whole range of languages, literature, science, theology, and music. During this period, Milton wrote L’Allegro (1632), Il Penseroso (1632), Lycidas (1638), Comus (1634).In 1638 he left England to complete his education with two years of travel in Europe, France, Switzerland and Italy. When he returned home in 1639, England was on the verge of a civil war. Hesoon plunged himself into the struggle and gave all his energies to the writing of pamphlets dedicated to the people’s liberty.Milton was married to Mary Powell in June 1642, but the marriage proved to an unhappy one. So for several years Milton issued pamphlets in which he argued that all Englishmen should have the right to get a divorce. In 1644, he published Areopagitica, as a declaration of people’s freedom from press.After the Revolution succeeded, Milton became Latin Secretary to the council of Foreign Affairs in 1649. He wrote a number of pamphlets defending the English revolution, such as Defence of the English People(1651), and Second Defence of the English People(1654). Until the end of the Commonwealth, there were two leaders in England, Cromwell the man of action, and Milton the man of thought.Milton went blind in 1652, doubtlessly due to the severe eyestrain brought on by ceaseless reading and Latin composition. With the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Milton not only was confronted, but also was imprisoned and threatened with execution. Through the intervention of some friends who carried some influence with the new royal government, Milton was let off with a fine and some loss of property. Shortly afterward, living in blindness and virtual seclusion from all but the members of his immediate family, Milton began his masterpiece Paradise Lost. Before his death Milton published two other works on a grand scale, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. Both appeared in 1671; neither is as successful as Paradise Lost. Milton died in 1674.2. Major WorksOn the Morning of Christ’s Nativity《基督诞生晨颂》（1629）L’Allegro《快乐的人》(1632)Il Penseroso《沉思的人》(1632)Comus《科玛斯》(1634)Lycidas《利西达斯》(1638)Areopagitica《论出版自由》（1644）Defence of the English People《为英国人民辩护》(1651)Second Defence of the English People《为英国人民再辩护》(1654)Paradise Lost 《失乐园》（1665）Paradise Regained 《复乐园》（1671）Samson Agonistes 《力士参孙》（1671）3. About Paradise Lost1) Brief SurveyParadise Lost is Milton's masterpiece, and the greatest English epic. It is a long epic in 12 books, written in blank verse. The stories were taken from the Old Testament: the creation; the rebellion in Heaven of Satan and his fellow-angels; their defeat and expulsion from Heaven; the creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve; the fallen angels in hell plotting against God; Satan's temptation of Eve; the departure of Adam and Eve from Eden; and the possible salvation.2) Theme and CharacterizationThe poem, on the surface, was "to justify the ways of God to man", i. e. to preach submission to the Almighty. But under the surface, the main idea of the poem is the heroic revolt against God's authority.In the poem God is no better than a selfish despot. It has been noted by many critics that the picture of God surrounded by his angels resembles the court of an absolute monarch. While the rebel Satan who rises against God and, though defeated, still seeks for revenge. Satan and his followers who freely discuss all issues in council bear close resemblance to a republican Parliament. This epic expresses the reactionary forces of his time and shows passionate appeal for freedom.The theme is also about the fall of Men: man’s disobedience and the loss of Paradise. But having done it, Adam and Eve get freedom. They embody Milton's belief in the powers of man. Their craving for knowledge denied them by God, as Milton stresses, adds a particular significance to their character. It is this longing for knowledge that opens before mankind a wide road to an intelligent and active life.What makes Paradise Lost a powerful poem is precisely the way in which the Biblical past is pulled into the present in an intriguing way. Running through the poem are the key political questions offreedom and choice. From the perspective of Satan and his followers, rebellion against God was inevitable. The revolt may have failed, but it has left them their freedom. The final image of the poem is profoundly forward-looking, an image of gain through loss. As Adam and Eve go hand in hand out of Eden, the loss of Paradise is seen as the gain of a future for humanity on earth.3) The Image of SatanThe finest thing in Paradise Lost is the description of hell, and Satan is the real hero of the poem. As a conquered and banished giant, he remains obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell. It is always from him that deep counsels, unlooked-for resources and courageous deeds proceed. It is he who, passing through the guarded gates of hell and boundless chaos, amid so many dangers, and overcoming so many obstacles, makes man revolt against God. Though defeated, he prevails, since he has won from God the third part of his angels, and almost all the sons of Adam. Though feebler, he remains superior in nobility, since he prefers independence to happy servility, and welcomes his defeat and his torments as a glory, a liberty and a joy. To Milton, the proud and somber Satan represented the spirit of rebellion against an unjust authority. By using Satan as his mouthpiece, Milton is uttering his intense hatred of tyranny in the capacity of the Revolutionary. 2. About Paradise RegainedIt explores the theme of temptation and fall and shows how humankind, in the person of Christ, withstands the tempter and is established once more in the divine favor.3. About Samson AgonistesS amson Agonistes is a poetical drama modeled on the Greek tragedy. The story was taken from the Old Testament. Samson was an athlete of the Israelites. He stood as their champion, fighting for the freedom of his country. But he was betrayed by his wife and blinded by his enemi es the Philistines . One day he was summoned to provide amusement for his enemies by feats of strength in a temple. There he wreaked his vengeance upon his enemies by pulling down the temple upon them and upon himself in a common ruin.In this poetical drama, Milton is telling us his own story. Like Samson, he has been betrayed by his wife. He has suffered from blindness and been scorned by his enemies, and yet he has struggled heroically against his enemies. So the whole poem strongly suggests Milton's passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life. Samson isMilton.4. Features of Milton's Poetry (or Milton’s contribution)①Milton is a great revolutionary poet of the 17th century. He is also an outstanding political pamphleteer of the Revolution period. He made a strong influence on the later progressive English poets.②Milton is a great stylist. His poetry has a grand style. That is because he made a life-long study of classical and Biblical literature.③Milton is a great master of blank verse. He is the glorious pioneer to introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry. He has used it as the main tool in his masterpiece Paradise Lost. His blank verse is rich in every poetic quality and never monotonous.④Milton wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He made a strong influence o later English poetry.⑤His poetry is noted for sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.二、John Bunyan (1628-1688)1. LifeIn the field of prose writing of the Puritan Age, John Bunyan occupies the most important place. We know about Bunyan's life primarily from his autobiography, Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners.John Bunyan was born in 1628. He received only the simplest education. Bunyan had a sensitive imagination. The religious fanaticism of the time made a tremendous impression upon his brain.In 1644, his father married the second time; therefore Bunyan ran away and became a soldier in the Parliamentary army. In about 1649, he served during the decisive battle of Naseby. In a few months, Bunyan returned home and married a girl as poor as himself. The real reformation of his life began. The only dowry of his wife, two books –The Plain Man’s Pathway to Heaven and The Practice of Piety– gave fire to his imagination.Bunyan lived at a time when political struggles adopted the form of religious struggles. He joined a Baptist society of Bedford and began to preach among the villagers with powerful effect. Hepreached the truth as he saw it and directed his attacks against social abuses and the oppressors of the poor, the court and the bourgeoisie.After the Restoration, he was imprisoned for refusing to obey the law prohibiting religious meetings. Although he remained in jail for twelve years, Bunyan continued to preach to his fellow prisoners and to write religious books. He was released and allowed to become the pastor of a Nonconformist church in Bedford, but in 1675 he was imprisoned again. It was during this second imprisonment that he wrote his most important work, The Pilgrim's Progress.The two great forces at work in Bunyan’s life are vivid imagination and the spiritual ferment of the age. Bunyan’s life is an epitome o f that astonishing religious individualism which marked the close of the English Reformation.2. About The Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Pilgrim's Progress is a religious allegory, a narrative in which general concepts such as sin, despair, and faith are re presented as people or as aspects of the natural world. The world’s literature has three great allegories: The Faerie Queene,Dante’s Divine Comedy and Pilgrim’s Progress. The first appeals to the poets, the second to the scholars, and the third to the common religious people of every age and condition.The Pilgrim's Progres s tells of a religious man’s search for salvation, and gives a truthful picture of English society. The basis of the allegorical narrative is the idea of a journey. The traveler's name is Christian, and he represents every Christian in human world. The figures and places Christian encounters on his journey stand for the various experiences every Christian must go through in the quest for salvation.The whole book falls into two parts. Part 1 tells of the religious conversion of Christian and his religious life in this world. Part 2 describes the subsequent conversion of his wife and their children. Part One mainly describes his pilgrimage through the Slough of Despond, Vanity Fair, Doubting Castle, the Valley of Humiliation, and the Valley of the Shadow of Death. On the way he overcomes many obstacles and encounters various allegorical personages, such as Mr Worldly Wiseman,Faithful, Hopeful, Giant Despair, the foul fiend Apollyon and some others. Finally he accomplishes his journey and arrives at the Celestial City. The “pioneer pilgrims” – Christian and his associates –belong to the Puritan sect, who was undergoing persecution in the reign of Charles II, especially during the earlier years of Restoration.Though an allegory, its characters impress the reader like real persons. The places are English scenes and the conversations that enliven his narratives vividly repeat the language of his time.One of the most remarkable passages is that in which Vanity Fair and the persecution of Christian and his friend Faithful are described. Christian, the hero, and his companion, Faithful, are passing through a town called Vanity during the season of the local fair. On the Vanity Fair, honors, titles, kingdoms, lusts, pleasures and lives can be sold or bought, and cheating, roguery, murder and adultery are normal phenomena.Bunyan cherished a deeply hatred of both the king and his government. This section gives the bitterest satire, which is invariably directed at the ruling class. In the descriptions of the Vanity Fair, Bunyan not only gives us a symbolic picture of London at the time of the Restoration but of the whole bourgeois society.3. T he chief qualities of Bunyan’s styleBunyan’s prose is noted for his simple, biblical style. He uses idiomatic expressions naturally. His biblical language enables him to narrate stories and reveal his ideas in a direct way.The secret of the success of The Pilgrim’s Progress is probably simple. Its predominant metaphor –life as a journey – is simple and familiar. Throughout the allegory a spiritual significance is added to the commonplace details.三、John Dryden (1631-1700)1. Brief SurveyDryden is the most notable representative of English classicism in the Restoration period. He is the greatest poet between Milton and Pope. He is “the lock by which the waters of English poetry were let down from t he mountains of Shakespeare and Milton to the plain of Pope.” He stands betweentwo very different ages, and serves as a transition from one to another. His works, which consist of his poems, his plays and his critical essays, reflect both good and evil tendencies of his age. In English literature, the Restoration period is traditionally called the "Age of Dryden".Dryden was brought in the strict puritan faith, and was sent first to the famous Westminster school, and then to Cambridge. He made an excellent use of his opportunities and studied eagerly. He had remarkable literary taste, but he showed little evidence of his literary ability up to the age of thirty. In the political affairs, he was quite changeable in attitude. Under the government of the puritans, he supported Cromwell, and wrote a poem upon Cromwell’s death. When the Restoration period began, he turned to the Royalists, and wrote a poem celebrating the return of Charles II.Dryden's long poetic career spanned the four decades from the Restoration in 1660 to the end of the seventeenth century. He wrote in most of the literary forms that were popular during that time. To make a living he wrote nearly thirty plays, and did a series of distinguished translations of Virgil and other classical authors. The most famous play is All for Love, a tragedy dealing with the same story as Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra. His finest works were his long poems in heroic couplets on political, religious, and literary themes. Dryden's best poetry was often inspired by some particular occasion like the great fire of London in 1660 or a plot against King Charles II in 1681. For almost twenty years Dryden was England’s poet laureate, but he had to resign in 1688 when James II was expelled and Catholics were deprived of public office.Dryden had superb gifts in verse satire. As he himself wrote, the great art of the satirist is to do his job elegantly rather than crudely.2. Dryden’s influence①In poetry Dryden set an enduring style with his neat "heroic couplets" and established it as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry.②In prose, Dryden established the neoclassical standards of order, balance, and harmony. He is regar ded as “the Father of English Prose”, for he clarified English prose and made it precise, concise and flexible. He is also the forerunner of the English neoclassical school of literature in the next century. (Develop the direct and precise style)③He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the numerous prefaces to his poems．He raised English literary criticism to a new level. His greatest work of literary criticism is An Essay of Dramatic Poesy, in which appears his famous appreciation of Shakespeare.3. Selected works1) PoemHeroic Stanzas on the Death of Oliver Cromwell《奥利弗·克伦威尔之死》（英雄诗辩）1659 Astraea Redux《伸张正义》1660Annus Mirabilis《神奇的年代》1667Absalom and Achitophel《押沙龙与阿齐托菲尔》1681MacFlecknoe《麦克·弗莱克诺》1682Religio Laici《俗人的宗教观》1682The Hind and the Panther《牝鹿与豹》1687Alexander's Feast《亚历山大的宴会》1697Fables, Ancient and Modern《古代和现代寓言集》17002) Comedy and other playsThe Wild Gallant《狂热骑士》1663The Enchanted Island《紫山魔岛》1667An Evening's Love《一夜之恋》1668Marriage à la mode《时尚婚姻》（现代婚姻）1672The Assignation, or Love in a Nunnery《幽会》（尼姑庵之恋情）1672The Mistaken Husband《糊涂的丈夫》1674King Arthur《亚瑟王》1691Amboyna (or the Cruelties of the Dutch to the English Merchants) 《安波亚娜》1673Oedipus (heroic drama)《俄狄浦斯》16793) Five Serials of Heroic Play(tragedy)The Indian Emperour《印第安女皇帝》1665The Maiden Queen (or Secret Love)《印第安女女王》1667Tyrannick Love《残酷的爱情》1669The Conquest of Granada《格拉纳达的征服》1670All for Love《一切为了爱情》16784) Essays and othersAn Essay of Dramatick Poesie 《论剧诗》The Art of Satire 《讽刺艺术》。

17世纪的英国文学是文艺复兴的延续和发展，我们称这个时期为传统和理性的时代。

这个时期的文学大多模仿古希腊罗马和当时法国的著作，追求理性，艺术形式的完美。

人文主义是当时的文学主流，它在思想上反对神权，封建制度，宣扬人性，赞美现世生活。

著名人物代表玛丽我司通克拉夫特就是当时的你才行政论家，作家和思想家。

她提出的女性并非天生低贱于男性，只有当她们取法足够的教育是才会显露出这一点引发了很多人的思考。

随着资本主义稳定发展，浪漫主义文学开始崛起。

这个时期的文学作品大多表达内心情感，反映普通生活。

华兹华斯的诗是这个时期文学的顶峰之作。

他认为诗必须含有强烈的情感，用平常而真实的语言写成。

接下来的维多利亚时期，散文诗逐渐退出文学界，小说紧接着成为了这个时期最受欢迎的文学类型。

弗兰肯斯坦是当时非常著名的一部小说小说不仅刻画了人类与科技进步只见存在的冲突，也揭示了人类无所顾忌，自我奋斗的丑陋行为和对社会构成的巨大危害。

最后，在现代主义时期文学中，各种文学作品和流派纷纷涌入。

有现实主义的，荒诞派的，还有意识流。

我们最熟悉的剧作就是哈利波特。

作者罗琳采用了多重写作手法是的故事更加的扑朔迷离，吸引读者的兴趣。

在第一部中，作者就塑造了很多令人反感的角色，展现了哈利与斯内普的冲突。

但是直到故事的最后才表达出斯内普对哈利的保护和爱。

这样的反差形成了鲜明的对比。

17世纪三大文学现象的基本成就
17世纪欧洲文学的主要成就：英国资产阶级革命文学(清教徒文学)、法国古典主义文学、巴洛克文学。

法国古典主义文学
17世纪的古典主义文学最早出现于法国，是流行于西欧，特别是法国的一种带有浓厚封建色彩的资产阶级文学思潮。

因为它在文艺理论和创作实践上以古希腊古罗马文学为典范，故称“古典主义”。

高乃依，法国剧作家，古典主义的创始者，代表作有《熙德》。

莫里哀，法国古典主义喜剧家，代表作有《伪君子》《唐璜》《贵人迷》和《吝啬鬼》。

《吝啬鬼》塑造了著名的吝啬鬼典型阿巴贡。

英国清教徒文学
17世纪的英国文学以体现清教徒思想的作品最为出色，这是英国资产阶级革命的产物，被称为英国清教徒文学。

这场革命是在宗教的外衣下进行的，斗争主要在保王的国教与革命的清教之间展开。

17世纪，新兴资产阶级主张纯洁教会，清除国教中天主教的影响，因而其有“清教徒”之称。

他们以《圣经》作为斗争的思想武器，主要代表人物为约翰·弥尔顿和约翰·班扬。

约翰·弥尔顿，英国诗人，恩格斯称其为“第一个为弑君辩护的人”，是文艺复兴运动和18世纪启蒙思想运动的桥梁，代表作有《失乐园》。

巴洛克文学
巴洛克文学特指17世纪在欧洲各国广泛流行的一种贵族形式主
义的文学，它是由封建制度的危机引起的。

巴洛克文学起源于意大利、西班牙，兴盛于法国。

在艺术形式上涉及了诗歌、戏剧、小说等各种体裁。

卡尔德隆，西班牙作家，代表作有《人生如梦》。

英国文学7个时期英国文学发端于中世纪，经历了古英语、中古英语、文艺复兴、17世纪、18世纪、19世纪、20 世纪文学 7 个时期，取得了举世瞩目的成就。

古英语文学英国在10世纪以前属于古英语时期，早期的凯尔特等部族及 5 世纪入侵的盎格鲁、撒克逊和朱特人，起初都没有留下书面文学。

6世纪末到7世纪末，由于肯特国王阿瑟尔伯特皈依基督教，该教僧侣开始以拉丁文著书写诗，其中以比德所著《英国人民宗教史》最有历史和文学价值。

9世纪，威塞克斯国王阿尔弗雷德为振兴文化，组织人力将各种拉丁文著作译成英语，并倡导以英语撰写《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》，其中包括有关盎格鲁-撒克逊和朱特人的英雄史诗《贝奥武甫》和《朱迪斯》，以及一些抒情诗、方言诗、谜语和宗教诗、宗教记述文、布道词。

中古英语文学 11世纪，随着诺曼人入侵，古英语渐渐演化为中古英语，文学上开始流行模仿法国的韵文体骑士传奇，其中以《高文骑士与绿衣骑士》最有艺术价值。

14世纪后半叶是中古英语发展的高峰，出现了似受古英语诗影响的口头韵体诗，最有名的长诗《农夫彼尔斯的幻想》，一般认为是教会人员朗兰德所写，以中世纪梦幻故事的形式探讨人间善恶，讽刺社会丑行，表达对贫苦农民的深切同情。

此时期国王查理第二当政，宫廷开始用盎格鲁-诺曼法语，王室贵族兴起赞助文人之风。

英国文学史上出现的第一位大诗人乔叟以其诗体短篇小说集《坎特伯雷故事集》和其他长短诗集成为英国文学的重要奠基人。

15世纪，有民间歌谣抄本流传至今，最有名的是关于绿林好汉罗宾汉的传说；马洛礼的散文小说《亚瑟王之死》为英国小说的雏形。

文艺复兴时期文学 16世纪中叶至17世纪初主要是伊丽莎白女王时代，英国开始文艺复兴运动。

学者纷纷翻译意大利和法国学术、文学名著并自行著述，以托马斯 ·莫尔（1477～1535)的《乌托邦》最有价值。

英国文艺复兴文学最突出的是诗歌和戏剧。

西德尼( 1554～1586 )的十四行诗、斯宾塞的《仙后》都是诗歌方面的代表作。

3、 演绎推理式意 象组合
西方叙事诗传统； 不列颠民族心理；
如果我们的世界够大，时间够多， 小姐，这样的羞怯就算不上罪过。 我们会坐下来，想想该上哪边 去散步，度过我们漫漫的爱情天。 你会在印度的恒河河畔 寻得红宝石：我则咕隆抱怨， 傍著洪泊湾的潮汐。我会在 诺亚洪水前十年就将你爱， 你如果高兴，可以一直说不要， 直到犹太人改信别的宗教。 我植物般的爱情会不断生长， 比帝国还要辽阔，还要缓慢； …… 但是在我背后我总听见 时间带翼的马车急急追赶； 而横陈在我们眼前的 却是无垠永恒的荒漠。 …… （安德鲁〃马韦尔：《致羞涩的情人》）
二、清教对英国的影响
新教：16C初德国马丁〃路德改革后为新教，后逐渐指既非天主教
又非东正教的基督教教徒
国教：英国国教，路德教的变种，英国教会独立于罗马教廷而形成。
1534，英国用法令形式规定了国教
清教：加尔文教在英国形成教派，认为伊莉莎白的宗教和解没有彻
底解决与罗马天主教的决裂，因而自称为清教徒，希望清洗涤除英 国教会中一切天主教仪式、教规
加尔文教在英国形成教派认为伊莉莎白的宗教和解没有彻底解决与罗马天主教的决裂因而自称为清教徒希望清洗涤除英国教会中一切天主教仪式教规马丁路德伊莉莎白女王积极的人生观充分肯定现世生活肯定人的价值能力政治上主张共和制保证人的天赋人权肯定财富主张努力工作节俭生活反对无节制的个人享乐共和理想1648年克伦威尔按照洛克自然权力为理论基础提出共和政体斯图亚特取代了伊莉莎白后人们开始从封建王权保护转为分权限权的要求要求权力保护公民自由体现了人文主义的理想充分展现了近代资产阶级的精神追求和理性精神克伦威尔文学创作
主题：描写时事，贯
穿始终的是争取自由 的意志和清教主义的 宗教情感
风格：激越、豪迈

17世纪英国文学：约翰·伯顿与约翰·德洛尔的作品风格比较简介17世纪是英国文学史上重要的时期，其中两位重要作家约翰·伯顿（John Bunyan）和约翰·德洛尔（John Dryden）在这一时期产生了许多著名的作品。

本文将对他们的作品风格进行比较。

约翰·伯顿（John Bunyan）生平简介约翰·伯顿是一位英国清教徒作家，出生于1628年。

他的代表作品是《天路历程》（The Pilgrim's Progress），这是一部寓言小说，以基督教信仰为主题，并通过一个名叫“基督徒”的角色描述了灵魂在信仰之旅中面临的各种困难和挑战。

伯顿还写过其他一些宗教著作和诗歌。

作品特点•宗教主题：伯顿的作品深受宗教影响，他通过寓言的方式传达了清教思想和价值观。

•道德教育：他关注人性道德的转变，通过主人公的历程揭示了内心斗争和自我成长的过程。

•平实语言：伯顿使用简单朴素的语言表达，以便更好地触动读者的情感。

约翰·德洛尔（John Dryden）生平简介约翰·德洛尔是一位重要的17世纪英国诗人与剧作家，生于1631年。

他在文学、戏剧和批评方面都有卓越的成就。

他创作了大量的诗歌、戏剧和散文，其中最著名的包括《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》（Antony and Cleopatra）和《世界是一个舞台》（All the world's a stage）。

作品特点•戏剧风格：德洛尔擅长写作戏剧，他的作品具有强烈的戏剧性和表演性。

•古典传统：德洛尔受到古希腊罗马文学传统的影响，他致力于复兴古典规范，并提倡规则化与雅致。

•精细描写：德洛尔善于用华丽而形象化的语言描述情感和场景，给读者留下深刻的印象。

比较和对比约翰·伯顿和约翰·德洛尔在17世纪英国文学中都扮演了重要的角色，尽管他们的作品风格有所不同，但对于当时社会和文化的影响力是相似的。