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英国文学作品赏析The features of Charles Dickens1. His critical realism: While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th-century realist novel, he carried the duty to the criticism of the society and the defense of the mass.2. He is a mas ter storyteller. With his first sentence, he engages the reader’s attention and holds it to the end.3. What he writes is mainly the middle and lower-middle class life in London.4. He is a master of language with a large vocabulary and an adeptness with the vernacular.5. He is a great humorist as well as a great painter of pathos. He always mingles the two to make his fictional world realistic.6. His characters are not only true to life but also large than life. There are both individual characters and type characters.II. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre1. Theme: The novel sharply criticizes the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions like Lowood School, where girls are trained to be humble slaves. It rebukes the social discrimination and false convention about love and marriage. Besides, the novel is a moral fable. It tells us that people have to go through all kinds of physical or moral tests to obtain their final happiness.2. The character analysis of Jane Eyre: Jane Eyre is an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved. She is poor and plain, but she dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways, as a little governess. She is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him. She cuts a completely new women image. She represents those middle-class working women who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. III. Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Height1. The novel is an extraordinary moving love story: the passion between Heathcliff and Catherine is the most intense, beautiful, and the most horrible passions ever found among human beings.2. It is also a work of critical realism. Heathcliff is abused, rejected and distorted by the society only because he is a poor orphan of obscure parents. He suffers all kinds of inhuman treatment after the death of his benefactor. He loves Catherine dearly but forced to be separated from her. So, Heathcliff’s cruel revenge upon his enemies is justified in a way.3. The author makes clear that it is wrong to discriminate on the basis of social status, and it is cruel and destructive to break genuine, natural human passions. Although Catherine and Edgar’s marriage is ideal in the eyes of the whole neighborhood, her love for Heathcliff is hard and everlasting.I. The features of Shaw’s plays:1. Problem plays: He took the modern social issues as his subject with the aim of directing social reforms. Most of his plays are concerned with political, economic, or religious problems.2. In his characterization, he makes the tricks of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another. His characters are the representatives of ideas, which shift and alter during the play.3. The strong sense of comedy in his play are achieved through his witty dialogues, sharp satires, and vivid portrayal of characters.II. The theme of Shaw’s Mrs. Warren’s profession1. The play is not only moral, but also has a strong realistic theme. The guilt for prostitution lies more upon the social system than immoral woman. He shows all human sufferings are consequences of the economic exploitation.2. The play is a spiritual triumph for Vivie who experiences a journey from illusion to reality. At first, she is ignorant of the evil, and through a series of temptations, she understands the capitalist world better.D.H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers1. Theme: Sociologically, it is a novel about modern civilization, the “sickness of a whole civilization”. Psychologically, it is a case study of the Oedipus complex theory, for it deals with a son who loves the mother too dearly and hates the father too despisingly. The psychic conflict (between dark self and white self) in human relationships is the central theme of the novel.2. The character analysis of Paul Morel:He is a light, quick, slender boy. From his childhood, he is especially sensitive, artistic and imaginative, and he becomes extraordinarily dependent on his mother. When he gets older, his distorted relationship with his mother prevents him from loving girls as fully as he feels he should. Besides, Paul is also an artist, and a likeable young man adored by many girls.The features of stream of consciousness1. The unspoken thoughts and feelings of their characters are described without resorting to objective description or conventional dialogue.2. The flux of a character’s thoughts, impressions, emotions are often shown without logical sequence or syntax.Wordsworth’ poemWilliam Wordsworth was one of the greatest poets of the ages, who excelled in vivid descriptions of nature and the joy that could be derived from the beauties of nature. For much of his life he lived in the Lake District, near Grasmere Lake in "Dove Cottage".He established his reputation as a poet of great lyricism with his "Poems in Two V olumes" published in 1807; these included his famous "Daffodils" and "Ode: On the Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood". In 1843 he was appointed Poet Laureate. Features of his writings1. Chaacteristic of features of Romantic poetry;2. Nature and ordinary people are normally the subjects of his poems;3. Melodic in rythem;4. Full of passion;5. Lyricism in wording.I. The features of Shaw’s plays:1. Problem plays: He took the modern social issues as his subject with the aim of directing social reforms. Most of his plays are concerned with political, economic, or religious problems.2. In his characterization, he makes the tricks of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another. His characters are the representatives of ideas, which shift and alter during the play.3. The strong sense of comedy in his play are achieved through his witty dialogues, sharp satires, and vivid portrayal of characters.II. The theme of Shaw’s Mrs. Warren’s profession1. The play is not only moral, but also has a strong realistic theme. The guilt for prostitution lies more upon the social system than immoral woman. He shows all human sufferings areconsequences of the economic exploitation.2. The play is a spiritual triumph for Vivie who experiences a journey from illusion to reality. At first, she is ignorant of the evil, and through a series of temptations, she understands the capitalist world better.The Thackeray’s styleHe held the idea that the mission of art was to disclose the regime class, what’s more, he was especially good at rearing the masks wore by the aristocrat and bourgeois. His magnum opus Vanity Fair is a vivid show of an adventuress in the early 19th capital society. The way of narrating stories and cynicism formed an inimitable style.in Vanity Fair, the author makes the narration in the tone of a story-teller. The tone is friendly and casual because he acts as a character in the Vanity Fair to recount what he knows well, and it is also quite natural to insert some comments into the narration. Thackeray was such a good narrator that the narration was vivid, interesting the full of humor. The dialogues are vivid and match the characters’ identities well.Vanity Fair reveals the truth of the politics and society of the capitalist world, that is, the ugliness of the society. To depict the reality, as Thackeray said, is necessarily to expose marry unpleasant truths. He felt that the society was full of those faithless, hopeless and merciless men who were either swindlers or fools with much popularity. Novelists should make people laugh by exposing and making fun of them. Therefore, the novel Vanity Fair aims to reveal all the evils without mercy.Thackeray also pointed out selfless love could turn the coward into brave, the self-conscious into self-confident, the lazy into diligent. He said his aim of writing this gloomy story was to disclose people’s imbecility and awake them by appealingThackeray tended to probe into those characters’ minds when he was describi ng them. His constant acute observation and self analysis enabled him to perceive the moods and emotion of the characters well. He also purposefully portrayed condition that could change a person’s way of life.A good man will not necessarily succeed or do well, while successful men are often regarded as good man in the society. A man will become virtuous once he was money. So what he portrays is not a story of a man, but a panorama of a society.ThemesThe world is shown as full of all kinds of vanity, esp. snobbery, duplicity of social-climbers, and the weakness of human nature.The realistic depiction, the ironic and sarcastic tone and constant comment and criticism of the author make it a masterpiece of social criticism.Special FeaturesHe criticizes the social moral that makes up the societyHis criticism embraces people of all social strata; his social-climbers and snobs and money-grabbers can be found in any class.He always speaks in an ironical, sarcastic and cynical tone of an on-looker.He proves a conscious artist. His works are known for their fine language, careful overall planning, mastery of detail, vast scope of view and a faithfulness to the historyOde to the West Wind" is one of Shelley's best known lyrics. The poet describes vividly the activities of the west wind on the earth, in the sky and on the sea, and then expresses his envy for the boundless freedom of the west wind, and his wish to be free like the wind andto scatter his words among mankind. The ode is a lyric poem of some length, dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner and originally intended to be sung. The English odes are generally of three types: (1) the Pindaric ode, following the pattern originated by the ancient Greek poet Pindar,(2) the Cowley-style ode, named after Abraham Cowley, an English poet of the 17th century, and(3) the Horatian ode, named after the ancient Roman poet Horace. Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" is of the Horatian type, i.e., with stanzas of uniform length and arrangement. Here Shelley employed the "terza rima," an Italian measure first used by Dante in his well-known poem La Divina Commedia. Here we find a variant of the original Italian pattern: five 14-lined stanzas of iambic pentameter, each ofthe stanzas containing four tercets and a closing couplet. The rime scheme is aba, bcb, cdc, ded, ee.。
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works一.A nglo-Saxon period<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic:long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated. (主题严肃，语言庄重)e.g. Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:ing alliteration(押头韵)（该文最大修辞特点，每行第一个词辅音韵）Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in asentence begin with the same consonant sound（辅音）ing metaphor（暗喻，隐喻）and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlledway Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express theirideas二.The Middle Ages （Medieval Ages）Geoffery Chaucer杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”The father of English poetry.first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(英雄双韵体) by middle English代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》《The Canterbury tales》。
文学评论・外国文学十七世纪前期英国诗歌特点探析谢春月 四川师范大学外国语学院摘 要：十七世纪前期有不少具有影响力的作家和流派，在詹姆斯一世继位到复辟时期之前的六十年间，英国诗歌呈现出与文艺复兴截然不同的特色。
这时期的文学作品语言更加简洁直接、具有广袤的时空维度，由于科学的冲击，这些作品也表现出矛盾和容忍的特质。
关键词：十七世纪前期；英国文学；特点；诗歌；风格作者简介：谢春月（1991-），女，汉族，四川富顺人，四川师范大学外国语学院硕士研究生，研究方向：英美文学。
[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139(2016)-26-108-02一、引言在伊丽莎白时期，由于深受文艺复兴影响，文学作品十分强调艺术效果，富含细腻的描写和修饰性的语言，多运用丰富的表达方式。
在十七世纪前期，越来越多人开始创作篇幅短小、简洁的作品。
由于当时许多有影响力的作家都处于壮年时期，创作出了许多极其优秀的作品。
比如培根以他富含逻辑和立场主观的散文极大地推动了英国现代哲学的发展；本・琼生的讽刺散文启示了后来的小说家，如乔纳森・斯威夫特和丹尼尔・笛福；以约翰・邓恩、乔治・赫伯特、安德鲁・马维尔为先导人物的玄学派启蒙了一批二十世纪文学家。
在这一时期，女性作家也开始崛起，在六十年代期间，英国文学史上最重要的史诗之一，约翰・弥尔顿的《失乐园》也正在酝酿之中。
十七世纪前期处于从文艺复兴到复辟时期的过渡时期，这时的英国文学显示出过渡时期的特点。
本文试从语言特色、思想特点和画面特征分析该时期诗歌的特点并试分析造成该特点的影响因素。
二、简洁性和直接性在十六世纪末，伊丽莎白时期如斯宾塞和马洛一般重要的作家已经停止创作，长篇的寓言诗和浪漫诗已经减少，读者对篇幅较长且富有装饰性语言的作品的偏爱渐转移到短小精悍的作品。
并且，在清教传统和哲学思想的影响下，人们的思维变得简洁直接。
在十七世纪，写作还未成为一项专门的职业，不足以作为谋生的手段。
Highlights of British and American Literature 《英美文学精品选读》Part I An Appreciation of English Literature 上篇：英国文学Chapter 1 Medieval Literature 中世纪英国文学Jeffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟The Canterbury Tales (General Prologue)Chapter 2 The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期英国文学William Shakespeare 威廉•莎士比亚Sonnet 18Sonnet 29Romeo and Juliet: Part of Scene IIChapter 3 English Romantic Poetry 英国浪漫主义诗歌1. Robert Burns 罗伯特•彭斯A Red, Red RoseMy Heart’s in the Highlands2. William Wordsworth 威廉•华兹华斯I wandered lonely as a cloudComposed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 18023. Percy Bysshe Shelley 波西•比西•雪莱To---Ode to the West Wind4. Jane Austen 简•奥斯汀Pride and Prejudice (Chapter I)Chapter 4 The Victorian Age 维多利亚文学时期1. Charles Dickens 查尔斯•狄更斯A Tale of Two Cities ( Chapter I)2. Bronte Sisters 布朗特姐妹Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特•布朗特Jane Eyre (Chapter XXXVIII)Emily Bronte 艾米莉•布朗特Wuthering Heights (Chapter XV)3. Robert Browning 罗伯特•布朗宁My Last Duchess FerraraMeeting At NightParting at Morning4. Elizabeth Barrett Browning 伊丽莎白•巴雷特•布朗宁Sonnets from the Portuguese: 14Sonnets from the Portuguese: 43Chapter 5 Twentieth Century Literature 二十世纪文学时期1. Thomas Hardy 托马斯•哈代Tess of the D’Urberbilles (Chapter XXXV)2. Virginia woolf 维吉尼亚•沃尔夫Mrs. Dalloway (The beginning part)Part II An Appreciation of American Literature 下篇：美国文学Chapter 1: The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期文学1. Washington Irving 华盛顿•欧文Rip Van Winkle (The beginning part)2. Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫•瓦尔多•爱默生Nature (Chapter I)3. Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加•艾伦•坡The Raven4. Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) 纳撒尼尔•霍桑The Scarlet Letter (Chapter I, II)Chapter 2: The Literature of Realism 现实主义文学时期1.Walt Whitman 惠特曼Leaves of Grass: O Captain! My Captain!Leaves of Grass: I Hear America singing2. Emily Dickinson 艾米丽•狄金森HopeI’m NobodyI heard a Fly buzz—when I died—3. Mark Twain 马克•吐温The Adventures of Tom Sawyer （Chapter I）Chapter 3: Twentieth-century Literature 二十世纪文学时期1. Ezra Pound 埃兹拉•庞德In a Station of the MetroThe River-Merchant’s Wife: A Let ter2. Robert Frost 罗伯特•弗洛斯特The Road Not TakenStopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening3. Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯•斯特尔纳斯•艾略特The Waste Land (Subtitles: The Burial of the Dead)4. Francis Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯•司各特•菲兹杰拉德The Great Gatsby （Chapter III）5. Ernest Hemingway 厄尼斯特•海明威The Old Man and the Sea （Chapter XXVII, XXVIII, XXXVIIII）6. William Faulkner 威廉•福克纳A Rose for Emily （Chapter I, II, III, IV）《英美文学精华选读》将简要介绍英美各时期的主要文学文化思潮,文学流派和代表作家。
17世纪资产阶级革命和王超复辟时期英美文学资产阶级革命英国资产阶级革命是从1640年查理一世召开新议会的事件开始到1688年议会反对派发动宫廷政变（又称光荣革命）结束，以新贵族阶级为代表推翻封建专制统治建立起英国资本主义制度的社会革命。
推翻了封建统治，并在1689年颁布文献《权利法案》以法律形式对王权进行明确制约，确立了议会君主立宪制。
15世纪末到17世纪初，随着英国海外贸易的发展和原始的资本积累，英国的资本主义迅速发展起来。
资本主义的发展促使资产阶级新贵族形成，他们同资产阶级有着共同的利益，但17世纪时，斯图亚特王朝理厉行专制统治，经常触犯资产阶级的利益，宗教专职政策也进一步激化了阶级矛盾，最终导致了1640年英国资产阶级革命的爆发。
原因1．英国经济的发展，富裕阶层、新贵族的成长，使他们要求政治上当权，经济上发展市场经济。
2．斯图亚特王朝詹姆士一世、查理一世的专制统治严重阻碍了发展，激化了一些新生的社会矛盾。
3．英国民族国家发展期间出现的国教与新教之间、君主专制与议会传统之间的矛盾没有得到解决并且日益尖锐。
客观原因1.专制统治阻碍发展。
2.新贵族和富裕阶层势力的壮大。
特点1 宗教旗帜鲜明。
值得注意的是，在第一次内战期间王党与议会阵营之间最大的差别并不在于双方的阶级构成，而在于双方的宗教信仰。
总的来说，信仰清教者支持议会，信仰国教者则支持国王。
2 传统观点认为，在第一次内战期间，英国资产者与新贵族结成联盟共同反对英国君主专制。
不过，在内战过程中，无论是王党还是议会，双方的支持者中均有资产者、商人、工匠和农民等，支持谁取决于英国地方乡绅的态度，而阶级分化相比宗教分野并不显著，因此对于革命的阶级性这一观点仍有待商榷。
3 革命曲折反复，具有长期性、复杂性、反复性和艰巨性。
4 开辟了革命的新时代。
结果1688年“光荣革命”标志着英国革命的结束。
1689年的《权利法案》使英国确立了君主立宪制。
意义影响英国革命确立了“议会制君主立宪制（议会君主制）”、“内阁制”，颁布《权利法案》。
英美文学：浪漫主义文学经典作品欣赏"文学是灵魂的窗口，经典作品是那扇引领我们进入美好世界的大门。
在英美文学中，浪漫主义作品无疑是探索人性、情感和社会的重要篇章。
通过欣赏这些经典作品，我们可以领略到浪漫主义的精髓和魅力。
本文将带你深入探索英美文学中的浪漫主义作品，一同品味这些文学瑰宝的情感和思想的奇迹。
"引言人类灵魂早在文明的破晓时就向往着美好和浪漫，人们对于理想和遥远的东西总是充满着向往和渴望。
于是，浪漫主义文学应运而生。
浪漫主义以个人感情、自然界的宏伟和人性的完美为核心，追求纯粹、真实和渴望的情感体验。
英美文学中的浪漫主义作品通过其丰富多样的情感和引人入胜的故事，引领读者走进了那个神秘而奇妙的世界。
下面我们将深入探索英美文学中的浪漫主义经典作品，一同欣赏这些文学佳作。
威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）作为英国文学史上最伟大的作家之一，威廉·莎士比亚的作品充满了浪漫主义的精神。
他的悲剧作品《罗密欧与朱丽叶》被誉为浪漫主义文学的象征之一。
这部作品以两个年轻人的爱情为主线，表达了对于纯真爱情和个人意愿的追求。
爱情的力量《罗密欧与朱丽叶》通过巧妙的情节、精彩的对白和深刻的人物刻画，展现了爱情的力量。
无论是罗密欧还是朱丽叶都为了爱情不顾一切，他们的爱情不仅战胜了两个家族之间的仇恨，也超越了物质和社会的束缚。
这种对爱情的追求和牺牲精神让人们对纯美爱情充满了向往和渴望。
个人意愿的对抗《罗密欧与朱丽叶》还揭示了个人意愿与社会压力之间的冲突。
罗密欧与朱丽叶来自两个敌对的家族，他们的爱情必然会遭遇到巨大的阻力。
然而，他们勇敢地与社会的规范和家族的期望作斗争，坚持自己的爱情，最终选择了共同的悲剧结局。
这个故事提醒我们要勇敢面对自己的内心声音，坚持个人意愿，而不是被外界的压力所左右。
简·奥斯丁（Jane Austen）简·奥斯丁是英国文学史上最受欢迎的女作家之一，她的作品以浪漫主义情感为基石，以描绘中产阶级日常生活为背景。
四．资产阶级革命及启蒙时期（Revolutionary and Enlightenment Period 17世纪—18世纪）约翰·多恩（John Donne）：杰出的诗人，“玄学派”诗歌（Metaphysical Poetry）的创始人。
代表作《歌曲与十四行诗》（Songs and Sonnets）; 诗作The Flea。
乔治·赫伯特（George Herbert）：“玄学派诗圣”（the saint of the Metaphysical school），代表作诗集《神殿》（The Temple）。
安德鲁·马韦尔（Andrew Marwell）：“玄学派”诗人，代表作《致他的娇羞女友》（To his Coy Mistress）。
约翰·弥尔顿（John Milton）：杰出的清教徒诗人，是英国历史上仅次于莎士比亚的伟大作家。
代表作有《为英国人民而辩》（Defence of the English People），《为英国人民再辩》（Second Defence of the English People），《失乐园》（Paradise Lost），《复乐园》（Paradise Regained），诗剧（poetical drama）《力士参孙》（Samson Agoniste s）。
约翰·班扬（John Bunyan）：杰出的清教徒散文家，代表作《天路历程》（Pilgrim’s Progress）。
约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）：桂冠诗人（poet laureate）、戏剧家、文艺批评家。
代表作颂诗《亚历山大的宴会》（Alexander’s Feast），政治讽刺诗《押沙龙与阿齐托菲尔》（Absalom and Achitophel），文学评论作品《论戏剧诗》（An Essay of Dramatick Poesie），“英雄悲剧”《印第安女王》（The Indian Queen）、《印第安皇帝》（The Indian Emperor）、《格兰纳达的征服》（The Conquest of Granada）、《残酷的爱情》（Tyrannick Love）和《一切为了爱情》（All for Love）。
