Prediction of the strength of mineral admixture concrete using multivariable regression

小学上册英语第5单元真题[含答案]考试时间：80分钟（总分:120）B卷一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 听力题：My dad cooks _____ (breakfast/dinner) on Sundays.2. 填空题：The _____ (海豹) is very playful in the water.3. 选择题：What is the sound of a sheep?A. MeowB. BarkC. BaaD. Moo答案:C4. 听力题：Oxygen is necessary for ______.5. 听力题：The __________ is a famous area known for its crystal-clear waters.6. 听力题：We have ______ (English) class at noon.7. 听力题：The concept of climate justice addresses the ethical dimensions of ______ change.8. 听力题：There are ______ (five) birds in the tree.9. 选择题：Which holiday is celebrated on December 25th?A. ThanksgivingB. HalloweenC. ChristmasD. New Year答案:C10. 填空题：The turtle can pull its head into its ______ (壳).11. 听力题：The cake is ________ and delicious.12. 填空题：Many plants have different __________ (颜色).13. 填空题：My dad taught me how to ride a ________ (摩托车). It was a thrilling ________ (体验).14. 填空题：The astronaut travels to _____ (太空).15. 听力题：The _____ (风) is blowing.16. 填空题：My grandpa tells stories about .17. Wall is a symbol of ________ (中国的历史). 填空题：The Grea18. 听力题：I see a ___ in the sky. (bird)19. 选择题：What do we call a group of wolves?A. PackB. FlockC. HerdD. Pride答案: A20. 填空题：Many _____ (insect) live on the leaves.21. 听力题：A ______ is an elevated area of land surrounded by lower terrain.My dad teaches me how to ________ (骑自行车) in the park. I feel very ________ (开心).23. 听力题：We visit our __________ on holidays.24. 选择题：What is the primary language spoken in the USA?A. SpanishB. FrenchC. EnglishD. German答案:C25. 填空题：I want to become a ________ (作家).26. 填空题:I dream of becoming a ________.27. 选择题：What is the main ingredient in chicken soup?A. RiceB. NoodlesC. ChickenD. All of the above答案:D28. 选择题：What is the capital of China?A. BeijingB. ShanghaiC. GuangzhouD. Shenzhen29. 选择题：What is the capital of Hungary?A. BudapestB. PragueC. ViennaD. Bratislava答案:AThe __________ (历史的遗址保护) is essential for future generations.31. 选择题：What is the capital of the USA?A. New YorkB. Washington D.C.C. Los AngelesD. Chicago答案:B32. 听力题：My ______ loves to explore new technologies.33. 填空题：The ______ (小鱼) swims in a school to stay safe from predators.34. 选择题：What is the name of the famous American actress known for "The Devil Wears Prada"?A. Anne HathawayB. Meryl StreepC. Emily BluntD. Sandra Bullock答案：B35. 填空题：I enjoy ________ (参加) sports.36. 选择题：What color are bananas?A. RedB. YellowC. BlueD. Green答案: B37. 听力题：The girl is wearing a ________ dress.38. 填空题：The goldfish swims gracefully in its _______ (水族箱).39. 选择题：What is 2 + 2?A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 640. Mountains separate Europe from ________ (乌拉尔山脉将欧洲与________分开). 填空题：The Viki41. 选择题：Which instrument has black and white keys?A. GuitarB. DrumsC. PianoD. Violin42. 选择题：What do we call the person who repairs shoes?A. TailorB. CobblerC. BarberD. Mechanic43. 听力题：A compound is formed when two or more different ______ combine.44. 听力题：The city of Yaren is the capital of _______.45. 听力题：The children are ______ with a ball in the yard. (playing)46. 选择题：What is the name of the tool used to measure temperature?A. BarometerB. ThermometerC. SpeedometerD. Altimeter答案:B47. 填空题：I like to draw ______.48. 听力题：She is a great ___. (singer)49. 填空题：Vegetables like carrots and potatoes grow under ______ (地面).50. 填空题：The _____ (种植) of new trees helps improve air quality.51. 选择题：What do we call a person who studies the evolution of species?A. BiologistB. Evolutionary BiologistC. EcologistD. Geneticist答案: A52. 填空题：The crab scuttles sideways on the _________ (沙滩).53. 选择题：What do you call the bright tail of a comet?A. TailwindB. ComaC. PlasmaD. Stream54. 选择题：Which of these is a type of tree?A. FernB. MapleC. GrassD. Flower答案:B55. 填空题：I enjoy making ______ (贺卡) for my friends on their birthdays. It’s a personal touch they appreciate.56. 听力题：The chemical symbol for aluminum is ______.57. 选择题：Which of these is not a planet?A. MarsB. EarthC. SunD. Jupiter答案:C58. 选择题：How many continents are there in the world?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. Eight答案:C59. 听力题：The _______ of a wave can be felt as vibrations.60. 选择题：What is the capital city of Japan?A. TokyoB. OsakaC. KyotoD. Hiroshima答案: A61. 听力题：She _____ (reads/writes) a letter to her mom.62. 填空题：I found a _______ (小松鼠) raiding the bird feeder.63. 选择题：Which of these is a warm-blooded animal?A. LizardB. FrogC. PenguinD. Shark答案: C64. 选择题：What is the main ingredient in ice cream?a. Sugarb. Milkc. Flourd. Butter答案:bThe capital of the Central African Republic is ________ (中非共和国的首都是________).66. 选择题：What do we call the act of making changes for improvement?A. ModificationB. AdjustmentC. EnhancementD. All of the Above答案：D67. 填空题：The flowers bloom in ________ (春季).68. 填空题：I want to be a _______ (teacher/doctor) when I grow up.69. 选择题：What do you call a type of dance that is slow and graceful?A. BalletB. Hip-hopC. JazzD. Tap答案:A70. 听力题：A rock that is formed by the accumulation of minerals from water is called a ______ rock.71. are small _________ (鸟). 填空题：Spring i72. 根据图片提示,选择情当的调语,补全短文,并将其标号写在相应的横线上。

tpo61托福阅读全套解析阅读-1 (1)原文 (1)译文 (3)题目 (4)答案 (7)背景知识 (8)阅读-2 (10)原文 (10)译文 (12)题目 (13)答案 (17)背景知识 (18)阅读-3 (21)原文 (21)译文 (22)题目 (24)答案 (28)背景知识 (29)阅读-1原文Physical Properties of Minerals①A mineral is a naturally occurring solid formed by inorganic processes.Since the internal structure and chemical composition of a mineral are difficult to determine without the aid of sophisticated tests and apparatus,the more easily recognized physical properties are used in identification.②Most people think of a crystal as a rare commodity,when in fact most inorganic solid objects are composed of crystals.The reason for this misconception is that most crystals do not exhibit their crystal form:the external form of a mineral that reflects the orderly internal arrangement of its atoms.Whenever a mineral forms without space restrictions,individual crystals with well-formed crystal faces will develop.Some crystals,such as those of the mineral quartz,have a very distinctivecrystal form that can be helpful in identification.However,most of the time,crystal growth is interrupted because of competition for space,resulting in an intergrown mass of crystals,none of which exhibits crystal form.③Although color is an obvious feature of a mineral,it is often an unreliable diagnostic property.Slight impurities in the common mineral quartz,for example, give it a variety of colors,including pink,purple(amethyst),white,and even black. When a mineral,such as quartz,exhibits a variety of colors,it is said to possess exotic coloration.Exotic coloration is usually caused by the inclusion of impurities, such as foreign ions,in the crystalline structure.Other minerals—for example, sulfur,which is yellow,and malachite,which is bright green—are said to have inherent coloration because their color is a consequence of their chemical makeup and does not vary significantly.④Streak is the color of a mineral in its powdered form and is obtained by rubbinga mineral across a plate of unglazed porcelain.Whereas the color of a mineral often varies from sample to sample,the streak usually does not and is therefore the more reliable property.⑤Luster is the appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral.Minerals that have the appearance of metals,regardless of color,are said to have a metallic luster.Minerals with a nonmetallic luster are described by various adjectives,including vitreous(glassy)pearly,silky,resinous,and earthy (dull).⑥One of the most useful diagnostic properties of a mineral is hardness,the resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching.This property is determined by rubbing a mineral of unknown hardness against one of known hardness,or vice versa.A numerical value can be obtained by using Mohs'scale of hardness,which consists of ten minerals arranged in order from talc,the softest,at number one,to diamond,the hardest,at number ten.Any mineral of unknown hardness can be compared with these or with other objects of known hardness.For example,a fingernail has a hardness of2.5,a copper penny5,and a piece of glass5.5.The mineral gypsum,which has a hardness of two,can be easily scratched with your fingernail.On the other hand,the mineral calcite which has a hardness of three, will scratch your fingernail but will not scratch glass.Quartz,the hardest of the common minerals,will scratch a glass plate.⑦The tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding is called cleavage.Minerals that possess cleavage are identified by the smooth,flat surfaces produced when the mineral is broken.The simplest type of cleavage is exhibited by the micas.Because the micas have excellent cleavage in one direction,they break to form thin,flat sheets.Some minerals have several cleavage planes,which produce smooth surfaces when broken,while others exhibit poor cleavage,andstill others exhibit no cleavage at all.When minerals break evenly in more than one direction,cleavage is described by the number of planes exhibited and the angles at which they meet.Cleavage should not be confused with crystal form.When a mineral exhibits cleavage,it will break into pieces that have the same configuration as the original sample does.By contrast,quartz crystals do not have cleavage,and if broken,would shatter into shapes that do not resemble each other or the original crystals.Minerals that do not exhibit cleavage are said to fracture when broken.Some break into pieces with smooth curved surfaces resembling broken glass.Others break into splinters or fibers,but most fracture irregularly.译文矿物的物理性质①矿物质是由无机过程形成的天然固体。

U1 How to be happy1、吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和有很大影响。

Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset.2、在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑郁情绪。

A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness.3、我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。

We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships, which inevitably damage our wellbeing.4、如果这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。

If this bad mood stays inside our mind, it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression.5、我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。

We should not avoid these problems but face them instead.U21、随着大量市民被迫迁到遥远的效外，汽车的需求量正在飞涨。

The demand for cars is soaring as growing numbers of citizens are pushed into distant suburbs.2、生态城市将把传统设计要素同最先进的绿色技术相结合。

The eco-city will combine elements of traditional design with the latest green technologies.3、预计到2010年将有一千辆燃料电池车投入使用，而到2012年将增至一万辆。

改进矿产资源储量分类规范的历次建议特邀咨询委员胡魁一、对修订1999年固体矿产资源/储量分类标准的建议，2007年3月23日，专家建议第2007—14期，总638期； 1 二、建议修订1999年固体矿产资源/储量分类标准，2005年3月，专家建议第2005-8期，总488期； 3 三、论矿产资源储量分类与勘查阶段的关系，2002年5月，《地质与勘探》2002—3期，第64页； 4四、G轴的含义亟待澄清，2001年12月，专家建议第2001-55期题目为对矿产资源储量分类与套改工作的一点建议，《资源•产业》2002-1期发表题目为矿产资源储量新分类G轴含义辩识；13五、规范漫话，2007年5月6日稿；17六、对“关于确定固体矿产资源储量类型的指导意见”的修改意见，2006年12月稿23七、联合固国际储量／资源分类框架以及对我国储量分类系统的改革建议《中国矿业》l998年第7卷第2期24 八、三维储量／资源分类国际框架，1996年7月13日出版，《中国地质》1996年第7期总230期6－8页，28一对修订1999年固体矿产资源/储量分类标准的建议固体矿产资源/储量分类（GB/T17766—1999，以下简称1999分类标准）制订实施七年多了，由于套用了联合国国际储量/资源分类的三维分类框架，强化了矿产资源储量的经济含义，强化了可行性研究的作用，强化了与国际惯例接轨的观念，同时统一了不同矿种之间的口径，功不可没。

但是由于对地质可靠程度即G轴的理解出现分歧和处置不当，1999分类标准也存在重大缺陷，既与联合国三维分类框架出现分歧，又丢掉了我国原有分类分级的某些精华，引起执行中的一些混乱。

笔者曾多次提出建议修订。

欣闻修订1999分类标准已经列入国土资源部的议事日程，特对修订工作提出如下建议：修订1999分类标准的原则建议一、坚持在1999分类标准的基础上修订，坚持套用联合国国际储量/资源分类的三维分类框架的技术路线。

钻井常用术语翻译钻井总论钻井drilling钻井方法drilling method顿钻钻井cable drilling杆式顿钻rod tool drilling绳式顿钻cable tool drilling轻便钻井portable drilling直井straight hole深井deep well超深井super deep well地热井geothermal well热采井thermal production well工程井engineering rejection well工程报废井abandoned well弃井abandoned well钻井设计well design钻井质量drilling quality岩石的物理机械性质physical-mechanical properties of rock矿物的微硬度micro-hardness of rook肖氏岩石硬度Shores hardness史氏岩石硬度Shi's hardness矿物的弹性模量elastic modulus of mineral岩石的弹性模量elastic modulus of rock矿物的泊松比Poissons ratio mineral岩石的泊松比Poissons ratio rock矿物的切变模量shear modulus of mineral岩石的切变模量shear modulus of rock矿物和岩石的体积压缩模量bulk compressibility mineral and rock岩石的体积压缩系数coefficient of bulk compressibility mineral and rock 岩石的抗拉伸强度tensile strength of rock岩石的直接拉伸试验direct tensile test of rock岩石的巴西劈裂拉伸实验Brazilian test of rock岩石的筒形抗内压胀裂试验burst test of hollow cyling by internal pressure 岩石的常规抗压缩强度compressive strength of rock岩石的抗剪切强度shear strength of rock岩石的抗剪切强度试验shear test of rock岩石的三轴强度试验tri-axial test of rock岩石的常规三轴试验ordinary tri-axial test of rock岩石的真三轴试验true tri-axial test of rock脆性岩石brittle rock塑性岩石plastic rock岩石的假塑性破坏pseudo-plastic breakage of rock岩石塑性系数coefficient of plasticity of rock岩石的脆塑性转变压力（临界压力）brittle plastic transitional pressure of rock 岩石的库仑纳维尔强度准则Conlomb-Navier strength criterion of rock岩石的内磨擦角和内磨擦系数angle of interal friction and coefficient of interalfriction of rock岩石的莫尔强度准则Mohr strength criterion of rock岩石的格里菲斯脆性破坏准则Griffith criterion of brittle failure of rock统计强度理论statistical strength theory岩石的表面破碎surface fracture of rock岩石的疲劳破碎fatigue fracture of rock岩石的体积破碎volumetric fracture of rock岩石的单位体积破碎pecific volumetric fracture work of rock地应力in situ stress岩层的水平测向应力horizontal stress of strata测向系数coefficient of lateral pressure围压confining pressure有效应力effective stress压持效应chip hold effect岩石硬度减低剂rock hardness reducer岩石的可钻性drill ability of rock岩石的研磨性rock abrasiveness钻具drilling tool钻柱drill stem复合钻柱combination string满眼钻柱packed hole assembly踏式钻铤组合tapered drill collar string钟摆钻具pendulum assembly偏重钻铤unbalanced drill collar钻柱弯曲buckling of drill string钻具的扭转震动twisting vibration of drill string钻杆疲劳破坏fatigue-failure of drill string上紧矩make-up torque应力减轻槽stress-relief groove减震器vibration dampener稳定器stabilizer井眼大扩器reamer钻井液drilling fluids水基钻井液water-base drilling fluids淡水钻井液fresh-water drilling fluids低固相钻井液low solids fluids低固相不分散钻井液low solids non-dispersed polymer drilling fluids抑制性钻井液inhibitive drilling fluids盐水钻井液salt-water drilling fluids饱和盐水钻井液saturated salt-water drilling fluids钙处理钻井液calcium treated drilling fluids钾盐钻井液potassium drilling fluids混油钻井液oil-emulsion drilling fluids生物聚合物钻井液biodegrability drilling fluids油基钻井液oil base drilling fluids反相乳化钻井液invert-emulsion drilling fluids平衡活度钻井液balanced activity drilling fluids泡沫钻井液foam drilling fluids密闭液sealing fluids完井液completion fluids封隔夜packer fluids解卡浸泡液stuck freeing spotting fluids钻井液性能properties of drilling fluids滤失filtrationAPI滤失量API filtration高温高压滤失量high temperature and high pressure filtration 动滤失量dynamic filtration滤饼filter cake含砂量sand content钻井液固相含量solids content in drilling fluids亚甲基兰实验methylene blue test石灰含量lime content estimation钻井液的酚酞碱度P m alkalinity滤液酚酞碱度P t alkalinity滤液甲基橙碱度M f alkalinity造浆率yield破乳电压emulsion-breaking voltage钻井液流变性drilling fluids rheology漏斗粘度funnel viscosity触变性thixotropic behavior静切力gel strength初切力initial gel strength终切力10-minuto gel strength剪切降粘特性shear-thinning behavior钻井液受污染contamination of drilling fluids粘土侵clay contamination盐侵salt contamination盐水侵salt water contamination钙侵calcium contamination砂侵sand contamination水侵water contamination气侵gas contamination钻井液处理剂mud additives降失水剂filtrate or reduction agents增粘剂thickening agent膨润土增效剂agents of increasing bentonite降粘剂thinning agents加重剂weighting agents堵漏剂lost circulation materials水敏性页岩water-sensitive shale膨润土的预水化pre-hydrated bentonite固相控制solid control钻屑cutting砂sand泥silt胶体颗粒colloidal solids钻进drilling钻进技术drilling technology钻进技术参数drilling parameters钻压weight on bit悬重和钻重string suspending weight and drilling weight 转速rpm-revolution per minute排量rate of flow零轴向点zero axial stress point中性点neutral point开钻spud in完钻finishing drilling送钻bit feed方余和方入kelly-up and kelly-in进尺footage机械钻速penetration rate鳖钻bit bouncing跳钻bit jumping干钻drilling at circulation break打倒车reverse rotation table钻头泥包bit balling划眼redressing扩眼reamin1放空drilling break吊打easing the bit in纠斜hole straightening侧钻sidetracking单根single双根double立根stand接单根king a connection起下钻trips知起下钻short tripping活动钻具move the drill string上卸扣make up and break out换钻头change bit鼠洞rat hole小鼠洞mouse hole喷射钻井jet-bit drilling射流jet flow冲击射流impact jet flow汽蚀射流cavitation jet射流扩散角和扩散系数spread angle and spread coefficient of jet射流等速patential core of jet漫流cross flow射流喷速jet velocity射流速度降低系数decreasing coefficient of jet velocity射流动压力dynamic pressure of jet flow射流压力降低系数coefficient of jet-flow pressure drop射流冲击力jet impact force射流水功率jet hydraulic-power喷射距离jet length清洗井底bottom-hole cleaning钻头压降bit pressure-drop钻头水功率bit hydraulic horse-power喷嘴nozzle等变速喷嘴nozzle with iso-variable velocity流线形喷嘴streamline nozzle喷嘴流量系数nozzle orifico coefficient钻井液循环系统drilling fluids circulating system钻井液流态flow pattern平板层流flat plate laminar flowZ值Z-value喷射钻井的工作方式The working regime of jet drilling最大钻头水功率工作方式The regime of the maximum bit hydra-ulic horse-power 最大射流冲击力方式the regime of the maximum jet-impact force最大射流喷速工作方式The regime of the maximum jet velocity经济水功率工作方式the regime of the economic hydraulic horse-power jet bit喷射式钻头optimum rate of mud flow最优喷嘴直径optimum nozzlo diameter临界井深和极限井深critical well depth and limited well depth钻井泵的工作状态the working regime of drilling pump钻井泵的最大排工作状态（额定工作功率工作状态）the maximum flow rate regime of the drilling pump (the rated power regime of the drilling pump)钻井泵的调节排量工作状态（允许压力工作状态）the regulated flow rate regime of the drilling pump(the rated power regime of the drilling pump)携带岩屑cutting carrying岩屑运移比cutting transport ratio环空岩屑浓度solid concentration in annular space钻井泵效率rate of utilized power of the drilling pump钻井泵水功济利用率rate of utilized hydraulic power of the drilling pump优化钻井技术optimum drilling technology控制井control well钻井可控参数controllable drilling variables钻井不可控参数non controllable drilling variables钻井目标函数（钻井泛函）objective function of drilling procedure钻进过程的数学模型mathematical model for drilling procedure钻速方程equation for drilling rate二元钻速方程drilling rate equation in two variables多元钻速方程multi-variable drilling rate equation最大允许钻压maximum allowable weight on bit最优钻压optimum weight on bit钻速系数factor of penetration rate地层研磨性系数factor of formation abrasiveness牙齿磨损系数tooth wear coefficient轴承工作系数working coefficient of bearing五点法钻速试验“five spot” drill-off test井下动力钻井hole bottom power drilling涡轮钻井turbo-drilling涡轮钻具turbo-drill电动钻具electric drill螺杆钻具positive displacement motor涡轮工作特性characteristics of turbine涡轮的水力载荷hydraulic load on turbo-drill涡轮钻具井底工作特性hole-bottom working characteristics of turbo-drill涡轮钻具最优工作区optimized working zone of turbo-drill涡轮钻具合理转速optimum revolution of turbo-drill涡轮钻具最优排量optimum capacity of turbo-drill涡轮不稳定工作区unstable working range turbo-drill有效钻压effective bit-weight涡轮钻具井底功率传递系数transfer coefficient of bottom hole power of turbo-drill 涡轮钻具特性系数characteristic coefficient of turbo-drill涡轮的水力效率hydraulic efficiency of turbo-drill涡轮钻具合理钻进深度optimum drill depth of turbo-drill涡轮-泵组联合特性combined characteristics of turbo-drill-pump涡轮钻具轴向间隙的调节axial clearance regulation of turbo-drill钻具滤清器drill pipe filter启动阀starter gate valve低速大扭矩涡轮钻具love-speed high-torque turbo-drill复式涡轮钻具compound turbo-drill定向井directional well定向要素directional elements井斜角inclination方位角azimuth井斜变化率rate of inclination change方位变化率rate of azimuth change井眼曲率hole curvature垂深和测深vertical depth and measured水平投影长度hole deviation水平位移displacement or closure distance多底井multi-bore well水平井horizontal well丛式井cluster well or multiple wells救除井relief well双筒井dual wells套管开窗starting window on casing造斜deflecting or building angle增斜increasing hole angle or build-up hole angle 降斜decreasing hole angle or build-off hole angle 稳斜maintain angle井身垂直投影图vertical projection of borehole井身水平投影图horizontal projection of borehole 正切法tangential method平衡正切法balanced tangential method平均角法average angle method曲率半径法radius of curvature method圆弧法arc method最小曲率法minimum curvature method圆柱螺线法cylinder helix method悬链线轨迹·catenary shape profile控制圆柱control cylinder造斜工具deflecting tool槽式变向器whip-stock短涡轮short turbo-drill钻铤造斜短节short bent collar涡轮偏心短节turbo-eccentric sub复式弯涡轮bent multi-turbo-drill水力斜接头hydraulic bent sub Dyna-flex瓦片变向器rebel tool 造斜工具面tool face造斜率rate of over-all angle change井眼方位漂移walk of hole装置角tool of rotation工具面角tool face azimuth动力钻具反扭角reactive torque定向方位角tool face bearing or tool face setting 磁偏角magnetic declination随钻测量measurement while drill(MWD)单点测斜仪single shot instrument多点测斜仪multi-shot instrument陀螺测斜仪gyroscopic instrument定向orientation定向下钻orientation while going in hole磁力定向法magnetic orientation method斜口管鞋定向法mule-shoe orientation method取心coring岩心core岩心收获率recovery of core取心方法coring method局部反循环取心coring with local inverse circulation 长筒取心core drilling with long core barrel密闭取心sealing core drilling保压取心core drilling with keeping formation pressure 定向取心orientation coring绳索取心wire line coring取心工具coring tools岩心筒core barrel单筒式岩心筒single type core barrel双筒式岩心筒core barrel of double tube swivel type 内岩心筒inside core barrel外岩心筒outside core barrel喷射式岩心筒core barrel of jet type取心钻头coring bit牙轮取心钻头coring cone bit金钢石取心钻头diamond coring bit硬质合金取心钻头hard metal coring bit涡轮取心钻头turbo-core bit涡轮取心钻具turbo-core drill岩心爪core gripper卡瓦式岩心爪core gripper with slip卡簧式岩心爪core gripper with slip-spring板簧式岩心爪卡core gripper with slip-spider箍式岩心爪core gripper with slip-collar割取岩心core breaking机械加压割心法core breaking by mechanical loading 投球割心core breaking by hydraulic pressure投砂割心core breaking by pumping down顶岩心core extracting各种压力概念concept of pressure静液压力hydrostatic pressure钻井液压力drilling fluid column pressure孔隙压力pore pressure (formation pressure)上覆岩层压力overburden pressure颗粒压力grain to grain pressure压力梯度pressure gradient压力监控pressure detection and control异常压力及其形成abnormal pressure and it’s formation压力异常abnormal pressure压实作用compaction欠压实imcompaction不渗透围栅·permeabillity barrier快速沉积rapid deposition构造型异常高压structural abnormal pressure地层压力检测方法method of formation pressure detection地震资料法seismic data method机械钻速法penetration rate methodd指数法d-exponent method dc指数法dc-exponent method标准化钻速法normalized penetration rate页岩密度法shale density溢流观测法take a kick天然气录井检测法gas logging氯化物检测法chloride log钻井液录井法drilling fluid log返出钻井液温度检测法flow-line temperature化石资料法paleo-information地球物理检测法wire-line logs中途测试drill-stem testing完井测试well completing test综合录井仪computerlized apply drilling technology地层破裂压力formation fracture pressure地层破裂压力预报方法formation fracture pressure prediction 漏失试验法leak-off test胡伯特-威利斯法Hubbert and Willis approach马修斯-凯利法method of Matthews and Kelly伊顿法method of Eaton安德森法Anderson’s method艾克斯劳格法Exlog method黄荣樽法Huang’s method地层井眼系统的压力平衡balance of formation-borehole system 地层压力当量钻井液密度equivalent drilling fluid density钻井液当量循环密度equivalent circulating density附加压力当量钻井液密度additional pressure equivalent density 当量深度equivalent depth钻柱排代量drilling fluid displacement波动压力（激动压力）surge pressure抽汲压力swabbing pressure气体上窜gas channeling天然气偏差因子the coefficient of gas compressibility溢流overflow井涌kick井喷well blowout地下井喷underground blowout井喷失控out of control for blowout循环池液体增量pit gain压力过渡带pressure transition zone压井killing well关井closing well硬关井hard closing软关井soft closing压井方法killing well method工程师法（等待加重量法）engineer’s method司钻法（二次循环法）driller’s method边加重边循环法concurrent method空井压井empty well control置换式压井法（顶部压井法）displacement method反循环inverse circulating循环周circulating circle节流循环circulating with choke防喷设备和工具blowout prevention tools and equipments防溢管·bellnipple钻井液流量计drilling fluid flowing indicator泵冲数计pump-stroke counter钻井液液面指示器pit-volume indicator真空除气器·vacum degasser硫化氢监测仪H2s detector井控模拟装置well control simulator井喷失控的处理well blowout control抢装井口installing wellhead扣装法抢装井口buckling-up-installing wellhead翻转法抢装井口turning-up-installing wellhead整体吊装法抢装井口whole hanging method for installing wellhead 带帽子压井法·hatting kill well method下封隔器压井killing well with packer method换井口套管casing replacing灭火extinguishing喷射水流灭火法jet fire extinguishing method爆炸灭火法explosion method灭火剂extinguisher固井well cementing套管程序casing program导管conductor表层套管surface casing技术套管intermediate casing strings生产套管production casing套管柱casing string套管柱下部结构casing accessories引鞋guiding shoe套管鞋casing shoe套管扶正器centralizer泥饼刷wall scratcher浮籀float collar套管承托环cement baffle collar旋流短节vortex sub浮鞋cementing float collar水泥伞cementing basket注水泥胶塞cementing plugs通径规drift diameter gauge套管的外载荷outside casing load套管内压力burst套管外挤压力collapse pressure套管轴向力axial load套管强度casing strength套管抗挤强度collapse resistance套管抗拉强度tensile resistance套管抗内压强度burst resistance下套管running casing活动套管moving casing预应力preceding stress人工井底artificial bottom of a well磁性定位短节magnetic locator sub固井工具与设备tools and equipments for running casing and cementing 套管吊钳casing tong套管吊卡casing elevator卡盘casing spider联顶节top connecting collar水泥头connect head水泥车connecting truck井口装置wellhead equipment注水泥?connect油井水泥oil well connecting低密度水泥light weight connect膨润土水泥·bentonite connect速凝水泥accelerated cement膨胀水泥expansion cement纤维质水泥fiber cement树脂水泥（浆）resin cement油基水泥（浆）diesel-oil cement橡胶水泥（浆）latex cement酸溶性水泥acid dissoluble cement石膏水泥混合物·gypsam cement火山灰水泥·pozzolan cement抗盐水泥salt-resisting cement双凝水泥浆separable setting cement slurry冷井水泥和热井水泥ordinary and hot cementAPI水泥分级API cement classification水泥浆性能及其调节cement properties and adjustments of them稠度仪consist-meter水泥浆流动性mobility of slurry水泥浆密度slurry density水泥浆滤失量slurry filtration出口温度井底温度和循环温度flow-line temperature bottom temperature andcirculation temperature水泥浆失重losing weight slurry水泥石强度cement strength水泥石渗透性permeability of set cement水泥石的射孔性perforating quality水泥浆外加剂cement additive速凝剂accelerator缓凝剂retardant减阻剂friction reducer降密度剂light weight additive降失水量filtrate reducer水泥浆加重剂heavy weight additive隔离液spacer fluid前置液ahead fluid尾随液tail fluid注水泥方法cementing methods常规注水泥法typical primary cementing双级注水泥法two stage cementing插入注水泥法inner pipe cementing多管注水泥法multi-plezone completion cementing打水泥塞cementing plug平衡法打水泥塞balance method for cementing plug倾筒法打水泥塞dump bailer method挤水泥squeeze method井口挤水泥法braden head squeeze method封隔器挤水泥法squeeze packer method高压挤水泥法high-pressure squeeze method低压挤水泥法low-pressure squeeze method尾管固井drilling liner cementing尾管悬挂器drilling liner hanger窜槽cement channeling完井方法completion methods裸眼完井法open hole completion先期裸眼完井法initial open hole completion后期裸眼完井法final open hole completion射孔完井法perforation completion单管射孔完井法single pipe perforation completion多管射孔完井法multiple pipe perforation completion无油管完井法·tubingless completion永久完井法permanent completion无封隔器单层永久完井法single pipe permanent completion without packer 单封隔器永久完井法permanent completion with single packer封隔器射孔完井法permanent completion with packer负压射孔perforating with negative pressure过油管射孔perforating through tubing贯眼完成法perforated pipe completion衬管完井法liner perforation completion砾石充填完井法gravel packer completion深井完井法deep hole completion高含硫气井完井法high H2s gas well completion地层损害程度formation damage degree地层损害带formation damage zone水动力学程度不完善井hydrodynamic degree incompleteness well水动力学性质不完善井油井hydrodynamic property incompletion well完善系数well completeness factor损害比damage ratio趋肤效应shin effect开采比production ratio损害系数damage factor完井系数completion factor钻井设备drilling equipment设备安装rig up钻前工作preliminary work for spudding井场布置layout平井场levelling圆井cellar基础ground foundation base活动基墩removable foundation井架安装derrick installation扒杆gin pole井架安装绞车winch穿钢丝绳string up死绳固定器dead line anchor设备校正alignment井口找中center for well整体搬迁skidding the rig成组安装package installation泥浆管汇mud pipeline猫头绳cat-line高悬猫头绳drill rope大钳尾绳safety line大门绷绳front guy(lines)井架绷绳derrick guy接链器chain spanner钻井数据系统drilling data system钻井数据采集装置drilling data acquisition钻井数据实时处理装置drilling data processing钻井数据库drilling data base钻井信息drilling information钻井参数传感装置drilling parameter sensing unit 指重表传感器weight sensor进尺传感器drilling footage sensor转盘扭矩传感器rotary table torque sensor转盘转速传感器R.P.M sensor for rotary table大钳扭矩传感器torque sensor for tong泵速传感器pump rate sensor钻井液密度传感器drilling fluid weight sensor钻井液液面传感器mud pit level sensor钻井液流动传感器drilling fluid flow sensor钻井液温度传感器drilling fluid temperature sensor 钻井液电导传感器drilling fluid conductivity sensor 录井logging钻井液录井drilling fluid logging岩样录井·lithologic logging气测录井gas-logging钻速录井penetration rata logging综合录井compound logging巡回检测cyclic detection泵压表pressure gage钻具事故drilling pipe and tools accident顿钻drill string free fall溜钻drill string not well braked断钻具drilling pipe breaking落鱼fish落物junks打捞作业fishing打捞筒overshot打捞杯fishing cup反循环打捞篮junk basket with reverse circulation壁钩wall hook铅印模lead stamp一把抓catchall铣鞋mill shoe钻杆外割刀external cutter活动肘节knuckle倒扣捞矛left hand fishing spear弯钻杆bend drill pipe尖钻头tip bit卡钻drill pipe sticking砂桥卡钻sand bridging键槽卡钻key seating压差卡钻differential sticking地层膨胀卡钻formation swelling sticking地层坍塌卡钻formation collapse sticking钻头泥包卡钻balling-up sticking点sticking point解卡工具releasing tools震击器bumper下击器bumper jar上击器top jar地面下击器surface bumper jar千斤顶jack爆炸松扣break-outing pack of dynamite测卡仪sticking-point-instrument解卡方法releasing method震击解卡法releasing stuck tamping油浴解卡法releasing stuck by pump oil into the annuls 酸浴解卡法releasing stuck by acidding割铣解卡法releasing stuck by cutting套铣解卡法milling and breakout爆炸解卡法explosion releasing method跳槽·netch jumping粘扣thread gluing滑扣thread slipping脱扣thread off错扣thread alternating对扣make-up造扣thread making顶天车crashing into the crown磨蚀钻井abrasive cutting drill弹丸钻井bullet-shot drill电火花钻井electric spark drill超声波钻井supersonic wave drill火焰钻井flame-jet drill电加热钻井electric heating drill原子能钻井atomic energy drill电弧钻井electric arc drill等离子钻井plasma jet drill电子束钻井electron-beam drill激光钻井laser drill化学腐蚀钻井chemical erosion drill钻井技术经济指标tech-economic indication of drilling开钻井口数spudding well number完钻井口数drilled well number完成井口数completed well number钻井进尺drilling footage取心进尺coring footage井身质量合格率well bore quality qualified ratio油层固井合格率oil reservoir well quality qualified ratio钻井工程报废drilling engineering abandonment报废井段abandoned range报废进尺abandoned footage钻机利用率rate rig utilization钻机台月rigs per unity month建井周期台月construction cycle per unity month纯钻井时间reciprocating time钻机月速度monthly drilling rate周期钻速periodic drilling rate纯钻速rate of penetration行程钻速drilling rate of a trip建井周期construction cycle完成井平均建井周期average construction of completed well 完成井平均井深average well depth of completed well完成井平均进尺average bit drilling footage of completed well 钻井时效分析drilling prescription analysis进尺工作时间footage working time固井工作时间cementing working time辅助工作时间service working time事故损失时间accident losing time修理时间repairing time组织停工损失时间management down time loss处理复杂情况时间problem handling time生产时间率production per cent age纯钻进时间率reciprocating time ratio每钻机台月耗柴油量diesel consumption per rig-month 每钻机台月耗机油量oil consumption per rig-month钻井工程成本cost of drilling engineering。

小学上册英语上册试卷(含答案)考试时间：80分钟（总分:140）B卷一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 选择题：What do we call the study of animals?A. GeographyB. ZoologyC. BotanyD. Ecology答案:B2. 填空题:My favorite place to relax is ________.3. 填空题：I enjoy _____ (writing) about my gardening experiences.4. 听力题：We are going to a ______ (festival) in the city.5. 听力题：The sun is ______ (shining) in the clear sky.6. 听力题：The chemical symbol for oxygen is _______.7. 填空题：The dancer performs on _____ (舞台).8. 听力题：The capital of the Maldives is _______.9. 选择题：What do you call a story from the past?A. FictionB. MythC. HistoryD. Novel答案:C10. 听力题：We are going to the ______ (museum) tomorrow.11. 听力题：An elephant has a long _______.12. 填空题：A _____ (小鸟) sings in the morning.13. 填空题：I want to visit ________ (其他国家).14. 填空题：The capital of Bangladesh is _____.15. 听力题：Can you _____ (help) me with this?16. 选择题：Who is the author of "Harry Potter"?A. J.R.R. TolkienB. J.K. RowlingC. Roald DahlD. C.S. Lewis答案:B17. 选择题：What do we call a story that is based on real events?A. FictionB. NonfictionC. BiographyD. Autobiography18. 听力题：My sister enjoys participating in ____ (theater).19. 填空题：My mom is my __________. (英雄)20. 选择题：What do we call a young female fox?A. KitB. PupC. CubD. Vixen答案：D21. 听力题：We will _____ (visit/stay) our friends this weekend.22. 填空题：Planting in the right ______ can enhance growth and yield. (在合适的地方种植可以增强生长和产量。

TPO5-1-1 原文：Minerals and PlantsResearch has shown that certain minerals are required by plants for normal growth and development. The soil is the source of these minerals, which are absorbed by the plant with the water from the soil. Even nitrogen, which is a gas in its elemental state, is normally absorbed from the soil as nitrate ions. Some soils are notoriously deficient in micro nutrients and are therefore unable to support most plant life. So-called serpentine soils, for example, are deficient in calcium, and only plants able to tolerate low levels of this mineral can survive. In modern agriculture, mineral depletion of soils is a major concern, since harvesting crops interrupts the recycling of nutrients back to the soil.Mineral deficiencies can often be detected by specific symptoms such as chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll resulting in yellow or white leaf tissue), necrosis (isolated dead patches), anthocyanin formation (development of deep red pigmentation of leaves or stem), stunted growth, and development of woody tissue in an herbaceous plant. Soils are most commonly deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen-deficient plants exhibit many of the symptoms just described. Leaves develop chlorosis; stems are short and slender, and anthocyanin discoloration occurs on stems, petioles, and lower leaf surfaces. Phosphorus-deficient plants are often stunted, with leaves turning a characteristic dark green, often with the accumulation of anthocyanin. Typically, older leaves are affected first as the phosphorus is mobilized to young growing tissue. Iron deficiency is characterized by chlorosis between veins in young leaves.Much of the research on nutrient deficiencies is based on growing plants hydroponically, that is, in soilless liquid nutrient solutions. This technique allows researchers to create solutions that selectively omit certain nutrients and then observe the resulting effects on the plants. Hydroponics has applications beyond basic research, since it facilitates the growing of greenhouse vegetables during winter. Aeroponics, a technique in which plants are suspended and the roots misted with a nutrient solution, is another method for growing plants without soil.While mineral deficiencies can limit the growth of plants, an overabundance of certain minerals can be toxic and can also limit growth. Saline soils, which have high concentrations of sodium chloride and other salts, limit plant growth, and research continues to focus on developing salt-tolerant varieties of agricultural crops. Research has focused on the toxic effects of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, and aluminum; however, even copper and zinc, which are essential elements, can become toxic in high concentrations. Although most plants cannot survive in these soils, certain plants have the ability to tolerate high levels of these minerals.Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyperaccumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than normal. A survey of known hyperaccumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of choice. Hyperaccumulators run theentire range of the plant world. They may be herbs, shrubs, or trees. Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top hyperaccumulators.Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens.Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals–an environmentally friendly approach known as phytoremediation. This scenario begins with the planting of hyperaccumulating species in the target area, such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by runoff. Toxic minerals would first be absorbed by roots but later relocated to the stem and leaves. A harvest of the shoots would remove the toxic compounds off site to be burned or composted to recover the metal for industrial uses. After several years of cultivation and harvest, the site would be restored at a cost much lower than the price of excavation and reburial, the standard practice for remediation of contaminated soils. For examples, in field trials, the plant alpine pennycress removed zinc and cadmium from soils near a zinc smelter, and Indian mustard, native to Pakistan and India, has been effective in reducing levels of selenium salts by 50 percent in contaminated soils.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Paragraph 1: Research has shown that certain minerals are required by plants for normal growth and development. The soil is the source of these minerals, which are absorbed by the plant with the water from the soil. Even nitrogen, which is a gas in its elemental state, is normally absorbed from the soil as nitrate ions. Some soils are notoriously deficient in micro nutrients and are therefore unable to support most plant life. So-called serpentine soils, for example, are deficient in calcium, and only plants able to tolerate low levels of this mineral can survive. In modern agriculture, mineral depletion of soils is a major concern, since harvesting crops interrupts the recycling of nutrients back to the soil.1. According to paragraph 1, what is true of plants that can grow in serpentine soil?○They absorb micronutrients unusually well.○They require far less calcium than most plants do.○They are able to absorb nitrogen in its elemental state.○They are typically crops raised for food.Paragraph 2: Mineral deficiencies can often be detected by specific symptoms such as chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll resulting in yellow or white leaf tissue), necrosis (isolated dead patches), anthocyanin formation (development of deep red pigmentation of leaves or stem), stunted growth, and development of woody tissue in an herbaceous plant. Soils are most commonly deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen-deficient plants exhibit many of the symptoms just described. Leaves develop chlorosis; stems are short and slender, and anthocyanin discoloration occurs on stems, petioles, and lower leaf surfaces.Phosphorus-deficient plants are often stunted, with leaves turning a characteristic dark green,often with the accumulation of anthocyanin. Typically, older leaves are affected first as the phosphorus is mobilized to young growing tissue. Iron deficiency is characterized by chlorosis between veins in young leaves.2. The word ―exhibit‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to○fight off○show○cause○sprea d3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following symptoms occurs in phosphorus-deficient plants but not in plants deficient in nitrogen or iron?○Chlorosis on leaves○Change in leaf pigmentation to a dark shade of green○Short, stunted appearance of stems○Reddish pigmentation on the leaves or stem4. According to paragraph 2, a symptom of iron deficiency is the presence in young leaves of ○deep red discoloration between the veins○white or yellow tissue between the veins○dead spots between the vein s○characteristic dark green veinsParagraph 3: Much of the research on nutrient deficiencies is based on growing plants hydroponically, that is, in soilless liquid nutrient solutions. This technique allows researchers to create solutions that selectively omit certain nutrients and then observe the resulting effects on the plants. Hydroponics has applications beyond basic research, since it facilitates the growing of greenhouse vegetables during winter. Aeroponics, a technique in which plants are suspended and the roots misted with a nutrient solution, is another method for growing plants without soil.5. The word ―facilitates‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to○slows down○affects○makes easier○focuses on6. According to paragraph 3, what is the advantage of hydroponics for research on nutrient deficiencies in plants?○It allows researchers to control what nutrients a plant receives.○It allows researchers to observe the growth of a large number of plants simultaneously.○It is possible to directl y observe the roots of plants.○It is unnecessary to keep misting plants with nutrient solutions.7. The word ―suspended‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to○grown○protected○spread out○hungParagraph 5: Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyperaccumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than normal.A survey of known hyperaccumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of choice. Hyperaccumulators run the entire range of the plant world. They may be herbs, shrubs, or trees. Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top hyperaccumulators. Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens.8. Why does the author mention ―herbs‖, ―shrubs‖, and ―trees‖?○To provide examples of plant types that cannot tolerate high levels of harmful minerals.○To show why so many plants are hyperaccumulators.○To help explain why hyperaccumulators can be found in so many different places.○To emphasize that hyperaccumulators occur in a wide ra nge of plant types.9. The word ―afford‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to○offer○prevent○increase○removeParagraph 6: Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals–an environmentally friendly approach known as phytoremediation. This scenario begins with the planting of hyperaccumulating species in the target area, such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by runoff. Toxic minerals would first be absorbed by roots but later relocated to the stem and leaves. A harvest of the shoots would remove the toxic compounds off site to be burned or composted to recover the metal for industrial uses. After several years of cultivation and harvest, the site would be restored at a cost much lower than the price of excavation and reburial, the standard practice for remediation of contaminated soils. For examples, in field trials, the plant alpine pennycress removed zinc and cadmium from soils near a zinc smelter, and Indian mustard, native to Pakistan and India, has been effective in reducing levels of selenium salts by 50 percent in contaminated soils.10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Before considering phytoremediation, hyperaccumulating species of plants local to thetarget area must be identified.○The inve stigation begins with an evaluation of toxic sites in the target area to determine the extent of contamination.○The first step in phytoremediation is the planting of hyperaccumulating plants in the area to be cleaned up.○Mines and irrigation ponds can be kept from becoming contaminated by planting hyperaccumulating species in targeted areas.11. It can be inferred from paragraph 6 that compared with standard practices for remediation of contaminated soils, phytoremediation○does not allow for the use of the removed minerals for industrial purposes○can be faster to implement○is equally friendly to the environment○is less suitable for soils that need to be used within a short period of time12. Why does the author mention ―Indian mustard‖?○To warn abou t possible risks involved in phytoremediation○To help illustrate the potential of phytoremediation○To show that hyperaccumulating plants grow in many regions of the world○To explain how zinc contamination can be reducedParagraph 5: Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyperaccumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than normal. ■A survey of known hyperaccumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of choice. ■Hyperaccumulators run the entire range of the plant world. ■They may be herbs, shrubs, or trees. ■Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top hyperaccumulators. Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Certain minerals are more likely to be accumulated in large quantities than others.Where could the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Plants need to absorb certain minerals from the soil in adequate quantities for normal growth and development.●Some plants are able to●Though beneficial in lower…●When plants do not…Answer Choices○Some plants are able to accumulate extremely high levels of certain minerals and thus can be used to clean up soils contaminated with toxic levels of these minerals.○Though beneficial in lower levels, high levels of salts, other minerals, and heavy metals can be harmful to plants.○When plants do not absorb sufficient amounts of essential minerals, characteristic abnormalities result.○Because high concentrations of sodium chloride and other salts limit growth in most plants, much researchhas been done in an effort to develop salt-tolerant agricultural crops.○Some plants can tolerate comparatively low levels of certain minerals, but such plants are of little use for recycling nutrients back into depleted soils.○Mineral deficiencies in many plants can be cu red by misting their roots with a nutrient solution or by transferring the plants to a soilless nutrient solution.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 参考答案：1.○22.○23.○24.○25.○36.○17.○48.○49.○110.○311.○412.○213.○114. Some plants are able toThough beneficial in lower…When plants do not…---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------答案解析：第一题，B，细节题。

必修一Unit1 survey add up upset ignorecalm down have got to concernbe concerned about walk the dog loose vet go through set down seriesa series of outdoors spellbind spellbound on purpose in order to dusk at dusk thunder entire entirely curtain dustypower powerful/powerless face to faceno longer not any longer partner settle suffer suffer from loneliness highway recover get/be tired of suitcasepack pack sth up teenager gossipget along with fall in love exactly disagree grateful dislike join in tip secondly swap itemUnit2 subway elevator petrol gasolinegas official voyage conquer because of native come up apartment actually AD base at present gradual gradually Danish enrich vocabulary Shakespeare lattermake use of spelling identity fluent fluently Singapore Malaysia such as frequent frequently usage command request dialect expression midwestern African Spanish play a part in recognize eastern southeastern northwestern lorry truck accent catfish lightning straightblock cabUnit3 journal transport prefer disadanntage fare route flow ever since persuade cycle graduate finally schedule stubbornfond be fond of shortcoming organize care about detail source determine determined change one’s mind journeyaltitude make up one’s mind give in atlas glacier rapids valley waterfall pace bend meander delta attitude Qomolangma boil forecast parcel insurance wool as usual reliable view yak pillow at midnight flame beneath temple caveUnit4 earthquake quake right away well crack smelly farmyard pipe burst million event as if at an end nation canalsteam dirt ruin in ruins sufferingextreme injure survivor destroy brick dam track useless shock rescue trap electricity disaster dig out bury mine miner shelter a great number of title reporter bar damage frighten frightened frightening congratulation judge sincerely express outline headline cyclistUnit5 quality warm hearted meanactive generous easy going selfselfish selfless selflessly devote to devoted Bible invader found republic principle nationalism livelihood peacefulgiant leap mankind lawyer guidance legal fee passbook Johannesburg out of work hopeful youth league stage vote attack violence as a matter of fact blow up equal in trouble willing unfair turn to quote release blanket lose heart Robben Island escape educate educated come to power beg relative terror cruelty reward set up sentence be sentenced to antiblack president Nobel Peace Prize opinion必修二Unit1 cultural relic rare valuable survive vase dynasty Taj Mahal ivory dragon amber in search of amaze amazing select honey design fancy style decorate jewel artist belong belong to in return troop reception at war remove less than wooden doubt mystery former worth rebuild local apart take apart Leningrad painting castle trial eyewitnessevidence explode entrance sailor sink sank sunk sunken maid think highly of informal debateUnit2 ancient compete competitortake part in medal stand for mascot volunteer homeland regular basis athleteadmit slave nowadays gymnastics athletics Stadium stadiums or stadia gymnasium gym as well host responsibility olive wreath replace motto swift similarity Athens charge in charge physical fine poster advertise princess glory bargain prince hopeless foolish goddess painone after another deserve strikerUnit 3 abacus calculator laptopPC personal computer analyticalpersonal digital assistant calculate universal simplify sum operator logical logically technology technological revolution artificial intelligence intelligent solve mathematical reality designer personal personally tube transistor chip as a result total totally so that network web application finance mobile rocket explore Mars anyhow anyway goal happiness human race supporting downloadprogrammer virus android signal teammate type in a way coach arise-arose-arisenwith the help of electronic appearance character mop watch overdeal with naughty niece spoilUnit 4 wildlife protection wild habitat threaten decrease endanger die outloss reserve hunt zone in peacein danger of species carpet respond distant fur antelope Zimbabwe reliefin relief burst into laughter mercy certain importance WWF Word Wildlife Fund rub protect from mosquito millipede millepede insect contain powerful affect attention pay attention to appreciate succeed Indonesia rhino secure income employ harm bite bit bitten extinction dinosaur come into being county inspect unexpected incident dust according to Mauritius isappearance fierce so thatending faithfully Colobus monkeyUnit 5classical rock’n’roll orchestra rap folk jazz choral musician dream of pretend to be honest attach attach toform fame passer-by earn extra instrument perform performance pub cashin cash studio millionaire play jokes on actor rely rely on broadcast humorous familiar be/get familiar with or so breakup reunite attractive in addition sort out excitement overnignt lily confident brief briefly devotion afterwards invitation beard sensitive painful above all必修三Unit 1 take place beauty harvest celebration hunter starve origin religious seasonal ancestor Obon grave incensein memory of Mexico feast skull bone Halloween belief dress up trickplay a trick on poet Columbus Day arrival gain independence independentgather agriculture agricultural award produce rooster admire energetic look forward to carnival lunar Easter paradeday and night clothing Christian cherry blossom as though have fun withcustom worldwide rosebud fool necessity permission prediction fashion Trinidadparking parking lot Valentine’s Day turn up keep one’s word hold one’s breath apologize drown sadness obvious wipe weave wove woven herd the MilkyWay magpie weep wept wept announcer set off remind remind offorgive forgave forgivenUnit 2 diet nut muscle protectivepeach balance balanced diet barbecue mutton roast stir fry ought ought to bacon sugary sign lose weight slim curiosity hostess raw vinegarget away with lie tell a lie customer discount win back weakness strengthconsult fibre digest poisonous carrot scurvy rickets obesity vitamin proteinearn one’s living debt in debt glarespy spy on limit limited benefit breast garlic sigh combinecut down before long put on weight cooperation ingredient flavourUnit3 Mark Twain birthplace bring up novel boyhood adventure phrase fathom author scene narrator pennilessbet make a bet wander pavement businessman permit ahead go aheadby accident bay stare at nightfall fault spot passage unpaid account embassy account for seek sought sought patience on the contrary charity envelope unbelievable Horace steak pineapple dessert amount take a chance rude manner scream genuine issue fake rag in rags indeed as for bow barberUnit4 astronomy astronomer solar system religion theory atom billion globe global violent in time carbon nitrogen vapour atmosphere unlike fundamental presence dissolve harmful acid chain reaction multiply oxygen shellfish amphibianreptile lay eggs dinosaur exist mammal give birth to thus in one’s turn dioxidecarbon dioxide prevent from puzzlebiology biologist gravity satellite gentle geologist physicist block out extinctclimate comet crash Isaac NewtonAlbert Einstein Stephen Hawking spaceship pull lessen cheer up float weightlessly cabin mass now that break outexhaust watch outUnit5 multicultural quiz Canadian Vancouver Toronto Calgary Ottawabeaver grizzly polar penguin prime minister governor rather than continent baggagechat scenery eastward westward upward surround harbor measure aboradsettle down manage to docatch sight of eagle stampede cowboy have a gift for within border slight slightly acre urban location the topic mix mixture bush maple frost confirm wealthy distance in the distance mist misty Niagara schoolmate boothdowntown pearl Cantonese approximately dawn workplace buffet broad nearby tradition terrify terrified pleased impress impressive必修四Unit1 achievement Quaker welfare project institute specialist specialize chimp connection human being campaign landmine organization behave behaviour behavior shade move off worthwhile nest bond observe observation childhood outspoken respect argue argument entertainmentlead a life crowd crowd in support inspire inspiration look down upon /on refer refer to audience by chance come across career rate sickness intend emergency generation determinationkindness considerate consideration deliver carry on modestUnit2 statistic statisitcs sunburnt struggle decade super hybrid output straincrop hunger disturbing expand circulate etnam thanks to battle rid rid ofbe satisfied with freedom would rather therefore equip sorghum grain peanut export nationality occupation personality confuse regret chemical organic fertile fertilizer production bacteria bacteriumpest build up lead to nutrition mineral discovery focus focus on soil reduce keep free from/ of soybean soyabeanroot skim underline summary comment producer industrialUnit3 humour punchline verbal nonverbal mime comedy up to now brighten depressed contentfeel /be content with performerastonish astonishing fortunate unfortunately badly off teens ordinary bored subtle entertain entertaining charming tramp throughout homeless moustache wornworn —out stiffly failure optimism overcome overcame overcome underdog snowstorm leather pick out lace cut off chew mouthful enjoyment convince conncing direct star in outstanding Switzerland confidence costume gesture particular particularly occasion budgetactress slide amuse amusing pancake explanation detective mountainous whisper vast rhythm mess react porridge drunkUnit4statement greet represent association dormitory canteen flight curious curiously Garcia Colombia approach cheek defend defend against defence major misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood misunderstanding Jordan dash adult simply Muslim spoken unspoken posture Spain Italy likely be likely toin general crossroads employee frown misread facial function ease at easetruly false anger lose face turn one’s back to fist yawn respectful subjective hug rank cassetteUnit5 theme central various cartoonbe famous for roller coaster whichever pirate fairy tale fantasy amusement swing swung swung attractionno wonder tourism wherever unique carpenter craftsman engine bald preserve length deed knightbe modelled after sword joust tournament settler athletic translator minority cloth Futuroscope jungle diver creature sunlight in advance advanced brand get close to come to life outing admission shuttle freeway souvenir sneaker brochure必修五Unit1 characteristic radium painterput forward scientific conclude conclusion draw a conclusion analyse infect infectious cholera defeat expert attend physician expose expose to deadly cure outbreak challenge victim absorb suspect enquiry neighbourhood severe clue pumpCambridge foresee investigate investigation blame pollute handle germ link link to announce certainty instruct responsible construct construction contribute apart from firework chart creative co-operative positive be strict with revolutionary movementmake sense backward loop privately spin brightness enthusiastic cautious rejectuniverseUnit2 unite kingdom consist consist of divide into clarify accomplish conflict unwilling break away from unioncredit to one’s credit currency institution educational convenience rough roughly Midlands nationwide attract historical architecture Roman collection administration port countryside enjoyable leave outopportunity description fax possibility plus quarrel alike take the place ofbreak down arrange wedding foldsightseeing delight royal uniform splendid statue longitude imaginary navigation communism original thrill pot error tense consistentUnit3 aspect impression take upconstant constantly jet jet lag flashback previous uncertain guide tablet expertise capsule steward stewardess opening sideways surrounding tolerate combination lack adjustment mask be back on one’s feet hover carriage press fasten beltsafety belt lose sight of sweep up flash switch timetable exhausted slide into optimistic pessimistic speed up pedal alien mud desert enormous imitate moveablecitizen typist typewriter postage postcode button instant receiver efficiency efficient ribbon dustbin dispose disposal ecology greedy swallow material recycle manufacture goods etc representative settlement motivationUnit4 journalist involve editor photograph photographer photography unforgettable assignment delighted admirable unusual assist assistant submit profession professional colleague eager concentrate concentrate on amateur update acquire assess inform deadline interviewee meanwhile depend on case accuse accuse of accusation deliberatelyso as to do sth deny sceptical skeptical guilty dilemma demand demanding publish scoop section concise imaginative technical technically thorough gifted idiomatic housewife crime edition ahead of department accurate senior polish chief approve processnegative appointmentUnit5 aid first aid temporary fall ill injury bleed bled nosebleed sprain sprained ankle choke cupboard skin essential organ layer barrier poison ray complex variety liquid radiation mild mildly pan stove heal tissue electric shock swell swelledswollen swollen blister watery char nerve scissors unbearable basin squeezesqueeze out over and over again bandage in place ointment infection vital symptom label kettle pour wrist damp sleeve blouse tight tightly firm firmly throat ceremony bravery staba number of put one’s hands on treat apply pressure ambulance schememake a difference bruise选修六Unit1 realistic abstract sculpture sculptor gallery faith faithfully consequently aim conventional typical evident the Renaissance adopt humanistic possess possession superb perspective technique coincidence by coincidence masterpiece impressionism impressionist postimpressionista great deal shadow ridiculous controversial attempt on the other hand predict landscape specific figure clay critic bronze marble carve delicate canvas cafe allergic effectively exhibition aggressive scholarflesh in the flesh geometry bunch Manhattan avenue preference Guggenheim Museum display appeal appeal to fragile circular metropolitan reputation civilizationEgypt Egyptian visual fragrant contemporary permanent district committee signatureUnit2 poetry tick rhyme convey emotion nursery nursery rhyme concrete repetition contradictory hush mockingbird diamond brass billy goat flexible pattern squire cottage coffin sparrow kittentake it easy run out of cinquainbe made up of tease salty droopdread endless haiku syllable minimum translation branch melt melted melted molten brimful in particular eventually await transform revolve utter sorrow bare librarian forever stem cement section appropriate exchange diploma sponsor blank compass bride bridegroom championship rhythmic darkness warmth try out scholarship pianist violinist let out load Unit3 cigarette alcohol alcoholic abuse fitness sexual stress stressful obesity adolescent adolescence ban due due to tough addicted addicted to nicotineaccustom accustomed accustomed to withdrawal badtempered automatic automatically mental mentally quit effect lung pregnant abnormal breathless unfit strengthen resolve decide on packetfeel like doing relaxation desperatechemist gum chewing gum disappointedweaken ashamed comprehensionin spite of take risks take a riskget into etc et cetera appendix dixes dices illegal pill robbery slipperyvirus at riskimmune survival sex fluid inject injection needle spill male female homosexual prejudice judgement disco abortion cigar embarrassed awkwardUnit4 consume renewable greenhouse Fahrenheit come about graph random phenomenon subscribe subscribe to fossil fuel byproduct methane Celsius quantity quantities of tend go up measurementper data result in trend catastrophe flood drought famine oppose opposedbe opposed to mild environmental enronmentalist consequence state rangeeven if keep on glance steady steadily tendency widespread on the whold economical hectare average existence outer on behalf of individual advaocate commitment put up with pollution growth electrical appliance so long as casualand so on motor can circumstance microwave refresh educator contribution imperative heading slogan presentationnuclear disagreementUnit5 diagram volcano volcanic volcanology volcanologist erupt eruption ash crater lava hurricane questionnaire alongside equipment appoint observatory database evaluate burn to the ground wave molten fountain absolute absolutely spaceman suit helmet boot make one’s way potential actual geology sample candidate Mount Vesuvius threat bungalow Pompeii tornado typhoon thunderstorm precious novelist fog document rainbow uncomfortable balcony unconscious shoot shot shot shot tremble sweat anxious anxiety panic panickedpanicked tsunami glance through Manchu vary from to diverse diversity crane leopard spectacular bathe arouse appreciation peak persuasion guarantee选修7Unit1 disability disabled hearing eyesight syndrome infantile paralysis Rosalyn lap ambition ambitious dictation noisy suitable entry beneficial in other words clumsy bump outgoing adapt adapt to benchcut out microscope out of breath absence fellow annoy annoyed annoyance all in all firm software sit aroundas well as parrot tank tortoisein many ways psychology psychologically make fun of encouragement conduct mainstream fulfilling never mind politics abolish abolition resign slavery literature Mount Kilimanjaro companion assistance congratulate congratulation bowling graduation certificate all the best architect Sanders adequate access accessible wheelchairhandy earphone impair row basement outwards exit meet with approval dignity profit italics communityUnit2 household fiction desire satisfaction test out bonus alarm alarmed apron sympathy overweight elegant favour pile scan fingernail absurd haircut makeup accompany cushion bedding necklace clerk counter ring up turn around awfulaffair armchair declare cuisine envyleave alone digital mailbox state asideset aside grand Marion alphabetical receiver in all affection bound be bound to biography holy imagination transfusionPart time master’s degree staff Philadelphia navy junior PhD Doctor of Philosophy biochemistry Boston talentchapter the Foundation empire theoretical framework thinking divorce obe y disobey assessmentUnit3 snorkel aquarium anecdote baleenbaleen whale annual migration witness accommodation shore offshore opposite yell pause oar telescope teamwork blow hole dive flee fled harpoon drag depth meantime in the meantime lip overboard urge abandon shark Help out relationship conservation iceberg jog seaside nettarget tide driftnet dimension reflect pure cell aware be/become aware of vivid neat seaweed narrow flashlight upside down suck sea slug turtle eel sharp tasty giant clam grey scarebe scared to death shallow steep boundary Antarctic the Antarctic awesome leap leapt leaped leapt leaped seal refund pension pensionerUnit4 airmail Papua fortnight hear from be dying to roof muddy textbook concept bucket the other day weekly bubble relevant remote ridge weed hut rectangle rectangular adjust platform broom tin jar sniff participate interpreter grill dry out leftover evil dry up otherwise privilege paperwork arrangement toast comb astronaut angle catalogue donate voluntaryin need purchase anniversary seedseedling vaccination loan sew sewing machine supplement ox plough trunktrunk library tractor Kenya Bangladesh click tailor Tanzania economic political Nepal Uganda distribute distribution financial security operate Sudan clinic Malawi Unit5 adjust to keep it up fit in motherland visa queue cafeteria lecture qualification preparation recommend shopkeeper idiom comfort substitute academic requirement essay tutor revise revision draft numb acknowledgeas far as one is concerned contradict autonomous occupy be occupied with enterprise apology seminar videophone Rugby bachelor bachelor’s degree routine minibus optional day in and day outcage bark battery site drill oilfieldLima Cuzco the Andes Peru agent travel agent geographical parallelLake Titicaca abundant Inca govern onwards destination Machu Picchu innout of the question hike Puno tomb the Amazon Jungle settle in选修7Unit 1 California Californian illustrate distinct distinction immigrant live on strait Bering strait Arctic the Arctic meansby means of prehistoric majority ministry adventurer make a life despite hardship elect federal rail percentage Italy Italian keep up Hollywood boom aircraftKorea Korean immigrate immigration racial crossing vice nephew pole applicant customs socialist socialism occur cattle indicate back to back luggage luggage shave shaved shaved shaven cable cable car tram apparent apparently brake conductor slip wharf bakery ferry Angel Island team up with hire fascinating mark out seagulltake in angle a great / good many apply for nowhere miserable punishment justice mourn civil authority reform grasp thoughtful thankful insertUnit2 differ exact cutting twin identical commercial straightforward complicated undertake undertook undertaken pay off breakthrough procedure nucleus somatic embryo carrier cast down altogether arbitrary fate correction object objection impact medium the media obtain attain moral conservative forbid forbade forbad forbidden accumulate in favour of side road sidewalk constitution compulsory opera chorus loaf flour owe shortly retire bother(be) bound to do assumption regulation nonsense popularity strikestrike into one’s heart bison calf from time to time bring back to life initial DNA vain in vain resist drawback merely restore aurochs decoration unable great auk feather quagga fairlyin good poor condition turkey dyeclaw adore hatch reasonableUnit3 amphibious patent call up courtyard now and then walnut distinguish merciful product powderset about perfume stainless jelly cube cubic abrupt abruptly convenient caution expectation passive merry merrily seize recognition criterion claim valid file ripe string glue rod freezing greengrocer identification directory dial rainfall courtroom innocent lantern bear jam microphone forehead beaten track occasionallydive into dynamicset out (to do) multiple dot tap wire straw reproduce current helicopter triangle tetrahedron stable invaluable associate practical refrigerator court extensionhang on out of order get throughring back ring off version competence competent jeep personnelUnit4 adaptation classic caption plot professor phonetics colonel fateful whistle garment woollen woolen hesitate uncomfortable uncomfortably troublesomewallet outcome thief handkerchief disguisein disguise mistaken brilliant classify remark betray upper extraordinary condemn gutter properly pass off as duchess ambassador acquaintancemake one’s acquaintance handful amazement in amazement fortune authentic generally speaking status superior in terms of disapprove rob antiquemusical stocking believer Buddhism Buddhist Buddha vowel cookie teapot cream nail show in wax disk shabby curtsy curtsey shilling referee compromisehorrible laundry bathtub sob waist vest disgusting once morein need of heartily overlook alphabet effective fade fade outUnit5identify alternative archaeology archeology archaeological archeological archaeologist archeologist starvation tentative accuracy excavate excavation interrupt acute assume regardless regardless of mat quilt beastat most centimetre centimeter sharpen sharpener cut up scrape scraper ample messy primitive bead botany botanical analysis seashell ripen category significance somehow systematic spit spat delete album scratch academy receptionist onion kindergarten skateboard fed up with yogurt radioactive radioactivity division BC melon wrinkle pulse vein applaudlook ahead howl accelerate spear arrest dizzy eyebrow cheekbone arrowhead axe hammer gay gaily skilful skillfuldate back(to) punctuation worship craftsmanship。

第1篇一、专业知识与理论部分1. 土力学基础（1）请简述土的三相组成及其相互作用。

（2）解释何为土的有效应力原理，并举例说明其在工程中的应用。

（3）阐述饱和土的渗透系数与哪些因素有关，并解释其计算方法。

（4）请说明土的压缩性、抗剪强度及抗拉强度等基本性质，并解释它们在工程中的重要性。

2. 矿山工程力学（1）什么是矿山工程力学？简述其在矿山工程中的作用。

（2）解释何为地应力，并阐述其分类及影响因素。

（3）请说明岩石的弹性、塑性及脆性破坏特点，并解释其工程意义。

（4）阐述地下工程稳定性分析的基本方法，并举例说明其在实际工程中的应用。

3. 矿山地质（1）请简述矿山地质勘探的基本程序及方法。

（2）解释何为矿床，并列举常见的矿床类型。

（3）请说明矿床成因类型及其分布特点。

（4）阐述矿山地质构造对矿山工程的影响，并举例说明。

4. 矿山开采技术（1）请简述矿山开采的基本工艺流程。

（2）解释何为露天开采，并阐述其适用条件。

（3）请说明地下开采的基本类型及特点。

（4）阐述矿山开采过程中的安全与环境保护措施。

5. 矿山通风与安全（1）请简述矿山通风的基本原理及方法。

（2）解释何为矿井瓦斯，并阐述其成因及危害。

（3）请说明矿井火灾的成因、预防及处理方法。

（4）阐述矿山安全管理的原则及措施。

二、工程实践与创新能力部分1. 工程案例分析（1）请结合实际工程案例，阐述矿山地质勘探的重要性及方法。

（2）请结合实际工程案例，分析矿山开采过程中的安全问题及预防措施。

（3）请结合实际工程案例，阐述矿山通风与安全在设计、施工及运营过程中的关键因素。

2. 创新能力考察（1）请提出一种针对矿山地质勘探的新方法或新技术，并阐述其原理及优势。

（2）请提出一种针对矿山开采过程中的安全与环境保护的新措施，并阐述其可行性及效果。

（3）请结合当前矿山工程领域的研究热点，提出一种具有创新性的研究方向，并阐述其研究意义及预期成果。

三、综合素质与语言表达部分1. 个人陈述（1）请简述你的专业背景及学习经历。