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A1、安全隔离变压器safety isolating transformer2、安全特低电压（SELV）safety extra-low voltageB1、棒式电流互感器bar primary type current transformer2、包封线圈的干式变压器encapsulated-winding dry-type transformer3、包封线圈干式电抗器encapsulated-winding dry-type reactor4、饱和电抗器saturable reactor5、保护用电流互感器protective current transformer6、保护用电压互感器protective voltage transformer7、保护装置（电容式电压互感器）protective device (of a capacitor voltage transformer)8、变磁通调压variable flux voltage variation (VFVV)9、变流变压器converter transformer10、变压器transformer11、变压器效率efficiency of transformer12、并联电抗器shunt reactor13、并联控制装置parallel control devices14、饼式线圈disc winding15、箔式线圈foil winding16、波纹式油箱corrugated type tank17、不接地电压互感器unearthed voltage transformerC1、操作计数器operation counter2、操作循环cycle of operation3、测量用电流互感器measuring current transformer4、测量用电压互感器measuring voltage transformer5、层式线圈layer winding6、叉花纠结式线圈sandwich-interleaved winding7、厂用变压器(发电厂用变压器) station service transformer8、插入电容式线圈capacitor shield winding9、充满油的密封系统sealed, completed filled system10、串级（电磁）式电流互感器cascade (inductive) current transformer11、串级（电磁）式电压互感器cascade (inductive) voltage transformer12、串级试验变压器cascade transformer13、串联电抗器series reactor14、串联绕组series winding15、船用变压器marine transformer16、触头组set of contacts17、储油柜oil conservator18、储油柜系统conservator system19、磁分路magnetic shunt20、磁箱式电流互感器porcelain-case type current transformer21、磁性调压器magnetic control voltage regulator22、粗调选择器coarse change-over selectorD1、带气垫的密封式油箱系统sealed-tank system with gas cushion2、带散热管的油箱tank with bend pipe3、单铁心式电流互感器single-core type current transformer4、单相单柱旁轭式铁心single-phase three-limb core5、单相二柱式铁心single-phase two-limb core6、倒立式电流互感器inverter-type current transformer7、电磁单元(电容式电压互感器) electromagnetic unit (of a capacitor voltage transformer)8、电动机构motor-drive mechanism9、电动机构的手动操作manual operation of motor-device mechanism10、电化学用整流变压器electro-chemistry rectifier transformer11、点火变压器ignition transformer12、电弧炉变压器arc furnace transformer13、电抗电压reactance voltage14、电抗器reactor15、电缆式电流互感器cable type current transformer16、电力变压器power transformer17、电铃变压器bell transformer18、电流互感器current transformer19、电流扩大值（测量用电流互感器的）extended rating current（of a measuring current transformer ）20、电流误差current error21、电炉变压器furnace transformer22、电容分压器（电容式电压互感器）capacitor voltage divider (of a capacitor voltage transformer)23、电容分压器的分压比voltage ratio of a capacitor divider24、电容式电压互感器capacitor voltage transformer25、电压互感器voltage transformer26、电压降或电压升（指定负载下的）voltage drop or rise for a specified load condition27、电压调整率（指定复式下的）voltage regulation for a specified load condition28、电压误差voltage error29、电阻电压resistance voltage30、电阻炉变压器resistance furnace transformer31、电阻式温度计resistance-type thermometer32、叠积式铁心laminated core33、低压端子（电容式电压互感器的）low voltage terminal (of a capacitor voltage transformer)34、低压绕组low-voltage winding35、端（部电容）环end ring36、短路匝short-circuited turn37、短路阻抗（一对绕组的）short-circuit impedance (of a pair of winding)38、端（部电容）屏end screen39、对应端子corresponding terminals40、独立绕组变压器separate winding transformer41、多框式铁心multi frame type core42、多绕组变压器multi-winding transformer43、多铁心式电流互感器multi-core type current transformer44、惰性气体压力系统inert gas pressure systemE1、额定参数rated quantities2、额定电流（变压器或并联电抗器绕组上的）rated current(of a winding of a transformer or shunt reactor)3、额定电流比（电流互感器的）rated transformer ratio (of a current transformer)4、额定电压比（电流互感器的）rated transformer ratio (of a voltage transformer)5、额定电压比（绕组的）rated voltage ratio (of a winding)6、额定电压比（电压互感器的）rated transformation ratio (of a voltage transformer)7、额定电压系数rated voltage factor8、额定动稳定电流rated dynamic current9、额定短时电流rated short-time current10、额定短时热电流（电流互感器的）rated short-time thermal current (of a current transformer)11、额定二次电流（电流互感器的）rated secondary current (of a current transformer)12、额定二次电压（电压互感器的）rated secondary voltage (of a voltage transformer)13、额定阀侧电流rated current on valve side14、额定阀侧电压rated current on line side15、额定阀侧视在功率rated apparent power on valve side16、额定负荷rated burden17、额定级电压rated through-current18、额定绝缘水平rated insulation level19、额定连续电流rated continuous current20、额定连续热电流（电流互感器）rated continuous thermal current (of a current transformer)21、额定频率rated frequency22、额定容量rated power23、额定输出（互感器的）rated output (of an instrument transformer)24、额定输出电压rated output voltage25、额定输入电压input voltage26、额定通过电流rated through current27、额定网侧电流rated current on line side28、额定网侧电压rated voltage on line side29、额定网侧视在功率rated apparent power on valve line30、额定仪表限值一次电流（电流互感器的）rated instrument limit primary current31、额定一次电流（电流互感器的）rated primary current (of a current transformer)32、额定一次电压（电压互感器的）rated primary voltage (of a voltage transformer)33、额定值rating34、额定准确限值一次电流（保护用电流互感器的）rated instrument limit primary current35、二次电流secondary current36、二次电路secondary circuit37、二次电压secondary voltage38、二次极限感应电势secondary limiting e.m.f39、二次绕组（变压器的）secondary winding (of a current transformer)40、二次绕组（电压互感器的）secondary winding (of a voltage transformer)II（防止点击）变压器class II transformerF1、阀侧绕组valve side winding2、发电厂自用变压器(简称：厂用变压器) station service transformer3、发电机变压器generator transformer4、放电线圈discharge coil5、反角环angle ring （cap-ring）6、非包封线圈干式变压器non-encapsulated-winding dry-type transformer7、非包封线圈干式电抗器non-encapsulated-winding dry-type reactor8、非封闭干式变压器non-enclosed dry transformer9、非耐短路变压器non-short-circuit proof transformer10、封闭干式变压器enclosed dry transformer11、风冷（AF）force-air cooling12、分接tapping (tap)13、分接参数tapping quantities14、分接变换操作tap-change operation15、分接变换指示器tap-change in progress indicator16、分接电压比（一对绕组的）tapping voltage ratio (of a pair of windings)17、分接范围tapping range18、分接工况tapping duty19、分接级tapping step20、分接位置指示器tap position indicator21、分接选择器tap-selector22、分接因数tapping factor23、分裂式变压器dual-low-voltage transformer24、分相封闭母线isolated phase bus25、负分接minus tapping26、负荷（互感器的）burden (of an instrument transformer)27、复合误差（电流互感器的）composite error (of a current transformer)28、附加绝缘supplementary insulation29、附加绕组auxiliary winding30、附加损耗supplementary load loss31、复绕式电流互感器compound-wound current transformer32、负载损耗load lossG1、干式变压器dry-type transformer2、干式电抗器dry-type transformer3、感应调压器induction-voltage regulator4、感应自动调压器automatic induction-voltage regulator5、高压电容器（电容式电压互感器的）high voltage capacitor (of a capacitor voltage transformer)6、高压端子（电容式电压互感器的）high voltage terminal (of a capacitor voltage transformer)7、高压绕组high-voltage winding8、隔爆变压器flame-proof transformer9、隔离变压器isolating transformer10、隔膜式油保护系统diaphragm-type oil preservation system11、公共绕组common winding12、工频感应炉变压器power frequency induction furnace transformer13、共箱隔相封闭母线segregated phase bus14、工作分接位置数number of service tapping positions15、拐点电压knee point voltage16、贯穿式电流互感器through-type current transformer17、管式散热器pipe-type radiator18、滚动接触电刷rolling type current collector19、过电流闭锁装置over current blocking device20、过渡触头transition contacts21、过渡阻抗transition impedance22、固有分接位置数number of service tapping positionsH1、恒磁通调压constant flux voltage variation（CFVV）2、虹吸净油器（净油器）oil（siphon）filter3、滑动接触电刷sliding type current collector4、互感器instrument transformer5、恢复电压recovery voltage6、户内式indoor type7、混合调压combined voltage variation8、户外式outdoor typeJ1、降低容量的分接reduced-power tapping2、降压变压器step-down transformer3、夹件clamps4、交叠式线圈sandwich winding5、角环angle ring6、加强绝缘reinforced insulation7、基本绝缘basic insulation8、接触调压器variable transformer9、接触自动调压器automatic variable regulator10、接地变压器earthing transformer（neutral coupler）11、接地电压互感器earthed voltage transformer12、介质损耗因数dielectric dissipation factor13、静电环electrostatic ring14、静电屏electrostatic shielding15、净油器oil(siphon) filter16、紧急脱扣装置emergency tripping device17、纠结-连续式线圈inter leaved and continuous winding18、纠结式线圈inter leaved winding19、极限开关limit switch20、机械端位止动装置mechanical end stop21、极性选择器reversing change-over selector22、局部放电partial discharge23、绝缘热稳定性（电流互感器的）dielectric thermal stability(of a current transformer)K1、开断电流switched current2、开口三角形联结open delta connection3、开路绕组open winding4、开路中间电压（电容式电压互感器的）open-circuit intermediate voltage（of a capacitor voltage transformer）5、壳式变压器shell-type transformer6、矿热炉变压器ore furnace transformer7、矿用变压器mining transformer(general type)8、矿用隔爆移动变电站mining flame proof movable substation9、空心电抗器reactor with air core10、空载电流no-load current11、空载损耗no-load loss12、控制用变压器control transformer13、扩大额定值的电流互感器extend rating type current transformerL1、累加用电力互感器summation current transformer2、冷却器cooler3、联结组标号connection symbol4、联络变压器system-interconnection transformer5、连续式线圈continuous winding6、励磁电流（电流互感器的）exciting current （of a current transformer）7、励磁绕组energizing winding8、零序电流互感器（剩余电流互感器）residual current transformer9、零序电压互感器（剩余电压互感器）residual voltage transformer10、零序阻抗zero-sequence impedance11、例行试验routine test12、滤波电抗器tuning（filter）reactor13、螺旋式线圈helical windingM1、满容量分接full-power of a winding2、密封式变压器sealed transformer3、密封式电抗器sealed reactor4、母线式电流互感器bus-type current transformerN1、耐短路变压器short-circuit proof transformer2、内部负荷（电流互感器的）internal burden（of a current transformer）3、内屏蔽式线圈capacitor shield windingO1、耦合绕组coupling windingP1、旁轭magnetic return path2、配电变压器distribution transformer3、膨胀器expander4、片式散热器panel-type radiator5、平波电抗器smoothing reactor6、平衡电抗器interphase reactor7、平衡绕组balancing winding8、平面式邮箱plane type tank9、匹配用电流互感器current matching transformer10、匹配用电压互感器voltage matching transformer11、P 级performance Class AQ1、强迫油循环导向冷却forced-directed oil cooling2、强迫油循环风冷（OFAF）forced-oil and forced-air cooling3、强迫油循环水冷（OFWF）forced-oil and water cooling4、钳式电流互感器split core type current transformer5、牵引变压器traction transformer6、牵引整流变压器traction rectifier transformer7、起动电抗器starting reactor8、起动自耦变压器starting auto-transformer9、切换开关diverter switch10、器身active part11、气体继电器gas relay；buchholz relay12、全封闭干式变压器totally enclosed dry-type transformer13、全绝缘电流互感器fully insulated current transformer14、全自保护变压器completely self-protected distribution transformer15、驱动机构driving mechanism16、曲折形联结zigzag connectionR1、绕线式电流互感器wound primary type current transformer2、绕组winding3、绕组的分接电流tapping power of a winding4、绕组的分接电压tapping voltage of a winding5、绕组的分接容量tapping power of a winding6、绕组的分级绝缘non-uniform insulation of a winding7、绕组的全绝缘uniform insulation of a winding8、绕组联结图connection diagram of windings.S1、三角形联结delta connection2、Ⅲ类（防止电击）变压器class Ⅲtransformer3、Ⅲ类照明设备用变压器transformer for class Ⅲluminaires4、散热器radiator5、三相三柱旁轭式铁心three-phase three-limb core6、三相三柱式铁心three-phase three-limb core7、三相中性点电抗器three-phase neutral reactor8、设备最高电压Um highest voltage for equipment Um9、声功率级(Lw) sound power level10、升压变压器step-up transformer11、声压级(Lp) sound pressure level12、剩余电流residual current13、剩余电流互感器residual current transformer14、剩余电压residual voltage15、剩余电压互感器residual voltage transformer16、剩余电压绕组residual voltage winding17、实际电流比（电流互感器的）actual transformation ratio (of a current transformer)18、实际电压比（电压互感器的）actual transformation ratio(of a voltage transformer)19、试验变压器testing transformer20、双重绝缘double insulation21、双功能电压互感器dual purpose voltage transformer22、双绕组变压器two-winding transformer23、输出电压范围output voltage range24、输入电压范围input voltage range25、树脂浇注式电流互感器cast-resin type current transformer26、树脂浇注式电压互感器cast resin type voltage transformer27、速饱和电流互感器rapid-saturable current transformer28、损耗比loss ratio29、损耗变动量power loss variationT1、套管bushing2、套管式电流互感器bushing type current transformer3、特殊试验special test4、调谐电抗器tuning（filter）reactor5、调压器voltage regulator6、铁轭yoke7、铁心core8、铁心接地端子earthed terminal for core9、铁心柱core limb10、通断触头main switch contacts11、桶式邮箱barrel type tank12、同心式线圈concentric windingW1、网侧绕组line side winding2、玩具用变压器transformer for toys3、稳定绕组stabilizing winding4、温升temperature rise5、稳压精度accuracy of a voltage stabilizing6、误差补偿error compensation7、无励磁分接开关off-circuit tap-changer8、无励磁调压变压器off-circuit-tap-changing transformer9、无危害式变压器（保安式变压器）fail-safe transformerX1、线段section2、相绕组phase winding3、箱式变电站integral unit4、相位差phase displacement5、相位移（变压器的）phase displacement（for a transformer）6、限流电抗器current-limiting reactor7、线路端子line terminal8、线圈coil9、线匝turn10、消弧电抗器arc-suppression reactor11、消弧线圈arc-suppression reactor12、消弧电抗器（消弧线圈）的额定电流rated current of an arc suppression reactor13、型式试验type test14、星形联结star connection15、信号温度计pressure-type thermometer16、心式变压器core-type transformer17、吸湿器radiator18、吸收比dielectric absorption ratio19、选择开关selector switch20、循环电流switched currentY1、压力释放装置pressure relief device2、压力式温度计pressure-type thermometer3、盐浴炉变压器salt bath furnace transformer4、仪表保安系数（FS）instrument security factor5、一次电流primary current6、一次电压primary voltage7、一次绕组（变压器的）primary winding（of a voltage transformer）8、一次绕组（电流互感器的）primary winding （of a current transformer）9、一次绕组（电压互感器的）primary winding（of a voltage transformer）10、I 类（防止电击）变压器class I transformer11、移圈调压器moving-coil voltage regulator12、油保护系统oil preservation system13、油流继电器oil-flow relay14、油浸式变压器oil-immersed type transformer15、油浸式电抗器oil-immersed type reactor16、油位计oil level indicator17、有载分接开关on-load tap-changer18、有载调压变压器on-load-tap-changing transformer19、油中溶解气体分析dissolved gas（in oil）analysisZ1、(线)匝turn2、再起动装置restarting device3、增压变压器booster transformer4、正分接plus tapping5、整流变压器rectifier transformer6、直流互感器direct current instrument transformer7、支柱式电流互感器support type current transformer8、中间式电流互感器current matching transformer9、中频变压器intermediate-frequency transformer10、中性点端子neutral terminal11、中性点接地电抗器neutral-earthing reactor12、中性点耦合器（中性点耦合器）earthing transformer（neutral coupler）13、中压电容器（电容式电压互感器的）intermediate voltage capacitor（of a capacitor voltage transformer）14、电压端子（电容式电压互感器的）intermediate voltage terminal（of a capacitor voltage transformer）15、中压绕组intermediate-voltage winding16、钟罩式油箱bell type tank17、转换选择器change-over selector18、主触头main contacts19、主分接（额定分接）principal tapping20、逐级控制step-by-step control21、准确级accuracy class22、准确限值系数（保护用电流互感器的）accuracy limit factor（of a protective current transformer）23、主（电容）屏main capacitor plate24、柱上式pole-type25、自动调压器automatic voltage regulator26、自动调压速度response speed27、自冷(AN) natural air cooling; self-cooling28、自耦变压器auto-transformer29、自耦复绕式电流互感器auto-compound current transformer30、自耦式互感器instrument auto-transformer31、总损耗total loss32、组合式变电站integral unit substation33、组合式互感器combined transformer34、最大额定级电压maximum rated step voltage35、最大额定通过电流maximum rated through-current36、阻抗电压（对于主分接）impedance voltage at rated current(for the principal tapping)37、阻尼电抗器damping reactor。
一种带三绕组耦合电感的级联型高增益功率变换器吴琨;钱挺【摘要】A cascaded high step-up DC-DC converter with three-winding coupled inductor is proposed in this paper. Through the three-winding coupled inductor, switched-capacitor technique and cascaded structure, the converter achieves high step-up voltage gain without large duty cycle. The input inductor of the proposed converter can reduce the input current ripple, hence stress on the input source is reduced. Additionally, the energy stored in the leakage inductor of the coupled inductor is recycled to the output terminal, which not only improves efficiency but also alleviates large voltage spike to reduce the voltage stress. The operating principles and steady-state analyses of continuous-conduction mode are discussed in detail in this paper. Finally, a prototype sample with 30V input and 380V/0.3A output is implemented and the experimental results verify the correction of the theoretical analysis.%提出一种带三绕组耦合电感的级联型高增益功率变换器.采用三绕组耦合电感、开关电容技术和级联结构,该变换器可实现更高电压增益.变换器的输入电感可有效降低输入电流纹波,从而减小输入电源应力.此外,耦合电感的漏感能量由输出端回收利用,提升效率的同时,能够抑制开关管的电压尖峰,降低其电压应力.详细分析带三绕组耦合电感的级联型高增益功率变换器的工作原理,以及连续导通模式下变换器的稳态性能.最后搭建一台30V输入、380V/0.3A输出的实验样机,实验结果验证了理论分析的正确性.【期刊名称】《电工技术学报》【年(卷),期】2017(032)020【总页数】9页(P124-132)【关键词】高增益变换器;耦合电感;级联;开关电容【作者】吴琨;钱挺【作者单位】同济大学电气工程系上海 201804;同济大学电气工程系上海201804【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TM46随着可再生能源渗透率不断提高，光伏电池、燃料电池在其并网中发挥着愈加重要的作用[1,2]。
焊接相关英文缩写收集整理：John Zhang 2007-7-18AW——ARC WELDING——电弧焊AHW——atomic hydrogen welding——原子氢焊BMAW——bare metal arc welding——无保护金属丝电弧焊CAW——carbon arc welding——碳弧焊CAW-G——gas carbon arc welding——气保护碳弧焊CAW-S——shielded carbon arc welding——有保护碳弧焊CAW-T——twin carbon arc welding——双碳极间电弧焊EGW——electrogas welding——气电立焊FCAW——flux cored arc welding——药芯焊丝电弧焊FCW-G——gas-shielded flux cored arc welding——气保护药芯焊丝电弧焊FCW-S——self-shielded flux cored arc welding——自保护药芯焊丝电弧焊GMAW——gas metal arc welding——熔化极气体保护电弧焊GMAW-P——pulsed arc——熔化极气体保护脉冲电弧焊GMAW-S——short circuiting arc——熔化极气体保护短路过度电弧焊GTAW——gas tungsten arc welding——钨极气体保护电弧焊GTAW-P——pulsed arc——钨极气体保护脉冲电弧焊MIAW——magnetically impelled arc welding——磁推力电弧焊PAW——plasma arc welding——等离子弧焊SMAW——shielded metal arc welding——焊条电弧焊SW——stud arc welding——螺栓电弧焊SAW——submerged arc welding——埋弧焊SAW-S——series——横列双丝埋弧焊RW——RWSISTANCE WELDING——电阻焊FW——flash welding——闪光焊RW-PC——pressure controlled resistance welding——压力控制电阻焊PW——projection welding——凸焊RSEW——resistance seam welding——电阻缝焊RSEW-HF——high-frequency seam welding——高频电阻缝焊RSEW-I——induction seam welding——感应电阻缝焊RSEW-MS——mash seam welding——压平缝焊RSW——resistance spot welding——点焊UW——upset welding——电阻对焊UW-HF——high-frequency——高频电阻对焊UW-I——induction——感应电阻对焊SSW——SOLID STATE WELDING——固态焊CEW——co-extrusion welding——CW——cold welding——冷压焊DFW——diffusion welding——扩散焊HIPW——hot isostatic pressure diffusion welding——热等静压扩散焊EXW——explosion welding——爆炸焊FOW——forge welding——锻焊FRW——friction welding——摩擦焊FRW-DD——direct drive friction welding——径向摩擦焊FSW——friction stir welding——搅拌摩擦焊FRW-I——inertia friction welding——惯性摩擦焊HPW——hot pressure welding——热压焊ROW——roll welding——热轧焊USW——ultrasonic welding——超声波焊S——SOLDERING——软钎焊DS——dip soldering——浸沾钎焊FS——furnace soldering——炉中钎焊IS——induction soldering——感应钎焊IRS——infrared soldering——红外钎焊INS——iron soldering——烙铁钎焊RS——resistance soldering——电阻钎焊TS——torch soldering——火焰钎焊UUS——ultrasonic soldering——超声波钎焊WS——wave soldering——波峰钎焊B——BRAZING——软钎焊BB——block brazing——块钎焊DFB——diffusion brazing——扩散焊DB——dip brazing——浸沾钎焊EXB——exothermic brazing——反应钎焊FB——furnace brazing——炉中钎焊IB——induction brazing——感应钎焊IRB——infrared brazing——红外钎焊RB——resistance brazing——电阻钎焊TB——torch brazing——火焰钎焊TCAB——twin carbon arc brazing——双碳弧钎焊OFW——OXYFUEL GAS WELDING——气焊AAW——air-acetylene welding——空气乙炔焊OAW——oxy-acetylene welding——氧乙炔焊OHW——oxy-hydrogen welding——氢氧焊PGW——pressure gas welding——气压焊OTHER WELDING AND JOINING——其他焊接与连接方法AB——adhesive bonding——粘接BW——braze welding——钎接焊ABW——arc braze welding——电弧钎焊CABW——carbon arc braze welding——碳弧钎焊EBBW——electron beam braze welding——电子束钎焊EXBW——exothermic braze welding——热反应钎焊FLB——flow brazing——波峰钎焊FLOW——flow welding——波峰焊LBBW——laser beam braze welding——激光钎焊EBW——electron beam welding——电子束焊EBW-HV——high vacuum——高真空电子束焊EBW-MV——medium vacuum——中真空电子束焊EBW-NV——non vacuum——非真空电子束焊ESW——electroslag welding——电渣焊ESW-CG——consumable guide eletroslag welding——熔嘴电渣焊IW——induction welding——感应焊LBW——laser beam welding——激光焊PEW——percussion welding——冲击电阻焊TW——thermit welding——热剂焊THSP——THERMAL SPRAYING——热喷涂ASP——arc spraying——电弧喷涂FLSP——flame spraying——火焰喷涂FLSP-W——wire flame spraying——丝材火焰喷涂HVOF——high velocity oxyfuel spraying——高速氧燃气喷涂PSP——plasma spraying——等离子喷涂VPSP-W——vacuum plasma spraying——真空等离子喷涂TC——THERMAL CUTTING——热切割OC——OXYGEN CUTTING——气割OC-F——flux cutting——熔剂切割OC-P——metal powder cutting——金属熔剂切割OFC——oxyfuel gas cutting——氧燃气切割CFC-A——oxyacetylene cutting——氧乙炔切割CFC-H——oxyhydrogen cutting——氢氧切割CFC-N——oxynatural gas cutting——氧天然气切割CFC-P——oxypropanne cutting——氧丙酮切割OAC——oxygen arc cutting——氧气电弧切割OG——oxygen gouging——气刨OLC——oxygen lance cutting——氧矛切割AC——ARC CUTTING——电弧切割CAC——carbon arc cutting——碳弧切割CAC-A——air carbon arc cutting——空气碳弧切割GMAC——gas metal arc cutting——熔化极气体保护电弧切割GTAC——gas tungsten arc cutting——钨极气体保护电弧切割PAC——plasma arc cutting——等离子弧切割SMAC——shielded metal arc cutting——焊条电弧切割HIGH ENERGY BEAM CUTTING——高能束切割EBC——electron beam cutting——电子束切割LBC——laser beam cutting——激光切割LBC-A——air——空气激光切割LBC-EV——evaporative——蒸气激光切割LBC-IG——inert gas——惰性气体激光切割LBC-O——oxygen——氧气激光切割焊接英文词汇收集整理：John Zhang 2007-7-18电阻焊resistance welding (RW)点焊spot welding; resistance spot welding凸焊projection welding缝焊seam welding滚点焊roll-spot welding连续点焊stitch welding多点焊multiple spot welding手压点焊push welding; poke welding脉冲点焊pulsation spot welding; multiple-impulse welding 双面点焊direct spot welding单面点焊indirect spot welding串联点焊series spot welding多点凸焊multiple projection welding频道进缝焊step-by-step seam welding压平缝焊mash seam welding串联缝焊series seam welding对接缝焊butt seam welding; foil-butt seam电阻对焊upset butt welding闪光对焊flash butt welding (FBW)储能焊stored energy welding电容储能点焊condenser discharge spot welding高频电阻焊high frequency resistance welding冲击电阻焊percussion welding胶接点焊spot weld-bonding; weld-bonding闪光flashing; flash过梁bridge; lintel顶锻upsetting; upset夹紧力clamping force顶锻力upsetting force; upset force电极压力electrode force; electrode pressure电极滑移electrode skid焊接循环welding cycle预压时间squeeze time锻压时间forge-delay time; forge time焊接通电时间（电阻焊）welding time (resistance welding) 预热时间preheat time加热时间heat time冷却时间cool time间歇时间quench time; chill time回火时间temper time维持时间hold time休止时间off time闪光时间flash time; flashing time顶锻时间upset time; upsetting time有电顶锻时间upset current time无电顶锻时间upset current-off time闪光速度flashing speed闪光电流flashing current; flash current顶锻电流upset current预热电流preheat current回火电流temper current调伸长度initial overhange; extension总留量total allowance闪光留量flash allowance顶锻留量upset allowance顶锻速度upset speed电极接触面electrode contact surface贴合面faying surface焊点welding spot熔核nugget熔核直径diameter of nugget塑性金属环区corona bond焊透率penetration rate压痕indentation压痕深度depth of indentation压深率indentation ratio翘离sheet separation缩孔shrinkage cavity胡须intrusion电极粘损electrode pick up喷溅splash/ expulsion毛刺fin飞边upset metal/ fin焊点距weld spacing/ spot weld spacing边距edge distance分流shunt current接触电阻contact resistance电阻焊机resistance welding machine点焊机spot welding machine多点焊机multiple spot welding machine移动式点焊机portable spot welding machine 缝焊机seam welding machine纵横两用缝焊机universal seam welder对焊机butt resistance welding machine凸焊机projection welding machine三相低频焊机three phase low frequency welder二次整流电阻焊机direct current resistance welder secondary rectification电容储能电阻焊机condenser discharge resistance welder电容储能点焊机condenser type spot welder/ capacitor spot welding machine 工频电阻焊机mains frequency resistance welding machine低频电阻焊机frequency converter resistance welding machine高频焊机high frequency induction welder逆变式电阻焊机inverter type resistance welding machine全波阻焊电源full wave resistance welding power source斩波阻焊电源chopped wave resistance welding power source旋转焊接变压器rotary welding transformer点焊钳spot welding headC形点焊钳C-type welding head/ C-type gunX形点焊钳pincer spot welding head/ pliers spot welding head断续器contactor同步断续器synchronous contactor异步断续器non-synchronous contactor程序控制器sequencer程序时间调节器sequencer timer电极臂arm电极握杆electrode holder电极台板backup die/ bolster电极水冷管electrode cooling tube电极头electrode tip电极帽electrode cap锥头电极truncated tip electrode平头电极flat tip electrode尖头电极pointed tip electrode球面电极radius tip electrode偏心电极offest electrode直电极straight electrode弯电极cranked electrode双弯电极double cranked (swannecked) electrode滚轮电极circular electrode/ welding wheel斜棱滚轮电极bevelled wheel顶锻机构upsetting mechanism电极总行程total electrode stroke工作行程operational stroke辅助行程electrode travel/ electrode stroke臂间距离horn spacing/ throat opening电极臂伸出长度arm extension摩擦焊friction welding (FW)转速friction speed摩擦压力friction pressure/ heating pressure摩擦转矩friction torque摩擦时间friction time摩擦变形量burn-off length摩擦变形速度burn-off rate停车时间stopping time顶锻变形量forge length顶锻变形速度forge rate摩擦表面friction surface储能摩擦焊fly-wheel type friction welding径向摩擦焊radial friction welding扩散焊diffusion welding (DW)过渡液相扩散焊transient liquid phase diffusion welding 热等静压扩散焊hot isotatic pressure diffusion welding热轧扩散焊roll diffusion welding扩散缝焊seam diffusion welding超塑成形扩散焊supperplastic forming diffusion bounding 隔离剂buttering material爆炸焊explosive welding (EW)爆炸点焊explosive spot welding爆炸线焊explosive line welding多层板爆炸焊explosive welding of multiplayer plates多层管爆炸焊explosive welding of multiplayer tubes覆板（覆管）cladding plat (tube)/ flyer plate (tube)基板（基管）base plate(tube)/ parent plate (tube)保护层buffer/ protector基础base预置角preset angle间距initial stand-off/ spacing装药量explosive load装药密度charge density/ loading density质量比mass ratio平行法parallel plate configuration角度法preset angle configuration均匀布药average arranging explosive梯形布药gradient arranging explosive爆炸焊参数explosive welding parameters初始参数initial parameters动态参数dynamic parameters界面参数interface parameters爆轰速度detonation velocity覆板速度cladding plate velocity碰撞点impact point碰撞点速度velocity of the impact point弯折角bending angle碰撞角collision angle碰撞压力impact pressure格尼能Gurney energy垂直碰撞normal impact倾斜碰撞oblique impact/ inclined impact对称碰撞symmetrical impact来流upper stream出流down stream再入射流re-entrant jet自清理oneself cleaning结合区bond zone平面结合plane bond波状结合wave-like bond界面波长length of the interfacial wave界面波幅amplitude of the interfacial wave熔化层molten layer熔化袋molten pocket雷管区detonator zone边界效应edge effect焊接性窗口weldability windows焊着率ratio of welding area起爆方法method of initiation内爆法internal explosion process外爆法external explosion process半圆柱试验法semi-cylinder experiment method 超声波焊ultrasonic welding (UW)超声波点焊ultrasonic spot welding超声波缝焊ultrasonic seam welding超声波点焊机ultrasonic spot welder超声波缝焊机ultrasonic seam welder冷压焊cold pressure welding (CPW)热压焊hot pressure welding热轧焊hot roll welding旋弧压力焊rotating arc pressure welding埋弧压力焊submerged arc pressure welding电渣压力焊electroslag pressure welding气压焊gas pressure welding锻焊forge-welding/ blacksmith welding磁力脉冲焊magnetic-pulse welding硬钎焊brazing软钎焊soldering烙铁钎焊iron soldering火焰钎焊torch brazing/ torch soldering热风钎焊hot gas soldering感应钎焊induction brazing电阻钎焊resistance brazing接触反应钎焊contact-reaction brazing电弧钎焊arc brazing浸渍钎焊dip brazing/ dip soldering盐浴钎焊saltbath dip brazing (soldering)金属浴钎焊molten metal bath dip brazing炉中钎焊furnace brazing/ furnace soldering保护气氛钎焊brazing in controlled atmosphere真空钎焊vacuum brazing蒸气钎焊vapor phase soldering超声波钎焊ultrasonic soldering扩散钎焊diffusion brazing波峰钎焊flow soldering/ wave soldering分级钎焊step brazing/ step soldering不等间隙钎焊brazing with the unparalleled clearance红外线钎焊infra-red brazing (soldering)光束钎焊light soldering (brazing)激光钎焊laser brazing (soldering)电子束钎焊electron beam brazing钎接焊braze-welding钎料brazing filler metal/ solder硬钎料brazing filler metal软钎料solder (m)自钎剂钎料self-fluxing brazing alloy/ self-fluxing filler metal 活性钎料active filler metal/ active metal brazing alloy成形钎料preformed filler metal/ solder preform非晶态钎料amorphous filler metal粉状钎料powdered filler metal钎料膏braze cream/ braze paste/ solder cream/ solder paste药皮钎料flux coated brazing(soldering)rod层状钎料sandwich filler metal药芯钎料丝flux-cored colder wire敷钎料板clad brazing sheet钎剂brazing flux; soldering flux气体钎剂gas flux反应钎剂reaction flux松香钎剂colophony flux; rosin flux钎剂膏flux paste阻流剂stopping-off agent钎剂活性flux activity钎剂活性温度范围activation temperature range of flux钎剂热稳定性thermal stability of flux钎焊过程brazing (soldering) process钎焊操作brazing (soldering) operation工艺镀层technological coating钎焊面faying face钎缝间缝joint gap; joint clearance钎焊参数brazing process variables钎焊温度brazing temperature钎焊时间brazing time钎焊保温时间holding time of brazing钎缝brazing seam; soldering seam钎缝界面区interfacial region钎缝金属brace metal钎角fillet钎焊接头braced joint; soldered joint平面搭接头joggled lap joint; flush lap joint搭接对接接头butt and lap joint搭接T形接头lapped T-joint; flanged T-joint锁缝接头folded joint平面锁缝接头lick side seam joint; flat lock seam joint 锁缝角接接头lock corner joint; corner double seam 嵌入T形接头inset T jointT形管接头branch T saddle joint套管接头socket joint外喇叭口套管接头flare tube fitting扩口套管接头spigot joint钎焊性brazability; solderability润湿性wettability润湿角wetting angle; contact angle铺展性spreadability铺展系数spread factor; coefficient of spreading钎着率brazed rate脱钎de-brazing; de-soldering润湿称量试验wetting balance test铺展性试验spreadability test填缝性试验clearance fillability test未钎透incomplete penetration虚钎cold soldered joint钎料熔析liquation of filler metal溶蚀erosion钎料流失brazing filler metal erosion钎剂夹杂flux inclusion晶间渗入intergranular penetration波峰钎焊机wave soldering machine冷壁真空钎焊炉cold wall type vacuum brazing热壁真空钎焊炉hot wall type vacuum brazing furnace 钎焊盒brazing retort钎剂涂敷器fluxer钎炬brazing (soldering) blowpipe喷灯brazing lamp烙铁solder iron热喷涂thermal spraying火焰喷涂flame spraying电弧喷涂electric arc spraying等离子喷涂plasma spraying高频感应喷涂high frequency spraying气体爆燃式喷涂detonation flame spraying金属喷涂metal spraying; metallizing塑料喷涂plastic spraying陶瓷喷涂ceramic spraying喷熔spray-fusing表面粗糙化处理surface roughening电火花拉毛electrospark roughening抛锚效应anchoring喷涂层spray-fused coating喷熔层spray-fused coating结合层bond coating; under coating工作层work coating结合强度adhesive strength涂层强度strength of coating封孔处理sealing封孔剂sealant喷涂率spray rate沉积效率deposition efficiency孔隙率porosity喷涂材料spraying material自熔剂合金粉末self-fluxing alloy powder喷炬（枪）spray torch;热切割thermal cutting (TC)气割gas cutting; oxygen cutting氧溶剂切割powder cutting氧-石英砂切割quartz powder cutting电弧切割arc cutting氧气电弧切割oxy-arc cutting空气电弧切割air arc cutting等离子弧切割plasma arc cutting (PAC)空气等离子弧切割air plasma arc cutting氧等离子切割oxygen plasma arc cutting水再压缩空气等离子弧切割air plasma water injection arc cutting双层气流等离子弧切割dual gas plasma arc cutting; shielded gas plasma arc cutting 激光切割laser cutting(LC); laser beam cutting电子束切割electron beam cutting喷气激光切割gas jet laser cutting碳弧切割carbon arc cutting水下切割underwater cutting喷水式水下电弧切割waterjet method underwater arc cutting氧矛切割oxygen lancing; oxygen lance cutting溶剂氧切割powder lancing手工气割manual oxygen cutting自动气割automatic oxygen cutting仿形切割shape cutting数控切割NC (numerical-control) cutting快速切割high-speed cutting垂直切割square cut叠板切割stack cutting坡口切割beveling; bevel cutting碳弧气割carbon arc air gouging火焰气刨flame gouging火焰表面清理scarfing氧熔剂表面修整powder washing预热火焰preheat flame预热氧preheat oxygen切割氧cutting oxygen/ cutting stream切割速度cutting speed切割线lone of cut/ cut line切割面face of cut/ cut face切口kerf切口上缘cutting shoulder切口宽度kerf width后拖量drag切割面平面度evenness of cutting surface/ planeness of cutting surface割纹深度depth of cutting veins/ stria depth切割面质量quality of cut face上缘熔化度shoulder meltability/ melting degree of shoulder切口角kerf angle缺口notch挂渣adhering slag结瘤dross割炬cutting torch/ cutting blowpipe/ oxygen-fuel gas cutting torch割枪cutting gun割嘴cutting nozzle/ cutting tip快速割嘴divergent nozzle/ high-speed nozzle表面割炬gouging blowpipe水下割炬under-water cutting blowpipe水下割条electrode for under-water cutting粉剂罐powder dispenser数控切割机NC cutting machine门式切割机flame planer光电跟踪切割机photo-electric tracing cutting火焰切管机pipe flame cutting machine磁轮式气割机gas cutting machine with magnetic wheels 焊接结构welded structure/ welded construction焊件weldment焊接部件weld assembly组装件built-up member接头设计joint design焊接应力welding stress焊接瞬时应力transient welding stress焊接残余应力welding residual stress热应力thermal stress收缩应力contraction stress局部应力local stress拘束应力constraint stress固有应力inherent stress固有应变区inherent strain zone残余应力测定residual stress analysis逐层切割法Sach’s methodX射线衍射法X-ray stress analysis小孔释放法Mathar method固有应变法inherent strain method消除应力stress relieving局部消除应力local stress relieving应力重分布stress redistribution退火消除应力stress relieving by annealing温差拉伸消除应力low temperature stress relieving机械拉伸消除应力mechanical stress relieving应力松弛stress relaxation焊接变形welding deformation焊接残余变形welding residual deformation局部变形local deformation角变形angular distortion自由变形free deformation收缩变形contraction deformation错边变形mismatching deformation挠曲变形deflection deformation波浪变形wave-like deformation火焰矫正flame straightening反变形backward deformation焊接力学welding mechanics断裂力学fracture mechanics弹塑性断裂变形elasto-plastic fracture mechanics线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics延性断裂ductile fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture应力腐蚀开裂stress corrosion cracking热应变脆化hot straining embrittlement临界裂纹尺寸critical crack size裂纹扩展速率crack propagation rate裂纹张开位移（COD）crack opening displacement拘束度restraint intensity拘束系数restraint coefficient应变速率strain rate断裂韧度fracture toughness应力强度因子stress intensity factor临界应力强度因子critical stress intensity factors应力腐蚀临界应力强度因子critical stress intensity factor of stress corrosion cracking J积分J-integration罗伯逊止裂试验Robertson crack arrest testESSO试验ESSO test双重拉伸试验doucle tension test韦尔斯宽板拉伸试验Well’s wide plate test帕瑞斯公式Paris formula断裂分析图fracture analysis diagram焊接车间welding shop焊接工作间welding booth焊接工位welding post/ welding station焊接环境welding surroundings焊工welder电焊工manual arc welder气焊工gas welder焊接检验员weld inspector焊工培训welders training焊工模拟训练器trainer of synthetic weld焊工考试welder qualification test焊工合格证welder qualification/ welder qualified certification钢板预处理steel plate pretreatment喷沙sand blast喷丸shot blast矫正straighten开坡口bevelling (of the edge)/ chanfering装配assembly/ fitting安装erect刚性固定rigid fixing装配焊接顺序sequence of fitting and welding 焊接工艺评定welding procedure qualification 焊接工艺规程welding procedure specification 焊接工艺试验welding procedure test焊接工艺卡welding procedure card工序operational sequence焊接材料消耗定额welding consumables quota 焊接工时定额welder-hour quota清渣slag removal清根back gouging/ back chipping锤击peening返修次数number of rewelding焊接工作台welding bench装焊平台welding platen电磁平台electromagnetic platen焊接翻转机welding tilter焊接回转台floor turnable positioner焊接变位机positioner焊接滚轮架turning rolls焊接操作机manpulator焊工升降台welder’s lifting platform焊接夹具welding jig/ fixture磁力夹紧器magnetic jig螺旋推撑器screw operated tensioning unit焊丝盘绕机welding wire coiler焊条压涂机welding electrode extrusion press 红外线加热器infra-red heater干燥箱dryer焊条保温筒thermostat for electrode流量计flow meterCO2预热器CO2 heaterCO2干燥器CO2 desiccator焊接电缆welding cable电缆夹头welding connector地线earth lead地线夹头earth clamp焊接参数记录仪welding parameter recorder 焊缝检测规weld gauge喷嘴通针tip cleaner测温笔tempil stick敲渣锤chipping hammer焊接衬垫backing/ welding backing保留垫板fusible backing/ permanent backing临时垫板temporary backing焊剂垫flux backing惰性气体衬垫inert-gas backing引弧板run-on tab/ end tab/ starting weld tab引出板run-off tab/ end tab定位板strong-back加强勒stiffener嵌条insert套环ferrule面罩helmet滤光镜片filter glass/ welding glass防护镜片cover glass/ plain glass气焊眼镜welding goggles焊接机器人welding robot点焊机器人spot welding robot弧焊机器人arc welding robot切割机器人cutting robot焊接机器人生产线robot line for welding焊接机器人工作站welding robot station机器人运动自由degree of free for robot机器人工作空间robot working space轨迹重复精度path repeatability点位重复精度PTP repeatability焊接专家系统welding expert system焊接机器人示数welding robot play back焊接图象识别pattern recognition for welding焊接图象处理welding image processing计算机辅助焊接工艺设计computer-aided welding process programming (CAWPP) 计算机辅助焊接结构设计computer-aided design for welding structure焊接烟尘weld fume焊接发尘量total amount of fumes焊接烟尘浓度weld fume concentration焊接烟尘容限浓度threshold limit values of weld fume (TLV)焊接发尘速率weld fume emission rate焊接有害气体welding toxic gases/ weld harmful gases标定卫生空气需要量nominal hygienic air requirement焊工尘肺pheumocomsis of welder焊工锰中毒chronic occupational manganese poisoning of welder焊工氟中毒fluorosis of welder焊工金属烟热metal fume fever of welder电光性眼炎eye-flash (arc eye)电光性皮炎electro-photo dermatitis电弧紫外线灼伤ultraviolet ray burn防电击装置voltage reducing device除尘装置dust collection device焊工手套welding gloves护脚welding spats防护鞋shielding shoes焊接欠缺welding imperfection焊接缺陷weld defect气孔blowhole/ gas pore针尖状气孔pinhole密集气孔porosity条虫状气孔wormhole裂纹crack表面裂纹surface crack咬边undercut焊瘤overlap凹坑pit烧穿burn through塌陷excessive penetration未焊透incomplete penetration/ lack of penetration未熔合lack of fusion/ incomplete fusion未焊满incompletely filled weld根部凹陷root concavity电弧擦伤arc scratch夹渣slag inclusion夹杂物inclusion夹钨tungsten inclusion白点fish eye/ flake错边misalignment/ dislocation试件test piece试样test specimen无损检验nondestructive test破坏检验destructive test外观检查visual examination超声波探伤ultrasonic inspection直射法超声波探伤straight beam method斜射法超声波探伤angle beam method液浸法超声波探伤immersion method射线探伤radiographic inspection/ radiographyX射线探伤X-ray radiographic inspectionγ射线探伤gamma-ray inspectionX射线工业电视探伤X-ray industrial television inspection 磁粉探伤magnetic particle inspection电磁探伤electromagnetic inspection/ eddy current test探伤灵敏度flaw detection sensitivity渗透探伤penetration inspection荧光探伤flurescent penetrant inspection 着色探伤dye penetrant inspection密封性检验leak test气密性检验air tight test枕形气密检验pillow test耐压检验pressure test水压检验hydraulic test气压检验pneumatic test液晶检验liquid crystal test声发射检测acoustic emission testing面弯试验face bend testing背弯试验root bend test侧弯试验side bend test横弯试验horizontal bend test纵弯试验axial bend test压扁试验squeezing test。
备考2023年高考英语二轮专题：阅读理解（自然与环保）一、阅读理解(共40题；共80分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C 和D）中，选出最佳选项。
Curtin University research has found a simple and affordable method to determine which chemicals and types of metals are best used to store and supply energy, in a breakthrough for any battery-run devices and technologies relying on the fast and reliable supply of electricity, including smart phones and tablets.Lead author Associate Professor Simone Ciampi from Curtin's School of Molecular and Life Sciences said this easy, low-cost method of determining how to produce and keep the highest energy charge in a capacitor (电容器) could be of great benefit to all scientists, engineers and start-ups looking to solving the energy storage challenges of the future."All electronic devices require an energy source. While a battery needs to be recharged over time, a capacitor can be charged instantly because it stores energy by separating charged ions (离子), found in ionic liquids, " Ciampi said.There are thousands of types of ionic liquids, a type of "liquid salt", and until now, it was difficult to know which would be best suited for use in a capacitor. What our team has done is designing a quick and easy test, able to be performed in a basic lab, which can measure both the ability to store charge when a solid electrode touches a given ionic liquid—a simple capacitor—as well as the stability of the device when charged."The simplicity this test means anyone can apply it without the need for expensive equipment. Using this method, researchers found that charging the device for 60 seconds produced a full charge, which did not ‘leak' (渗漏) and begin to diminish for at least four days, " Mr Belotti said.The next step is to use this new screening method to find ionic liquid with an even longer duration in the charged state and larger energy density.1．（2分）What can the new method be used to do in the future?A．Help to choose smart phones.B．Find materials used as energy.C．Research energy sources of the future.D．Settle the problem of storing energy.2．（2分）What was the challenge in making a capacitor?A．Choosing the best ionic liquid.B．Figuring out the storing ability.C．Devising a quick and easy test.D．Recharging a battery instantly.3．（2分）What does the underlined word "diminish" in paragraph 5 probably mean?A．Charge.B．Develop.C．Decrease.D．Expand.4．（2分）What would be a suitable title for the text?A．The Importance of Selecting Ionic LiquidB．A Good Method to Seek Perfect Ionic LiquidC．Types of Ionic Liquids for Use in a CapacitorD．A Simple and Affordable Battery阅读短文，回答问题When a chunk of ice fell from a collapsing glacier(冰川)on the Swiss Alps' Mount Eiger in 2017, part of the long deep sound it produced was too low for human ears to detect. But these vibrations held a key to calculating the ice avalanche's(崩塌)critical characteristics.Low-frequency sound waves called infrasound that travel great distances through the atmosphere are already used to monitor active volcanoes from afar. Now some researchers in this field have switched focus from fire to ice: dangerous blocks snapping off glaciers. Previous work has analyzed infrasound from snow avalanches but never ice, says Boise State University geophysicist Jeffrey Johnson. "This was different," Johnson says. "A signature of a new material has been detected with infrasound."Usually glaciers move far too slowly to generate an infrasound signal, which researchers pick up using detectors that track slight changes in air pressure. But a collapse—a sudden, rapid breaking of ice from the glacier's main body—is a prolific infrasound producer. Glacial collapses drive ice avalanches, which pose an increasing threat to people in mountainous regions as rising temperatures weaken large fields of ice. A glacier "can become detached from the ground due to melting, causing bigger break— offs," says University of Florence geologist Emanuele Marchetti, lead author of the new study. As the threat grows, scientists seek new ways to monitor and detect such collapses.Researchers often use radar to track ice avalanches, which is precise but expensive and can monitor only one specific location and neighboring avalanche paths. Infrasound, Marchetti says, is cheaper and can detect break—off events around a much broader area as well as multiple avalanches across a mountain. It is challenging, however, to separate a signal into its components (such as traffic noises, individual avalanches and nearby earthquakes) without additional measurements, says ETH Zurich glaciologist Malgorzata Chmiel. "The model used by Marchetti is a first approximation for this," she says. Isolating the relevant signal helpsthe researchers monitor an ice avalanche's speed, path and volume from afar using infrasound.Marchetti and his colleagues are now working to improve their detectors to pick up more signals across at-risk regions in Europe, and they have set up collaborations around the continent to better understand signals that collapsing glaciers produce. They are also refining their mathematical analysis to figure out each ice cascade's physical details.5．（2分）What can we learn from Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3?A．Infrasound has a major role to play in discovering new materials.B．Ice avalanches are a bigger threat to people than volcanic eruptions.C．Researchers are trying to use infrasound in detecting ice avalanches.D．Scientists employ infrasound more in mountain areas than in other places.6．（2分）Which is an advantage of infrasound over radar?A．The combination with other relevant signals.B．The accuracy in locating a certain avalanche.C．The ability in picking up signals in wider areas.D．The sensitivity in tracking air pressure changes.7．（2分）The underlined word "this" in Paragraph 4 refers to________.A．distinguishing different components of a signalB．detecting multiple avalanches at the same timeC．calculating the speed and path of ice avalanchesD．monitoring the specific location of ice break—offs8．（2分）Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A．From Fire to Ice B．Glacier WhispersC．Nature is Warning D．Secret of Ice Avalanches阅读理解Hoping to live on the moon one day? Your chances just got a tiny bit better. Researchers found that lunar pits and caves reach stable temperatures, making them potentially suitable for human life.Planetary scientists at the University of California, Los Angeles have been doing the research. Although much of the moon's surface temperatures ranges from as high as 260 degrees during the day to as low as 280 degrees below zero at night, the moon has pits and caves where temperatures stay at roughly 63 degrees Fahrenheit, making human habitation a possibility, according to their new research.For perspective, a day or night on the moon equals a little over two weeks on the earth—making long-term research and habitation difficult with such extremely hot and cold temperatures. Researchers say these stable spots could transform the future of lunar exploration and long-term habitation. The shadowed areas of these pits could also offer protection from harmful elements, such as solar radiation, universal rays and micrometeorites (微小陨石).About 16 of the over 200 discovered pits most likely come from collapsed lava tubes—tunnels that form from cooled lava or crust, according to Tyler Horvath, a UCLA doctoral student and head of the research. The researchers think overhangs inside of these lunar pits, which were initially discovered in 2009, could be the reason for the stable temperature.The research team also includes UCLA professor of planetary science David Paige and Paul Hayne at the University of Colorado Boulder. "Humans evolved living in caves, and to caves we might return when we live on the moon," said Paige in a UCLA press release.There are still plenty of other challenges to establishing any sort of long-term human residence on the moon—including growing food and providing enough oxygen. The researchers made clear that NASA has no immediate plans to establish a base camp or habitations there.9．（2分）What did the researchers find?A．Humans like the life on the moon.B．People lived in lunar pits and caves.C．Steady temperature exists somewhere on the moon.D．Temperatures in caves and pits vary a lot on the moon.10．（2分）What do the shadowed areas act as protection against?A．Solar heat.B．Harmful liquids.C．Universal gases.D．Micrometeorites.11．（2分）What does the underlined word "evolved" probably mean in paragraph 5?A．Appeared.B．Developed.C．Hunted.D．Escaped.12．（2分）Why does NASA not establish any habitation there at present?A．It has no such plans.B．Food there tastes bad.C．Many challenges exist.D．There is no oxygen.阅读理解A new study combining linguistic, genetic and archaeological evidence has traced the origins of thefamily of languages including modern Japanese, Korean, Turkish and Mongolian and the people who speak them to millet (粟) farmers who inhabited a region in northeastern China about 9, 000 years ago.The findings detailed on Wednesday document a shared genetic ancestry for the hundreds of millions of people who speak what the researchers call Transeurasian languages across an area stretching more than 8, 000 kilometers.The findings illustrate how humankind's embrace of agriculture following the Ice Age powered the movements of some of the world's major language families. Millet was an important early crop as hunter-gatherers transitioned to an agricultural lifestyle.There are 98 Transeurasian languages. This language family's beginnings were traced to millet farmers in the Liao River valley, an area including parts of the Chinese provinces of Liaoning and Jilin and the region of Inner Mongolia. As these farmers moved across northeastern Asia, the descendant languages spread north and west into Siberia and east into Korea and over the sea to Japan over thousands of years.The research stressed the complex beginnings for modern populations and cultures."Accepting that the roots of one's language, culture or people lie beyond the present national boundaries is a kind of surrender of identity, which some people are not yet prepared to make," said comparative linguist Martine Robbeets, lead author of the study published in the journal Nature."Powerful nations such as Japan, Korea and China are often pictured as representing one language, one culture and one genetic profile. But a truth is that all languages, cultures and humans, including those in Asia, are mixed," Robbeets added.The origins of modem Chinese languages arose independently, though in a similar fashion, with millet also involved. While the ancestors of the Transeurasian languages grew millet in the Liao River valley, the originators of the Sino-Tibetan language family farmed millet at roughly the same time in China's Yellow River region, paving the way for a separate language expansion.13．（2分）What is the new study mainly about?A．The migration routes of millet farmers.B．The ancient origins of a large language family.C．The different ancestries of Transeurasian speakers.D．The shared features of some neighboring languages.14．（2分）What fueled the spread of Transeurasian languages?A．The transition of power.B．The diversity of lifestyles.C．The interaction of cultures.D．The adoption of farming.15．（2分）According to Robbeets, who may feel uncomfortable about the new findings?A．Those from agricultural countries.B．Those who deny their cultural identity.C．Those with a strong sense of nationalism.D．Those who are afraid to cross boundaries.16．（2分）What is the main function of the last paragraph?A．To draw a conclusion.B．To present likely consequences.C．To highlight the theme.D．To offer additional information.阅读理解A "secretive" new species of frog has been discovered on the forest floor in India's Western Ghat mountain range. Named the starry dwarf frog after the markings on its dark brown back, it is just 2 centimeters long.The frog, whose closest relatives are a group of species native to India and Sri Linka, is the only member of an ancient lineage (血统) dating back to millions of years ago, according to researchers from India and the US. It is unclear whether the species is descended from African or Asian frogs.A group of Indian and US researchers first came across the local species hidden in leaf-litter as part of a wider project to look for new frogs, lizards and snakes in the richly biodiverse region and stored it in a jar for later study. Genetic testing and a closer look at its shape, colouring and other features has shown that it doesn't match any existing species.Kartik Shanker of the Indian Institute of Science, who helped design the study, says while it is common to find new frogs in India, this one needs to be noticed. "This particular species not just is a new species, but also belongs to a new genus (属), and that makes it a little more special, " says Shanker.The number of known species of frog identified in India has climbed from around 200 to above 400 over the past two decades. While many species new to science are frequently immediately sorted as endangered, it is too early to say whether the starry dwarf frog is threatened. "They are very secretive," says Shanker, adding that the team didn't know the size of its population. The frog is active at night and lives near water.Habitat loss is a serious risk to frogs in tropical forests around the world, alongside threats such as a deadly fungus (真菌) that has been killing off amphibians (两栖动物) for the past four decades. But the newspecies was found in a reserved forest, meaning it will enjoy a degree of protection by Indian government agencies.17．（2分）What can we learn from paragraph 3?A．The species was discovered by tourists.B．The species was found in a rich region.C．The species was finally set free.D．The species was further studied.18．（2分）What can we say about the new frog?A．It is in small quantities.B．It is an endangered species.C．It is well worth attention.D．It is related to African or Asian frogs.19．（2分）What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A．Habitat loss is the chief threat to frogs.B．The new species may face less dangers.C．Tropical forests in India are all under protection.D．The Indian government determines to save frogs.20．（2分）Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A．A rare frog species protected in IndiaB．A rise in species of frog seen in IndiaC．A secretive frog species discovered in IndiaD．A risk of habitat loss for frogs removed in India阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
typical application circuitFigure 21t − Time − µsV I = 5 V I O = 30 mATPS60402TPS6040150 mV/DIV50 mV/DIV20 µs/DIV Figure 22TPS60400, TPS60403OUTPUT VOLTAGEt − Time − µsV I = 5 V I O = 30 mATPS60403TPS60400100 mV/DIV50 mV/DIV4 µs/DIVCFLYC I NC O U TU1TPS60400INGNDFigure 37. Recommended PCB Layout for TPS6040x (Top Layer)device family productsOther inverting dc-dc converters from Texas Instruments are listed in Table 5.Table 5. Product IdentificationPART NUMBERTPS6735Fixed negative 5TPS6755Adjustable 1-W inverting dc-dc converterPACKAGING INFORMATIONOrderable Device Status (1)Package Type Package Drawing Pins Package Qty Eco Plan (2)Lead/Ball Finish MSL Peak Temp (3)TPS60400QDBVRQ1ACTIVE SOT-23DBV 53000Green (RoHS &no Sb/Br)CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM TPS60401QDBVRQ1ACTIVE SOT-23DBV 53000Green (RoHS &no Sb/Br)CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM TPS60402QDBVRQ1ACTIVE SOT-23DBV 53000Green (RoHS &no Sb/Br)CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM TPS60403QDBVRQ1ACTIVESOT-23DBV53000Green (RoHS &no Sb/Br)CU NIPDAULevel-1-260C-UNLIM(1)The marketing status values are defined as follows:ACTIVE:Product device recommended for new designs.LIFEBUY:TI has announced that the device will be discontinued,and a lifetime-buy period is in effect.NRND:Not recommended for new designs.Device is in production to support existing customers,but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design.PREVIEW:Device has been announced but is not in production.Samples may or may not be available.OBSOLETE:TI has discontinued the production of the device.(2)Eco Plan -The planned eco-friendly classification:Pb-Free (RoHS),Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt),or Green (RoHS &no Sb/Br)-please check /productcontent for the latest availability information and additional product content details.TBD:The Pb-Free/Green conversion plan has not been defined.Pb-Free (RoHS):TI's terms "Lead-Free"or "Pb-Free"mean semiconductor products that are compatible with the current RoHS requirements for all 6substances,including the requirement that lead not exceed 0.1%by weight in homogeneous materials.Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures,TI Pb-Free products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes.Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt):This component has a RoHS exemption for either 1)lead-based flip-chip solder bumps used between the die and package,or 2)lead-based die adhesive used between the die and leadframe.The component is otherwise considered Pb-Free (RoHS compatible)as defined above.Green (RoHS &no Sb/Br):TI defines "Green"to mean Pb-Free (RoHS compatible),and free of Bromine (Br)and Antimony (Sb)based flame retardants (Br or Sb do not exceed 0.1%by weight in homogeneous material)(3)MSL,Peak Temp.--The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications,and peak solder temperature.Important Information and Disclaimer:The information provided on this page represents TI's knowledge and belief as of the date that it is provided.TI bases its knowledgeand belief on information provided by third parties,and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of such information.Efforts are underway to better integrate information from third parties.TI has taken and continues to take reasonable steps to provide representative and accurate information but may not have conducted destructive testing or chemical analysis on incoming materials and chemicals.TI and TI suppliers consider certain information to be proprietary,and thus CAS numbers and other limited information may not be available for release.In no event shall TI's liability arising out of such information exceed the total purchase price of the TI part(s)at issue in this document sold by TI to Customer on an annual basis.PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM5-Feb-2007Addendum-Page 1IMPORTANT NOTICETexas Instruments Incorporated and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make corrections, modifications, enhancements, improvements, and other changes to its products and services at any time and todiscontinue any product or service without notice. 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PSCAD库元件介绍PSCAD库元件介绍1）PassiveR，L，C；可调R，L，C；地；固定负荷（P+jQ)；Tuned filter（调谐滤波器既串联的RLC）；⾼通滤波器；带通滤波器；三相负载（纯R；纯L；纯C）；三相短路；信号汇合；避雷器；绞线（三相系统阻抗匹配也就是导线换位）；3-Phase to SLD Electrical Wire Converter（三相到单相线路转换器，⽤于将三相系统信号分为三个单相信号，反之亦可以。
）6 to Twin 3-Phase Splitter（将6维信号分离为2个独⽴的三维信号，反之亦可以）；2）电源单相电压源模型1（单相带内阻的AC或DC电压源）；三相电压源模型1（内阻或零序阻抗）；单相电压源模型2（单相带内阻的AC或DC电压源，但可以为理想单项电压源）；地；三相电压源模型2（有内阻或零序阻抗，但可以为理想三相电压源）；电流源（理想的AC或DC电流源）；三相电压源模型3（内阻可为正序，零序，⽆内阻（理想电压源））；谐波电流注⼊（特定幅值和频率的初值，范围，步进；正序，负序，零序或ALL）3）测量仪表万⽤表；电流表；电压表（线地电压/线线电压）；单相电表（有效值）；三相电节点；三相电表（有效值）；功率表（有功，⽆功）；相差；频率/相⾓/有效值；频率扫描表（FFT）；Interface to Harmonic Impedance Solution；数据信号标签；三⾓函数；相乘；信号和差；选择标量/数组；增益模块；三相到单相线路转换器；电阻；4）输⼊输出设备输出通道；以下的模块可控制仿真输出可调输⼊（实数或整数）滑块；开关；旋转开关；按钮；Variable Plotstep；⽮量组合；Multiple Run（选择不同变量的输⼊）；Optimum Run（优化，使程序收敛到既定参数）Total Number of Multiple Runs；Current Run Number5）变压器单相2绕组变压器；单相3绕组变压器；三相2绕组变压器；三相3绕组变压器；三相4绕组变压器；UMEC(基于磁等效电路模型；单相2绕组变压器；单相3绕组变压器；单相4绕组变压器；)3/5 Limb UMEC Transformer；单相⾃耦变压器；三相星星连接⾃耦变压器；6）单相断路器；三相断路器；定时断路器；单相故障；三相故障；定时故障；7） -Sections 传输线∏-Sections (Single Circuit)；∏-Section (Double Circuit)；Mutually Coupled（相互耦合）Wires (Two Lines)；Mutually Coupled Wires (Three Lines)；详细的资料见Heip和电⼒系分析8）Machines同步机；⿏笼式异步电机；绕线转⼦异步电机；两绕组直流电机；永磁同步电机；风⼒；风⼒涡轮机；风⼒控制器；内燃机；交流励磁机；直流励磁机；静态励磁机；固态励磁；电⼒系统稳定器；Multi-Mass Torsional Shaft Interface；⽔⼒控制器；⽔⼒涡轮机；⽔⼒控制器和涡轮机；蒸汽控制器；蒸汽涡轮机；数据信号标签；实常数；9）⾼压直流输电柔性设备电⼒电⼦开关器件；六脉冲桥；静⽌⽆功补偿器；脉冲驱动；电流控制；⾓度控制；电流控制电压；Minimum Gamma Measurement；CCCM Controller for Rectifier；CCCM Contoller for Inverter；Effective Gamma Measurement；Apparent Gamma Measurement；Thyristor Switched Capacitor Allocator；TSC/TCR Non-Linear Susceptance ；TCR/TSC Capacitor Switching Logic；避雷器；电感；电压表（线地）；实极点；实常数；电流表；仿真时间输出；三相电⽓节点；3相2绕组变压器；地；单输⼊⽐较器；10）Control Systems Modeling Functions（CSMF）控制系统建模函数增益；Differential Lag（微分滞环）or Forgetting Function；Derivative （倒数）with a Time Constant；超前与滞后；实极点；延迟函数；平⽅；平⽅根；绝对值；三⾓函数；脉冲发⽣器；通⽤传递函数；限幅；线性增益；单输⼊⽐较器；带下⾏斜率传递函数；速率限制器；带上⾏斜率传递函数；信号发⽣器；边缘检测器对数函数；指数函数；⼆阶复数极点；定时；Range Comparator；Surge （浪涌）Generator；两输⼊⽐较器；⽐例积分控制器；积分；调幅调频调⾓；计数器；除法器；加减汇合点；乘法器；2选1选择器；频率扫描（online Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)）；Maximum/Minimum Functions；插值采样；XOR Phase Difference（相差）；压控振荡器；锁相环；变频锯齿波发⽣器；谐波失真计算器；N阶传递函数；N阶巴特沃思\切⽐雪夫滤波器；XY传递函数；Binary ON Delay with Interpolation；随机数发⽣器；11）miscellaneous实常数；整常数；逻辑常数；与pi有关的常数；类型转换；数据信号合并；仿真时间步长的输出；仿真时间输出Scalar\Array Tap(标量或数组的索引);Output of Current Run Number（输出当前运⾏数）；Total Number of Multiple Runs；Feedback Loop Selector（反馈回路选择）；Data Signal Array Tap 2（数据信号数组索引）；Data Signal Array Tap；信号汇合；12）Logical多输⼊逻辑门；Inverter（⾮门）；双稳态触发器；Hysteresis Buffer（磁滞缓冲区）；4或8通道多路选择器；Shift Register（移位寄存器）13）Sequencer程序控制器Start of Sequence of Events；Wait for an Event；Apply/Clear Fault；数据信号标签；按钮；Close/Open Breaker；可调输⼊滑块；实常数；除法器；开关按钮；地；电压表（线地）；输出通道；乘法器；电阻；三相电压源模型2；三相断路器；三相故障；旋转按钮；Scalar\Array Tap；14）保护电流互感器（JA模型）；电流互感器（Locas model模型）；Two CT Differential Configuration - JA Model；Coupled Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CCVT)；Potential Transformer (PT/VT)（电压互感器）；Block Average Phase Comparator Relay（⽐相继电器）线地阻抗；线线阻抗；Mho Circle（欧姆阻抗圆）；Trip Polygon；Sequence Filter （相序滤波器）Distance Relay - Apple Characteristics；Distance Relay - Lens Characteristics；Out of Step Relay - Mho Characteristics；Out of Step Relay - Lens Characteristics；Out of Step Relay - Polygon Characteristics；Over-Current Detector（过流检测器）；Negative Sequence Directional Element（负序⽅向元件）；Dual Slope Current Differential Relay（两斜率电流差分继电器）；Inverse Time Over Current Relay（反延时过流继电器）；15）输⼊输出端⼦；Import（⽤于将主模块的数据传送给⼦模块）； Export（⽤于将⼦模块的数据传送给主模块）注意：输⼊信号名称（参数）必须与⼀个在模块定义输出连接相匹配，反之亦然。
Switched-Capacitor Voltage Inverters with ShutdownFeaturesInverts Input Supply Voltage25mA Output Current with A Voltage Drop of 250mV0.45mA Quiescent Current at 3.3V Supply99% Voltage Conversion Efficiency1.8V to 5V operating rangeRequire Only Two CapacitorsOver-Temperature Protected2KV ESD Rating8-Pin SOP PackageApplicationsCell PhoneSmall LCD PanelsPortable EquipmentHandy-Terminals, PDAsBattery-Operated Equipment General DescriptionThe G5931 is an unregulated charge-pump voltage inverter which may be used to generate a negative supply from positive input. Input voltages ranging from +1.8V to +5V can be inverted into a -1.8V to -5V out-put supply. The devices is ideal for both battery- pow-ered and board level voltage conversion applications with a typical operating current of 0.45mA at 3.3V supply.The G5931 can deliver 25mA output current with a voltage drop of 250mV. The parts are over -temperature protected.Applications include cell phones, PDAs, and other portable equipment. The devices is available in 8-pin SOP Package.Ordering InformationORDERNUMBERMARKINGTEMP.RANGEPACKAGE(Pb free)G5931P1U G5931 -40°C to 85°C SOP-8 Note: P1 : SOP-8U: Tape & ReelPin Configuration Typical Operating CircuitIN(1.8V to 5V)NCCP+NCGNDCP-INNCOUTC1,C2,C3: 1µF MLCC (X5R)C1Absolute Maximum RatingsIN to GND Voltage Range………….…….-0.3V to +5.5V OUT to GND Voltage Range..............…-5.5V to +0.3V C1+ to GND Voltage Range……..…-0.3V to (V IN +0.3V) C1- to GND Voltage Range…..….(V OUT -0.3V) to +0.3V OUT Output Current………………………………100mA Operating Temperature Range….………-40°C to 85°C OUT Short Circuit to GND..........………………IndifiniteStorage Temperature……………………-65°C to 150°C Junction Temperature…………………………..…150°C Reflow Temperature (Soldering, 10sec)…..……260°C Thermal ResistanceSOIC (θJA ).............................................160°C/W ESD Rating HBM. (2000V)Note : Human body model is a 100pF capacitor discharged through a 1.5k Ω resistor into each pin.Electrical Characteristics(V IN =+3.3V, C1 = C2 = C3= 1µF, T A = -40 to 85°C unless otherwise noted. Typical values is at T A =25°C.)PARAMETER CONDITION MIN TYP MAX UNITInput Voltage, V INR LOAD =10k Ω1.8 --- 5 VSupply Current, I Q T A =25o C --- 0.45 0.5 mA Charge Pump Frequency, F SWV IN=5V 255 295 330 KHzOutput Resistance(Note)I LOAD =5mA --- 8.3 9.6 Ω I LOAD =5mA --- 14 --- mV p-p Output RippleI LOAD =25mA --- 56 --- mV p-p Voltage Conversion Efficiency No Load 99 --- --- % Power Efficiency I LOAD =5mA --- 93 --- %Electrical Characteristics(V IN =+5V, C1 = C2 = C3= 1µF, T A = -40 to 85°C unless otherwise noted. Typical values is at T A =25°C.)PARAMETER CONDITION MIN TYP MAX UNITInput Voltage, V IN R LOAD =10k Ω1.8 --- 5 V Supply Current, I QT A =25oC --- 0.92 --- mA Charge Pump Frequency, F SW V IN =5V--- 290 --- KHzOutput Resistance(Note) I LOAD =5mA --- 8.8 --- Ω I LOAD =5mA --- 25 --- mV p-pOutput RippleI LOAD =25mA --- 100 --- mV p-p Voltage Conversion EfficiencyNo Load99 --- --- %Power Efficiency I LOAD =10mA --- 90 --- %Note: Capacitor contribution (ESR component plus (1/F SW )・C) is approximately 20% of output.Typical Performance Characteristics(V IN =3.3V, C 1=C 2=C 3=1µF, T A =25°C, unless otherwise noted.)Typical Performance Characteristics (continued)Recommended Minimum FootprintOutput Ripple Waveform SOP-8Pin DescriptionsPIN NAMEFUNCTION1,6,7 NC Not Internally Connected2C1+Flying Capacitor’s Positive Terminal3 GND Ground4 C1- Flying Capacitor’s Negative Terminal5 OUT Inverting Charge-Pump Output8INPower-Supply Positive Voltage InputDetailed DescriptionThe G5931 contains four large switches which are switched in a sequence to inverter the input supply voltage. Energy transfer and storage are provided by external capacitors. Fig. 1 illustrates the voltage con-version scheme. When S1 and S3 are closed, C1 charges to the supply voltage V IN. During this time in-terval, switches S2 and S4 are open. In the second time interval, S1 and S3 are open; at the same time, S2 and S4 are closed, C1 is charging C2. After a number of cycles, the voltage across C2 will be pumped to V IN . Since the anode of C2 is connected to ground, the output at the cathode of C2 equals -(V IN ) when there are no load current.The main application of G5931 is to generate a nega-tive supply voltage. The range of the input supply volt-age is 1.8V to 5V. The output characteristics of this circuit can be approximated by an ideal voltage source in series with a resistance. The voltage source equals -(V IN ). The output resistance, Rout, is a function of the ON resistance of the internal MOSFET switches, the oscillator frequency, the capacitance and the ESR of both C 1 and C 2. Since the switching current charging and discharging C 1 is approximately twice as the out-put current, the effect of the ESR of the pumping ca-pacitor C 1 will be multiplied by four in the output resis-tance. The output capacitor C 2 is charging and dis-charging at a current approximately equal to the output current, therefore, this ESR term only counts once in the output resistance. A good approximation of R out is:2C 1C 1OSC SW OUT ESRESR 4xC f 2R 2R +++≅Where R SW is the sum of the ON resistance of the in-ternal MOSFET switches shown in Figure 1.High capacitance, low ESR capacitors will reduce the output resistance.Figure 1. Ideal Voltage InverterApplication InformationTable 1. Low-ESR Capacitor ManufacturersPRODUCTIONMETHOD MANUFACTURER SERIES AVX X7R Surface-Mount CeramicMatsuo X7RCapacitor SelectionTo maintain the lowest output resistance, use capaci-tors with low ESR (Table 1). The charge-pump output resistance is a function of C1’s and C2’s ESR. There-fore, minimizing the charge-pump capacitor’s ESR minimizes the total output resistance.Flying Capacitor (C1)Increasing the flying capacitor’s value reduces the output resistance. Above a certain point, increasing C1’s capacitance has a negligible effect because the output resistance becomes dominated by the internal switch resistance and capacitor ESR.Output Capacitor (C2)Increasing the output capacitor’s value reduces the output ripple voltage. Decreasing its ESR reduces both output resistance and ripple. Lower capacitance values can be used with light loads if higher output ripple can be tolerated. Use the following equation to calculate the peak-to-peak ripple:2C L OSC L RIPPLE ESR xI 22xC f I V ++=The output resistance is dependent on the capaci-tance and ESR values of the external capacitors. Theoutput voltage drop is the load current times the outputresistance, and the power efficiency is)V (I R I R I R I P P IN Q OUT 2L L 2L L L IN OUT2++==ηWhere I Q (V IN ) is the quiescent power loss of the IC device,and I L 2R out is the conversion loss associated with the switch on-resistance, the two external capaci-tors and their ESRs.Input Bypass Capacitor (C3)Bypass the incoming supply to reduce its AC imped-ance and the impact of the G5931’s switching noise. A bypass capacitor with a value equal to that of C1 is recommended.Voltage InverterThe most common application for these devices is a charge-pump voltage inverter (Figure 2). This applica-tion requires only two external components— capaci-tors C1 and C2—plus a bypass capacitor, if neces-sary.Layout and GroundingGood layout is important, primarily for good noise per-formance. To ensure good layout, mount all compo-nents as close together as possible, keep traces short to minimize parasitic inductance and capacitance, and use a ground plane.Figure 2. Typical Application CircuitPackage InformationSOP-8 PackageNote:1. JEDEC Outline: MS-012 AA/E.P. Version: N/A2. Dimension “D” does not include mold flash, protrusions or gate burrs. Mold flash, protrusions and gate burrs shall not exceed .15mm (.006in) per side.3. Dimensions “E” does not include inter-lead flash, or protrusions inter-lead flash and protrusions shall not ex-ceed .25mm (.010in) per side.DIMENSION IN MM DIMENSION IN INCHSYMBOLMIN. MAX. MIN. MAX.A 1.35 1.75 0.053 0.069 A1 0.000.130.0000.005A2 ----- 1.50 ----- 0.059 B 0.41TYP 0.016TYP D 4.80 4.98 0.189 0.196 E 3.813.990.1500.157e 1.27TYP 0.05TYPH 5.80 6.20 0.228 0.244 L 0.41 1.27 0.016 0.050 θ 0º 8º 0º 8ºTaping SpecificationPACKAGE Q’TY/REELSOP-8 2,500eaGMT Inc. does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and GMT Inc. reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.BTypical SOP Package Orientation。
