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卓越之路模拟联合国大会2011卓越之路模拟联合国大会2011联合国经济与社会理事会背景文件议题：G20峰会后，国际贸易规则改革联合国经济与社会理事会主席团2011/2/6目录1.版权申明2.主席团寄语3.委员会介绍4.议题介绍5.核心词汇解释6.案例分析7.相关阅读8.作业版权申明本文件的版权归卓越之路模拟联合国大会2011组委会所有。
若有引用的需要须注明，谢谢合作！主席团寄语尊敬的各位代表：你们好！首先，欢迎你们来到 “卓越之路模拟联合国大会J T H M U N C2011”的中文会场——联合国经济及社会理事会，接下来的一段日子里，希望各位代表能够认真研究背景资料，投身学术，燃烧对于模联的热情吧！主席团的哥哥姐姐主席会在背景资料里面给予各位代表本次会议的重点信息，希望各位代表仔细阅读背景文件，做好充足的会前准备，在会前积极磋商，在会议过程中展现自己的才华。
在此衷心地祝愿大家能在这次会议中展现自我，体会模拟联合国的魅力。
P S：E C O S O C唯一指定用群：129736206（谁加谁知道）联合国经济于社会理事会主席团成员董建玮华丰汪至钦任之杰委员会介绍联合国经济和社会理事会（简称“经社理事会”，Economic and Social Council--ECOSOC）是协调14个联合国专门机构、10个职司委员会和5个区域委员会的经济、社会和相关工作的主要机构，是《联合国宪章》规定的联合国6个主要机关之一。
经社理事会是联合国６个主要机构之一。
协调联合国及各专门机构的经济和社会工作；研究有关国际间经济、社会、发展、文化、教育、卫生及有关问题；就其职权范围内的事务，召开国际会议，并起草公约草案提交联合国大会审议；其他联合国大会建议执行的职能。
理事会实质性会议每年7月举行一次，会期４周，在纽约和日内瓦之间交替举行。
经社理事会设有9个职司委员会、5个区域性机构以及５个常设委员会，处理有关工作。
此外，经社理事会还同14个有关经济、社会、文化方面的联合国专门机构建立工作关系，以及与四、五百个非政府组织建立咨询关系。
模拟联合国大会通用规则流程&文件写作指导陕科大模联学术培训∙委员会结构Committee Structure∙一个委员会由一个主席团（Members of the Dais）负责。
∙主席（The Chair）主持会议，主席的任务是按照联合国正式的程序规则监督并推动会议进程(Oversees Debate and Guides Delegates Through the Rules of Procedure)。
会议指导(Director)负责审阅代表提交的会议文件。
主席助理(Rapporteur)负责点名、录入发言人名单(Speakers' list)。
∙∙流程与规则Rules of Procedures∙∙一、正式辩论Formal Debate∙1、点名Roll Call∙在这一阶段，主席助理会按国家字母顺序依次点出国家名，被点到的国家举起国家牌(Placard)，并回答：“present(到)”。
∙ E.g. The rapporteur: Honorable delegates, now we are going to have the roll call.Those countries called please raise your placards and answerPRESENT.Afghanistan......∙∙2、确定议题Setting the Agenda∙本次会议将会由两个议题供代表们选择，代表们通过讨论、投票，确定出要首先讨论的议题。
在确定议题的阶段，主席分别在赞成首先讨论议题A和赞成首先讨论议题B的国家中，各随机点出3名代表（即，共6名）进行发言，阐述选择先讨论该议题的原因、动机等，发言时间为90秒。
6名代表都发言完毕后，将进行投票，投票原则为简单多数，即50％＋1。
∙ E.g. The Chair: Since we have two topic areas, we are going to set the agenda first.Those countries in favor of talking about topic area A first please raise yourplacards... China, Russia, Singapore, thanks. Those countries in favor of talking about topic area B first please raise your placards... UK, Chile, Japan, thanks. Now delegate of China you have 90 seconds to address your body.∙∙3、发言及让渡时间Speeches and Yield∙产生发言名单Open the Speakers' List∙代表们确定议题之后，正式辩论开始。
【精品文档】模拟模拟联合国大会-优秀word范文本文部分内容来自网络，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将予以删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可随意编辑修改！ ==模拟模拟联合国大会今天是第三次模拟联合国课，这节课我们进行了联合国大会的实战演练。
进入教室，看见没个桌子上都放了一张a4纸，上面印了一个高新一中的校徽和一个模联徽章，上面写着国家名，我找了许久咒语找到了我代表的加拿大。
待坐定后，老师将上节课的复习后，大会开始进行。
主题是：知识产权的维护与共享。
首先进行点名，完毕后，进行确定议题，最后决定先进行知识产权的维护。
这恰好是我的观点。
接下来进行正式辩论。
主席说：“想发言的国家请举牌。
”可是只有一个国家举牌。
于是主席开始点名，很不幸，我是第二个。
第一为代表讲话完毕后，我从容不迫地上了台，面带微笑(虽然很假）顺便加一些手势（以便看我的稿子，因为我把稿子抄在一张小卡片上了），滔滔不绝完毕后，我的大脑迅速闪过一个念头：还有时间，怎么让渡呢？我昨天在qq上找的同盟国都忘掉了！于是我灵机一动大声说：“我将时间让渡给主席。
”说完匆匆而下。
又有几个代表讲完后，突然我的同桌提出了一个动议：“我动议进行一个10分钟的自由磋商。
”磋商完毕后，我们已基本寻找完毕同盟国。
接下来又过了几个代表后，我又提出了一个5分钟的自由磋商，这时，我们的意见已经基本相同。
于是在别的代表发言时，我开始起草决议草案，我们互递意向条，同意了一件。
又在接下来的3分钟自由磋商的时间里，完成了决议草案。
立即交给主席。
恰好这时所有的代表已经讲完了。
我们的决议草案由我、美国和赞比亚共同起草。
再看看我们的对手（也就是另一个国家联盟）决议草案还没写完呢！美国代表发言，他并不像别的代表致主席，各国代表好等客套话，直接说我怎么样，我怎么样，你应该怎么样，还真有点世界警察的味道。
长沙大学Changsha University第三届模拟联合国The 3rd Model United Nation英文组English Group背景文件Background GuideStatement of the ProblemThe world is in an unusually prolonged and widespread global expansion—the strongest in more than three decades. Economic integration and technological change have played a crucial part in driving this expansion and sustaining it in the face of recent shocks and some daunting longer-term economic policy challenges.Yet there remains substantial ambivalence about the benefits of globalization. To many, the costs seem more compelling than the benefits. The sources of this ambivalence are varied. Some are familiar and some new.Concerns about the distributional impact of trade have been given new force by the de cline in labor’s share of national income; the long-term trend of rising income inequality; the increase in the share of goods and services that are tradable, and therefore of the broader scope of the population affected by the pressure of competition; and the perceived acceleration in the pace of economic change.The greater mobility of financial flows has increased the sense among policymakers in many countries that their jobs have become harder, that they are less the masters of their own fate than in the past, and that they have a diminished ability to shield their companies and citizens from volatility.But do these changes in economic circumstances and in perceptions fundamentally change what we know about the broad economic merits of global integration? I do not believe the basic economics of that judgment have changed.Few would argue that economic integration by itself is sufficient to achieve broad-based gains in income growth both within and across countries. The relative prosperity of nations reflects different choices made by governments about a range of policies and institutions beyond the realm of trade and financial restrictions. But integration is an essential ingredient for achieving sustained growth. Reasonable people can disagree on the magnitude of gains that can be attributed to trade rather than other economic policies. But the evidence in support of the broad consensus that openness and integration contribute significantly to better growth outcomes remains compelling.Just as compelling is the evidence against the proposition that protection in the form of restrictions on trade increases growth or reduces inequality. The world has a lot of experience with different policies designed to slow the pace of integration or to insulate parts of the economy from its effects, and these policies have generally been associated with worse economic outcomes. The poor do not benefit from protectionism.Although the balance of economic evidence has not fundamentally changed, the politics around globalization and integration have become more challenging.The fact that the United States is now in the fifth consecutive year of expansion and that unemployment is now at 4.4 percent doesn’t seem to have made trade any more popular. A recent Pew poll suggested that that nearlytwo-thirds of Americans feel less secure about their jobs than in earlier generations. And many attribute this increase in anxiety to trade.This phenomenon of persistent and perhaps rising ambivalence about integration in the face of solid growth in average incomes is not unique to the United States. Here, as in many countries, the political consensus in favor of economic openness seems more fragile than it once was.The debate about how to respond to this challenge tends to see the economic and political imperatives as in conflict. The most appealing political response—usually some form of selective restriction on trade or investment—is generally the option with the worst economic return. The typical political impulse is to try to address directly the source of the competitive pressure and to relieve it, but these measures cannot offer lasting relief. The economic price of protection, in terms of distorted incentives, reduced flexibility and broader costs on the economy as a whole, seem both more substantial and more enduring than any temporary political benefit.The policy strategies that offer a better longer-term return do not try directly to relieve the pressures that come from economic and financial integration. Instead, they focus on the broader complement of policies and institutions that improve the capacity of economies to adapt to change and to absorb shocks. Those countries that have experienced the greatest gains as the world has become more integrated have been those with the type of policy and institutional infrastructure that facilitates economic flexibility and resilience in the face of change. The policies that offer the most promise in terms of broad-based income gains are not those that try to provide insulation from volatility, but those that make it easier to live with volatility.In the realm of macroeconomic policy, this means further progress toward monetary policy credibility and fiscal sustainability, so that central banks and governments have the capacity to react to adverse shocks and mitigate the damage they can cause.Even with the remarkable improvements in the conduct of monetary policy around the world over the past two decades, central banks in many countries do not have institutional independence, in law or in practice. And many still operate under policy regimes directed at limiting exchange rate changes—objectives that will necessarily conflict with their ability to achieve price stability, as their capital accounts become progressively more open. Economies with flexible exchange rate regimes generally fare better in the face of adverse external shocks. And in countries where central bank credibility is more firmly established, monetary authorities are better able to react to a sharp fall in asset prices or a negative demand shock.In fiscal policy, the same basic point applies. Where fiscal sustainability is more firmly established, governments have more scope to respond to adverse demand shocks by reducing taxes or increasing expenditures. Where deficits and debt to GDP ratios are high and rising, governments have less scope for countercyclical fiscal policy. In these cases fiscal stimulus is more likely to bemet by a rise in risk premier, reducing, if not fully offsetting, the desired benefits to growth. Even in those emerging markets that have seen the most impressive progress toward fiscal sustainability, few have reached the point where they have built much of a cushion against future shocks. And in the United States and many other economies, the demographic changes now working their way through the economy entail very large future deficits and consequently very limited fiscal room for maneuver.The right macroeconomic policy framework is crucial. But we have come to recognize that other issues, traditionally the province of microeconomics, have a vital role in contributing to effective macroeconomic policy. A critical factor distinguishing long-term economic performance among countries with relatively good monetary and fiscal policies is the degree of overall flexibility they exhibit in labor, product and financial markets. This is not simply about the presence or absence of regulation. It is a function of the incentives regulation creates and the extent to which it gets in the way of competition, impedes the allocation of labor and capital to industries with a higher return, favors established firms, and creates barriers to new entrants.As the substantial body of research on structural reforms by the OECD has demonstrated, where regulation is more compatible with flexibility, productive growth has generally been higher, as technological advances have been diffused and adopted more rapidly. The IMF’s latest World Economic Outlook reports that, among the major economies, those with more flexible labor markets have seen smaller declines in labor’s share of income.Open economies, of course, need strong and resilient financial systems. As financial systems develop and capital markets become more open and integrated, savings should be allocated more efficiently and risks distributed more broadly, both within and across countries. This process, however, is messy and very challenging to manage well. The history of economic crises over the last two decades is a history not just of fiscal profligacy and monetary policy mistakes, but of financial system weakness—often the result of rapid deregulation and capital account liberalization in a context of weak supervision and a broad government guarantee of bank liabilities.The development of deeper and more resilient financial markets is important for economies to be able to cope better with exchange rate flexibility and capital mobility. And financial strength is an important part of the arsenal of macro policy tools, for monetary policy is less effective in cushioning the effects of asset price and demand shocks in circumstances where the banking sector is impaired.A final and critical dimension of the policy framework that is important to the successful management of economic integration is the design of the public or social infrastructure. Raising the quality of educational outcomes is vital, as is the design of the network of insurance mechanisms, from unemployment insurance and training support, to health care and pension schemes. As progressively larger shares of the population become more exposed to thepressures of competition, as economies become more flexible, governments have to do a better job of designing programs of assistance that can ease the costs of adjustment.These policies and institutional reforms are fundamentally the responsibility of national governments. International institutions can help, with technical assistance and financial support, but these challenges are essentially national challenges. The reforms of the international institutions now underway to make them more representative of the changing balance of economic activity in the world are laudable. And we share a common interest in a broad range of informal mechanisms for cooperation on policies in the financial arena. But ultimately it is the quality of the choices national governments make that will determine how their economies fare in a more open global economy.Global integration is not the primary source of the world’s economic problems, nor can it be the primary solution to them. But economic integration can contribute significantly to sustained growth, rising incomes and declining poverty rates. The most effective policy response to the concerns of those who fear the consequences of further integration is to direct more political capital to the challenge of developing the economic and institutional infrastructure that will enable governments and their citizens to adapt more readily to change. History of the ProblemA Short History of the Integrated FrameworkThe first WTO Ministerial Conference, held in 1996, recognized that the Least-Developed Countries (LDCs) faced difficulties integrating into the global economy. This led to the adoption of the WTO Plan of Action forLeast-Developed Countries. The following year, the WTO convened a High Level Meeting to discuss the specific needs of the LDCs and to formulate a programme to strengthen their trade capacities, including supply-side and market access capacities. The outcome of this meeting was what became known as the Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least-Developed Countries or the "IF" in short.The main objective of the IF was to improve the capacity of the LDCs to formulate, negotiate and implement trade policy so as to be able to fully integrate into the multilateral trading system and to take up the market opportunities this presents. Support was offered to the IF by six major multilateral agencies, namely the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the International Trade Centre (ITC), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the World Bank (WB) and the World Trade Organization (WTO).The achievements of the IF during the early years were modest, with only a handful of LDCs accessing benefits from the initiative. When the six agencies met in 2000 to review progress they adopted a number of recommendations and implemented institutional changes to improve the IF's effectiveness. Two main objectives were formulated for the revamped IF; firstly, to mainstream trade into the LDCs' Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) or similarnational development plans; and secondly, to assist in the coordinated delivery of trade-related technical assistance.A new tripartite governance and management structure was established to enable the IF to be more country-driven and better coordinated.Current SituationIn LDCsThe National EIF Focal Point (FP) leads the EIF process in the LDC –usually a senior government official appointed by the LDC and supported by a National Implementation Unit (NIU).The EIF Donor Facilitator (DF) works with the FP to facilitate donor coordination and the donor/government dialogue on trade issues and Aid for Trade. The DF is a representative from the donor community active in supporting an LDC’s trade agenda and is identified by the government and other donors.The EIF National Steering Committee (NSC) is the senior level forum for decision-making and coordination among government partners on trade, the private sector, civil society and the donor community.GloballyThe EIF Steering Committee reviews the overall effectiveness of the EIF and ensures transparency of the EIF process. The Steering Committee is made up of all LDCs, all donors to the Trust Fund, the six EIF core partner agencies, the ES and TFM ex officio, and others granted observer status by the EIF Board. The EIF Board is the key decision-making body for the EIF programme looking at policy, financial and operational issues. The Board is made up of three capital-based LDC and donor representatives each, members from the core and observer agencies, as well as the ES and TFM ex officio.The EIF Executive Secretariat, housed in the WTO, works in support of the EIF together with the EIF Trust Fund Manager, represented through the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) as selected by the EIF Board.Relevant WTO ActionsThe Work of the Task ForceGiven the growing interest in trade and development, and the weaknesses noted above, the Development Committee of the World Bank and IMF at their meeting in September 2005 concluded3 that the IF should be enhanced and provided with additional resources. The World Bank staff estimated that an amount of between US$200 million and $400 million would be needed for an enhanced IF, based on the needs identified in the current 40 recipient countries and assuming that the IF would be expanded to include the "IDA-only" countries. Subsequent to this, the IFSC established a Task Force to develop proposals fo r such an enhancement, including expanding the IF’s resources and scope, and making it more effective. The Terms of Reference of the Task Force are provided in Appendix I.The Task Force included representatives of LDCs and donors (see Appendix IIfor list of members) and, after an initial meeting chaired by the Ambassador of Zambia, the Ambassador of Canada was invited to assume the Chair. The Task Force conducted its work in two phases, before and after the Hong Kong WTO Ministerial. In its initial phase the Task Force developed consensus recommendations on its terms of reference and key elements. These were approved by Ministers at Hong Kong.Subsequently, the Task Force met twelve times between January and May, 2006, including a session to hear the views of the IF agencies (WTO, World Bank, UNDP, IMF, UNCTAD, ITC). To guide its substantive discussions, individual discussion papers were prepared by members on scope, funding,in-country performance, and on management, governance and administration. The Task Force conducted a two-day workshop, 1 to 2 April, at Coppet, Switzerland, to develop initial recommendations. In its final meetings the Task Force refined these recommendations, a task considerably aided by contributions made by the IF agencies.Throughout its work the Task Force benefited from the strong engagement of its members, ensuring that there was always a lively and informed discussion. Task Force members took their responsibilities extremely seriously. It was particularly gratifying to note that there was often representation from capitals (from both the LDCs and donors) as well from the Geneva missions, illustrating the importance attached to the work of the Task Force by its members. The Task Force benefited from a strong blend of development and trade expertise among its membership.The point of departure for the substantive discussions of the Task Force was the Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration4, which reaffirmed the commitment "to effectively and meaningfully integrate LDCs into the multilateral trading system," noted that the Ministers attached "high priority to the effective implementation of the Integrated Framework" and recognized the "urgent need to make the IF more effective and timely" (paragraph 48). Ministers required the Task Force to report back to the IF Steering Committee by 30 April 2006 so that an enhanced IF could be launched by 31 December 2006.It was agreed that the enhanced IF should comprise three specific elements:(i) Increased, additional, predictable financial resources to implement Action Matrices;(ii) Strengthened in-country capacities to manage, implement and monitor the IF process; and(iii) Enhanced IF governance.The Task Force recognized the importance of trade liberalization and the fact that such liberalization should lead to improved economic conditions in the LDCs and assist in meeting the Millennium Development Goal of reducing poverty by half. However there was also a recognition that trade liberalization in itself would not bring about such improvements unless it was handled in a sustainable manner and integrated into a country's overall developmentstrategy.The Paris Declaration on aid effectiveness was seen as very important in this process, and our recommendations draw on these principles.The Paris Declaration makes specific commitments in the following areas:1. Strengthening partner countries’ national development strategies and associated operational frameworks (e.g., planning, budget, and performance assessment frameworks).2. Increasing a lignment of aid with partner countries’ priorities, systems and procedures and helping to strengthen their capacities.3. Enhancing donors’ and partner countries’ respective accountability to their citizens and parliaments for their development policies, strategies and performance.4. Eliminating duplication of efforts and rationalizing donor activities to make them as cost-effective as possible.5. Reforming and simplifying donor policies and procedures to encourage collaborative behavior and progressive alignment with partner countries’ priorities, systems and procedures.6. Defining measures and standards of performance and accountability of partner country systems in public financial management, procurement, fiduciary safeguards and environmental assessments, in line with broadly accepted good practices and their quick and widespread application.NICA National Integration Council (NIC) to promote and foster social integration among Singaporeans and with new Singapore Citizens and Permanent Residents has been formed.It will be chaired by Dr Vivian Balakrishnan, Minister for Community Development, Youth and Sports, and will be composed of leaders from the community, private sector and government.Plans for the formation of the NIC were first announced during the Committee for Supply debate in February, and was announced by the Minister at a Ministerial Community Walkabout.The NIC will encourage collaborative social integration efforts among the people, the public and the private sectors. The NIC will drive new integration initiatives in schools, workplaces, the community, and through the media. Enhanced Integrated FrameworkThe Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF) is a multi-donor programme, which helps least-developed countries (LDCs) play a more active role in the global trading system. The program has a wider goal of promoting economic growth and sustainable development and helping to lift more people out of poverty.The program is currently helping 47 LDCs worldwide, supported by a multi-donor trust fund with a funding target of US$ 250 million.The EIF Trust FundThe EIF programme is supported by a Multi-Donor Trust Fund. As ofJanuary 2011, there were contributions from 22 donors. Total funding available stood at approximately US$ 120 million, with total pledges of US$ 182 million to be disbursed over a five year period. In 2007 at the High-Level Conference in Stockholm pledges were made of up to US$ 170 million, against a target of US$ 250 million.Proposed SolutionsOnce the IFSC has approved the Task Force's recommendations more work will need to be done to flesh out the details and undertake some specific actions so that implementation of the enhanced IF can proceed in January 2007. This work will need to focus on:• Institutional issue s, including staffing of the Executive Secretariat,• defining the in-country approach and programming issues, and• launching the replenishment process.The specific institutional issues include:• transmitting details of the enhanced IF to all stakeh olders,• drafting new terms of reference for the IFSC and the Board,• transforming the IFWG into the Board,• clarifying the status of the Executive Secretariat and its relationshipwith the WTO,• drafting a service agreement with the WTO,• specif ying the type of staff for the Executive Secretariat, includingdrafting job descriptions,• initiating the recruitment process for the CEO and other staff, and• investigating the most cost-effective method for managing the trust fund.The in-country issues that have to be fleshed out include the following:• detailing likely in-country measures needed to support the Focal Pointthrough the national implementation unit,• discussing the role of donors in-country including that of the donor coordinator,• clarifying the roles of the different agencies and other stakeholders, and • working out details for in-country programming whereby the differentagencies would have a clearer picture of their possible specificresponsibilities and how the process would work, including pre-DTIS work, preparation of the DTIS, mainstreaming work, preparation for andimplementation of activities funded through Tier 2.The work regarding the replenishment process includes:• Further clarifying the cost estimates, and• Fixing a date for and organizing a pledging conference.。
模拟联合国策划书一、背景介绍模拟联合国(MUN)是一种基于真实联合国的政治模拟游戏，参与者在模拟中扮演联合国会员国的代表，通过辩论、协商等方式解决国际问题。
MUN活动不仅能够提高参与者的外交能力和领导力，还有助于拓宽视野、增强团队合作意识。
本文档旨在制定一份模拟联合国活动的策划书，详细说明活动的目的、流程、议程以及相关事宜，以确保活动的顺利进行。
二、活动目的本次模拟联合国活动的目的是：1.培养参与者的国际政治意识和外交技巧；2.促进参与者的团队合作和沟通能力；3.加深对国际事务的了解和认识；4.提高参与者的解决问题的能力。
通过模拟联合国活动，参与者能够身临其境地体验国际事务的复杂性和挑战性，跳出传统学习框架，培养创造性思维和解决问题的能力。
三、活动流程本次模拟联合国活动的流程如下：1. 报名与分组参与者在活动开始前通过报名表格进行报名。
根据参与者的报名信息，组织者将其分配到各个不同的委员会和代表团。
2. 培训和准备在活动开始前，组织者会为参与者提供模拟联合国的相关知识培训和准备材料。
参与者需要独立研究所分配的国家和议题，并准备相关的演讲稿、提案和解决方案。
3. 开幕式活动正式开始前，举行开幕式，介绍活动的目的、规则和议程，邀请重要嘉宾发表讲话。
4. 分组会议根据分配的委员会和议题，参与者进入小组会议，开始辩论、协商和交流。
每个委员会会有一位主席来引导讨论并确保会议秩序。
5. 决议草案提交在分组会议期间，参与者需要就议题达成一致，并起草并提交决议草案。
草案会由主席和秘书处审核，并进行修改和讨论。
6. 大会会议分组会议结束后，举行大会会议，每个代表团将介绍和辩论自己的决议草案。
会议期间，其他代表团可以提出问题或提出修改建议。
7. 投票和通过决议在大会会议期间，参与者将通过投票，决定各个决议草案的通过与否。
通过的决议草案将作为活动的成果和建议。
8. 闭幕式活动正式结束时，举行闭幕式，总结活动成果，颁发奖项，并邀请重要嘉宾发表闭幕辞。
2012年中国模拟联合国大会议事规则权利介绍成员国权利：成员国有权在全体会议以及各个委员会对各项条款逐一投票。
观察员1权利：观察员有权参与会议、发表演说、参与磋商，但无权进行投票。
索引I.一般规则II.辩论规则III.演说规则IV.文件写作规则V.投票规则VI.问题规则VII.动议优先规则I．一般规则规则1：介绍以下2012年中国模拟联合国大会的规则均能满足会议需要，并建议在会议开始前被采纳。
除此以外的其他规则不被允许应用于此次大会。
规则2：语言英语是2012年中国模拟联合国大会的唯一官方语言和工作语言。
规则3：代表团组成每个成员国的代表团至多由三位代表组成，在每个委员会中，一个代表团可有一位代表出席。
规则4：观察员组成1观察员指的是联合国大会中的非国家行为体，一般包括政府间国际组织、非政府间国际组织、跨国公司、民族解放运动等观察员的代表团成员不得超过三个，在每个委员会中，一个代表团可有一位（或两位）代表出席。
规则5：资格成员国与观察员的资格认定必须是注册时认可的资格，任何成员试图修改其资格或权利的行为必须在主席的书面允许下才能进行。
规则6：法定人数三分之二多数（即将大会或各个委员会出席国家数除以三后再乘以二，若有小数则进一求整）出席时达到开会的法定人数。
大会主席或委员会主席将决定是否达到法定人数。
大会或各个委员会进行磋商、投票或采取任何形式的行动都必须在法定人数的基础上进行。
每场分会议开始前和在进入决议草案投票程序之前将以点名的形式重新清点法定人数（详见“规则十八”）。
规则7：表决权每个成员国享有同等表决权且只计一次。
大会或各个委员会实质性问题的表决将至少由所有出席成员国三分之二多数同意通过，程序性问题则由二分之一简单多数通过即可。
观察员有权参与谈判，但无权进行投票。
此外，观察员可以发表演说，参与磋商，并被期望在会议过程当中能为会议进程有所贡献。
规则8：主席团成员组成（1）大会2012年中国模拟联合国大会的主席团成员包括一名主席、两名副主席和两名报告员。
2011年鲁东半岛高中联盟暑期活动·模联峰会背景文件委员会：安全理事会会制：双代表议题：选举安全目录一、委员会介绍——————————————————-3二、议题介绍——————————————————— 91、问题阐述————————————————————————————92、历史背景————————————————————————————123、问题现状————————————————————————————144、安理会角色———————————————————————————155、联合国相关行动—————————————————————————166、解决方案————————————————————————————177、亟须解决的问题—————————————————————————188、集团立场————————————————————————————18三、对各位代表的建议————————————————20一、委员会介绍1、概况中文：联合国安全理事会英文：United Nations Security Council (UNSC)2、性质联合国安全理事会（简称安理会）是联合国的6大主要机构之一。
根据联合国宪章的宗旨及原则，安理会负有维持国际和平与安全的责任，是唯一有权采取行动的联合国机构3、职权安理会有权调查任何引起国际争端或摩擦的任何情况，并可提出解决这些争端的方式或办法。
会员国或接受联合国宪章的非会员国、联合国大会或秘书长，均可就国际和平与安全问题提请安理会注意。
安理会有权断定任何威胁和平、破坏和平或侵略等行为的存在，并可提出采取强制措施以维持或恢复国际和平与安全的建议或作出这方面的决定，如认为这些措施还不能解决问题，它可以通过采取关于军事行动的决议去解决这些问题。
安理会还有向联合国大会提出年度报告、特别报告、对战略性地区行使托管等职能。
在其他方面，安理会与大会分别选举国际法院法官，建议或决定应采取的措施以执行国际法院的判决，向大会推荐新会员国和联合国秘书长，向大会建议停止会员国的权利或开除会员国，参加宪章规定的修正程序。
1. 立场文件（取材2009 年北大模联）Delegate:YangYI，Yuanmeng HUANGSchool:ShanghaiNo.3GirlsHighSchoolCountry:TuvaluCommittee:UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram(UNEP)TopicA:ExploitationofNaturalResourcesinAntarcticWith increasing discoveries made and technologies developed, the exploitation of Antarctica has become an international hot-spot. Our exporation of Antarctica has never ceased---we aresimply eager to step on to that mysterious, yet, sacred white land covered with snow all-year-longto do researches or to carry out further exploitation.Many countries have built up scientific stations on this continent, and have gradually madetheir dreams come true. Thanks to the constant efforts of the international community, we have already made facts like “there are more than 220 sorts of mineral resources in Antarctic” and “the amount of reserved flammable ice beneath the ice sheet is the sum of all the fossil fuels all over theworld, which could replace coal and petroleum as a new environment- friendly energy resource”come true.So now, the importance and the necessity of peaceful and rational exploitation of these resources have gradually emerged. And Tuvalu firmly believes that should these resources be used properly, they would be evangel to all those suffering from the energy crisis.1One important ally of Tuvalu, the UK, has claimed 100 Esq. Sea territories near the Antarctica, which incurred many disputes from the countries near the Antarctica. Not only UK though, many other countries(such as Chile, Argentina, France, Norway) have claimed territories in Antarctica as well. Russian Federation even dispatched, 153 times, scientific groups to Antarctica to do research,discover and built basements!However, the territorial conflicts in Antarctic is not simply about territory itself; it is alsoabout showing off certain countries' power. Now, there are many treaties and protocols dealing with this issue, but few of them are effective. And the poor Antarctic Treaty, can only be regarded as a byproduct of the cold war, which froze many droids in Antarctic, and forbid the exploitation inAntarctica and the territory claims. Yet, it is very clear that not all of these items are rational. Tuvalu supports the exploitation of Antarctic resources, and we believe that Antarctica belongs to the entire human race, which, of course, includes us Tuvalu.2Tuvalu is we hope to participate the inner conferences of the related countries to get more benefits for our citizens. Therefore, Tuvalu suggests that the international community hold discussions based on the Svalbard Treaty, 1925 to exploit Antarctic resources, protect its environment, and, as well, to pay less attention to military and economic concerns.Also as one of the least developed countries in the world, we have extremely limited capabilityfor thorough exploitation: We will simply use the resources of Antarctica to meet domestic needs. The exploitation of the Antarctic is a mainstream trend of our time. So, Tuvalu suggests all countries be united, to together figure out a rational, environment-friendly and sustainable way to exploit Antarctic and to protect it. Tuvalu is willing to cooperate with other developed alliancesuchas Australia, Japan and UK during this UNEP conference to sign related joint communiqué to help1 /bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardid=12&id=281&page=2&star=12 /view/2732.htm大家一起来模联东北一狂人著18our alliances and Tuvalu ourselves to benefit from all that we can.Above all, Tuvalu suggests:1. Considering that great profits can and can only be achieved underInternational Treaties, Tuvalu urges the UN to ameliorate all international treatiessuch as the Antarctic Treaty and United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,discuss the documents of scientific share of the polar area, take the polar area intothe jurisdiction of the United Nations, and welcome all states to carry out scientific explorations.2. Urges all states to explore the resources shared by all mankind properly, inrespect of the international laws and the protection of the environment, andannounce all the scientific achievements beneficial to everyone.3. Protects the benefits of all developing countries on the controversial issue,and thinks developing countries should cooperate with developed ones and shouldn'tbe sated aside in the intense competition in exploiting Antarctic natural resources.4. As for energy, we suggest that every country find and invent new energy withgreat exertion, and we hope that the human race could get rid of the rely on fossilresources as soon as possible.5. According to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, theapplication of the extension of the application of the continental shelf seabedsovereignty under article 76, and all states should hand in the relating applicationand information to UN.6. In expectation of relevant provisions of the United Nations Convention on theLaw of the Sea, all exploration and researches must be under the framework in thetreaty.Tuvalu is faces a huge problem that we will all soon be facing: Global Warming. This effect causes the elevation of sea level, and as a result our citizens have to migrate to survive. So we hopethat all countries will protect the environment of Antarctic area while exploring it.Tuvalu suggests that, in order to reach the consensus of certain laws and decisions, we should have further discussion on this topic. Antarctic belongs to all livings, including the citizens of Tuvalu. Tuvalu hopes that our citizens could find a new place to live in Antarctic zone by a resolution of UNEP. Tuvalu appeals every country to be united in elaborating new international laws in order to establish and maintain a new order in the exploration of Antarctic resources. Tuvalu will, of course, very much appreciates international assistance. Again, we insists that Antarctic belongs to the entire human race, and we hope all countries could cooperate with each other on these issues. And Tuvalu hopes all countries could pay more attention to environment protection when making the exploitation projects. Tuvalu has been devoted to promoting peacefuland efficient discussions among all the countries related to these issues to protect the collective benefits from the hegemonies. From now on, we will pay close attention to the progress of this conference, and we expect the UNEP to be efficient, effective, and function-enlarged.2. 工作文件（取材2008 年复旦模联）WorkingPaperSample(1)Committee: International Fishery Committee大家一起来模联东北一狂人著19Topic: Global fishery and managementSponsor: Panama, Guatemala, NigaruaguaAs countries with prospering fishing industry, also as countries that pay great attention tothe maintainance of biodiversity, we strive to solve negative effects brought about during fishery process. One of the major problems is bycatch.A vivid definition of bycatching:Imagine you are a the old man in Old Man and the Sea, and you want to catch someshrimp for lunch. If when you trawl up your net, except for the poor shrimps you want,there is also a dinasour struggling in the net, then you have just BY-CAUGHT: catchingsomething you do not intend to catch.Howseriousisby-catch?According to the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, in the Gulf of Mexico, three pounds of bycatch are caught for every pound of shrimp that goes to market. Accordingto the Worldwide Fund for Nature, in the Gulf of Thailand it can be 14 pounds of bycatchper pound of shrimp. Bycatch is often discarded dead or dying by the time it is returned tothe sea. Trawl nets in general, and shrimp trawls in particular, have been identified as sources of mortality for species of concern, including cetaceans. Sea turtles, alreadycritically endangered, have been killed by the thousands in shrimp trawl nets.Howtoreduceby-catch?To reduce bycatch, we propose ways as follows:1. We recommand the "bycatch reduction device" (BRD) and the Nordmore grate thathelp fish escape from shrimp nets.2. We encourage trawlers to outfit their nets with trap-door "Turtle excluder device," or TEDs, to let sea turtles escape.3. As the size selectivity of trawl nets is often controlled by the size of the openings in thenet, especially in the "cod end", the larger the size of the openings, the more easily small fish can escape, so we support the use of appropriately larger sizes of openings.4. We appeal to further carry out the development and testing of modifications to fishing gear to improve selectivity and decrease impact, which is called "conservation engineering."DISCARDS, form a major part of the bycatch of a fishing operation. Discards are theportion of a catch of fish which is not retained on board during commercial fishing operations and is returned, often dead or dying, to the sea. Discarding impacts on the大家一起来模联东北一狂人著20environment in two ways; firstly, through increased mortality to target and non-target species, particularly at juvenile life-history stages, and secondly, through alteration of food webs by supplying increased levels of food to scavenging organisms on the sea floor, and to sea birds.So, in addition to efforts to reduce the amount of bycatch caught in nets, we also appeal to implement programs to effectively utilize bycatch species, rather than throwing the fish back into the ocean. One such use of bycatch is the formulation of fish hydrolysate that can be used as a soil amendment in organic agriculture.WorkingPaperSample(2)Committee: International Fishery CommitteeTopic : some solutions summarySponsors: Uruguay ,Guatemala ,Ecuador, Panama, Nicaragua, Brazil, Costa RicaThe following is summary of the common views of Latin Americancountries aboveOverfishing Solutions SummaryA.Raiseawarenessusingfollowingways1. Build morality education by public propagandas2. Build professional education to fishermen by science knowledgepopularizationEnhancepoormanagement3. reduce fishing capacity by restricting large-amount fishing to levels that marine system can sustain.4. Prohibit catching little fishes to allow over-exploited fish populations to recover.5. Raise artificial baby fishes6. Prohibit catching endangered and valuable fishes, by demarcatingno-fishing areas, to ensure the biodiversity.7. set restrictions on commercial fishing8. establish specific legislation to restrict overfishing; establish heavy legislation to ensure the conduction of management9. improve supervision system10.urges the local government to work on the issues efficiently and transparentlyBy-catching Solutions Summary1. Each relevant government definites the by-catching quota , based on each country’s ocean resource. And the quota should be ratified by UN.2. Modify the fishing instruments to reduce unwanted catch. For example: outfit nets with trap-door to let turtles escape in shrimp catching;大家一起来模联东北一狂人著21control the size of the nets’ openings.3. Restrict fishing capacity, for example,1 ton or 1000 heads, no matter what are your target fishes.4. Effectively utilize by-catching fishes, rather than throwing themback into the sea. Because by-catching is inevitable and the majority of the returned by-catching fishes are dead or dying.Solutions to El Nino impacts on fisheryBackgroundEl Nino causes heavy decline of fish production, resulting in the enormous economic losses of these countries, whose GDP consists a large proportion of fishery.Solutions1. utilize the previously mentioned monitoring system in working paper1.3 to forecast more effectively El Nino phenomenon2. compensate for the loss brought about by El Ninoa. modifications of annual fishery investment, according to the estimation from the monitoring systemb. humanitarian aids to disaster-struck countries are indispensable. BiodiversityBackgroundBiodiversity is a resource with enormous potential, both for intellectual and e conomic purposes and as an instrument for a country’s development. Each species (of course including fishes)plays a role in nature, andinteracts with other species and its environment. So biodiversity is worth concerning by every country.Solutions1. Set up international oceanic gene pool and enhance cooperation among associations.2. Encourage responsible countries to establish relevant laws for the conservation and sustainable use of oceanic bio-diversity.3. improve social participation by publicizing4. appeals for cooperation on bio-diversity technology and management expertise3. 决议草案Draft Resolution 1.1Committee:GeneralAssemblyTopic:ReportoftheCommitteeonRelationswiththeHostCountry大家一起来模联东北一狂人著22Sponsors:Argentina,Germany,Japan,SouthAfrica,TheUnitedStatesofAmericaSignatories:Azerbaijan,Brazil,Bangladesh,Barbados,Croatia,Denmark,Greece,Hungary,Italy,Jamaica,Zimbabwe,etc.The General Assembly,Having considered the report of the Committee on Relations with the Host Country,Recalling article 105 of the Charter of the United Nations, the Convention on the privilegesand immunities of the United Nations, the agreement between the United Nations and the United States of America regarding the headquarters of the United Nations and the responsibility of the host country,Recalling also that, in accordance with paragraph 7 of General Assembly resolution 2819 (XXVI) of 15 December 1971, the Committee should consider, and advise the host country on, issues arising in connection with the implementation of the Agreement between the United Nations and the United States of America regarding the headquarters of the United Nations,Recognizing that effective measures should continue to be taken by the competent authorities of the host country, in particular to prevent any acts violating the security of missions and the safety of their personnel,1. Endorses the recommendations and conclusions of the Committee on Relations with the Host Country contained in paragraph 86 of its report;2. Considers that the maintenance of appropriate conditions for the normal work of the delegations and the missions accredited to the United Nations and the observance of their privileges and immunities,which is and issue of great importance, are in the interest of the United Nations and allMember States, and requests the host country to continue to solve, trough negotiations, problems that might arise and to take all measures necessary to prevent any interference with the functioningof missions; and urges the host country to continue to take appropriate action, such as trainingof police, security, customs and border control officers, with a view to maintaining respect for diplomatic privileges and immunities and if violations occur to ensure that such cases are properly investigated and remedied, in accordance with applicable law;3. Notes the problems experienced by some permanent missions in connection with the implementationof the Parking Programme for Diplomatic Vehicles and shall remain seized of the matter,with a view to continuing to maintain the proper implementation of the Parking Programme in a manner that is fair, non-discriminatory, effective and therefore consistent with international law, and also notes the decision of the Committee to conduct another review of the implementation of the Programme during the sixty-first session of the General Assembly and, subject to its outcome, will proceed accordingly;大家一起来模联东北一狂人著234. Requests the host country to consider removing the remaining travel restrictions, notes that during the reporting period some travel restrictions previously imposed by the host country on staffof certain missions and staff members of the Secretariat of certain nationalities were removed, and,in this regard, notes the positions of affected States as reflected in the report of the Committee, of the Secretary General and of the host country;6. Notes that a number of delegations have requested shortening the time frame applied by the hostcountry for issuance of entry visas to representatives of Member States, since this time frame posesdifficulties for the full-fledged participation of Member States in United Nations meetings;7. Expresses its appreciation for the efforts made by the host country, and hopes that the issues raised at the meetings of the Committee will continue to be resolved in a spirit of cooperation and inaccordance with international law;8. Affirms the importance of the Committee in being in a position to fulfill its mandate and meet on a short notice to deal with urgent and important matters concerning the relations between the United Nations and the host country, and in that connection requests the Secretariat and the Committeeon Conferences to accord priority to requests of the Committee on the Relations with theHost Country for conference-servicing facilities for meetings of that Committee that must be held while the General Assembly and its main committees are meeting, without prejudice to the requirementof those bodies and on an "as available" basis;9. Requests the Secretary General to remain actively engaged in all aspects of the relations of the United Nations with the host country.4. 修正案（取材2008 年复旦模联）FriendlyAmendmenttoDraftResolution1.1(Sample)Sponsor: Peru, Ecuador, PanamaSignatories: U.S.A., Japan, San Marino, South Africa, Panama, Guinea-Bissau, Greece.In the point ”El Nino”, Peru and some of the South America countries would like to modifications the item (a) in point 2:Change the sentence “Modifications of a nnual fishery investment, according to the estimation fromthe monitoring system.” into “Modifications of annual domestic industry investment, according tothe estimation from the monitoring system.”5. 危机文件Draft Directive 4.1Committee: Executive Council of Organization of Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Sponsors: United Kingdom, USASignatories: Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Italy24The OPCW,1. Requests the governments of India and Pakistan to fully cooperate with the OPCW in the following:a. Find our the modus operandi of the terrorist groups; such as JeM in acquiring chemical materials;b. Allowing full-fledged inspections of the region of Kashmir, where chemical materials are suspected to have been tested.2. Urges cooperation among security and intelligence related bodies to prevent terrorist attacks that involve chemical agents.。
模拟联合国文件写作一、模拟联合国文件的分类模拟联合国的文件分为两类，会前文件和会议文件。
大多数情况下，会前文件只有一种，叫做“立场文件(position paper)”。
当然像我们说的，所有的规定都是主办方定的，所以有别的文件也别奇怪。
比如09 年北大的模联就增加了国家介绍等会前文件。
会议文件是文件主体，包括：1. 工作文件(Working Paper) 2. 决议草案(Draft Resolution) 3.修正案(Amendment) 4. 指令草案/紧急决议(Draft Directive/Emergency Resolution)◆立场文件立场文件(Positon Paper)就是在会前写的表达自己国家在这个议题上的立场报告。
动手写立场文件本身不是什么难事，你只要按下面讲的做就行，但是要写好立场，需要做的调查和研究是最难的。
你需要搜集各种资料，然后才能确定你的立场等等。
1.作用：（1）对你：了解别国立场；早期正式发言的主要参照材料，有的代表正式辩论看是时上去就直接读他们立场文件了。
当然后期就不行了，需要根据会议的进程做更改。
（2）对别国：了解你的立场（3）对各国：确定国家间是否具有共同的目标和利益等等，是否有可能进行协商和合作。
2.格式：（1）开头左上角写以下内容：代表姓名（delegates）代表来自的学校名(school)国家名(country)所在委员会(committee)议题(topic)（2）然后空一两行接着写正文就可以了正文通常内容：第一部分：简要陈述议题，并说明代表国认为该议题对于整个国际社会所具有的重要性。
第二部分：简介及评价该问题联合国所采取过的措施和成效。
第三部分：对于该议题代表国所持有的立场、态度。
可包括与该国相关的国内事物和外交政策，以及在过去的国际工作中所支持过的决议。
第四部分：代表国对委员会的建议，课包括代表国认为有效可行的解决措施，以及国际社会应当担当的角色。
