英语八级语言学选择题及答案

语言学试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. The smallest unit of sound in a languageB. The smallest unit of meaning in a languageC. The smallest unit of grammar in a languageD. The smallest unit of writing in a language答案：A2. Which of the following is a characteristic of the English language?A. It is a tonal languageB. It has a fixed word orderC. It has no grammatical genderD. It uses ideograms答案：B3. In linguistics, "morpheme" is defined as:A. A unit of soundB. A unit of meaningC. A unit of grammarD. A unit of writing答案：B4. The study of language change over time is known as:A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SyntaxD. Historical Linguistics答案：D5. The branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words is called:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：A二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is known as ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The process of changing one language into another is known as ____________.答案：Translation3. The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called a____________.答案：Lexeme4. The study of how language is used in social contexts is known as ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics5. The study of language acquisition in children is known as ____________.答案：Child Language Acquisition三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a phoneme and an allophone. 答案：A phoneme is a linguistic unit that distinguishes meaning in a language, whereas an allophone is a variant of a phoneme that does not change the meaning of a word.2. What is the role of syntax in language?答案：Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a language, determining how words combine to form phrases, clauses, and complex sentences.3. Describe the function of morphology in language.答案：Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and how they are formed by combining morphemes, which are the smallest meaningful units of language.4. How does sociolinguistics contribute to our understanding of language?答案：Sociolinguistics contributes to our understanding of language by examining how social factors such as class, gender, age, and ethnicity influence language variation and use in different social contexts.四、论述题（共20分）1. Discuss the importance of pragmatics in language communication.答案：Pragmatics is crucial in language communication as it deals with the study of how context influences the meaning of linguistic expressions. It helps us understand how speakersconvey intended meanings beyond the literal interpretation of words and sentences, taking into account factors such as tone, body language, and shared knowledge between speakers.2. Explain the significance of historical linguistics in understanding language evolution.答案：Historical linguistics is significant in understanding language evolution as it traces the development of languages over time, revealing how languages change, diverge, and sometimes converge. It provides insights into therelationships between languages, the migration of people, and the cultural history of language communities.。

TEM8LinguisticsQuestions专八真题语言学英语专业八级考试TEM8之语言学真题1. The modern English began in the century. (00)A. 14thB. 15thC. 16thD. 17th2. Which of the word contains two morphemes?A. Physic.B. International.C. Disapproved.D. Fadism.3. Which of the following words is not formed through derivation? (01)A. Foolish.B. Clockwise.C. Babysit.D. Earthward.4. The sameness or close similarity of meaning refers to .A. polysemyB. homonymyC. antonymyD. synonymy5. is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.A. LingusiticsB. MorphorlogyC. SyntaxD. Language6. Predication analysis is a way to analyze meaning. (02)A. phonemeB. wordC. phraseD. sentence7. is not a suprasegmental feature.A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. Tone8. “The orphan has no father” is a case of .A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. contradictionD. tautology9. can be simply defined as the study of meaning. (03)A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Linguistics10. Which of the following is NOT one of the major branches of linguistics?A. Phonetics.B. Syntax.C. Synchronic.D. Semantics.11. Which of the following words contain one bound morphemes?A. Disappearance.B. Untouchable.C. Desirability.D. Physician.12. In semantics, refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. (04)A. senseB. synonymC. homonymD. reference13. The duality of the language is .A. letters and soundsB. sounds and symbolsC. symbols and meaningD. sounds and meaning14. Of all the speech organs, the is/are the most flexible.A. lipsB. mouthC. tongueD. vocal cords15. Syntax is the study of . (05)A. language functionsB. sentence structuresC. textual organizationD. word formation16. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?A. Arbitrariness.B. Productivity.C. Cultural transmission.D. Finiteness.17. The Speech Act Theory was first put forward by .A. John SearleB. John AustinC. Noam ChomskyD. Halliday18. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of . (06)A. referenceB. meaningC. antonymyD. context19. The words “ kid, child, offspring” are examples of .A. dialectal synonymsB. stylistics synonymsC. emotive synonymsD. collocational synonyms20. The distinction between parole and langue was made by .A. HallidayB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Saussure21. refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation. (07)A. PhonologyB. MorphologyC. SemanticsD. Sociolinguistics22. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT .A. lexicalB. syntacticC. phonologicalD. psycholinguistic23. The word tail once referred to “the tail of a horse”, but now it is used to mean“ the tail of any animal”. This is an example of .A. widening of meaningB. narrowing of meaningC. meaning shiftD. loss of meaning24. Which of the following is NOT a design features of human language? (08)A. Arbitrariness.B. Displacement.C. Duality.D. Diachronicity.25. What type of sentence is “ Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”?A. A simple sentence.B. A coordinate sentence.C. A complex sentence.D. None of the above.26. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called .A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy27. The study of the mental processes of language comprehension and productionis . (09)A. corpus linguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC. theoretical linguisticsD. psycholinguistics28. A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers ofdifferent languages for purposes of trading is called .A. dialectB. idiolectC. pidginD. register29. When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone toopen the window, he is performing .A. an illocutionary actB. a perlocutionary actC. a locutionary actD. none of the above.30. ___ refers to the learning and development of a language.(10)A. Language acquisitionB. Language comprehensionC. Language productionD. Language instruction31. Language is a tool of communic ation. The symbol “Highway Closed” on ahighway serves ___.A. an expressive functionB. an informative functionC. a performative functionD. a persuasive function32. ___ is defined as the study of the relationship between language and mind. (11)A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. Cognitive linguisticsD. Sociolinguistics33. A vowel is different from a consonant in English because of ___.A. absence of obstructionB. presence of obstructionC. manner of articulationD. place of articulation34. The definition “the act of using, or promoting the use of, several languages, etherby an individual speaker or by community of spea kers” refers to ___.A. PidginB. CreoleC. MultilingualismD. Bilingualism35. In English if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be vowel. This is a(n) ___. (12)A. assimilation ruleB. sequential ruleC. deletion ruleD. grammar rule36. Which of the following is an example of clipping?A. APEC.B. Motel.C. Xerox.D. Disco.37. The type of language which is selected as appropriate toa particular type of situation is called ___.A. registerB. dialectC. slangD. variety。

语言学1.__A__ is the study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.A. PhonologyB. LexicographyC. LexicologyD. Morphology2. __C__ is defined as the scientific study of language, studying language in general.A. PsycholinguisticsB. NeurolinguisticsC. LinguisticsD. Phonetics3. Which of the linguistic items listed below is best described as the smallest unit of meaning? BA. the wordB. the morphemeC. the phonemeD. the clause4. A prefix is an affix which appears __B__.A. after the stemB. before the stemC. in the middle of the stemD. below the stem5. Which of the following is true? __C__A. Phonetics is the study of pronunciation.B. Phonetics is the scientific study of the movement of sound waves.C. Phonetics is the scientific study of the sounds of language.D. Phonetics is the scientific study of the organs of speech.6. “What’s in a name? That which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweetSo Romeo would, were he not Romeo called,” (Romeo and Juliet, Act 2, Scene 2, 43~5)To what characteristic of language dose Shakespeare refer? __D__A. CreativityB. ProductivityC. DualityD. Arbitrariness7. Language, as a system, consists of two sets of structures or two levels, which is known as __A__, one of a design features of human language.A. DualityB. DisplacementC. ProductivityD. Arbitrariness8. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are __D__.A. phonemesB. phonesC. soundsD. allophones9. What is complementary distribution? __A__A. Different places of occurrence of allophones within a word.B. When a phone can only occur at the end of a word.C. When an allophone occurs at the beginning of a word.D. Contrastive distribution of allophones10. __D__ deals with the analysis and creation of words, idioms and collocations.A. MorphemeB. V ocabularyC. RootD. Lexicon1. Cold and hot are called __B__ antonyms.A. complementaryB. gradableC. reversalD. converse2. “I regret that I can’t help you.” This is an example of __C__.A. representativesB. directivesC. expressivesD. commissives3. What is the duality of the language? __D__A. Letters and soundsB. Sounds and symbolsC. Symbols and meaningD. sounds and meaning4. “I bought some roses” __A__ “I bought some flowers”.A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with5. Of the following linguists, __C__ should be grouped into Prague School.A. BloomfieldB. SaussureC. JakobsonD. Firth6. Damage in and around the angular gyrus of the parietal lobe often causes the impairment of reading and writingability, which is often referred to as acquired __C__.A. diglossiaB. aphasiaC. dyslexiaD. dysgraphia7. __A__ A Dictionary of the English Language established a uniform standard for the spelling and word use.A. Samuel Johnson’sB. Bishop Lowth’sC. Firth’sD. Samuel John’s8. What is phonology? __B__A. The study of how speech sounds are made, transmitted and receivedB. The study of the function, behavior and organization of speech sounds as linguistic items.C. The study of the International Phonetic Alphabet.D. The study of all possible speech sounds.9. The morpheme “cast” in the common word “telecast” is a (n) __D__.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme10. A phoneme is __D__.A. a set of different realization of a phoneB. a set of contrastive allophones in free variationC. a set of phones in complementary distributionD. a set of phonetically similar noncontrastive phones1. Firstly, to which of these language groups dose English belong? __A__A. GermanicB. SlavonicC. romanceD. Baltic2. What is defined as “the study of sentence structure”? __D__A. MorphologyB. SemanticsC. PhonologyD. Syntax3. According to Krashen, __D__ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first languageby using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A. learningB. competenceC. performanceD. acquisition4. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) __C__.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form5. __C__ studies the total stock of morphemes of a language, especially those items which have clear semantic references.A. PhonologyB. LexicologyC. MorphologyD. Lexicography6. As a type of linguistic system in L2 learning, __A__ is a product of L2 training, mother tongue interference,overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.A. interlanguageB. interferenceC. language transferD. linguistic relativity7. __A__ means the lack of a logical connection between the form of something and its expression in sounds.A. ArbitrarinessB. AbstractnessC. AmbiguityD. Fuzziness8. The term __B__ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language changeover various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative9. When a speech sound changes and becomes more like another sound that follows or precedes it, it is said to be__D__.A. nasalizedB. voicedC. aspiratedD. assimilated10. F. de Saussure is a (n) __C__ linguist.A. AmericanB. BritishC. SwissD. Russian1. N. Chomsky is a (n) __A__ linguist.A. AmericanB. CanadaC. SwissD. French2. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has two thrusts: __B__ and ____.A. Linguistic description, Linguistic determinismB. Linguistic determinism, Linguistic relativityC. Linguistic relativity, Linguistic descriptionD. Linguistic determinism, Linguistic performance3. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and used by people who speak different language forrestricted purpose is __A__.A. pidiginB. creoleC. dialectD. blends4. By __B__, we refer to word forms which differ from each other only by one sound, e.g. “pin” and “bin”.A. complementally distributionB. minimal pairC. Adjacency pairD. code—switching5. When two sounds never occur in the same environment they said to be in __A__.A. complementary distributionB. free variationC. co-occurrenceD. minimal pair6. __D__ century is considered to be the beginning of Modern English.A. 18thB. 17thC. 19thD. 16th7. Conventionally a __B__ is put in slashes.A. allophoneB. phonemeC. phoneD. morpheme8. __D__ is a principle of scientific method, based on the belief that the only things valid enough to confirm orrefute o scientific theory are interpersonally observable phenomena, rather than people’s introspections or intuitions.A. MentalismB. Functional grammarC. Case grammarD. Behaviorism9. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course ofaction are called __C__.A. expressivesB. directivesC. commisivesD. declaratives*10. A __C__ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.A. morphemeB. wordC. rootD. phoneme1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __C__.A. a particular languageB. the English languageC. human language in generalD. the system of a particular language2. __A__ is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.A. InterlanguageB. IdeologyC. DialectD. Interference3. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called __ B__ rule.A. DeletionB. SequentialC. superasegmentalD. Assimilation4. “There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to”. This is the __B__ view concerning the study of meaning.A. naming theoryB. conceptualistC. contextualistD. behaviorist5. English consonants can be classified into stops, fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of __A__.A. manner of articulationB. openness of mouthC. place of articulationD. voicing6. According to Chomsky, __A__ is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language.A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue7. __A__ is not a suprasegmental feature.A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. Tone8. __A__ is a phenomenon that L2 learners subconsciously use their L1language in their learning process.A. Language transferB. BlendingC. InterferenceD. Cooperative9. __C__ are affixes added to an existing form to create a new word, e.g. in-,-er.A. inflectional morphemeB. free morphemeC. derivational morphemeD. root10. Writing is the secondary language form based on __B__.A. soundB. speechC. gestureD. sign1. __C__ covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in particular the study of linguistic communication.A. SemanticsB. SociolinguisticsC. PragmaticsD. Linguistics2. Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”, “case” and so on are called __A__ morphemes.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. Which of the following is not a compound word? __C__A. clearwayB. rainbowC. scarcityD. without4. The fact that ability to speak a language is transmitted from generation to generation by process of learning, and not genetically is referred to as __A__.A. culture transmissionB. performanceC. competenceD. acquisition5. __C__ is the language of Angles, Saxons and Jutes who invaded Britain after AD 450.A. Old NorseB. CleticC. Old EnglishD. Middle English6. A group of two or more consonants together in a syllable is called a (n) __C__.A. arresting clusterB. releasing clusterC. consonant clusterD. syllable7. The semantic features of the word “woman” can be expressed as __C__.A. +ANIMATE, -- HUMAN, +ADULT, +MALEB. + ANIMATE, + HUMAN, -- ADULT, + MALEC. + ANIMATE, + HUMAN, + ADULT, -- MALED. + ANIMATE, -- HUMAN, -- ADULT, -- MALE8. __A__ is to refer to an auxiliary language used to enable routine communication to take place between groups of people who speak different native languages.A. Lingua francaB. DialectC. PidginD. Ethnic dialect9. __A__ is the study of the relationship between brain and language, including research into how the structure of the brain influences language learning.A. NeurolinguisticsB. PsyhcholingisticsC. Applied LinguisticsD. Sociolinguistics10. Modern synchronic linguistics traditionally dates from the __B__ of Swiss scholar Ferdinand de Saussure.A. Syntactic structureB. Cours de Linguitique GeneralC. De Lingua LatinaD. Language and Mind1.According to the strong version of the __A__ hypothesis, language determines speakers’ perceptions andpatterns their way of life.A. Sapir WhorfB. inputC. GrimD.Innateness2. Which of the following is true? __D__A. In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.B. A compound is the combination of only two words.C. The division of English into old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and notarbitrary.D. If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully lateron.3. Which of the following statements is not true? __D__A. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.B. Language is human specificC. Language is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraintsD.The first language was invented by Adam, the first man.4. A group of people who do in fact have the opportunity to interact with each other and who share not just a single language with its related varieties but also attitudes to- ward linguistic norms are defined as __B__.A. speech varietyB. speech communityC. registerD. sociolect5. “Your money or your life?” is an example of __C__.A. representativeB. expressiveC. directivesmissives6. Which of the following distinctive features can be used to separate [p] and [b]? _D_A. stopB. fricativesC. bilabialD.voiced7. __D__ studies the total stock of morphemes of a language particularly those items which have clear semantic references.A. LexicographyB. PhonologyC. LexicologyD.Morphology8. __C__ theorized that acquisition of language is an innate process determined by biological factors which limit the important period for acquisition of a language from roughly two years of age to puberty.A. Input hypothesisB. Interaction hypothesisC. Critical period hypothesisD.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis9. An example of __C__ would be the change in meaning undergone by the OE word, docga, modern day dog. In OE docga referred to a particular breed of dog, while in modern usage it refers to the class of dogs as a whole.A. semantic degradationsB. semantic reductionsC. semantic extensionsD. semantic elevation10. According to Chomsky, the child is born with a built – in set of rules, which have the specific function of enabling her to construct the grammar of her mother tongue. This view is to be seen as __C__.A. Input hypothesisB. X-theoryC. Language acquisition deviceD.Universal grammar1. “Old” and “Young” are a pair of __D__ opposites.A. complementaryB. relationalC. converseD. gradable2. Systemic-Functional Grammar, one of the most influential linguistic theories in the 20th century, is put forward by __B__.A. ChomskyB. HallidayC. FirthD.Malinowski3. V owels that are produced between the positions for a front and back vowel are called __D__ vowel.A. backB. frontC. unroundedD.central4. From Halliday’s viewpoint, language is a form of realization of __D__ rather than a form of realizationof______.A. knowing, doingB. thinking, knowingC. doing, thinkingD.doing, knowing5. __D__ believes that language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.A. The innatistB. The interactionistC. The behavioristD.The mentalist6.__C__studies the physical properties of speech sound, as transmitted between mouth and ear.A. Articulatory phoneticsB. Physiological phoneticsC Acoustic phonetics D. Auditory phonetics7. Creativity refers to __B__.A. the unconscious knowledge that language users have in their mindsB. the capacity of language users to produce and understand an indefinitely large number of sentencesC. a property claimed to be characteristic of all languagesD. animals’ capacity to learn more than one human language8. Fossilization is a process _ A_.A. in which incorrect linguistic features became a per manent part of a learner’s competenceB. in which incorrect as well as correct linguistic features beca me a permanent part of a learner’s competence,but the correct items gradually delete the incorrect itemsC. which can happen as a result of teachers’ disapproval of an incorrect itemD.A and C are correct9. “Competence” refers to __B__.A. knowledge of meaning of words and sentencesB. a speaker’s unconscious knowledge about his/her languageC. the actual use of a speaker’s uncon scious knowledge about his/her languageD. the laws that pertain to all languages throughout the world10. __A__ refers to unintentionally deviation from the adult grammar of a native speaker.A. An errorB. A mistakeC. A slip of the tongueD. Fossilization1. __C__ is a multiword construction that is a semantic unit whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of its constituents.A. semantic componentB. collocationC. idiomD. reference2. The distinction between langue and parole is similar to that between __B__.A. prescriptive and descriptiveB. competence and performanceC. speech and writingD. synchronic and diachronic3. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as __A__.A. open class wordsB. grammatical wordsC. closed class wordsD. function words4. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “furniture/bed”? __B__A. polysemyB. hyponymyC. homonymyD. antonymy5. Which description of componential analysis for the word “woman” is right? __B__A. +human,-adult, -maleB. +human, + adult, -maleC. +human, + adult, +maleD. +human, -adult, +male6. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a __B__.A. regional dialectB. registerC. fieldD. repertoire7. In structural grammar, distributional analysis is used to define __D__, which are taken as the basic building blocks.A. morphemesB. wordsC. syllableD. phonemes8. “Speech Act Theory” was proposed by __D__ in 1962.A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. Jane AustinD. John Austin9. The major new development in linguistics in 20th century was __D__ grammar.A. speculativeB. traditionalC. structuralD. transformational-generative10. __A__ refers to the tendency of many learners to stop developing their inter-language grammar in the direction of the target language.A. FossilizationB. Error analysisC. OvergeneralizationD. Interference1. The most recognizable difference between American English and British English are in __D__ and vocabulary.A. structureB. grammarC. usageD. pronunciation2. The study of how we do things with utterance is the study of __C__, the nature of which is determined by context.A. contextB. pragmaticsC. speech actD. semantics3. A(n) __A__ is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. “pass away” for “die”.A. euphemismsB. deleteC. coinageD. taboo4. In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, __B__ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.A. transferB. bilingualismC. diglossiaD. inter-language5. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation, but in __D__.A. relationshipB. dependenceC. sentenceD. context6.__C__ is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.A. cultural transmissionB. dualityC. displacementD. productivity7. Traditional grammarians begin with __B__ definition of the sentence and components.A. structuralB. notionalC. descriptiveD. prescriptive8. __A__ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.A. Speech communityB. A raceC. A societyD. A country9. __A__ invasions established three major groups in England: Saxons, Angles and Jutes.A. GermanicB. NormanC. FrenchD. Roman10. Japanese is the only major language that uses __D__ writing system.A. a word-writingB. a logographicC. an alphabeticD. a syllabic1. __C__ is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e. a word or group of words, which serves as a definable “center” or “head”.A. Exocentric constructionB. CoordinationC. Endocentric constructionD. Collocation2. Of the following linguists, __A__ should not be grouped into American school.A. FirthB. SapirC. BloomfieldD. Boas3. When people learn a foreign language for external goals such as passing exams, financial rewards or furthering a career, we say they learn a foreign language with a (n) __D__.A. intrinsic motivationB. resultative motivationC. integrative motivationD. instrumental motivation4. What is the se nse relation in the sentence “M y unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.” __B__A. PresupposeB. ContradictionC. EntailmentD. Inconsistent5. ---TRUTH.---Do not say what you believe to be false.---Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Those can be defined as the features of __B__ of Gricean maxims.A. maxim of quantityB. maxim of qualityC. maxim of relationD. maxim of manner6. __C__ caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords refers to the use of pitch in language to distinguish words.A. IntonationB. StressC. ToneD.Aspiration7. __C__ is a socially prestigious dialect that is supported by institutions.A. Ethnic dialectB. IdeolectC. Standard dialectD. Creole8. Which of the following country are those loanwords “garage, champion, beauty, parliament” borrowed from__D__.A. LatinB. DutchC. GermanD.French9. In the sentence “The angry man went furiously through the rooms.” The first division into immediate constitute should be between __B__.A. angry and manB. man and wentC. furiously and throughD. The and angry10. __C__ refers to the effect of the utterance.A. Illocutionary actB. Locutionary actC. Perlocutionary actD. Speech act1. The consonant sound /p/ is described as __A__.A. voiceless bilabial stopB. voiceless alveolar stopC. voiced bilabial stopD.voiced alveolar stop2. A new word created by cutting the final part or cutting the initial part is referred to as __C__.A. acronymB. borrowingC. clippingD.blending3. According to the author our brain is divided into two hemispheres. Language functions are mainly located in__C__.A. right hemispheresB. front hemispheresC. left hemispheresD.back hemispheres4. “A language pattern which occurs in all known language” is called __C__.A. a phonemic representationB. a phonetic representationC. a language universalD. language change5. In the sentence-------“The child found the puppy”, __C__ is not a constituent.A. The childB. found the puppyC. found theD. the puppy6. A __A__ is a word or phrase which people use in place of terms which they consider to be more disagreeable or offensive to themselves and /or to their audience.A. EuphemismB. metaphorC. denotationD.jargon7. __C__ is the learner’s process of adapting to the culture and value system of the target language community.A. AcquisitionB. AssimilationC. AcculturationD. Articulation8. What is the relationship between the two words “flower / rose”? __C__A. HomonymyB. AntonymyC. hyponymyD. Polysemy9. The function of the sentence “How are you?” __D__A. directiveB. informativeC. performativeD. phatic10. Homonyms __C__.A. are words that share the same phonetic features and the same semantic featuresB. are words that share the same semantic features but have different sets of phonetic featuresC. are words that share the same phonetic features but have different sets of semantic featuresD. are two words that all but one of semantic features in common1. The distinction between language and parole is proposed by __B__.A. HallidayB. SaussureC. ChomskyD. Firth2. In the following dialogue, the maxim of __C__ is not observed.A. What time is it?B. It’s terribly cold in here.A. qualityB. quantityC. relevanceD. manner3. __B__ are linguistic units larger than sentences.A. MovesB. DiscoursesC. TopicsD. Tendencies4. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity? _A_A. single/marriedB. big/smallC. hot / coldD. old /young5. Usually __A__ refers to the use of linguistic research in language teaching, but linguistics is used in other areas, as well.A. applied linguisticsB. theoretical linguisticsC. contextual linguisticsD. general linguistics6. Two words that are differentiated by one phoneme, such as “cat” and “rat”, are known as a __D__.A. distinctive featureB. argumentC. codeD. minimal pair7. __D__ is often regarded as the founder of the study of sociolinguistics.A. SaussureB. HallidayC. ChomskyD. Labov8. __C__ is the academic discipline concerned with the study of the processes by which people learn languages in addition to their native tongue.A. IPAB. IC AnalysisC. SLAD. TG9. The __C__ is the primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents.A. bound morphemeB. affixC. rootD. prefix10. In terms of S earle’s classification system of illocutionary acts, the sentence “Ten bucks say that The Yankee will win the game.” used to bet belongs to __A__.A. representativeB. commissiveC. directiveD. declaration1. Three factors involved in describing vowels are __B__.A. place of articulation / part of the tongue raised / voicingB. tongue height / part of the tongue raised / lip roundingC. articulators / extreme vowel positions / tongue positionD. teeth position / alveolar ridge position / voicing2. In __C__ the structure of words is studied.A. phoneticsB. phonologyC. morphologyD. syntax3. Which one is not a source of error? __D__A the native language B. the target languageC. learner’s style of thinkingD. none4. “Love” and “hate” are __C__.A. binary antonymsB. complementary pairsC. gradable antonymsD. relational opposites5. __A__ refers to sentences not only describe or report information, but also help speakers accomplish things.A. Speech actB. DiscourseC. ContextD. Communication6. The feature that distinguishes “hotdog” and “hot dog” is __B__.A. toneB. stressC. intonationD. aspiration7. __A__ deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. NeurolinguistcsD. Anthropological linguistics8. The study of language at some point of time is generally termed as __D__ linguistics.A. appliedB. diachronicC. comparativeD. synchronic9. Of the following linguists, __A__ should be grouped into London school.A. FirthB. BloomfieldC. BoasD. Trubetzkoy10. __C__ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A. Lingua francaB. CreoleC. PidginD. Standard language1. The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the __D__ period for the first language acquisition.A. initialB. one-word stageC. pubertyD. critical2. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called __A__.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. syntaxD. language change3. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the __D__ principle proposed by J. Grice.A. comprehensiveB. generativeC. discourseD. cooperative4. __C__ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.A. referenceB. lexical meaningC. senseD. word5. “Autumn” and “fall” are used respectively in Britain and America, but refer to the same thing. The words are __B__ synonyms.A. collocationalB. dialectalC. completeD. stylistic6. __D__ is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence, namely, the underlying level of structural organization which specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted.A. surface structureB. syntactic ambiguityC. syntactic componentD. deep structure7. London speech that was illustrated by Shakespeare’s writing was generally termed __C__.A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. Early Modern EnglishD. Late Modern8. If we begin interpretation of a sentence spontaneously and automatically on the basis of whatever information is available to us, that is called __A__.A. top-down processingB. bottom-up processingC. inductive analysisD. comparative analysis9. __B__ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.A. DialectB. IdiolectC. Ethnic dialectD. Linguistic repertoire10. Of the following words, __A__ is an initialism.A. UNB. NA TOC. BASICD. UNESCO。

英语⼋级语⾔学选择题及答案语⾔学试题及参考答案⼀1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.A. a particular languageB. the English languageC. human languages in generalD. the system of a particular language2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________.A. voiceless, bilabial, stopB. voiceless, labiodental, fricativeC. voiced, bilabial, stopD. voiced, labiodental, fricative3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is known as a(n) __________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form4. In the phrase structure rule "S→NP VP", the arrow can be read as __________.A. is equal toB. consists ofC. hasD. generates5. "I bought some roses" __________ "I bought some flowers".A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with6. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes,__________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.A. phrasesB. sentencesC. morphemesD. utterances8. In a speech community people have something in common __________a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.A. sociallyB. linguisticallyC. culturallyD. pragmatically9. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people?__________.A. language and speechB. visual and spatial skillsC. reading and writingD. analytic reasoning10. In general, the __________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child's second year.A. babblingB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiword答案：1、C 2、B 3、C 4、B 5、A 6、C 7、C 8、B 9、B 10、C语⾔学试题⼆1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play “Romeo and Juliet” …A rose by any other name would smell as sweet? well illustrates _______.( )A.the conventional nature of languageB.the creative nature of languageC.the universality of languageD.the big difference between human language and animal communication2.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.( )A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula "S→NP VP".()A.hierarchicalB.linearC.tree diagramD.vertical4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.( )A.Case ConditionB.parameterC.Adjacent ConditionD.AdjacentParameter5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A.phonemeB.wordC.phrase D .sentence6.According to Searle,those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.( )/doc/3137840e52ea551810a6872f.html misivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.d eclaratives7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A.synchronicB.diachronic/doc/3137840e52ea551810a6872f.html parativeD.h istorical comparative8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______,and kin term.A.title+first nameB.title+titleC.title aloneD.first name+last name+title/doc/3137840e52ea551810a6872f.html nguage and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as "subvocal speech," and speech as "_______".( )A.vocal thoughtB.subvocal thoughtC.covert thoughtD.overt thought10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?_______.( )/doc/3137840e52ea551810a6872f.html nguage acquisition is a process of habit formation/doc/3137840e52ea551810a6872f.html nguage acquisition is the species-specific property of human beingsC.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire languageD.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use答案 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D6.A7.B8.C9.D 10.A语⾔学试题三1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language peopleactually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the wayspeakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes,which are ___ or generalization.A、elaborationB、simplificationC、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua francaB、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, inaddition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulationof utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language,namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconciousdevelopment of ability in the first language by using it naturally indaily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition答案1、C 2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D语⾔学试题四1.The pair of words “lend”and “borrow”are ___.( )A.gradable oppositesB.relational oppositesC.co-hyponymsD.synonyms 2.The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar .( )A.Jacob GrimmB.Rasmus RaskC.Franz BoppD.Sir William Jones3.A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.( )A.unusualB.something to be fearedC.abnormalD.natural4.__produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligible.( )A.Broca's aphasicB.The linguistic deprivationC.The damage on the angular gyrusD.Wernicke's aphasic5.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”.This shows:.( )A.They cannot pronounce/n/B.Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongueC.The teachers do not have a good teaching methodD.They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds6.A word with several meanings is called __word.( )A.a polysemousB.a synonymousC.an abnormalD.a multiple7.The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?”is __.( )/doc/3137840e52ea551810a6872f.html rmativeB.phaticC.directiveD.performativ e8.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary.( )/doc/3137840e52ea551810a6872f.html age B.grammar C.pronunciation D.s tructure9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space.( )A.Linguistic geographyB.LexicologyC.LexicographyD.Sociolinguistics10.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.( )A.+animate,+male,+human,-adultB.+animate,+male,+human,+adultC.+animate,-male,+human,-adultD.+animate,-male,+human,+adult答案 1.B 2.D 3.D 4.D 5.B6.A7.B8.C9.A 10.B语⾔学试题五Tick off the correct or the best possible answers:1 One of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and produce sentences he/she has never heard before. This property of language is called ________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD.arbitraryKey: B2 The ______ function refers to the fact that language can be used for establishing a favorable atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performativeKey: A3 From a functional approach, the _______ meaning of a language use consists of what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.A. affectiveB. associativeC. stylisticD. collocativeKey: A4 When -ing in 'gangling' is removed to get a verb 'gangle', we call this way of creating words ________.A. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymy Key: B5 ______ refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.A. DegradationB. SpecializationC. ElevationD. Extension Key: C6 As we know, every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way of expressing his ideas in language. This language variety of individual users is called ______.A. idiolectB. regional dialectC. temporal dialectD. social dialectKey: A7 When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they are collectively known as________.A. intonationB. toneC. phonemeD. sentence stressKey: A8 _______ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.A. Addition of soundB. Loss of soundC. MetathesisD. AssimilationKey: D9 Basically, all the languages in the world can be classified in terms of language family. Vietnamese and Korean are two languages in the ______ family.A. Indo-EuropeanB. Sino-TibetanC. Hamito-SemiticD. Malayo-PolynesianKey: B10 A _______ is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.A. morphemeB. phonemeC. graphemeD. letterKey: C11 All mono-morphemic words are constituted by free morphemes, and those poly-morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes are called_________.A. hyponymsB. compoundsC. blendsD. allomorphsKey: B12 The requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes which stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories is called _______.A. concordB. governmentC. recursivenessD. cohesionKey: A13. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another is called _____.A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. compoundingKey: A14. The distinction of 'linguistic potential' and 'actual linguistic behavior' is proposed by _______.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. J. AustinKey: C15. The word meaning given in the dictionary is called _____ meaning.A. denotativeB. connotativeC. collectiveD. stylisticKey: A16. When we consider the variation relating to what a user is trying to do with language, we are dealing with addressee relationship-continually categorized as "______".A. tenor of discourseB. mode of discourseC. field of discourseD. idiolectKey: A17. According to words' structures, Turkish is a typical ______ language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinativeKey: D18. ______ refer to the fact that one type of utterance is typically followed by a special type of utterance.A. Minimal pairsB. Illocutionary actsC. Social dialectsD. Adjacency pairsKey: D19. The relation between "dead" and "alive" is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: B20. The words "encore" and "au pair " are loanwords from _______.A. FrenchB. GermanC. ItalianD. SpanishKey: A21. The distinction of langue and parole is proposed by______.a. N. Chomskyb. F. de Saussurec. M. A. Hallidayd. J. AustinKey: b22 Which of the following is the exception to the feature of arbitrariness of languagea. native English wordsb. borrowed wordsc. echoic wordsd. one-syllable wordsKey: c23 Which of the following feature cannot be used to describe the phone [s]a. voicelessb. oralc. alveolard. lateralKey: d24 In terms of place of articulation, the two consonants [f], [v] are ________.a. dentalb. alveolarc. palatald. labiodentalKey: d 25 In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t],[d], [k], [g] are ________.a. affricatesb. fricativesc. bilabiald. oral stopsKey: d26 Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correcta. Allophones are different forms of the same phonemeb. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.c. Allophones distinguish meaning.d. Allophones are language specific.Key: c27 Which of the following words is not a free morphemea. ableb. petc. changed. dustyKey: d28 How many morphemes are there in the word dischargeda. 2b. 3c. 4d. 5Key: b29 Which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes onlya. happinessb. televisionc. ecologyd. teacherKey: c30. Language is passed on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning rather than by instinct. This property of language is called_____.a. interchangeabilityb. productivityc. cultural transmissiond. arbitrarinessKey: c31 The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet 'A rose by any other name would smell as sweet' well illustrates _______.A. the conventional nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communicationKey: A32 Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbkKey: A33 The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula "S→NP VP".A. hierarchicalB. linearC. tree diagramD. verticalKey: B34 It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that aCase assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.A. Case ConditionB. Case ParameterC. Adjacent ConditionD. Adjacent ParameterKey: C35. Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A. phonemeB. wordC. phraseD. sentenceKey: D36. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.A. commisivesB. directivesC. expressivesD. declaratives Key: A37. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparativeKey: B38. The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______, and kin term.A. title+first nameB. title+titleC. title aloneD. first name+last name+titleKey: C39. Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as "subvocal speech," and speech as"_______".A. vocal thoughtB. subvocal thoughtC. covert thoughtD. overt thoughtKey: D40.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisitionA. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation.B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings.C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.Key: A41. The words "kowtow" and "tea " are loanwords from _______.A. ChineseB. GermanC. ItalianD. SpanishKey: A42. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change overvarious periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparativeKey: B43. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another is called _____.A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. compounding Key: A44. According to words' structures, Latin is a typical ______ language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinativeKey: B45. The relation between "animal" and "lamb" is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: C46. One of the property of language is that there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. This property of language is called________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrariness Key: D47. The________ function refers to the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performativeKey: A48. The _______ meaning of a word consists of the associations it acquires on account of the meanings of words which tendto occur in its environment.A. associativeB. affectiveC. stylisticD. collocativeKey: D49. When -or in editor is removed to get a verb edit, we call this way of creating words ________.A. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymy Key:50. The relation between "rose" and "flower" is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: C51. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed fromthe immediate situations of the speaker. This is what we mean by __________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrariness Key: C52. When language is used to get the hearer to do something, then it serves a _______ function.A. directiveB. informativeC. interrogativeD. expressive53. The description of a language at some point in time is a ________ study.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptive Key: B54. The distinction between "competence" and "performance" was made by______ .A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. L. BloomfieldKey: A55. According to the places of articulation, sounds in English such as [t], [l], and[z] can be labeled as _______ ones.A. dentalB. bilabialC. velarD. alveolarKey: D56. According to the morphological analysis, the underlined part in the word "internationalism" should be regarded as a ___________ .A. rootB. stemC. prefixD. suffixKey: B57. Words such as "telex" and "workfare" are created through ___________.A. affixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. blending Key: D58. According to the syntactic construction analysis, simple sentence such as "John is a student." belongs to__________construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. coordinateD. subordinate Key: B59. The sense relationship between "male" and "female" is _________.A. complementarityB. gradabilityC. relational oppositesD. hyponymyKey: A60. Componential analysis is a method of analyzing________ meaning.A. sentenceB. lexicalC. grammaticalD. utterance Key: B。

精品文档专八语言学试题一1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.A. a particular languageB. the English languageC. human languages in generalD. the system of a particular language2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________.A. voiceless, bilabial, stopB. voiceless, labiodental, fricativeC. voiced, bilabial, stopD. voiced, labiodental, fricative3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix ed in the word learned isknown as a(n) __________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form4. In the phrase structure rule S→NP VP, the arrow can be read as __________.A. is equal toB. consists ofC. hasD. generates5. I bought some roses __________ I bought some flowers.A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with6. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.A. phrasesB. sentencesC. morphemesD. utterances8. In a speech community people have something in common __________a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.精品文档．精品文档A. sociallyB. linguisticallyC. culturallyD. pragmatically9. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemispherein most people? __________.A. language and speechB. visual and spatial skillsC. reading and writingD. analytic reasoning10. In general, the __________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child's second year.A. babblingB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiword答案：1.C 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.C 7.C 8.B 9.B 10.C专八语言学试题二1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play “Romeo and Juliet”‘A rose by any other name would smell as sweet' well illustrates _______.()A.the conventional nature of languageB.the creative nature of languageC.the universality of languageD.the big difference between human language and animal communication2.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.()A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula S→NP VP.()A.hierarchicalB.linearC.tree diagramD.vertical4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.()A.Case ConditionB.parameterC.Adjacent ConditionD.Adjacent Parameter5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A.phonemeB.wordC.phrase精品文档．精品文档D.sentence6.According to Searle,those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.()misivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A.synchronicB.diachronicparativeD.historical comparative8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______,and kin term.A.title+first nameB.title+titleC.title aloneD.first name+last name+titlenguage and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlappingin some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as subvocal speech, and speech as _______.()A.vocal thoughtB.subvocal thoughtC.covert thoughtD.overt thought10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child languageacquisition?_______.()nguage acquisition is a process of habit formationnguage acquisition is the species-specific property of human beingsC.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire languageD.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use答案 1.A2.A3.B4.C5.D6.A7.B8.C9.D10.A专八语言学试题三1.As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for correct linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. psycholinguistic2.Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A. mouth精品文档．精品文档B. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3.The morpheme vision in the common word elevision is a(n) ___.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme4.A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator5.Can I borrow your bike? ___ You have a bike.A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes6.The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. sociolinguisticsD. psycholinguistics7.Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization.A. elaborationB. simplificationC. external borrowingD. internal borrowing8.___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A. Lingua francaB. CreoleC. PidginD. Standard language9.Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, inaddition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulationof utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language,namely, ___ .A. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons精品文档．精品文档D. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10.According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconciousdevelopment of ability in the first language by using it naturally indaily communicative situations.A. learningB. competenceC. performanceD. acquisition答案 1.C 2.C 3.D 4.D 5.D6.B7.B8.C9.A 10.D专八语言学试题四1.The pair of words “lend”and “borrow”are ___.()A.gradable oppositesB.relational oppositesC.co-hyponymsD.synonyms2.The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar.()A.Jacob GrimmB.Rasmus RaskC.Franz BoppD.Sir William Jones3.A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.()A.unusualB.something to be fearedC.abnormalD.natural4.__produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligible.()A.Broca's aphasicB.The linguistic deprivationC.The damage on the angular gyrusD.Wernicke's aphasic5.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night”as “light”.This shows:.()A.They cannot pronounce/n/B.Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongueC.The teachers do not have a good teaching methodD.They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds6.A word with several meanings is called __worD.()A.a polysemousB.a synonymousC.an abnormalD.a multiple7.The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?”is __.()精品文档．精品文档rmativeB.phaticC.directiveD.performative8.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary.()ageB.grammarC.pronunciationD.structure9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space.()A.Linguistic geographyB.LexicologyC.LexicographyD.Sociolinguistics10.The semantic components of the word “gentleman”can be expressed as __.()A.+animate,+male,+human,-adultB.+animate,+male,+human,+adultC.+animate,-male,+human,-adultD.+animate,-male,+human,+adult答案1.B2.D3.D4.D5.B6.A7.B8.C9.A10.B专八语言学试题五Tick off the correct or the best possible answers:1 One of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and produce sentences he/she has never heard before. This property of language is called ________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitraryKey: B2 The ______ function refers to the fact that language can be used for establishing a favorableatmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performativeKey: A3 From a functional approach, the _______ meaning of a language use consists of what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.A. affectiveB. associativeC. stylisticD. collocative精品文档．精品文档Key: A4 When -ing in 'gangling' is removed to get a verb 'gangle', we call this way of creating words________.A. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymyKey: B5 ______ refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.A. DegradationB. SpecializationC. ElevationD. ExtensionKey: C6 As we know, every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way of expressing his ideas in language. This language variety of individual users is called ______.A. idiolectB. regional dialectC. temporal dialectD. social dialectKey: A7 When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they are collectively known as ________.A. intonationB. toneC. phonemeD. sentence stressKey: A8 _______ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sounD.A. Addition of soundB. Loss of soundC. MetathesisD. AssimilationKey: D9Basically, all the languages in the world can be classified in terms of language family. Vietnamese and Korean are two languages in the ______ family.A. Indo-EuropeanB. Sino-TibetanC. Hamito-SemiticD. Malayo-PolynesianKey: B10A _______ is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.精品文档．精品文档A. morphemeB. phonemeC. graphemeD. letterKey: C11 All mono-morphemic words are constituted by free morphemes, and those poly-morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes are called_________.A. hyponymsB. compoundsC. blendsD. allomorphsKey: B12 The requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes which stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories is called _______.A. concordB. governmentC. recursivenessD. cohesionKey: A13. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another is called _____.A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. compoundingKey: A14. The distinction of 'linguistic potential' and 'actual linguistic behavior' is proposed by _______.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. J. AustinKey: C15. The word meaning given in the dictionary is called _____ meaning.A. denotativeB. connotativeC. collectiveD. stylisticKey: A16. When we consider the variation relating to what a user is trying to do with language, we are dealing with addressee relationship-continually categorized as ______.A. tenor of discourseB. mode of discourseC. field of discourse精品文档．精品文档D. idiolectKey: A17. According to words' structures, Turkish is a typical ______ language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinativeKey: D18. ______ refer to the fact that one type of utterance is typically followed by a special type of utterance.A. Minimal pairsB. Illocutionary actsC. Social dialectsD. Adjacency pairsKey: D19. The relation between dead and alive is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: B20. The words encore and au pair are loanwords from _______.A. FrenchB. GermanC. ItalianD. SpanishKey: A21. The distinction of langue and parole is proposed by______.a. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. J. AustinKey: b22Which of the following is the exception to the feature of arbitrariness of language a. native English wordsB. borrowed wordsC. echoic wordsD. one-syllable wordsKey: c23 Which of the following feature cannot be used to describe the phone [s]a. voicelessB. oralC. alveolarD. lateral精品文档．精品文档Key: d24 In terms of place of articulation, the two consonants [f], [v] are ________.a. dentalB. alveolarC. palatalD. labiodentalKey: d25 In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are ________.a. affricatesB. fricativesC. bilabialD. oral stopsKey: d26 Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correcta. Allophones are different forms of the same phonemeB. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.C. Allophones distinguish meaning.D. Allophones are language specifiC.Key: c27 Which of the following words is not a free morphemea. ableB. petC. changeD. dustyKey: d28 How many morphemes are there in the word dischargeda. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5Key: b29 Which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes onlya. happinessB. televisionC. ecologyD. teacherKey: c30. Language is passed on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning rather than by instinct. This property of language is called_____.a. interchangeabilityB. productivityC. cultural transmissionD. arbitrariness精品文档．精品文档Key: c31 The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet 'A rose by any other name would smell as sweet' well illustrates _______.A. the conventional nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communicationKey: A32 Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbkKey: A33 The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula S→NP VP.A. hierarchicalB. linearC. tree diagramD. verticalKey: B34 It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipientshould stay adjacent to each other.A. Case ConditionB. Case ParameterC. Adjacent ConditionD. Adjacent ParameterKey: C35. Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A. phonemeB. wordC. phraseD. sentenceKey: D36. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.A. commisivesB. directivesC. expressivesD. declarativesKey: A37. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronic精品文档．精品文档B. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparativeKey: B38. The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______, and kin term.A. title+first nameB. title+titleC. title aloneD. first name+last name+titleKey: C39. Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as subvocal speech, and speech as _______.A. vocal thoughtB. subvocal thoughtC. covert thoughtD. overt thoughtKey: D40.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisitionA. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation.B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings.C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.Key: A41. The words kowtow and ea are loanwords from _______.A. ChineseB. GermanC. ItalianD. SpanishKey: A42. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparativeKey: B43. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another is called _____.A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymy精品文档．精品文档D. compoundingKey: A44. According to words' structures, Latin is a typical ______ language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinativeKey: B45. The relation between animal and lamb is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: C46. One of the property of language is that there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. This property of language is called________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: D47. The________ function refers to the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performativeKey: A48. The _______ meaning of a word consists of the associations it acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.A. associativeB. affectiveC. stylisticD. collocativeKey: D49. When -or in editor is removed to get a verb edit, we call this way of creating words ________.A. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymyKey:50. The relation betweenose andlower is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymy精品文档．精品文档D. homonymyKey: C51. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what we mean by __________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: C52. When language is used to get the hearer to do something, then it serves a _______ function.A. directiveB. informativeC. interrogativeD. expressive53. The description of a language at some point in time is a ________ study.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptiveKey: B54. The distinction between competence and performance was made by______ .A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. L. BloomfieldKey: A55. According to the places of articulation, sounds in English such as [t], [l], and[z] can be labeled as _______ ones.A. dentalB. bilabialC. velarD. alveolarKey: D56. According to the morphological analysis, the underlined part in the word internationalism should be regarded as a ___________ .A. rootB. stemC. prefixD. suffixKey: B57. Words such as elex and workfare are created through ___________.A. affixationB. compoundingC. conversion精品文档．精品文档D. blendingKey: D58. According to the syntactic construction analysis, simple sentence such as John is a student. belongs to __________construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. coordinateD. subordinateKey: B59. The sense relationship between male andemale is _________.A. complementarityB. gradabilityC. relational oppositesD. hyponymyKey: A60. Componential analysis is a method of analyzing________ meaning.A. sentenceB. lexicalC. grammaticalD. utteranceKey: B精品文档．。

2001年英语专业八级考试语言学试题及解析1. ______ is the study of how sentences are structured.A. Linguistics.B. Syntax.C. Phonology.D. Phonetics.2. _______ distinguishes the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics as langue and parole.A. Chomsky.B. Saussure.C. Gilman.D. Brown.3. Of the following words, _____ is an acronym.A. Marlboro.B. UN.C. Laser.D. WTO.2001年英语专业八级考试语言学试题答案与解析答案：1. B 2. B 3. C试题解析：1.研究句子结构的语言学分支称为句法学（syntax）。

故答案为B。

2.索绪尔（Saussure）被后人称为现代语言学之父，他把说话者的语言能力和语言的实际现象或语料区分为语言（langue）和言语（parole）。

乔姆斯基（Chomsky）是美国语言学家，他区分了语言能力（competence）和语言运用（performance）两个概念。

吉尔曼（Gilman）和布朗（Brown）都是社会语言学家。

故正确选项为B。

3. acronym为首字母缩略词，由一组词中各主要词的第一个字母缩合而成，朗读时可按普通发音规则来读，Laser就是以这种方式构成的，Laser=Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation受激光辐射式光频放大器。

Initialism首字母缩略式是由词的第一个字母或词组中各词的第一个字母缩合形成，缩略式中的每个字母要大写，朗读时按字母来读。

专八人文知识：语言学部分精选试题（附答案）专八人文知识：语言学部分精选试题本文是根据最新专八考试大纲针对人文知识的要求，从语言学内容精选出的考前自测试题。

1.Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?A. Language is a systemB. Language is symbolicC. Animals also have languageD. Language is arbitrary2.Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language?A. SymbolicB. DualC. ProductiveD. Arbitrary3.What is the most important function of language?A. InterpersonalB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Metalingual4.Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole?A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Anonymous5.According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language?A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue6.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is .A. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performative7.Articulatory phonetics mainly studies .A. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechB. the perception of soundsC. the combination of soundsD. the production of sounds8.The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in .A. the place of articulationB. the obstruction of airstreamC. the position of the tongueD. the shape of the lips9.Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics10.Which studies the sound systems in a certain language?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics11.Minimal pairs are used to .A. find the distinctive features of a languageB. find the phonemes of a languageC. compare two wordsD. find the allophones of language/doc/5b8851066.html,ually, suprasegmental features include,length and pitch.A. phonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stress13.Which is an indispensable part of a syllable?A. CodaB. OnsetC. StemD. Peak14.Which is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content?A. WordB. MorphemeC. AllomorphD. Root15.Which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed?A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. PhonologyD. Semantics16.Lexeme is .A. a physically definable unitB. the common factor underlying a set of formsC. a grammatical unitD. an indefinable unit17.Which of the following sounds does not belong to the allomorphs of the English plural morpheme ?A. [s]B. [iz]C. [ai]D. [is]18.All words contain a .A. root morphemeB. bound morphemeC. prefixD. suffix19.The relationship between "fruit" and "apple" isA. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymy20.The part of the grammar that represents a speaker's knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called .A. lexiconB. morphologyC. syntaxD. semantics21.Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns?A. genderB. numberC. caseD. voice22.The pair of words "lend" and "borrow" areA. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms23."Big" and "Small" are a pair of opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. converse24.In the following conversation:- Beirut is in Peru, isn't it?- And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.The second person violates theA. Quantity MaximB. Quality MaximC. Relation MaximD. Manner Maxim25.The maxim of requires that a participant's contribution be relevant to the conversation.A. quantityB. qualityC. mannerD. relationCACAA, BDBAB, BDDBA, BCABC,DBBBD。

大学英语8级试题及答案一、听力理解（共20分）1. 根据所听对话，选择正确的答案。

（每题2分，共10分）A) 男人计划去图书馆。

B) 男人计划去电影院。

C) 男人计划去公园。

2. 根据所听对话，选择正确的答案。

（每题2分，共10分）A) 女人在找她的钱包。

B) 女人在找她的钥匙。

C) 女人在找她的手机。

二、阅读理解（共30分）1. 阅读以下短文，回答后面的问题。

（每题2分，共10分）短文内容：[此处应有短文]问题：A) 短文中提到的主要人物是谁？B) 主要人物遇到了什么问题？C) 问题最终是如何解决的？2. 阅读以下短文，回答后面的问题。

（每题2分，共10分）短文内容：[此处应有短文]问题：A) 短文中描述的地点是哪里？B) 地点有什么特点？C) 作者对这个地方有什么感受？3. 阅读以下短文，回答后面的问题。

（每题2分，共10分）短文内容：[此处应有短文]问题：A) 短文中的主要事件是什么？B) 事件对人物有什么影响？C) 作者通过这个事件想要传达什么信息？三、词汇与语法（共20分）1. 根据句子的语境，选择正确的词汇填空。

（每题1分，共10分）A) Despite the heavy rain, he decided to go out.B) In spite of the heavy rain, he decided to go out.C) Regardless of the heavy rain, he decided to go out.2. 根据句子的语境，选择正确的语法结构。

（每题1分，共10分）A) She has been studying English for two years.B) She has studied English for two years.C) She will have studied English for two years.四、翻译（共15分）1. 将以下句子从英语翻译成中文。

专业英语八级英语语言学知识（语言习得）模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 3. GENERAL KNOWLEDGEPART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)Directions: There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question.1．In general, language acquisition refers to children’s development of their______.A．first languageB．second languageC．foreign languageD．dialectal language正确答案：A解析：一般来说，语言习得指的是儿童的第一语言发展，即儿童在其长大成人所在的社区的本族语的发展。

知识模块：语言习得2．______holds that language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.A．The behaviorist viewB．The innatist viewC．The naming theoryD．The contextualism正确答案：A解析：行为主义论(the behaviorist view)认为，语言学习是一个简单的接受语言刺激、模仿语言、形成语言习惯的过程。

知识模块：语言习得3．______holds that children are born with an innate mechanism that allows them to acquire language.A．The behaviorist viewB．The innatist viewC．The naming theoryD．The contextualism正确答案：B解析：先天主义论(the innatist view)认为儿童生来大脑就具有学习语言的机制，受到一定的语言刺激后就可以激活该机制习得语言。

英语专八人文语言学测试题1. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language?A language is a systemB language is symbolicC Animal also have languageD language is arbitrary2. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human loanguage is __________.A arbitraryB non-arbitraryC logicalD non-productive3. Which of the foloowing terms best describes the “-ate” in the word “affectionate”?A derivational morphemeB infectional morphemeC free morphemeD prefix4. Which of the foloowing terms best describes the pair of words kill and dill?A minimal pairB phonemic contrastC closed class wordsD bound morphemes5. What is the basic lexical relation between piece and peace?A synonymyB antonymyC homonymyD polysemy6. /p/ is different from /b/ in ______.A the manner of articulationB the shape of the lipsC the vibration of the vocal cordsD the place of articulation7. Of all the speech organs, the ____ is / are the most flexible.A mouthB lipsC tongueD vocal cords8. The phonological features of the consonant /t/ are ______.A voiced stopB voiceless stopC voiced fricativeD voiceless fricative9. The branch of linguistics that studies show context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ________.A semanticsB pragmaticsC sociaolinguisticsD psycholinguistics10. The utterance “We’ve already eaten ten tons.” Obviously violates the maxim of ______.A qualityB quantityC relationD manner11. All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips, i.e. rounded, except _____.A //12. The semantic relationship between the two sentences “Mary’s son is an engineer.” And “Mary has a son.” is _______.A entailmentB presuppositionC synonymyD inconsistency13. Which of the following sentences is a commissive?A The eqarth is round.B I now prinounce you husband and wife.C I’m really sorry!D I’ll be here tomorrow14. Semantic feature analysis attempts to account for the _____ of a word according to the presence or abence of a specific semantic feature in the word.A conceptual meaningB social meaningC connotative meaningD affective meaning15. ____ act is the extra meaning of the utterance produced on the basis of its literal meaning.A SpeechB LocutionaryC IllocutionaryD Perlocutionary16. _____is a group of people using a given language or dialect. They use the same kind of language or dialect which is highly strtified in terms of social division.A Speech communityB Individual dialectC Regional dialectD Social dialect17. The situation where two very different varieties of the same language are used side by side for two different sets of functions is termed as _______.A diglossiaB bilingualismC multilingualismD register18. A ____is a variety of a language that is not a native language of anynone, but is learned on co9ntact situation such as trading.A pidginB creoleC dialectD lingua franca19. The Word“lab”is formed through _________.A back formationB blendingC clippingD derivation20. Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns?A genderB numberC caseD voice21. The pair of words “ lend ” and “ borrow ” are _______.A gradable oppositesB converse oppositesC co-hypinymsD synonyms22. “Big” and “Small ”are a pair of _________opposites.A complementaryB gradableC completeD converse23. _______is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.A SemanticsB pragmaticsC sociolinguisticsD psycholinguistics24. A variety of a language used recognizably in a specific region or by a specific social class is called __________.A dialectB registersC creolesD pidgins25. In a speech community people have something in common________ -- a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.A sociallyB linguisticallyC culturallyD pragmatically26. [ l ] and [ r ] function in a minimal pair of ___________.A lid and ridB lad and redC peel and peerD both A，B，C27. Man’s linguistic ability enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in his native language, including the sentences which were never heard before. This design feature of language is ____________.A specializationB cultural transmissionC ProductivityD arbitrariness28. The study of language developed over a period of time is generally termed as ______ linguistics, which focuses on the changes and developments of language.A comparativeB appliedC synchronicD diachronic29. Human language operates on two levels of structure. At one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. This design feature of language is called ______.A D。