Study of Localized Varieties of English

Preserving and discovering cultural relics is a vital task that holds significant importance for various reasons. Here are some key points that justify the importance of seeking out and protecting cultural relics:1. Historical Significance: Cultural relics provide a tangible connection to our past, offering insights into the lives, customs, and achievements of our ancestors. They are the physical manifestations of history that help us understand the evolution of societies and civilizations.2. Educational Value: These relics serve as educational tools, teaching future generations about the history and culture of their nation or region. They can inspire curiosity and a deeper understanding of the world, fostering a sense of identity and continuity.3. Cultural Identity: Cultural relics are symbols of a nations identity and heritage. They help to define a societys unique characteristics and contribute to a sense of national pride and unity.4. Artistic Appreciation: Many relics are works of art that showcase the creativity and skill of their creators. They are valuable for their aesthetic qualities and can inspire contemporary artists and designers.5. Economic Benefits: The preservation and display of cultural relics can contribute to the economy through tourism. Attractive museums and historical sites draw visitors, creating jobs and generating revenue.6. Scientific Research: The study of cultural relics can lead to advancements in various fields such as archaeology, anthropology, and materials science. They can provide clues about ancient technologies, environmental conditions, and social structures.7. Preservation of Knowledge: Relics often contain information that has been lost over time. By studying them, we can recover knowledge and practices that might otherwise be forgotten.8. Moral Responsibility: As stewards of our planet, we have a moral obligation to protect and preserve the cultural heritage that has been passed down through generations. This includes not only physical artifacts but also the stories and traditions associated with them.9. Diplomatic Relations: Cultural exchanges involving relics can foster goodwill and understanding between nations, promoting peace and cooperation.10. Counteracting Cultural Erosion: In an increasingly globalized world, the preservation of unique cultural relics helps to maintain diversity and prevent the homogenization of cultures.In conclusion, the search for and protection of cultural relics is essential for maintaining a rich cultural tapestry that enriches our understanding of the human experience and contributes to the collective wisdom of humanity.。

地理课学英文版Geography is a fascinating subject that explores the physical features of the Earth and the diverse human societies that inhabit it. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the ability to communicate in English, the global lingua franca, has become essential for understanding and engaging with the world around us. Learning geography in English provides numerous benefits, from enhancing our understanding of global issues to broadening our cultural awareness and career opportunities.One of the primary advantages of learning geography in English is the ability to access a wealth of information and resources. English is the predominant language used in academic and scientific publications, allowing students to explore the latest research, theories, and case studies in the field of geography. This access to a vast body of knowledge enables a deeper and more nuanced understanding of geographic concepts, from the intricate patterns of global climate systems to the complex social and economic factors that shape the development of regions and nations.Moreover, studying geography in English facilitates the exchange of ideas and perspectives across borders. As students engage with materials and discussions in English, they are exposed to diverse viewpoints and cultural contexts, broadening their understanding of the world. This exposure to global perspectives is particularly valuable in an increasingly interconnected world, where addressing complex challenges such as climate change, resource scarcity, and human migration requires a comprehensive, multinational approach.Furthermore, learning geography in English enhances students' critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Navigating the nuances of geographic terminology and concepts in a second language encourages students to think more deeply, analyze information more critically, and communicate their ideas more effectively. These skills are not only essential for academic success but also highly valued in the job market, where the ability to analyze and interpret geographic data, communicate complex ideas, and work collaboratively in a global context are in high demand.In addition to the academic and intellectual benefits, learning geography in English can also open up a world of career opportunities. In an increasingly globalized economy, proficiency in English is a highly sought-after skill, particularly in fields such as international business, diplomacy, environmental conservation, and urban planning. By mastering the language of geography in English,students position themselves for success in a wide range of careers, both within their home countries and on the international stage.Beyond the practical advantages, learning geography in English can also foster a deeper appreciation for cultural diversity and global citizenship. As students engage with geographic concepts and case studies from around the world, they develop a greater understanding and respect for the unique cultural, social, and environmental characteristics of different regions. This cultural awareness can lead to a more empathetic and inclusive worldview, encouraging students to become active and responsible global citizens, capable of contributing to the betterment of the world.In conclusion, the benefits of learning geography in English are numerous and far-reaching. From enhancing academic and intellectual growth to expanding career opportunities and fostering cultural understanding, the ability to engage with geographic concepts and information in the global language of English is a valuable asset in today's interconnected world. As students embrace the challenge of mastering geography in English, they not only deepen their knowledge of the physical world but also develop the critical thinking, communication, and global awareness skills necessary to navigate the complexities of the 21st century.。

教学改革研究项目英文The educational landscape is ever-evolving, and with the current push for innovation, it's crucial to explore new teaching methods that can cater to the diverse learning needs of students. This research project aims to delve into the intricacies of pedagogical reform, seeking to understand what makes a classroom dynamic and inclusive.One of the key areas of focus for this project is the integration of technology in the classroom. The advent of digital tools has revolutionized the way information is shared and accessed, and this project will investigate how these advancements can be harnessed to enhance learning outcomes.Another aspect that will be scrutinized is the role of assessment in the learning process. Traditional grading systems are being questioned, and this study will look into alternative forms of feedback that could be more motivating and reflective of a student's true understanding.Collaborative learning is also a significant theme within this research. The project will examine how group work can be structured to maximize engagement and ensure that all students contribute effectively to the collective learning experience.Moreover, the importance of cultural awareness ineducation will be highlighted. The project will consider how educators can create a more culturally responsive classroom that respects and values the diverse backgrounds of all students.Finally, the research will culminate in a set of recommendations for educators and policymakers, offering practical strategies for implementing these reforms in a way that is both sustainable and scalable.By the end of this project, it is hoped that a clearer picture will emerge of what a truly reformed educational system might look like, one that is better equipped to prepare students for the challenges of the 21st century.。

谈谈对地理学认识英语作文（中英文实用版）Geography, a discipline that encompasses the study of our planet"s physical features, climate, inhabitants, and the intricate relationships between them, is more than just the memorization of capitals and countries.It is a dynamic field that allows us to understand the world we live in and predict future changes.From the mountains that majestically rise from the earth to the rivers that carve through it, every aspect of geography tells a story of our past and can offer clues to our future.地理学，这门学科包含了我们星球上的物理特征、气候、居民以及它们之间错综复杂的关系的研究，远不止是记忆首都和国家那么简单。

它是一个充满活力的领域，让我们能够理解我们所生活的世界，并预测未来的变化。

从雄伟壮观地从地面崛起的山脉，到切割大地的河流，地理学的每一个方面都讲述了我们过去的往事，同时也为我们未来的线索提供了线索。

The beauty of geography lies in its interdisciplinary nature, blending natural sciences like biology and geology with social sciences such as economics and politics.It helps us grasp the spatial patterns that govern our societies and the environment, fostering a deeper appreciation for the world"s diversity and interconnectedness.地理学的魅力在于其跨学科的特性，将自然科学如生物学和地质学与社会科学如经济学和政治学相融合。

松江区2023学年度第二学期模拟考质量监控试卷高三英语（满分140分，完卷时间120分钟）2024.4 考生注意：1．本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求，所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。

2．答题前，务必在答题纸上填写学校、班级、姓名和考号。

3．答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。

Ⅰ．Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1．A．At 8:00. B．At 8:15. C．At 8:30. D．At 8:45.2．A．A professor. B．A coach. C．An engineer. D．A nurse.3．A．In a restaurant. B．In a hairdres ser’s.C．At a cinema. D．At a tailor’s. 4．A．Ways to visit a university. B．Two student tour guides.C．A tour of Fudan University. D．The campus of Fudan University.5．A．They did not make it there finally.B．They were not well received there.C．They experienced something unpleasant on the way.D．They had a wonderful time before they arrived there.6．A．Excited. B．Interested. C．Confused. D．Annoyed. 7．A．Practice the presentation in front of him. B．Watch how he makes a presentation. C．Reduce the time spent in practicing. D．Find out who her audience will be.8．A．She is always absent-minded. B．She forgot to tell the man about it.C．She is unclear about Sophie’s plan.D．She slipped in the neighboring town. 9．A．Because it took him much time to go to work.B．Because he had to save money for his journey.C．Because the job arranged many business journeys.D．Because he considered it unlucky to have that job.10．A．Buy a new printer with less noise. B．Ask the man to borrow a printer.C．Read a book on how to fix the printer. D．Get someone to repair the printer.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two passages and one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation, you will be asked several questions. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11．A．How encores came into existence. B．How bands perform encores properly.C．Why audiences used to need encores. D．Why encores are part of a performance. 12．A．The 17th century. B．The 18th century. C．The 19th century. D．The 20th century. 13．A．French people were more interested in encores than others.B．Bands usually prepare more than two encores for each show.C．Recording technology boosted audiences’ needs for encores.D．Musicians can get recharged during the break before encores.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14．A．Because of the rule for the class. B．Because of the course materials.C．Because the speaker changed his topics. D．Because the speaker disliked technology. 15．A．The students do not assess the speaker’s class fairly.B．The students are satisfied with the class environment.C．The speaker did not favor leaving technology at the door.D．The speaker were worried about students’ evaluation on him.16．A．It will stop students getting on well together.B．It may help students better understand themes.C．It will improve teaching effect by giving students more help.D．It may distract students from digging deep within themselves.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17．A．Doctor and patient. B．Salesman and customer.C．Teacher and student. D．Employer and employee.18．A．Fishing industry. B．Statistics. C．Computer modeling. D．Note-taking. 19．A．She is good at making model computers. B．She has decided on the title of the essay. C．She is uninterested in coping with statistics. D．She has always been weak at note-taking. 20．A．Learn to take notes immediately. B．Find out possible strategies alone.C．Read for more useful information. D．Work on her weaknesses by herself. Ⅱ．Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Remote Work Slows Senior Housing Market RecoveryWith the rise of remote work, the market for senior housing has met with problems in its recovery. Only a few old people choose to live in senior-living communities （21）______the growing senior population and the cancelation of COVID-19 restrictions once making family visits difficult.（22）______ this trend suggests is that people’s shift to remote work contributes to the slow rebound of the senior housing market. That is, remote work is keeping many older Americans from moving into senior-living communities once warmly （23）______（welcome）.When more adults began working remotely during the pandemic（流行病）, they were able to check in on aging parents easily —they （24）______ take care of their parents’ issues on short notice.Experts have been analyzing the phenomenon in different ways. Some found that the greater flexibility to care for parents （25）______（mean）people’s delay in sending aged parents to expensive senior-housing accommodations. Therefore, markets with high levels of people working from home usually have lower senior-housing occupancy rates. Others said remote work might have some effect but also pointed to different factors. For instance, many seniors think that their family wallets are getting thinner, making some of them reluctant （26）______（send）to senior-living communities.The age at which people enter senior housing is also increasing, （27）______serves as another sign that shows people are choosing to delay transitioning. The rising cost of senior living weighs heavily on that decision. The CPI （consumer-price index）for nursing homes and adult day services rose 4.5% last May compared with （28）______in May, 2022.Still, many senior-housing operators are optimistic. When （29）______（illustrate）their point, they showed an increase in the number of people turning 80 years old over the following years and the actual wealth they have collected. Moreover, they find remote work arrangements are decreasing in some parts of the country, （30）______ employees there have seen their lowered productivity while working from home.Section BDirections: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A．accompanied B．allowed C．feasibly D．fueled E．intensity F．option G．prompting H．routine I．surgically J．underlying K．variedBrain Signals for Lasting PainBrain signals that reveal how much pain a person is in have been discovered by scientists who say the work is a step towards new treatments for people living with lasting pain.It is the first time researchers have decoded the brain activity 31 patients’ lasting pain. That has raised the hope that brain stimulation treatment alre ady used for Parkinson’s and major depression can help those running out of any other 32 . “We’ve learned that lasting pain can be tracked and predicted in the real world,” said Prasad Shirvalkar, lead researcher on the project at the University of California.Lasting pain affects nearly 28 million adults in the UK alone, and the causes are 33 . ranging from cancer to back problems. That being the case, lasting pain has 34 a rise in taking powerful painkillers. But nomedical treatments work well for the condition, 35 experts to call for a complete rethink in how health services handle patients with lasting pain.For the latest study, Shirvalkar and his colleagues 36 implanted electrodes（电极）into four patients with lasting pain hard to deal with after the loss of legs. The devices 37 the patients to record activity and collect data in two brain regions—the ACC and the OFC—at the press of one button on a remote handset. Several times a day, the volunteers were asked to complete short surveys on the 38 of pain, meaning how strong the pain was, and then record their brain activity. These scientists, armed with the survey responses and brain recordings, found they could use computers to predict a person’s pa in based on the electrical signals in their OFC. “We found very different brain activity 39 severe pain and have developed an objective biomarker for that kind of pain,” said Shirvalkar. The finding may explain, at least in part, why 40 painkillers are less effective for lasting pain. “The hope is that we can use the information to develop personalized brain stimulation treatment for the most severe forms of pain.”Ⅲ．Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.The way of recording things has never ceased to develop. In the 1980s, as sales of video recorders went up, old 8mm home movies were gradually replaced by VHS （video home system）tapes. Later, video tapes of family holidays lost their appeal and the use of DVDs 41 . Those, too, have had their day. Even those holding their childhood memories in digital files on their laptops now know these files face the risk of 42 .Digitising historical documents brings huge benefits—files can be 43 and distributed, reducing the risk of their entire loss through physical damage caused by fire or flooding. And developing digital versions reduces44 on the original items. The International Dunhuang Project, 45 , has digitised items like manuscripts（手稿）from the Mogao caves in China, enabling scholars from around the world to access records easily without touching the real items.But the news that the Ministry of Justice of the UK is proposing to scan the 110 million people’s wills it holds and then destroy a handful of 46 after 25 years has shocked historians. The ministry cites this as a way of providing easier access for researchers. But that only justifies digitisation, not the 47 of the paper copies. The officials note the change will be economically efficient （saving around £4.5m a year）while keeping all the essential information.Scholars 48 . Most significantly, physical records can themselves carry important information — the kind of ink or paper used may be part of the history that historians are 49 . and error s are often made in scanning. Besides, digital copies are arguably more 50 than the material items, just in different ways. The attack from the Internet on the British Library last October has prevented scholars from 51 digitised materials it holds: imagine if researchers could not return to the originals. Some even think digitised information can easily be lost within decades no matter what 52 are put in place.The government says that it will save the original wills of “famous people for historic record”, such as that of Princess Diana’s. However, assuming that we know who will 53 to future generations is extraordinarilyproud. Mary Seacole, a pioneering nurse who now appears on the national school course in the UK, was largely54 for almost a century.The digitisation of old documents is a valuable, even essential measure. But to destroy the originals once they have been scanned, is not a matter of great 55 , but of huge damage.41．A．paused B．boomed C．recovered D．disappeared 42．A．getting outdated B．coming into style C．being fined D．making an error 43．A．deleted B．named C．copied D．altered 44．A．fight or flight B．life or death C．wear and tear D．awe and wonder 45．A．unfortunately B．additionally C．in summary D．for example 46．A．the originals B．the essentials C．the visualised D．the digitised 47．A．preservation B．classification C．publication D．destruction 48．A．applaud B．disagree C．discriminate D．withdraw 49．A．revising B．abandoning C．uncovering D．enduring 50．A．meaningful B．favourable C．resistant D．delicate 51．A．inventing B．adjusting C．accessing D．damaging 52．A．outcomes B．safeguards C．deadlines D．byproducts 53．A．matter B．respond C．lose D．live 54．A．spared B．discussed C．forgotten D．protected 55．A．sacrifice B．courage C．efficiency D．admirationSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.（A）Charles Robert Darwin was born on 12 February 1809 in Shropshire, England. Darwin’s childhood passion was science, and his interest in chemistry, however, was clear; he was even nicknamed ‘Gas’ by his classmates.In 1825, his father sent him to study medicine at Edinburgh University, where he learned how to classify plants. Darwin became passionate about natural history and this became his focus while he studied at Cambridge. Darwin went on a voyage together with Robert Fitzroy, the captain of HMS Beagle, to South America to facilitate British trade in Patagonia. The journey was life-changing. Darwin spent much of the trip on land collecting samples of plants, animals and rocks, which helped him to develop an understanding of the processes that shape the Earth’s surface. Darwin’s analysis of the plants and animals that he gathered led him to express doubts on former explanations about how species formed and evolved over time.Darwin’s work convinced him that natural selection was key to understanding the development of the natural world. The theory of natural selection says that individuals of a species are more likely to survive when they inherit （经遗传获得）characteristics best suited for that specific environment. These features then become more widespread and can lead eventually to the development of a new species. With natural selection, Darwin argued how a wide variety of life forms developed over time from a single common ancestor.Darwin married his cousin, Emma Wedgwood, in 1839. When Darwin’s eldest daughter, Annie, died from a sudden illness in 1851, he lost his belief in God. His tenth and final child, Charles Waring Darwin, was born in 1856．Significantly for Darwin, this baby was disabled, altering how Darwin thought about the human species. Darwin had previously thought that species remained adapted until the environment changed; he now believed that every new variation was imperfect and that a struggle to survive was what drove species to adapt.Though rejected at the beginning, Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection is nowadays well acc epted by the scientific community as the best evidence-based explanation for the diversity and complexity of life on Earth. The Natural History Museum’s library alone has 478 editions of his On the Origin of Species in 38 languages.56．What made Darwin reconsider the origin and development of species?A．Examining plants and animals collected.B．His desire for a voyage to different continents.C．Classifying samples in a journey to South America.D．His passion for natural history at Edinburgh University.57．We can learn from paragraphs 1 to 3 that Darwin ______.A．used natural selection to develop new speciesB．enjoyed being called nicknames related to scienceC．learned some knowledge about plants when studying medicineD．argued with others over the diversity of life forms for a long period58．Which of the following changed Darwin’s view on the human species?A．That he had ten children in all. B．His youngest son’s being disabled.C．That he lost his eldest daughter. D．His marriage with Emma Wedgwood.59．This passage is mainly about ______.A．Darwin’s passion for medical science B．Darwin’s theory and experimentsC．Charles Darwin’s changing interest D．Charles Darwin’s life and work（B）Welcome to Muir Woods! This rare ancient forest is a kingdom of coast redwoods, many over 600 years old. How to get here?People using personal vehicles must have reservations before arriving at the park. （Details at.）Muir Woods National Monument is open daily, 8 a. m. to sunset. Stop by Visitor Center to get trails（路线）and program information, and to take in exhibits.What’s your path?Enjoy a walk on the paved Redwood Creek Trail （also called Main Trail）. Choose short, medium, or long loops（环线）. Other trails go deep into Muir Woods and Mount Tamalpais State Park.（Refer to the map of Muir Woods on the right for details.）Ready to explore more?Muir Woods is part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area, which includes Marin Headlands, Alcatraz, the Presidio, and Ocean Beach. Download the app at /goga.Stay safe and protect your park.Wi-Fi and cell service are not available. ·Watch for poisonous plants and falling branches. ·Do not feed or disturb animals. ·Fishing is prohibited in the park. ·Do not mark or remove trees, flowers, or other natural features. ·Go to the park website for more safety tips and regulations.AccessibilityWe make a great effort to make facilities, services, and programs accessible to all. For information, go to Visitor Center, ask a ranger, call, or check our website.More InformationMuir Woods National Monument /muwo Mill Valley, CA 94941-269660．Muir Woods will probably attract ______.①redwood lovers ②hunting lovers ③fishing lovers ④hiking loversA．①②B．③④C．①④D．②③61．What can be learned from the passage?A．Muir woods is surrounded by highland and ocean beaches.B．Visitors can read electronic maps using Wi-Fi in Muir Woods.C．Visitors are advised to call Visitor Center for safety tips and regulations.D．Reservations should be made if visitors drive private cars to Muir Woods.62．According to the map of Muir Woods, ______.A．Bridge 4 is the farthest from the parking lots of all bridgesB．Mill Valley is located on the southwest side of Muir BeachC．Bootjack Trail can lead one to Visitor Center from Bridge 3D．food and gifts can be bought on various sites in Muir Woods（C）Precognitive dreams are dreams that seemingly predict the future which cannot be inferred from actually available information. Former US President Abraham Lincoln once revealed the frightening dream to his law partner and friend Ward Hill Lamon, “…Then I heard people weep… ‘Who is dead in the White House?’ I demanded. ‘The President,’ ‘he was killed!’…” The killing did happen later.Christopher French, Professor in the Department of Psychology at Goldsmiths, stated the most likely explanation for such a phenomenon was coincidence（巧合）. “In addition to pure coincidences we must also consider the unreliability of memory”, he added. Asked what criteria would have to be met for him to accept that precognitive dreams were a reality, he said, “The primary problem with tests of the claim is that the subjects are unable to tell when the event（s）they’ve dreamed about will happen.”However, some claimed to make such tests practicable. Professor Caroline Watt at the University of Edinburgh, has conducted studies into precognitive dreaming. She stated that knowing future through dreams challenged the basic assumption of science — causality （relationship of cause and effect）.Dick Bierman, a retired physicist and psychologist, who has worked at the Universities of Amsterdam, Utrecht and Groningen, has put forward a theory that may explain precognitive dreams. It is based on the fact that when scientists use certain mathematical descriptions to talk about things like electromagnetism（电磁学）, these descriptions favour the belief that time only moves in one direction. However, in practice the wave that is running backwards in time does exist. This concept is called the time symmetry, meaning that the laws of physics look the same when time runs forward or backward. But he believes that time symmetry breaks down due to external conditions. “The key of the theory is that it assumes that there is a special context that restores th e broken time-symmetry, if the waves running backwards are ‘absorbed’ by a consistent multi-particle（多粒子）system. The brain under a dream state may be such a system where broken time-symmetry is partially restored. This is still not a full explanation for precognitive dreams but it shows where physics might be adjusted to accommodate the phenomenon,” he explains.Although Bierman’s explanation is still based on guesses and has not accepted by mainstream science, Watt does think it is worth considering. For now, believing that it’s possible to predict future with dreams remains an act of faith. Yet, it’s possible that one day we’ll wake up to a true understanding of this fascinating phenomenon. 63．According to French, what makes it difficult to test precognitive dreams?A．Unavailability of people’s dreams.B．That coincidences happen a lot in reality.C．That criteria for dream reliability are not trustworthy.D．People’s inability to tell when dreamt events will happen.64．Believers in precognitive dreams may question the truth of ______.A．the assumption of causality B．the time symmetryC．memories of ordinary people D．modern scientific tests65．We can infer from the passage that ______.A．Lincoln was warned of the killing by his friendB．Watt carried out several experiments on causalityC．researches on electromagnetism are based on the time symmetryD．time’s moving in two directions may justify precognitive dreams66．Which might be the best title of the passage?A．Should Dreams Be Assessed?B．Can Dreams Predict the Future?C．How Can Physics Be Changed to Explain Dreams?D．Why Should Scientists Study Precognitive Dreams?Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.A．Labeling poses even more of a problem when it comes to kids.B．It can be helpful for those not quite able to understand why they feel the way they do.C．There seems to be a desire to see negative emotions as something requiring intervention or diagnosis. D．Labeling leads to children’s overcoming their addiction to what is posted online.E．Someone has had only a certain experience and judges all behavior with that experience.F．The basic function of a diagnosis is to give you a name for those behaviors once felt unusual.Addiction to LabelingMaybe you’ve noticed it in the comments section of popular social media posts about anxiety. depression or things alike, with a number of people claiming to pick these labels for themselves.These days, labeling is everywhere. （67）______ However, the negative part is that it’s easy for someone to identify with the characteristics without truly recognizing the context in which these characteristics would require diagnosis, according to Charlotte Armitage, a registered integrative psychotherapist and psychologist.If you have done your research and genuinely feel that you have some form of mental health concern, then finally having a name for your behaviors can be great. But the risk is that many people will seek labels and intervention for any behavior, pattern or emotion that is outside of the permanent happy group that society has set as the norm. “（68）______ Then the saying ‘a little bit of knowledge is dangerous’ springs to my mind,” Armitage adds.（69）______“Children are still developing and evolving, and many childhood behavioral features may seem like those of a disorder when there’re other potential explanations for that behavior,” Armitage notes. Ideally, a diagnosis for a child should be carried out by a qualified mental health professional. So it is with an adult.Nevertheless, the most important thing to bear in mind is that diagnosis doesn’t mean to indicate that you are broken or less capable.（70）______ And if you go deeper, it can alert you to the fact that you are not alone, and that many people experience life in the same way as you do.Ⅳ．Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s）of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.71．Why Willing to Wait?First it was the fried chicken. Then a variety of fancy milkshakes. No matter what time it is or how bad the streets smell, there are plenty of people waiting in line for hours to get their hands on the food that everyone’s talking about. If you are not the type of person crazy for trendy foods, you probably wonder why someone would like to wait in a long line just to get a taste of a popular cream tea. There is a bit of psychology behind the craze of waiting before getting one’s chopsticks on a trendy food.People are born curiosity hunters, especially for fresh ideas, according to some experts. At the sight of a long waiting line, they just can’t help having a try. And when the trendy foods are novel in looks and favors, even innovative in their sales environment, the desire for them is upgraded. All those stimulate people to investigate more—to deal with their curiosity.In addition, having access to something that is sought out but hard to possess equips people with a feeling that improves their self-definitions. When someone is envied due to something he gained with efforts, his self-worth gets enhanced. Although it is yet to be determined whether the number of likes he receives on the photos of foods he’s posted online is connected with the level of envy from on-lookers, that feeling automatically becomes stronger.Even more, “mob psychology” comes into play: when many people are doing something—waiting in line for the sought-after milkshakes, for instance —others are eager to be part of the group and share such a type of social familiarity, kind of like the natural pursuit of a sense of belonging. Tasting the same wait-worthy food has something in common.Ⅴ．TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72．大多数中国人喜欢在生日的时候吃碗面。

The scaling laws of human travelD.Brockmann 1,2,L.Hufnagel 3&T.Geisel 1,2,4The dynamic spatial redistribution of individuals is a key driving force of various spatiotemporal phenomena on geographical scales.It can synchronize populations of interacting species,stabilize them,and diversify gene pools 1–3.Human travel,for example,is responsible for the geographical spread of human infectious disease 4–9.In the light of increasing international trade,intensified human mobility and the imminent threat of an influ-enza A epidemic 10,the knowledge of dynamical and statistical properties of human travel is of fundamental importance.Despite its crucial role,a quantitative assessment of these properties on geographical scales remains elusive,and the assumption that humans disperse diffusively still prevails in models.Here we report on a solid and quantitative assessment of human travelling statistics by analysing the circulation of bank notes in the United ing a comprehensive data set of over a million individual displacements,we find that dispersal is anomalous in two ways.First,the distribution of travelling distances decays as a power law,indicating that trajectories of bank notes are reminiscent of scale-free random walks known as Le´vy flights.Second,the probability of remaining in a small,spatially confined region for a time T is dominated by algebraically long tails that attenuate the super-diffusive spread.We show that human travelling behaviour can be described mathematically on many spatiotemporal scales by a two-parameter continuous-time random walk model to a surpris-ing accuracy,and conclude that human travel on geographical scales is an ambivalent and effectively superdiffusive process.Quantitative aspects of dispersal in ecology are based on the dispersal curve,which quantifies the relative frequency of travel distances of individuals as a function of geographical distance 11.A large class of dispersal curves (for example,exponential,gaussian,stretched exponential)permits the identification of a typical length scale by the variance of the displacement length or equivalent quantities.When interpreted as the probability P (r )of finding a displacement of length r in a short time d t ,the existence of a typical length scale often justifies the description of dispersal in terms of diffusion equations on large spatiotemporal scales.If,however,P (r )lacks a typical length scale,that is P (r ),r 2(1þb )with b ,2,the diffusion approximation fails.In physics,random processes withsuch a single-step distribution are known as Le´vy flights 12–16(see Supplementary Information).Recently,the related notion of long-distance-dispersal (LDD)has been established in dispersal ecology 17,taking into account the observation that dispersal curves of a number of species show power-law tails owing to long-range movements 18–21.(In ecological literature,the term ‘dispersal’is commonly used in the context of the spatial displacement of individuals of a species between their geographical origin of birth and the location of their first breeding place.Here we use the term dispersal to refer to geographi-cal displacements that occur on much shorter timescales,that is,due to travel by various means of transportation.)Nowadays,humans travel on many spatial scales,ranging from a few to thousands of kilometres over short periods of time.The directquantitative assessment of human movements,however,is difficult,and a statistically reliable estimate of human dispersal comprising all spatial scales does not exist.The central aim of this work is to use data collected at online bill-tracking websites (which monitor the world-wide dispersal of large numbers of individual bank notes)to infer the statistical properties of human dispersal with very high spatio-temporal precision.Our analysis of human movement is based on the trajectories of 464,670dollar bills obtained from the bill-tracking system .We analysed the dispersal of bank notes in the United States,excluding Alaska and Hawaii.The core data consists of 1,033,095reports to the bill-tracking website.From these reports we calculated the geographical displacements r ¼j x 22x 1j between a first (x 1)and secondary (x 2)report location of a bank note and the elapsed time T between successive reports.In order to illustrate qualitative features of bank note trajectories,Fig.1b depicts short-time trajectories (T ,14days)originating from three major US cities:Seattle,New York and Jacksonville.After their initial entry into the tracking system,most bank notes are next reported in the vicinity of the initial entry location,that is j x 22x 1j #10km (Seattle,52.7%;New York,57.7%;Jacksonville,71.4%).However,a small but considerable fraction is reported beyond a distance of 800km (Seattle,7.8%;New York,7.4%;Jacksonville,2.9%).From a total of 20,540short-time trajectories originating across the United States,we measured the probability P (r )of traversing a distance r in a time interval d T of 1–4days (Fig.1c).A total of 14,730(that is,a fraction Q ¼0.71)secondary reports occurred outside a short range radius L min ¼10km.Between L min and the approximate average East–West extension of the United States,L max <3,200km,the kernel shows power-law behaviour P (r ),r 2(1þb )with an exponent b ¼0.59^0.02.For r ,L min ,P (r )increases linearly with r ,which implies that displacements are distributed uniformly inside the disk j x 22x 1j #L min .We measured P (r )for three classes of initial entry locations:highly populated metropolitan areas (191sites,local population N loc .120,000),cities of intermediate size (1,544sites,local population 120,000.N loc .22,000)and small towns (23,640sites,local population N loc ,22,000),comprising 35.7%,29.1%and 25.2%of the entire population of the United States,respectively.The inset in Fig.1c shows P (r )for these classes.Despite systematic deviations for short distances,all distributions show an algebraic tail with the same exponent b <0.6,which confirms that the observed power-law is an intrinsic and universal property of dispersal.However,the situation is more complex.If we assume that thedispersal of bank notes can be described by a Le´vy flight with a short-time probability distribution P (r ),we can estimate the time T eq for an initially localized ensemble of bank notes to reach the stationary distribution 22(maps in Fig.1a),obtaining a value of T eq <68days (see Supplementary Information).Thus,after 2–3months,bank notes should have reached an equilibrium distribution.Surprisingly,the long-time dispersal data does not reflect a relaxation within thisLETTERS1Max-Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organisation,Bunsenstr.10,37073Go¨ttingen,Germany.2Department of Physics,University of Go ¨ttingen,37073Go ¨ttingen,Germany.3Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics,University of California,Santa Barbara,California 93106,USA.4Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience,37073Go¨ttingen,Germany.time.Figure1b shows secondary reports of bank notes with initial entry at Omaha that have dispersed for times T.100days(with an average time k T l¼289days).Only23.6%of the bank notes travelled farther than800km,whereas57.3%travelled an intermediate dis-tance50,r,800km,and a relatively large fraction of19.1% remained within a radius of50km,even after an average time of nearly one year.From the computed value T eq<68days,a much higher fraction of bills is expected to reach the metropolitan areas of the West coast and the New England states after this time.This is sufficient evidence that the simple Le´vyflight picture for dispersal is incomplete.What causes this attenuation of dispersal?Two alternative explanations might account for this effect.The slowing down might be caused by strong spatial inhomogeneities of the system.People might be less likely to leave large cities than for example,suburban areas.Alternatively,long periods of rest might be an intrinsic temporal property of dispersal.In as much as an algebraic tail in spatial displacements yields superdiffusive behaviour,a tail in the probability density f(t)for times t between successive spatial displacements of an ordinary random walk can lead to subdiffusion15(see Supplementary Information).Here,the ambivalence between scale-free spatial displacements and scale-free periods of rest can be responsible for the observed attenuation of superdiffusion.In order to address this issue we investigated the relative pro-portion P i0ðtÞof bank notes which are reported in a small(20km) radius of the initial entry location i as a function of time(Fig.1d). The quantity P i0ðtÞestimates the probability of a bank note being reported at the initial location at time t.We computed P i0ðtÞfor metropolitan areas,cities of intermediate size and small towns:for all classes we found the asymptotic behaviour P0(t),At2h,with the same exponent h¼0.6^0.03,which indicates that waiting time and dispersal characteristics are universal.Notice that for a pure Le´vyflight with index b in two dimensions,P0(t)scales with time as t22/b(dashed red line)15.For b<0.6(as suggested by Fig.1c)this implies h<3.33.This is afivefold steeper decrease than observed, which clearly shows that dispersal cannot be described by a pure Le´vy flight.The measured decay is even slower than the decay expected from ordinary two-dimensional diffusion(h¼1,dashed black line). Therefore,we conclude that the slow decay in P0(t)reflects theeffectFigure1|Dispersal of bank notes and humans on geographical scales. a,Relative logarithmic densities of population(c P¼log r P/k r P l),report (c R¼log r R/k r R l)and initial entry(c IE¼log r IE/k r IE l)as functions of geographical coordinates.Colour-code shows densities relative to the nationwide averages(3,109counties)of k r P l¼95.15,k r R l¼0.34andk r IE l¼0.15individuals,reports and initial entries per km2,respectively. b,Trajectories of bank notes originating from four different places.City names indicate initial location,symbols secondary report locations.Lines represent short-time trajectories with travelling time T,14days.Lines are omitted for the long-time trajectories(initial entry in Omaha)withT.100days.The inset depicts a close-up view of the New Y ork area.Pie charts indicate the relative number of secondary reports coarsely sorted by distance.The fractions of secondary reports that occurred at the initial entry location(dark),at short(0,r,50km),intermediate(50,r,800km) and long(r.800km)distances are ordered by increasing brightness of hue. The total number of initial entries are N¼2,055(Omaha),N¼524 (Seattle),N¼231(New York),N¼381(Jacksonville).c,The short-time dispersal kernel.The measured probability density function P(r)of traversing a distance r in less than T¼4days is depicted in blue symbols. It is computed from an ensemble of20,540short-time displacements.The dashed black line indicates a power law P(r),r2(1þb)with an exponent of b¼0.59.The inset shows P(r)for three classes of initial entry locations (black triangles for metropolitan areas,diamonds for cities of intermediate size,circles for small towns).Their decay is consistent with the measured exponent b¼0.59(dashed line).d,The relative proportion P0(t)of secondary reports within a short radius(r0¼20km)of the initial entry location as a function of time.Blue squares show P0(t)averaged over25,375 initial entry locations.Black triangles,diamonds,and circles show P0(t)for the same classes as c.All curves decrease asymptotically as t2h with an exponent h¼0.60^0.03indicated by the blue dashed line.Ordinary diffusion in two dimensions predicts an exponent h¼1.0(black dashed line).Le´vyflight dispersal with an exponent b¼0.6as suggested by b predicts an even steeper decrease,h¼3.33(red dashed line).NATURE|Vol439|26January2006LETTERSof an algebraic tail in the distribution of rests f (t )between displace-ments.Indeed,if f (t ),t 2(1þa )with a ,1,then h ¼a and con-sequently a ¼0.60^0.03.This suggests that an algebraic tail in the distribution of rests f (t )is responsible for slowing down the super-diffusive dispersal advanced by the short time dispersal kernel in Fig.1c.In order to model the antagonistic interplay between scale-free displacements and waiting times,we use the framework of continuous-time random walks (CTRW)introduced by Montroll and Weiss 23.A CTRW consists of a succession of random displace-ments d x n and random waiting times d t n ,each of which is drawn from a corresponding probability density function P (d x n )and f (d t ).After N iterations,the position of the walker and the elapsed time are given by x N ¼P n d x n and t N ¼Pn d t n :The quantity of interest is the position x (t )after time t and the associated probability density W (x ,t )that can be computed within CTRW theory.For displace-ments with finite variance j 2and waiting times with finite mean t ,such a CTRW yields ordinary diffusion asymptotically,that is›t W ðx ;t Þ¼D ›2x W ðx ;t Þwith a diffusion coefficient D ¼j 2/t .In contrast,we assume here that both P (d x n )and f (d t )showalgebraic tails,that is P ðd x n Þ,j d x n j2ð1þb Þand f ðd t Þ,j d t j 2ð1þa Þ;for which j 2and t are infinite.In this case we can derive a bifractional diffusion equation for the dynamics of W (x ,t ):›a t W ðx ;t Þ¼D a ;b ›bj x j W ðx ;t Þð1ÞIn this equation,the symbols ›a t and ›bj x j denote fractional derivatives that are non-local and depend on the tail exponents a and b .The constant D a ,b is a generalized diffusion coefficient (see Supplemen-tary Information).Equation (1)represents the core dynamical equation of our ing methods of fractional calculus we can solve this equation and obtain the probability W r (r ,t )of having traversed a distance r at time t :W r ðr ;t Þ¼t 2a =b L a ;b ðr =t a =b Þð2Þwhere L a ,b is a universal scaling function that represents the characteristics of the process.Equation (2)implies that the typical distance travelled scales according to r (t ),t 1/m ,where m ¼b /a .Thus,depending on the ratio of spatial and temporal exponents,the random walk can be effectively either superdiffusive (b ,2a ),subdiffusive (b .2a ),or quasidiffusive (b ¼2a )(see Supplemen-tary Information).For the exponents observed in the dispersal data (b ¼0.59^0.02and a ¼0.60^0.03)the theory predicts a tem-poral scaling exponent in the vicinity of unity,m ¼0.98^0.08.Therefore,dispersal remains superdiffusive despite long periods of rest.The validity of our model can be tested by estimating W r (r ,t )from the entire data set of a little over half a million displacements and elapse times.The scaling property is best extracted from the data by a transformation to logarithmic coordinates z ¼log 10r ,t ¼log 10t and the associated probability density W z (z ,t ).If the original process scales according to r (t ),t 1/m ,the density W z (z ,t )is a function of z 2t /m only.Figure 2a shows that scaling occurs in a time window of approximately seven days to one year.From the slope (blue line),we obtain a scaling exponent m ¼1.05^0.02,which agrees well with our model.Finally,we investigated the degree to which bank note dispersal shows a scaling density as predicted by our model (that is,the relation outlined in equation(2)).Figure 2b shows t 1/m W r (r ,t )extracted from data versus the ratio y ¼r /t 1/m .The exponent m ¼1.05was set to the value obtained in Fig.2a.The collapse of the data on a single curve indicates that in the chosen time interval of 10–365days,bank note dispersal shows a universal scaling function.The asymptotic behaviour of the empirical curve is given by y 2ð12y 1Þand y 2ð1þy 2Þfor small and large arguments,respectively.Both exponents fulfil y 1<y 2<0.6.We compared the empirical curve with the theoreti-cal prediction of our model.By series expansions,we can compute the asymptotics of the limiting function L a ,b (y )in equation(2),Figure 2|Spatiotemporal scaling of bank note dispersal.a ,The probability density W z (z ,t )of having travelled a logarithmic distance z ¼log 10r at logarithmic time t ¼log 10t .The middle segment indicates the scaling regime between one week and one year.The superimposed red linerepresents the scaling behaviour r (t ),t 1/m with exponent m ¼1.05^0.05.It is compared to the diffusive scaling (black dashed line)and the scaling of apure Le´vy process with exponent b ¼0.6(white dashed line).The upper dashed grey line shows the approximate linear extent L max ¼3,200km of the United States.b ,The measured radial probability density W r (r ,t )and theoretical scaling function L a ,b (r /t 1/m )(equation (2)).In order to extract the quality of scaling,the function t 1/m W r (r ,t )is shown for various but fixed values of t from 10–365days as a function of the rescaled distance r /t 1/m ,where the exponent m was set to the value determined in a .As the measured (circles)curves collapse on a single curve,the process shows universal scaling.The scaling curve represents the limiting density of the process.The asymptotic behaviour for small (grey dotted line)and large (grey dashed line)arguments y ¼r /t 1/m is given by y 2ð12y 1Þand y 2ð1þy 2Þ,respectively,with estimated exponents y 1¼0.63^0.04and y 2¼0.62^0.02.According to our model,these exponents must fulfill y 1¼y 2¼b ,where b is the exponent of the asymptotic short-time dispersal kernel (Fig.1c),that is b <0.6.The superimposed red line represents t 1/m W r (r ,t )predicted by our theory,with spatial and temporal exponents a ¼0.6and b ¼0.6,respectively.The coloured dashed lines represent t 1/m W r (r ,t )for a pure Le´vy flight with b ¼0.6at times t ¼10and t ¼365days.The curves do notcollapse because the pure Le´vy flight shows the wrong spatiotemporal scaling.Furthermore,the limiting curves strongly deviate from the data for small arguments.LETTERSNATURE |Vol 439|26January 2006giving y2(12b)and y2(1þb)for small and large y,respectively. Consequently,as b<0.6(Fig.1c),the theory agrees well will the observed exponents.For the entire range of y we computed L a,b(y) by numeric integration for a¼b¼0.6,and superimposed the theoretical curve on the empirical one.The agreement is very satisfactory.In summary,our analysis gives solid evidence that the dispersal of bank notes can be accounted for by our model.The question remains how the dispersal characteristics of bank notes carry over to the travelling behaviour of humans.In this context,we can conclude that the power law with exponent b¼0.6of the short-time dispersal kernel for bank notes reflects the human dispersal kernel,because the exponent remains unchanged for short time intervals of T¼2,4,7and14days.The issue of long waiting times is more subtle.One might speculate that the observed algebraic tail in waiting times of bank notes is a property of bank note dispersal alone.Long waiting times might be caused by bank notes that exit the money-tracking system for a long time,for instance in banks.However,if this were the case the inter-report time statistics would have an algebraic tail as well.Analysing the inter-report time distribution,we found an exponential decay,suggesting that bank notes are passed from person to person at a constant rate.If we assume that humans exit small areas at a constant rate that is equivalent to exponentially distributed waiting times,and that bank notes pass from person to person at a constant rate,the distribution of bank note waiting times would also be exponential,in contrast to the observed power law.To our minds,this reasoning permits no other conclusion than a lack of scale in human waiting-time statistics. We obtained further support for our results from a comparison with two independent human travel data sets:long-distance travel on the United States aviation network8(flight schedules and airport infor-mation,;International Air Transport Association, )and the latest survey on long-distance travel con-ducted by the United States Bureau of Transportation Statistics ()(see Supplementary Information).Both agree well with ourfindings and support our conclusions.On the basis of our analysis,we conclude that the dispersal of bank notes and human travel behaviour can be described by a continuous-time random-walk process that incorporates scale-free jumps as well as long waiting times between displacements.To our knowledge,this is thefirst empirical evidence for such an ambivalent process in nature.We believe that these results can serve as a starting point for the development of a new class of models for the spread of human infectious diseases,because universal features of human travel can now be accounted for in a quantitative way.Received13July;accepted3October2005.1.Bullock,J.M.,Kenward,R.E.&Hails,R.S.(eds)Dispersal Ecology(Blackwell,Malden,Massachusetts,2002).2.Murray,J.D.Mathematical Biology(Springer-Verlag,New York,1993).3.Clobert,J.,Danchin,E.,Dhondt,A.A.&Nichols,J.D.(eds)Dispersal(OxfordUniv.Press,Oxford,2001).4.Nicholson,K.&Webster,R.G.Textbook of Influenza(Blackwell,Malden,Massachusetts,1998).5.Grenfell,B.T.,Bjornstadt,O.N.&Kappey,J.Travelling waves and spatialhierarchies in measles epidemics.Nature414,716–-723(2001).6.Keeling,M.J.et al.Dynamics of the2001UK foot and mouth epidemic:stochastic dispersal in a heterogeneous landscape.Science294,813–-817(2001).7.Hudson,P.J.,Rizzoli,A.,Grenfell,B.T.&Heesterbeek,H.(eds)The Ecology ofWildlife Diseases(Oxford Univ.Press,Oxford,2002).8.Hufnagel,L.,Brockmann,D.&Geisel,T.Forecast and control of epidemics in aglobalized world.Proc.Natl A101,15124–-15129(2004).9.Grassly,N.C.,Fraser,C.&Garnett,G.P.Host immunity and synchronizedepidemics of syphilis across the United States.Nature433,417–-421(2005). 10.Webby,R.J.&Webster,R.G.Are we ready for pandemic influenza?Science302,1519–-1522(2003).11.Kot,M.,Lewis,M.A.&van den Driessche,P.Dispersal data and the spread ofinvading organisms.Ecology77,2027–-2042(1996).12.Shlesinger,M.F.,Zaslavsky,G.M.&Frisch,U.(eds)Le´vy Flights and RelatedTopics in Physics(Springer Verlag,Berlin,1995).13.Klafter,J.,Shlesinger,M.F.&Zumofen,G.Beyond Brownian motion.Phys.Today49,33–-39(1996).14.Brockmann,D.&Geisel,T.Le´vyflights in inhomogeneous media.Phys.Rev.Lett.90,170601(2003).15.Metzler,R.&Klafter,J.The random walks guide to anomalous diffusion:afractional dynamics approach.Phys.Rep.339,1–-77(2000).16.Shlesinger,M.F.,Klafter,J.&Wong,Y.M.Random-walks with infinite spatialand temporal moments.J.Stat.Phys.27,499–-512(1982).17.Nathan,R.The challenges of studying dispersal.Trends Ecol.Evol.16,481–-483(2001).18.Viswanathan,G.M.et al.Le´vyflight search patterns of wandering albatrosses.Nature381,413–-415(1996).19.Ramos-Fernande´z,G.,Mateos,J.L.,Miramontes,O.&Cocho,G.Le´vy walkpatterns in the foraging movements of spider monkeys.Behav.Ecol.Sociobiol.55,223–-230(2004).20.Levin,S.A.,Muller-Landau,H.C.,Nathan,R.&Chave,J.The ecology andevolution of seed dispersal:A theoretical perspective.Annu.Rev.Ecol.Evol.Syst.34,575–-604(2003).21.Nathan,R.et al.Mechanisms of long-distance dispersal of seeds by wind.Nature418,409–-413(2002).22.Gardiner,C.W.Handbook of Stochastic Methods(Springer Verlag,Berlin,1985).23.Montroll,E.W.&Weiss,G.H.Random walks on lattices.J.Math.Phys.6,167–-181(1965).Supplementary Information is linked to the online version of the paper at /nature.Acknowledgements We would like to thank the initiators of the bill tracking system().We thank cabinetmaker D.Derryberry for discussions and for drawing our attention to the wheresgeorge website,andB.Shraiman,D.Cohen and W.Noyes for critical comments on the manuscript. Author Contributions The project idea was conceived by D.B.and L.H.,datapre-processing was done by L.H.,data analysis by D.B.and L.H.,the theory and model was constructed by D.B.,and the manuscript was written by D.B.,L.H. and T.G.Author Information Reprints and permissions information is available at/reprintsandpermissions.The authors declare no competingfinancial interests.Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to D.B.(brockmann@ds.mpg.de).NATURE|Vol439|26January2006LETTERS。

英语研究型文章The Importance of English Language Studies in a Globalized WorldEnglish has become the dominant international language, playing a crucial role in various aspects of modern society. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the need for effective communication and understanding across different cultures and regions has become paramount. The study of the English language has emerged as a vital field of research, offering valuable insights into the complexities of language, its evolution, and its impact on global communication.One of the primary reasons for the significance of English language studies is the widespread use of English as a lingua franca. In today's globalized economy, businesses, organizations, and institutions rely heavily on English to facilitate cross-border collaboration, trade, and information exchange. Professionals from diverse backgrounds need to possess strong English language skills to effectively navigate the international landscape, participate in global discussions, and access a wealth of information and resources.Furthermore, the study of English language encompasses a broad range of disciplines, including linguistics, sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, and language pedagogy. Linguists delve into the intricacies of English grammar, phonology, semantics, and syntax, exploring the evolution of the language and the factors that shape its development. Sociolinguists investigate the relationship between language and society, examining how social, cultural, and political factors influence the way English is used and perceived in different contexts.Applied linguists, on the other hand, focus on the practical application of language knowledge, such as language teaching methodologies, language policy development, and language assessment. Their research aims to enhance the effectiveness of English language instruction, improve language learning outcomes, and address the challenges faced by language learners and educators around the world.One of the key areas of English language studies is second language acquisition (SLA) research. SLA scholars investigate the cognitive, social, and environmental factors that influence the process of learning English as a second or foreign language. Their findings have informed the development of innovative language teaching approaches, such as communicative language teaching, task-basedlearning, and content-based instruction.The study of English language also extends to the analysis of various varieties of English, including regional dialects, sociolects, and World Englishes. Researchers in this field examine the linguistic features, sociocultural contexts, and global spread of different English varieties, challenging the traditional notion of a single, standardized form of the language. This understanding of linguistic diversity has important implications for language policies, language education, and intercultural communication.In addition to its academic significance, the study of English language also has significant practical applications. Professionals in fields such as translation, interpretation, and language technology rely on in-depth knowledge of the English language to develop effective communication tools, machine translation systems, and language processing algorithms. Researchers in these areas contribute to the advancement of multilingual communication, language preservation, and the democratization of access to information and resources.Moreover, the study of English language plays a crucial role in the preservation and revitalization of endangered languages. As English becomes increasingly dominant, there is a growing concern about the erosion of linguistic diversity. English language researcherscollaborate with linguists and anthropologists to document, analyze, and support the maintenance of minority languages, ultimately contributing to the preservation of cultural heritage and linguistic rights.Beyond the academic and professional realms, the study of English language also holds personal and societal benefits. Individuals who engage in English language studies develop a deeper appreciation for the complexities of language, enhance their critical thinking and problem-solving skills, and gain a greater understanding of diverse cultures and perspectives. This knowledge can foster greater empathy, intercultural understanding, and effective communication, ultimately contributing to the promotion of global citizenship and social harmony.In conclusion, the study of English language is a multifaceted and essential field of research that has far-reaching implications. From facilitating global communication and enhancing language teaching practices to preserving linguistic diversity and promoting intercultural understanding, the study of English language is a vital component of the modern, interconnected world. As the role of English continues to evolve, the significance of English language studies will only become more pronounced, offering valuable insights and solutions to the challenges faced by individuals, communities, and societies across the globe.。