翻译三:无主句译法
- 格式:doc
- 大小:46.00 KB
- 文档页数:7
汉语无主句的翻译方法作者:刘子娟来源:《校园英语·下旬》2016年第08期【摘要】由于英汉两种语言在文化和思维方式上的差异,英语和汉语在句子结构上呈现出各自的特点。
一般而言英语句子必须有主语,而汉语句子具有松散性和开放性,句子意思的表达主要通过内部的逻辑关系来表达,因此有些汉语句子不需要主语。
本文主要阐几种述无主句翻译方法。
【关键词】无主句翻译主语英译技巧一、引言英汉两种语言在结构上存在着较大差异,英语是突出主语的语言,重形合;汉语是突出主题的语言,重意合。
因此在组句子时,英语首先要确定主语,因为主语是谓语讨论、描写和叙述的对象。
除了祈使句和某些惯用语里的主语可以省略,英语句子一般不能缺少主语。
汉语句子组织起来没有那么读的限制,有时不需要汉语主语。
因此在英译汉时确定主语是译入语灵活的关键。
二、翻译技巧1.增补主语。
汉语经常省略第一人称,在做汉语句子无主语英译时,可以适当的增补主语,例如we, they, you, things等。
例1.坚持扩大内需的方针,实施科教兴国和可持续发展战略。
译文:We should stick to the principle of stimulating domestic demand and implement the strategy of national rejuvenation through science and education and the strategy of sustainable.例2.不到长城非好汉。
He who has never been to the Great Wall is not a true man.例1和例2在汉译英时,分别通过增加主语we和he来满足英语结构的需要,符合英语表达习惯。
2.使用“there be” 结构。
汉语里,时间、地点短语可以放在句首充当话题,句中会出现“有、出现、发生”等表存在或出现意义的状态动词,在译成英语时可以使用“there be” 句型。
⽆主句的翻译⽆主句的翻译⽆主句,指只有谓语部分,没有主语部分的句⼦,汉语的⽆主句,不同于省略句,它并⾮是主语省略,⽽是句⼦按约定俗成不出现主语,或者是⽆需主语意义⼀样完整,⽆主句在汉语,特别是成语,⼝语中⼤量出现,是汉语所特有的句型,在译成英语时,要根据英语的表达习惯,作⼀定的变通处理。
⼀、译成被动句继续通过平等友好协商,处理彼此间存在的⼀些分歧和争议,寻求问题的逐步解决。
These problems can be solved step by step by handling the existing disagreements and disputes through continued friendly consultations on an equal footing.对长期亏损,扭亏⽆望的企业实施规范破产。
Standardized bankruptcy process should be imposed on/carried out in the loss-making enterprises whose long-time difficult situation is unlikely to be changed.某些表⽰事物存在、出现的⽆主句,可以译成被动句。
例如:封⾯上印着⼀个猎⼈的像。
The figure of a hunter was printed on the cover (of the book).某些表⽰要求、规定的⽆主句,也往往可以译成被动句。
考场内禁⽌喧哗。
Noise is forbidden in the examination hall.⼆、there be结构要发展就要变,不变就不会有发展(《邓选》)Development means change; without change there can be no development.在这个问题上存在着不同的意见。
汉译英方法二——句法翻译一.无主句的译法无主句。
(一)英语用被动语态1.表示事物存在或出现的无主句。
1)这儿将修建更多的居民楼。
More apartments will be built here.2)去年发现了一种稀有元素。
A rare element was found last year.2.表示要求、规定的无主句。
3)发现了错误,一定要改正。
Wrongs must be corrected when they are discovered.4)本剧场内禁止吸烟。
Smoking is prohibited in this theater.(二)用there be句型,或是it 做形式主语+be +to, it is + past participle +that….等结构1.你忘了一句古话了吗:学到老,活到老。
更何况你并不老。
(周而复《上海的早晨》)You’re forgetting the old saying: one is never too old to learn. In any case, you are not old at all.2.总之,有两点需要考虑。
In short, there are two aspects have to be considered.(三)用倒装语序1.在游廊的最左端,靠近一道门,却坐着一位将近三十岁的男子。
(矛盾《子夜》)Close by a door at the extreme left of the corridor sat a man of about thirty.(四)用祈使句。
汉语中表示请求、命令、号召、标语、口号等无主句,可以用祈使句。
1.中国共产党万岁!Long live the Chinese Communist Party.2.此处禁止停车No Parking(五)用适当的名词或代词补出主语1.没有受过恋爱洗礼的人生,不能算是真正的人生。
翻译的基本技巧--被动语态的翻译.翻译的基本技巧——语态转换译法语态转换译法1 顺译法1.1 顺译成被动句1.2 顺译成主动句2 倒译法2.1 把by后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语2.2 把其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语2.3 倒译成汉语的⽆主句3 分译法⼀、顺译法既保留原⽂的主语,⼜要使译⽂主要成分的顺序和原⽂⼤体⼀致的翻译⽅法就叫顺译法。
1 顺译法(Translation in Original Order)1. 1 顺译成被动句A.译成“被”字所谓“被”字句,就是在汉语的动词前⾯加上⼀个“被”字来表⽰被动的句⼦。
主要表⽰这个动作不利于受事者或这个情况有点特殊,或者出乎意料。
加上“被”字以引起读者的注意并表⽰“被”这⼀动作动作接受者(受事者)是不乐意或不情愿接受的。
例1:Vitamin C is destroyed when it is overheated.【译⽂】维⽣素C受热过度就会被破坏。
例2:Once the flower has been pollinated and fertilized, the plant provides the newly formed seeds with a reserve of food materials, which will be needed when they themselves germinate. 【译⽂】花⼀旦被授了粉并受了精,植株就会对新⽣种⼦提供养料贮藏,以备种⼦未来发芽之需。
例3:She thought all was fair and legal, and never dreamt she was going to be entrapped into a feigned union with a defrauded wretched, already bound to a bad, mad, and imbruted partner! (Charlotte Bront?: Jane Eyre)【译⽂】她以为⼀切都是公正合法的,做梦也没想到过⾃⼰竟会被诱⼊欺诈婚姻的圈套,跟⼀个骗⼦、疯⼦、⼗⾜的坏蛋缔结姻缘。
笔译技巧:无主句如何翻译如何处理汉语无主句的英译?一般有以下两种处理办法:寻找主语以及改变句式。
无主句,即只有谓语部分而没有主语的句子,是汉语中特有的一种句型。
因为汉语注重意合,只要意思表达正确即可,而英语注重形合,句子一般都不能缺少主语,例外较少。
如何处理汉语无主句的英译?一般有以下两种处理办法:寻找主语以及改变句式。
主语的选取基本做法是有可以直接使用的主语就用;没有的就挖掘隐藏主语;找不出来的就考虑增补;一个句子有太多主语的就选。
以it为主语(1) 表示天气变化、事实情况时:外面下雨了。
(天气)It is raining outside.该吃饭了。
(时间、事实)It is time for dinner.轮到你了。
It’s your turn.(2) 表示人们的观点、意见时,可用固定句型it is reported/said/believed that…据说文明总是在进步。
It is said that civilization is always on the move.据说算命的人可以预知未来。
It is believed that fortune - tellers can foretell your fate.以they, things, you ,he ,one做主语通常出现在谚语中表一般泛指:不到长城非好汉。
译法一:He who doesn't reach the Great Wall is not a true man.译法二:You're not a true man until you get to the Great Wall.译法三:One who fails to reach the Great Wall is not a hero.有时候要到达谷底,才会慢慢变好。
Sometimes things have to fall apart to make way for better things.表一般要求的句子,通常以非谓语作为句子主语要想提高手眼协调能力,就练习投球和接球。
汉语无主句的英译无主句是指没有主语1[1]的句子,这类句子的特点是从结构上看它们没有主语,但是,其它句子成分都有可能出现。
汉语中有大量的无主句,它是十分常见的句式之一。
汉语无主句有着以下特征:1. 语义简洁、明了、不拖沓;2. 虽然没有主语,但是,其主语要么是不言而喻的;要么是在上下文中已经表达明白了的;要么是泛指的人或事物;要么是在语境2[2]中已经确定了的;3. 在诸如公文体、科技体等正式语体中无主句大量使用;4. 书面语的无主句常常具有严肃性、权威性的特点;5. 指令性(含禁令性)语句,大量使用无主句加以表达。
英语句子除祈使句型和省略句型以外,一般都是有主语的。
因此在翻译汉语无主句时,必须根据具体情况选择不同的英语句式加以表达。
本文拟对汉语无主句英译时的一些规律性的东西作一个初步的总结和讨论。
一、用There存在句翻译无主句有的无主句表达一种事实,特别是科技语篇中这种用法十分常见。
在翻译的过程中,我们可以用英语的There存在句翻译这一类无主句。
使用There存在句可以把所述存在物或情况用作英语句子的实义主语。
(1) 不容否定一批新型材料的作用,这些材料包括合成纤维如尼龙,和合成树脂,如乙烯基树脂。
There is no denying the function of lots of new materials, including synthetic textiles such as nylon and synthetic resins such as vinyl resins(2)出于诸如生产裂变材料、放射性同位素以及发电等不同目的,不能忽视安装多种类型的反应堆。
There should be no neglecting the carefulness in installation of types of reactors for a number of different purposes, such as the production of fissile materials, the production of radio isotope, and the generation of electricity.二、用分裂句翻译无主句汉语无主句可以用来强调某些语义成分。
无主句译法Daisy XueI. 汉语无主句特点在汉语中,只有谓语部分而没有主语部分的句子叫做无主句。
这里所谓的无主句,并不是省略了主语的句子,而是在汉语习惯上就这么讲、这么写。
至于其主语到底是什么,往往很难确定。
但是这种句子在任何语言环境下都能表达完整明确的意思,如:“房子前面有一棵树,树下拴着一头老牛”,“刮风了,要下雨了”,“要吃什么,尽管跟我说”等等。
II. 翻译思路汉语句子中主语隐含或无主语时常可见。
译成英文必须依照英语的要求,将主语增补进来,或者另觅它途。
进行增补时首先要推敲语境,其次要考虑英语语法习惯和行文的需要.另觅它途时要考虑句子的功能以及和上下文的衔接情况。
构建翻译句子的整体框架。
确定译文整个句子中各个成分,尤其是确定以什么作为英语主语。
III. 翻译方法添加适当的代词或名词充当主语用“it”充当主语采用英语的被动结构译出采用“There be”结构译出汉语祈使句译成英语祈使句采用倒装语序译出将非主语成分转为主语A. Adding subjectsB. Using the empty subject “it”C. Translating into English passive sentencesD. Translating into English “there be”structureE. Translating into English imperative sentencesF. Translating into English inversionG. Converting the non-subject part into subjectA.Adding subjects添加适当的代词或名词充当主语Since an English sentence usually requires a subject, the translator can add the subject that is omitted in the Chinese original when he translates a Chinese subjectless sentence. For instance,你一旦开始,就必须继续下去。
Once you begin, you must continue.(amplification)活到老,学到老。
One is never too old to learn.It is never too late to learn.It is never too old to learn.不入虎穴,焉得虎子。
If one does not enter a tiger’s den, how can one get a tiger’s cub?Nothing ventured, nothing gained.不识庐山真面目,只缘身在此山中。
We can’t get a good view of the mountain we’re standing in.不以物喜,不以己悲。
We should not get affected by things around us, however stirring they may; neither should we feel sad about our misfortune.忍一时风平浪静,退一步海阔天空。
If you are patient during one moment of anger, you will escape a hundred days of sorrow.只有走着瞧了。
Only time can tell.弄不好,就会前功尽弃。
If things are not properly handled, our work will have been in vain.白天里一定要做的事,一定要说的话,现在都可不理。
All that one is obliged to do, or say, in the daytime, can very well be cast aside now. (朱自清《荷塘月色》,朱纯深译)这几天心里颇不宁静,今晚在院子里坐着乘凉,忽然想起日日走过的荷塘……I have felt quite upset recently. Tonight, when I was sitting in the yard enjoying the cool, it occurred to me that the Lotus Pond……(同上)B. Using the empty subject “it”“It”in English is always used for weather, time, and some other natural phenomena. Some of the Chinese subjectless sentences describing natural phenomena or time can be translated into English sentences with “it”being the subject.十点钟了,他还没有回来。
It's ten o'clock now. He didn't return home yet.下雨了,我们快走吧。
It's raining now; let's hurry up.要解决问题,还须做系统而周密的调查工作和研究工作。
In order to solve a problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study.要成功,就要付出劳动。
It will cost one / you a lot of effort to succeed in anything.能不能提前完成计划呢?Is it possible to carry out the plan ahead of time?不是因为不存在问题,而是因为看不见问题。
It is not that the problem is not there; it is just not visible.青天白日点灯笼—白费蜡。
It is not necessary to light a candle to the sun.重要的是保持理性。
重要的是不再等待,而是安顿下来,是自己过得舒服,……It’s important to stay rational. It’s important to stop waiting and settle down and make ourselves comfortable,... (Unit 5)很容易产生这样的印象:贿赂以及其他可疑开支正日渐增多。
It is difficult to resist the impression that bribery and other questionable payments are on the increase. (Unit 6)是否有可能制订一套公司法则,防止各种类型的贿赂呢?Is it possible to devise a code of rules for companies that would prohibit bribery in all its forms? (Unit 6)C. Translating into English passive sentences必须保证产品质量。
The quality of product must be guaranteed.去年发现了一种稀有元素。
A rare element was found last year.封面上印着一个猎人的像。
The figure of a hunter was printed on the cover.没有爱心,就无法了解人生。
Life cannot be understood without much charity.给了他两天时间来作必要的准备。
Two days were allowed him to make the necessary preparations.He was allowed two days to make the necessary preparations.为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢?Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me?希望今后上海能够与更多的外国城市结为友好城市。
It is hoped that Shanghai will establish friendly relationships with more foreign cities in future. 后来发现,这家公司也打算资助美国推翻智利政府的秘密行动。
The same company, it was revealed, was ready to finance secret US efforts to throw out the government of Chile. (Unit 6)据闻其他国家也是如此,向外国公司施压,要他们向党派组织的账户捐款。
Other countries have also been known to put pressure on foreign companies to make donations to party bank accounts. (Unit 6)D. Translating into English “There be”structure除了枪声,再没有其他声音了。
There was no sound but that of gunfire.要发展就要变,不变就不会发展。
Development means change;without change,there can be no development.在经济建设的实践中,已经涌现了大批的优秀人才。
There have emerged a large number of talented persons in economic construction.不努力就不会成功。
There is no success without effort.好多年以前,这个村子里住着六个盲人。
A long, long time ago, there lived six blind men in this village.楼下有人想和你说话。