2012年青岛大学考研真题216翻译硕士朝鲜语

青岛大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：701 科目名称：中国语言文学综合（共4页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一、评论写作。

阅读下面的作品，撰写一篇评论文章。

题目自拟，不少于600字（60分）暗香篇晚上九时，街市已趋寂寞，于是剩一天明月，送行人归去。

车马的喧嚣减低之后，你我的脚步声遂跫然可闻。

一切思虑，随着烟卷中枭枭上升的烟雾而消失，说是甯静，其实是万端千绪，不知将从何说起。

从一条较黑暗的路上转弯过来，店家冷冷清清，可是电炬通明，还有无线电音乐断断续续自里面传出来。

瞥眼望过去，是一家西服店，橱窗中除了陈列着各种来路西装料作之外，赫然有一大束腊梅，盛放着，插在一个景泰蓝的大花瓶中。

西装与腊梅之间的距离，似乎相差太远，但是对于这位橱窗设计者的匠心，应予以“高人一等”的评价。

从这店家走过不多路，我的“安步”已告结束，我把烟蒂掷在路角，走入自己家中，不知怎样，我的面前如有一片暗香在浮动，这嫩黄的小花朵，竟使我向往不止。

在这种愁柴愁米的境况中，惟有这黄昏的偶然之一瞥，微妙地开启了郁塞的心扉，使一些尘世的劳顿，渐次消逝。

于是晚来不能无梦。

在一个寒雨凄凄的朝晨，我和弟妹们都在乡下故里，想起隔邻花园中的腊梅已经盛放，弟弟提议要去采集一点作为案头清供。

这任务就落在我的身上，因为我和邻家最熟，而且天寒地冻，我的年纪较大，只好由我来任采折之职。

邻家花园中仅有腊梅一木，长在一个池塘的东北面，如要去折梅，就必得绕过大半个池塘。

可怜天雨路滑，园中没有石砌的小径，全是泥地，我小心地从自己的后园通过一扇小门，踏进邻园，向园丁说明来意，就弯到池塘那边来。

使我非常欣喜的是一树花朵正在半开时候，假如真的供在瓶中，至少有一星期可以欣赏……早晨醒来，才觉得夜来一梦的回味无穷。

因为我梦入故园，见到故园中的花木依然。

花开花落，不知道曾否对于此飘零海上、经年不归的旧邻居，起一点落寞的感觉？其实，我对于这棵腊梅，自小就极爱好，不忍攀折一枝。

朝鲜语笔译（专业学位）廉光虎：男，中共党员，1954年生，延边大学“文革”后首批本科、硕士、博士毕业。

青岛大学外语学院韩语系教授，硕士生导师，青岛大学第四届教学名师。

日本京都大学综合人间学部中国语学科访问学者、韩国首尔大学国语国文系访问学者、首尔大学韩国文化研究所特聘研究员。

中国朝鲜语学会副会长、中国韩国语教育研究学会副会长、青岛翻译协会韩国语分会会长。

主要研究方向为朝鲜语语言学。

主要著作和教材：《韩国语终结词位的历时研究》韩国博尔精出版社1998；《语言学概论》（朝文）延边大学出版社1997；《韩国语敬语形式的研究》辽宁民族出版社2003；《韩国语听力教程》（1.2）（主编）北京大学出版社 2005 2008（普通高等教育十一五国家级规划教材）；《韩中汉字词比较词典》（主编）韩国亦乐出版社2006；《新编韩国语语法》黑龙江朝鲜族出版社2012 等。

李明学：男，中共党员，1961年生，毕业于延边大学、韩国釜山大学，现任青岛大学外语学院副院长, 韩语系主任，副教授，硕士生导师，外语学院学术委员会委员，韩国文学研究学会会员、中国韩国语教育研究学会会员、青岛翻译协会会员。

专业研究方向为韩国文学，包括中韩比较文学等。

主要讲《基础韩国语》、《韩国文学史》、《中韩比较文学》、《韩国文化论》、《口译基础》等课程。

主要专著与教材：《1930年代中韩现代主义小说比较研究》（韩文、专著）、韩国学术情报出版社、2006。

《中国当代文艺思潮与文学展开》（韩文、专著）、韩国文化社、2013，《基础韩国语》（1,2）主编，世界图书出版公司，2010、《韩国语听力教程》（2）副主编、北京大学出版社，2008（普通高等教育十一五国家级规划教材）。

学术论文：《中韩现代主义小说论比较考察》（2005）、《中韩现代主义小说结构比较》（2008）、《鲁迅文学的法思想小考》（2013）、<<对韩国文学教学目标的小考>>（2013）等多篇。

青岛大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：848 科目名称：英汉互译与汉语写作（共 3 页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效PartⅠ. Translate the following terms and passages into Chinese (50 points).A1.puritanism2. synecdoche3. alliteration4. naturalism5. renaissance6. implied reader7. heroic couplet8. sonnet9. neoclassicism 10. stream of consciousnessBThe idea running through these lectures is by now plain enough: that there are in the novel two forces: human beings and a bundle of various things not human beings, and that it is the novelist’s business to adjust these two forces and conciliate their claims. That is plain enough, but does it run through the novel too? Perhaps our subject, namely the books we have read, has stolen away from us while we theorize, like a shadow from an ascending bird. The bird is all right --- it climbs, itis consistent and eminent. The shadow is all right --- it has flickered across roads and gardens. But the two things resemble one another less and less, they do not touch as they did when the bird rested its toeson the ground. Criticism, especially a critical course, is so misleading. However lofty its intentions and sound its method, its subject slides away from beneath it, imperceptibly away, and lecturer and audience may awake with a start to find that they are carrying on in a distinguished and intelligent manner, but in regions which have nothing to do with anything they have read.CAt the end of the 18th century a new literature arose in England. It was called Romanticism, and it opposed most of the ideas held earlier inthe century. Romanticism had its roots in a changed attitude toward mankind. The forerunners of the Romanticists argued that men are naturally good; society makes them bad. If the social world could be changed, all men might be happier. Many reforms were suggested: better treatment of people in prisons and almshouses; fewer death penalties for minor crimes; and an increase in charitable institutions.The Romanticists believed that all men are brothers and deserve the treatment to which human beings are by nature entitled. Every man has a right to life, liberty, and equal opportunity. These ideas had been well stated in the American Declaration of Independence. In France a revolution of the common people began in 1789. Many Englishmen hoped that the new democracies—France and the United States—would show the way for the rest of the world to follow. Along with democracy and individualism came other ideas. One of these ideas was that the simple, humble life is best. Another was that people should live close to nature. Thus the Romantic Movement was inherently anti-progress, if progress meant industrialization.PartⅡ. Translate the following passages into English (50 points).1我的生活曾经是悲苦的，黑暗的。

青岛大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：213 科目名称：翻译硕士日语（共5页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效問題一、次の1-5を日本語に、6-10を中国語に訳しなさい。

（0.5×10＝5）1、一双袜子2、三支铅笔3、五张邮票4、一本书5、两条鱼6、一台の車7、三人目の受験者8、シャツ二枚 9、一杯のご飯10、蓄電池の電量は昨日より4/5に減った問題二、次の短文のうち、1-5を中国語に、6-10を日本語に訳しなさい。

特に下線の言葉に注意すること。

(1×10＝10)1、この問題については、もう少し検討させてください。

2、彼の言動にみんなはたいへん迷惑しています。

3、北京や上海などの大都市では、交通渋滞の問題はますます深刻になってきています。

4、この先に多大な困難が待ち構えているので、十分に覚悟してください。

5、この家の床はフローリングです。

6、小李，这次是你不对，你应该检讨一下自己。

7、我们感到很迷惑，不知该怎么办才好。

8、这本书内容很深刻，我完全没看懂。

9、这份合同好像有点问题。

10、外面下着雪，他一天都没从床上下来。

問題三、次の成語・ことわざで、1-7を中国語に、8-10を日本語に訳しなさい。

（0.5×10＝5）1、一石二鳥2、腐っても鯛3、猫に小判4、弘法も筆の誤り5、三日坊主6、鳶は鷹を生む7、火のないところに煙が立たない8、百闻不如一见9、画蛇添足10、日新月异問題四、次の1-5を中国語に、6-10を日本語に訳しなさい。

（0.5×10＝5）1、耳に障る2、足を洗う3、手に負えない4、鼻にかける5、歯を食いしばる6、纽约7、厦门8、澳门9、（美国总统）奥巴马10、（手机）诺基亚問題五、次の中国語訳に間違いか不適切な箇所があります。

それを探し出し、直しなさい。

(10)（原文）当時は胴体にジャガイモがコロンとくっついているようなもの。

青岛大学翻译硕士汉语写作学位MTI考试真题2012年(总分：150.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}第一部分百科知识{{/B}}(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.东盟：______（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(东盟：东南亚国家联盟，简称东盟(ASEAN)。

其前身是马来亚(现马来西亚)、菲律宾和泰国于1961年7月31日在曼谷成立的东南亚联盟。

1967年8月7—8日，印度尼西亚、泰国、新加坡、菲律宾四国外长和马来西亚副总理在曼谷举行会议，发表了《曼谷宣言》，正式宣告东南亚国家联盟成立。

东南亚国家联盟成为政府间、区域性、一般性的国家组织。

)解析：2.世博会：______（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(世博会：即世界博览会，又称国际博览会，简称世博会，分为两种形式，一种是综合性世博会，另一种是专业性世博会。

世博会是一项由主办国政府组织或政府委托有关部门举办的有较大影响和悠久历史的国际性博览活动。

参展者向世界各国展示当代的文化、科技和产业上正面影响各种生活范畴的成果。

) 解析：3.尼采：______（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(尼采：德国著名哲学家，西方现代哲学的开创者，同时也是卓越的诗人和散文家，现代最伟大的思想家和哲学家之一。

其代表作品包括《悲剧的诞生》《查拉图斯特拉如是说》《偶像的黄昏》。

2011年北京大学汉语国际教育硕士考研真题及答案解析现在汉语国际教育考研趋于白热化时期，竞争异常激烈。

所以，很多非名校的学生总是处于惆怅复杂的心态之下，阻挡了前进的步伐。

在此，提醒广大考生：心态是考研是否成功的重要因素。

同学们在考研路上遇到了难以解决的问题，请同学们想起育明，育明每年培养出众多全国高校汉硕的研究生，其中包括不少初试复试状元。

考研选择了育明就选择正确的团队伴你一起备战：一个人不可能完成的事业，多人齐心协力众志成城铸造成功。

育明教育倾心为全国汉硕考生打造价值2500元的精品视频课程，包括汉硕考研两门专业课内容深度讲解，涵盖了全部考点。

同时育明教育随视频赠送相应考研资料（状元笔记、历年真题及解析）。

整套汉硕秘籍适用于全国非名校，本专业成绩一般，跨专业基础薄弱，但都梦想着专业课考出高分的学子们。

2014年汉语国际教育视频课程+近三年真题+状元笔记+公共课阅卷人一对一指导=2500元7月1日前报名，8折优惠历年考研真题资料是十分珍贵的,研究真题有利于大家从中分析出题人的思路和心态,因为每年专业课考试不管在题型还是在内容上都有很高的相似度，考研学子们一定要予以重视。

汉语基础叁汉语语言分析（共30分）八、语音分析题（共5分）1．填空（1题1分）（1）“看一看”中“一”的正确读音是。

（2）普通话音节小（xiao）的声调标在上。

（3）普通话音节shuǐ（水）是由个音素构成的音节。

（4）“加油啊”中“啊”的实际读音是。

（5）“血淋淋”中“血”的正确读音是。

九、辨析下列词语（每题5分，共10分）1．“一点儿”与“有点儿”2．“交流”与“交换”十、语法分析（共10分）A.用层次分析法分析以下句子。

1．喜欢看打篮球的学生今天都来了。

（4分）2．本来一枝独秀的“美女作家”开始在人们的视野中渐渐褪色。

（3分B.分析下列句子中加点的词的词性。

（3分）3.我们必须继承并发展民族文化传统。

4．他给我买书。

5．他白跑了一趟。

青岛大学2012年翻译专业硕士研究生入学试题科目代码：211科目名称：翻译硕士英语(共11 页)请写明题号，将答案全部写在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效PART I GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY (30 Points)(I) There are twenty sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four words or phrases marked a, b, c and d. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes each sentence.1. This country’s chief exports are coal, cars and cotton goods, c oal _____ the most important of these.a. have beenb. arec. beingd. are being2. The weather forecast says it may rain tomorrow, ______ the picnic will be cancelled.a. in this caseb. in that casec. in cased. in which case3. This is an illness that can result in total blindness _____ left untreated.a. afterb. ifc. sinced. unless4. It is not so much the language _____ the cultural background that makes the novel difficult to translate.a. butb. notc. asd. than5. His fondness for music was ______ most of his income went into it.a. so thatb. much thatc. such thatd. in that6.He said it was impossible for _____ a mistake in a computer’s calculation, so you can rely on that.a. there to beb. there would bec. there beingd. there was7. ____________the station earlier, you would not have missed the train.a. If you reachb. If you reachedc. If you have reachedd. If you had reached8. Until then，his family __________ from him for six months.a. didn’t hearb. hasn’t been hearingc. hasn’t heardd. hadn’t heard9. On the other hand, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.a. mannerb. lightc. sensed. method10. It was the first day of spring 2002, and she was standing in ahelicopter as it ______roughly a kilometer up in the sky above Kabula. coveredb. hoveredc. stoppedd. fluttered11. I’ll try to get in touch with the actor but he’s ____ ever at home when I phone.a. rarelyb. almostc. hardlyd. occasionally12. In spite of what they said, she refused to ______ to the police.a. give herself wayb. give herself offc. give herself awayd. give herself up13. Swarms of ants are invading my window. They are such a _______.a. troubleb. disturbancec. nuisanced. annoyance14. Although badly damaged by the earthquake, the pagoda wasfinally ___ to its original magnificence.a. recoveredb. restoredc. renewedd. replaced15. The woman and children were taken to Matagorda RegionalHospital in Bay City, where the woman was in _____Wednesday night, Lewis said.a. surgeryb. operationc. rescued. action16. It is considered bad manners to _____ other people behind their backs.a. do upb. do byc. do away withd. do down17. I would rather you ___ for Canada for a visit next year when it is warm there.a. leftb. leavec. would leaved. had left18. It has been discovered that the water _____ the coast is rich in all kinds of fish.a. offb. ofc. ind. along19. A letter from over 2,000 Crisis volunteers has been delivered toDowning Street calling ___ the Prime Minister to ensure people get the help they need when they approach their local council as homeless.a. forb. onc. atd. in20. Crisis has passed the half way mark towards an ambitious target to____ almost 1,700 single homeless people in privately rented homes across England.a. provideb. letc. offerd. house(II) Error correction. In each sentence, there is one error. Find eacherror and correct it.1. A nger over her position became violent at times, with her Tucson office vandalizing after the House passed the overhaul last March and someone showing up at a recent gathering with a weapon.2. The sheriff blamed the vitriolic political rhetoric that has consumed the country, much of it was centered in Arizona.3. You have the satisfaction of having saved it on your own, and the knowledge which you don’t owe anyone.4.Most of time there are consequences for violating rules at work—whether they are safety rules of the workplace, or directives on how to perform your specific job duties.5. He later set out a fictional etymology for the name, to the effect like it was being derived from the word “Holbytlan”which translates “hole-dweller” in Old English.6. In his writings, Tolkien depicted Hobbits as fond of an unadventurous bucolic life of farming, eating, and socializing, although able of defending their homes courageously if the need arises.7. A group of escapees, find sanctuary in a Church compound, risk their lives as they struggle to survive the plight and persecution brought on by the violent invasion of the city.8. MTI Film provides software based integrated solutions for post production with a focus in technology for digital film restoration and digital dailies.9. The MTI degree, short for Master of Translation and Interpreting, is a professional level of education approved by the Commission of Academic Degrees of the State Department of China.10. But if you get into an accident because of a personal risk you take for yourself, and not your employer, you could lose your right of benefits. PART II READING COMPREHENSION (40 Points)In this section there are five passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then write your answers on your answer sheet.Passage 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Severalgiant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left—all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be sav ed.1.According to the passage, why is the ideal of building big dams so fascinating?a. Because it involves a lot of high technology.b. Because human beings have suffered too much from floods and droughts.c. Because big dams can bring us great benefits.d. Because it is very beautiful and powerful.2. According to the passage, building a big dam_______.a. helped Egypt win the leadership among the Arab countries.b. made Turkey a powerful country in the Arab world.c. is both fascinating and blind.d. is always a symbol of achievement and power.3. The Aswan Dam _____.a. worked as intended.b. prevented the Nile from flooding too oftenc. stopped the myth of controlling waters.d. formed a reservoir which can hardly generate power.4. Which is true about big dams?a. Slovakia won its independence through a big dam.b. The Narmada Dam got the support of the World Bank.c. The Three Gorges Dam is an exception.d. Hydroelectric power and flood control are their only functions.Passage 2The advance of spring made the climate of Pisa too hot for comfort; and early in April Trelawny and Williams rode off to find a suitable lodging for themselves and the Shelleys on the Gulf of Spezia. They pitched upon a house called the Villa Magni, between Lerici and San Terenzio, which “looked more like a boat or a bathing-house than a place to live in. It consisted of a terrace or ground-floor unpaved, and used for storing boat-gear and fishing-tackle, and of a single storey over it, divided into a hall or saloon and four small rooms, which had once been white-washed; there was one chimney for cooking. This place we thought the Shelleys might put up with for the summer. The only good thing about it was a verandah facing the sea, and almost over it.” When it came to be inhabited, the central hall was used for the living and eating room of the whole party.The Shelleys occupied two rooms facing each other; the Williamses had one of the remaining chambers, and Trelawny another. Access to these smaller apartments could only be got through the saloon; and this circumstance once gave rise to a ludicrous incident, when Shelley, having lost his clothes out bathing, had to cross, in puris naturalibus, not undetected, though covered in his retreat by the clever Italian handmaiden, through a luncheon party assembled in the dining-room. The horror of the ladies at the poet's unexpected apparition and his innocent self-defence are well described by Trelawny. Life in the villa was of the simplest description. To get food was no easy matter; and the style of the furniture may be guessed by Trelawny's laconic remark that the sea was his only washing-basin.5. According to the passage, it can be inferred that ______.a. The Shelleys asked Trelawny and Williams to look for lodgings for them.b. Trelawny and Williams liked to live with the Shelleys.c. The Shelleys went to Pisa for summer holidays.d. Trelawny and Williams found a house by the sea.6. What is true about the Villa Magni?a. It was a boat or bathing-room rather than a house.b. Its central hall was used as a dining-hall by all the inhabitants.c. It was a three-storey building.d. Its hall was used for storing boat-gear and fishing-tackle.7. What is true about the incident that happened to Shelley one day?a. He tried to find clothes to cover himself.b. Shelley frightened away the ladies eating their lunch.c. puris naturalibus means “stark naked”.d. Shelley was grateful to the clever housemaid.Passage 3Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods. received one for its “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for laying a box.Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In the Bilski, as the case is known, is a “very big deal”, says Dennis’D Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had beenissued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s j udges, rather than a typical panel of three and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the supreme court”, says Harold C.Wegner, an attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.8. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because ofa. their limited value to businessb. their connection with asset allocationc. the possible restriction on their grantingd. the controversy over authorization9. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?a. Its ruling complies with the court decisionsb. It involves a very big business transaction]c. It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuitd. It may change the legal practices in the U.S.10. The word “about-face” (Para 3) most probably meansa. loss of good willb. increase of hostilityc. change of attituded. enhancement of dignity11. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patentsa. are immune to legal challengesb. are often unnecessarily issuedc. lower the esteem for patent holdersd. increase the incidence of risks12. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?a. A looming threat to business-method patentsb. Protection for business-method patent holdersc. A legal case regarding business-method patentsd. A prevailing tread against business-method patentsPassage 4In 1854 my great-grandfather, Morris Marable, was sold on an auction block in Georgia for $ 500. For his white slave master, the sale was just “business as usual.” But to Morris Marable and his heirs, slavery was a crime against our humanity. This pattern of human rights violations against enslaved African-Americans continued under racial segregation for nearly another century.The fundamental problem of American democracy in the 21st century is the problem of “structural racism”: the deep patterns of socio-economic inequality and accumulated disadvantage that are coded by race, and constantly justified in public speeches by both racist stereotypes and white indifference. Do Americans have the capacity and vision to remove these structural barriers that deny democratic rights and opportunities to millions of their fellow citizens?This country has previously witnessed two great struggles to achieve a truly multicultural democracy.The First Reconstruction（1954-1877）ended slavery and briefly gave black men voting rights, but gave no meaningful compensation for two centuries of unpaid labor. The promise of “40 acres and a mule” was for most blacks a dream deferred.The Second Reconstruction (1954-1968), or the modern civil rights movement, ended legal segregation in public accommodations and gave blacks voting rights. But these successes paradoxically obscure the tremendous human costs of historically accumulated disadvantage that remain central to black Americans’ lives.The disproportionate wealth that most whites enjoy today was first constructed from centuries of unpaid black labor. Many white institutions, including some leading universities, insurance companies and banks, profited from slavery. This pattern of white privilege and black inequality continues today.Demanding reparations is no just about compensation for slavery and segregation. It is, more important, an educational campaign to highlight the contemporary reality of “racial deficits”of all kinds, the unequal conditions that impact blacks regardless of class. Structural r acism’s barriers include “equity inequity,” the absence of black capital formation that is a direct consequence of America’s history. One third of all blackhouseholds actually have negative net wealth. In 1998 the typical black family’s net wealth was $ 16,400, less than one fifth that of white families. Black families are denied home loans at twice the rate of whites.Blacks remain the last hired and first fired during recessions. During the 1990-91 recession, African-Americans suffered disproportionately. At Coca-Cola, 42 percent of employees who lost their jobs were blacks. At Sears, 54 percent were black. Blacks have significantly shorter life spans, in part due to racism in the health establishment. Blacks are statistically less likely than whites to be referred for kidney transplants or early-stage cancer surgery.13. To the author, the auction of his great-grandfather is a typical exampleof _______.a. crime against humanityb. unfair business transactionc. racial conflicts in Georgiad. racial segregation in America14. The barrier to democracy in 21st century America is ______.a. widespread use of racist stereotypesb. prejudice against minority groupsc. deep-rooted socio-economic inequalityd. denial of legal rights to ordinary blacks.15. What problem remains unsolved in the two Reconstructions?a. Differences between races are deliberately obscured.b. The blacks are not compensated for their unpaid labor.c. There is no guarantee for blacks to exercise their rights.d. The interests of blacks are not protected by law.16. It is clear that the wealth enjoyed by most whites ________.a. has resulted from business successes over the yearsb. has been accompanied by black capital formationc. has derived from sizable investments in educationd. has been accumulated from generations of slaveryPassage 5In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital” and “labour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energeticfounders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders wer e thus enriched by the world’s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other’s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.17. It’s true of the old family firms that.a. they were spoiled by the younger generationsb. they failed for lack of individual initiativec. they lacked efficiency compared with modern companiesd. they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers18. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in .a. the separation of capital from managementb. the ownership of capital by managersc. the emergence of capital and labour as two classesd. the participation of shareholders in municipal business19. According to the passage, all of the following are true except that .a. the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workersb. the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workersc. the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothlyd. the trade unions seemed to play a positive role20. The author is most critical of .a. family firm ownersb. landownersc. managersd. shareholdersPART III WRITING (30 Points)Write an essay of about 400words, expressing your views on the following title. In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar, diction and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Should We Help the Injured Old People?11。

青岛大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码： 847 科目名称：细胞生物学（共3页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一、填空题（每空1分，共50分）1．1838-1839年德国科学家Shleiden和Schwann提出了著名的细胞学说，主要包括三大要点：即_______________________ _________；___________________________；__________________________________。

2．一个细胞生存与增殖所必备的结构装置是______ ___、、_____ _____和。

3．真核细胞的表达与原核细胞相比复杂的多，其调控可在______ ______、______ ___、_______ _________和____ __________等多个层次上进行。

4．细胞膜(质膜)主要由_____ ______和________ _______组成。

前者构成膜的基本骨架，主要包括___ ____ ___、______ ________和_____ _________。

后者是膜功能的主要体现者，可分为三种类型_______ ____、_____________和_______ _____。

5．细胞外基质的基本成分主要___________ ___、_______ _____、____ _________和_______ __ _____。

6． Golgi Complex 是细胞内膜系统的重要组成成分，由______________、_________ _和________ __三部分组成。

其最基本的化学组分是____ ______，特征性的标志酶是________________。

其主要功能是_________ _____和____________________。

7．细胞骨架由__ ___ ____、_____ ______和________ ____组成，其中与胞质分裂有关的细胞骨架成分是_____ ____；维持细胞形态的细胞骨架成分是_____ ____和_____ _______；与细胞分化有关的细胞骨架成分是________ ______。

青岛大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：243 科目名称：英语（外）(共11页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效Part I (15%)Directions: For this part, you are allowed to write a composition on the topic of Attend Your Classes Regularly.You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline given below:1. 现在大学校园里，迟到、早退、旷课是常见的现象2. 造成这种现象的各种原因3. 如何解决这一问题Part II Vocabulary and Grammar (15%)Directions: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.1. We ______ John’s name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury.A. will putB. will have putC. would putD. would have put2. She has alread y tried her best. Please don’t be to o _____ about her job.A. specialB. responsibleC. unuaualD. particular3. Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek food safety problems.A. inB. toC. onD. after4. His writing is so confusing that it’s difficult to make out ____ it is he is trying toexpress.A. thatB. howC. whoD. what5. ―Mike, can you yourself away from the TV for a minute? Go andsend the letter for me.‖ said Mrs. Green.A. pushB. dragC. drawD. pull6. If you _____ faults but you still want the bicycle, ask the shop assistant toreduce the price.A. come acrossB. care aboutC. look for.D. focus upon7. My family were moving to the countryside and I had to make some___and learn to lead a different life there．A．allowance B．accommodationC．adjustment D．assessment8. Since the new director took office, we have worked __ _hours, －thatis to say, we work more freely.A．flexible B．compulsory C. strict D．endless 9. — Can you give me some advice about the design?— I think it should _______ to all ages and social groups.A. appearB. appealC. suitD. fit10. At one point I made up my mind to talk to Uncle Sam. Then I changed my mind, ______ that he could do nothing to help.A. to realizeB. realizedC. realizingD. being realized11., I managed to get through the game and the pain was worth it in the end.A. Hopefully B .Normally C. Thankfully D. Conveniently12. Make sure the gas is turned off after a bath, which would causedanger.A．somehow B．meanwhile C．otherwise D．furthermore13. It was __________ back home after he finished the report.A. not until midnight did he goB. until midnight that he didn’t goC. not until midnight that he wentD. until midnight when he didn’t went14.She said she was in great need of such a table and asked me how much_____ table would cost.A. such a beautiful wooden roundB. one such beautiful round woodenC. one such round beautiful woodenD. such a round beautiful wooden15. I don't mind ______ the decision as long as it is not too late.A. you to delay makingB. your delaying makingC. your delaying to makeD. you delay to makePart III Cloze (15%)Directions: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C), D). You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting andretaining (留住) customers. It sounds simple and achievable. But, 1 , words of wisdom are soon forgotten. Once companies have attracted customers they often 2 the second half of the story. In the excitement of beating off the competition, negotiating prices, securing orders, and delivering the product, managers tend to become carried away. They forget what they regard as the boring side of business— 3 that the customer remains a customer.4 to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs business huge amounts of money annually. It has been estimated that the average company loses between 10 and 30 per cent of its customers every years. In constantly changing5 , this is not surprising. What is surprising is the fact that few companies have any idea how many customers they have lost.Only now are organizations beginning to wake up to those lost opportunities and calculate the 6 implications. Cutting down the number of customers a company loses can make a big 7 in its performance. Research in the US found that a five per cent decrease in the number of defecting(流失的) customers led to 8 increases of between 25 and 85 per cent.In the US, Domino’s Pizza estimates that a regular customer is worth more than $5,000 over ten years. A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and 9 never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in 10 profits (more if you consider how many people they are likely to tell about their bad experience).The logic behind cultivating customer 11 is imp ossible to deny. ―In practice most companies’ marketing effort is focused on getting customers, with little attention paid to 12 them‖, says Adrian Payne of Cornfield University’ School of Management. ―Research suggests that there is a close relationship between retaining customers and making profits. 13 customers tend to buy more, are predictable and usually cost less to service than new customers. Furthermore, they tend to be less price 14 , and may provide free word-of-mouth advertising. Retaining customers also makes it 15 for competitors to enter a market or increase their share of a market.1.A. in particular B. in reality C. at least D. first of all2.A. emphasize B. doubt C. overlook D. believe3.A. denying B. ensuring C. arguing D. proving4.A. Moving B. Hoping C. Starting D. Failing5.A. markets B. tastes C. prices D. expenses6.A. culture B. social C. financial D. economical7.A. promise B. plan C. mistake D. difference8.A. cost B. opportunity C. profit D. budget9.A. as a result B. on the whole C. in conclusion D. on the contrary10.A. huge B. potential C. extra D. reasonable11.A. beliefs B. loyalty C. habits D. interest12.A. altering B. understanding C. keeping D. attracting13.A. Assumed B. Respected C. Established D. Unexpected14.A. agreeable B. flexible C. friendly D. sensitive15.A. unfair B. difficult C. essential D. convenientPart IV Reading Comprehension (20%)Directions:There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passageThe garden city was largely the invention of Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928). After immigrating from England to the USA, and an unsuccessful attempt to make a living as a farmer, he moved to Chicago, where he saw the reconstruction of the city after the disastrous fire of 1871. In those days, it was nicknamed ―the Garden City‖, almost certainly the source of Howard’s name for his later building plan of towns. Returning to London, Howard developed his design in the 1880s and 1890s, drawing on ideas that were popular at the time, but creating a unique combination of designs.The nineteenth-century poor city was in many ways a terrible place, dirty and crowded; but it offered economic and social opportunities. At the same time, the British countryside was in fact equally unattractive: though it promised fresh air and nature, it suffered from agricultural depression and it offered neither enough work and wages, nor much social life. Howard’s idea was to combine the best of town and country in a new kind of settlement, the garden city. Howard’s idea was that a group of people should set up a company, borrowing money to establish a garden city in the depressed countryside; far enough from existing cities to make sure that the land was bought at the bottom price.Garden cities would provide a central public open space, radial avenues and connecting industries. They would be surrounded by a much larger area of green belt, also owned by the company, containing not merely farms but also some industrial institutions. As more and more people moved in, the garden city would reach its planned limit-Howard suggested 32,000 people; then, another would be started a short distance away. Thus, over time, there would develop a vast planned house collection, extending almost without limit; within it, each garden city would offer a wide rang of jobs and services, but each would also be connected to the others by a rapid transportation system, thus giving all the economic and social opportunities of a big city.1. How did Howard get the name for his building plan of garden cities?A. Through his observation of the country life.B. Through the combination of different ideas.C. By taking other people’s advice.D. By using the nickname of the reconstructed Chicago.2. The underlined phrase ―drawing on ‖in Paragraph 1 probably means______.A. making use ofB. making comments onC. giving an explanation ofD. giving a description of3. According to Howard, garden cities should be built______.A. as far as possible from existing citiesB. in the countryside where the land was cheapC. in the countryside where agriculture was developedD. near cities where employment opportunities already existed4. What can we learn about garden cities from the last paragraph?A. Their number would continue to riseB. Each one would continue to become largerC. People would live and work in the same placeD. Each one would contain a certain type of business5. What could be the best title for the passage?A. City and CountrysideB. The Invention of the Garden CityC. A New City in ChicagoD. A Famous Garden City in EnglandPassage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passageWhy should mankind explore space? Why should money, time and effortbe spent exploring and researching something with so few apparent benefits? Why should resources be spent on space rather than on conditions and people on Earth? These are questions that, understandably, are very often asked.Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic makeup(基因构成) as human beings. What drove our ancestors to move from the trees into the plains, and on into all possible areas and environments? The wider the spread of a species, the better its chance of survival. Perhaps the best reason for exploring space is this genetic tendency to expand wherever possible.Nearly every successful civilization has explored, because by doing so, any dangers in surrounding areas can be identified and prepared for. Without knowledge, we may be completely destroyed by the danger. With knowledge, we can lessen its effects.Exploration also allows minerals and other potential resources to be found. Even if we have no immediate need of them, they will perhaps be useful later. Resources may be more than physical possessions. Knowledge or techniques have been acquired through exploration. The techniques may have medical applications which can improve the length or quality of our lives. We have already benefited from other spin-offs including improvements in earthquake prediction, in satellites for weather forecasting and in communications systems. Even non-stick pans and mirrored sunglasses are by-products of technological developments in the space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist.While many resources are spent on what seems a small return, the exploration of space allows creative, brave and intelligent members of our species to focus on what may serve to save us. While space may hold many wonders and explanations of how the universe was formed or how it works, it also holds dangers. The danger exists, but knowledge can help human being to survive. Without the ability to reach out across space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist.While Earth is the only planet known to support life, surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow us to live on other planets. It is true that the lifestyle would be different, but human life and cultures have adapted in the past and surely could in the future.6. Why does the author mention the questions in Paragraph1?A. To express his doubts.B. To compare different ideas.C. To introduce points for discussion.D. To describe the conditions on Earth.7. What is the reason for exploring space based on Paragraph2?A. Humans are nature-born to do so.B. Humans have the tendency to fight.C. Humans may find new sources of food.D. Humans don’t like to stay in the same place.8. The underlined word ―spin-offs‖ in Paragraph 4 probably refers to______.A. survival chancesB. potential resourcesC. unexpected benefitsD. physical possessions9. What makes it possible for humans to live on other planets?A. Our genetic makeup.B. Resources on the earth..C. The adaptive ability of humans.D. By-products in space exploration.10. Which of the statements can best sum up the passage?A. Space exploration has created many wonders.B. Space exploration provided the best value for money.C. Space exploration may help us avoid potential problems on Earth.D. Space exploration can benefit science and technology.Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Human remains of ancient settlements will be reburied and lost to science under a law that threatens research into the history of humans in Britain, a group of leading archeologists(考古学家) says. In a letter addressed to the justice secretary, Ken Clarke, 40 archaeologists write of their ―deep and widespread concern‖ about the issue. It centers on the law introduced by the Ministry of Justice in 2008 which requires all human remains unearthed in England and Wales to be reburied within two years, regardless of their age. The decision means scientists have too little time to study bones and other human remains of national and cultural significance.―Your current requirement that all archaeologically unearthed human remains should be reburied, whether after a standard period of two years or a further special extension, is contrary to basic principles of archaeological and scientific rese arch and of museum practice,‖ they write.The law applies to any pieces of bone uncovered at around 400 dig sites, including the remains of 60 or so bodies found at Stonehenge in 2008 that date back to 3,000 BC. Archaeologists have been granted a temporary extension to give them more time, but eventually the bones will have to be returned to theground.The arrangements may result in the waste of future discoveries at sites such as Happisburgh in Norfolk, where digging is continuing after the discovery of stone tools made by early humans 950,000 years ago. If human remains were found at Happisburgh, they would be the oldest in northern Europe and the first indication of what this species was. Under the current practice of the law those remains would have to be reburied and effectively destroyed.Before 2008, guidelines allowed for the proper preservation and study of bones of sufficient age and historical interest, while the Burial Act 1857 applied to more recent remains. The Ministry of Justice assured archaeologists two years ago that the law was temporary, but has so far failed to revise it.Mike Parker Pearson, an archaeologist at Sheffield University, said: ―Archaeologists have been extremely patient because we were led to believe the ministry was sorting out this problem, but we feel that we cannot wait any longer.‖The ministry has no guidelines on where or how remains should be reburied, or on what records should be kept.11.The underlined word ―remains‖ in the first paragraph has closest meaningwith :A. leftoverB. stayC. bodyD. organ12.According to the passage, scientists are unhappy with the law mainlybecause ______.A. it is only a temporary measure on the human remainsB. it is unreasonable and thus destructive to scientific researchC. it was introduced by the government without their knowledgeD. it is vague about where and how to rebury human remains13.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A.Temporary extension of two years will guarantee scientists enough time.B. Human remains of the oldest species were dug out at Happisburgh.C. Human remains will have to be reburied despite the extension of time.D. Scientists have been warned that the law can hardly be changed.14.What can be inferred about the British law governing human remains?A. The Ministry of Justice did not intend it to protect human remains.B. The Burial Act 1857 only applied to remains uncovered before 1857.C. The law on human remains hasn’t changed in recent decades.D. The Ministry of Justice has not done enough about the law.15.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. New discoveries should be reburied, the government demands.B. Research time should be extended, scientists require.C. Law on human remains needs thorough discussion, authorities say.D. Law could bury ancient secrets for ever, archeologists warn.Passage FourQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.In the more and more competitive service industry, it is no longer enough to promis e customer satisfaction. Today, customer ―delight‖ is what companies are trying to achieve in order to keep and increase market share.It is accepted in the marketing industry, and confirmed by a number of researchers, that customers receiving good service will promote business by telling up to 12 other people; those treated badly tell tales of woe to up to 20 people. Interestingly, 80 percent of people who feel their complaints are handled fairly will stay loyal.New challenges for customer care have come when people can obtain goods and services through telephone call centers and the Internet. For example, many companies now have to invest (投资) a lot of money in information technology and staff training in order to cope with the ―phone rage‖---- caused by delays in answering calls, being cut off inmid-conversation or left waiting for long periods.―Many people do not like talking to machines,‖ says Dr, Storey, Senior Lecturer in Marketing at City University Business School. ―Banks, for example, encourage staff at call centers to use customer data to establish instant and good relationship with then. The aim is to make the customer feel they know you and that you can trust them – the sort of comfortable feelings people have during face-to-face chats with t heir local branch manager.‖Recommended ways of creating customer delight include:under-promising and over-delivering (saying that a repair will be carried out within five hours, but getting it done within two) replacing a faulty product immediately; throwing in a gift voucher (购物礼券)as an unexpected ―thank you‖ to regular customers; and always returning calls, even when they are complaints.Aiming for customer delight is all very well, but if services do not reach the high level promised, disappointment or worse will be the result. This can be eased by offering an apology and an explanation of why the service did not meet usual standards with empathy(for example, ―I know how you must feel‖), and possible solutions (replacement, compensation or whatever fai rnesssuggests best meets the case).Airlines face some of the toughest challenges over customer care. Fierce competition has convinced them at that delighting passengers is an important marketing tool, while there is great potential for customer anger over delays caused by weather, unclaimed luggage and technical problems.For British Airways staff, a winning telephone style is considered vital in handling the large volume of calls about bookings and flight times. They are trained to answer quickly, with t heir names, job title and a ―we are here to help‖ attitude. The company has invested heavily in information technology to make sure that information is available instantly on screen.British Airways also says its customer care policies are applied within the company and staff are taught to regard each other as customers requiring the highest standards of service.Customer care is obviously here to stay and it would be a foolish company that used slogans such as ―we do as we please‖. On the other hand, the more customers are promised, the greater the risk of disappointment.16. We can learn from Paragraph 2 that _______.A. complaining customers are hard to satisfyB. unsatisfied customers receive better serviceC .satisfied customers catch more attentionD. well-treated customers promote business17. The writer mentions ―phone rage‖(Paragraph 3)to show that ________.A. customers often use phones to express their angerB. people still prefer to buy goods onlineC. customer care becomes more demandingD. customers rely on their phones to obtain services18. What does the writer recommend to create customer delight?A. Calling customers regular.B. Gibing a ―thank you ―note..C. Delivering a quicker service.D. Promising more gifts.19. Customer delight is important for airlines because ________.A. their telephone style remains unchangedB. they are more likely to meet with complaintsC. the services cost them a lot of moneyD. the policies can be applied to their staff20. Which of the following is conveyed in this article?A. Face-to –face service creates comfortable feelings among customers.B. Companies that promise more will naturally attract more customers.C. A company should promise less but do more in a competitive market.D. Customer delight is more important for air lines then for banks.Part V Translation (35%)A:Directions: Translate the following sentences into English (20%)1.你为什么不在网上订票? (Why)2.我常把王海误认为他的双胞胎弟弟，因为他们长得太像了。

育明教育【温馨提示】现在很多小机构虚假宣传，育明教育咨询部建议考生一定要实地考察，并一定要查看其营业执照，或者登录工商局网站查看企业信息。

目前，众多小机构经常会非常不负责任的给考生推荐北大、清华、北外等名校，希望广大考生在选择院校和专业的时候，一定要慎重、最好是咨询有丰富经验的考研咨询师！青岛大学2012年汉语基础考研真题及其答案解析科目代码：354科目名称：汉语基础（共8页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸相应的位置上，答在试卷上一律无效。

壹．汉语语言基础知识（共80分）一、填空题（每小题1分，共30分）1.现代汉语普通话以____________为标准音。

2.现代汉语方言中，方言的代表话是_____________。

3.与印欧语系语言相比，现代汉语词汇的特点之一是___________占优势。

4.声母的不同是由发音部位和____________不同决定的。

5.语言学的三大发源地是____________，印度和希腊-罗马。

6.语言系统中的根本关系是聚合关系和_____________关系。

7.语音的物理属性包括音高，音长，音强和____________。

8.现代汉语普通话有__________个声母（含零声母）。

9.普通话声母1从阻碍方式上看属于________________。

10.韵母位于音节的后端，由元音或者______________构成的。

11._____________是一个语音系统中能够区别意义的最小语音单位。

12.声调是依附在音节上的超音段成分，主要由__________构成。

13.普通话阳平调的调值是_______________。

14.文字是记录______________的书写符号系统。

15.《现代汉语通用字表》规定了______________种基本笔画。

16.由笔画组成的具有组配汉子功能的构字单位是___________。

17.隶书有秦隶和_________________两种。