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英语单项知识的讲解与练习（123）611. envy 的用法envy 妒忌、羡慕。
例句：①They envy him his good fortune.他们羡慕他的好运气。
②I envy her ability to dance in front of a crowd.她在众人面前所展现的的舞技令我羡慕不已。
③He was filled with envy at my success.他对我的成功满怀羡慕。
④His new house was the envy of all his friends.他的新居成了所有朋友羡慕的对象。
短语：envy you your success/ envy your success/ envy you for your success/ envy you on account of your success 羡慕(妒忌)你的成功；the envy of somebody 某人的羡慕或妒忌；A’s envy of B，A 对B 的羡慕或妒忌；feel envy at 对……感到羡慕或妒忌；out of envy出于妒忌；hide her envy of me隐藏对我的妒忌；green with envy十分妒忌；be envious of羡慕……、妒忌……；envy sb. doing/for sth. 忌妒或羡慕某人做某事; with envy 羡慕地；忌妒地; be the envy of 是令人羡慕/忌妒的事物; envy at sb's success 羡慕某人的成功;in〔with〕envy 嫉妒；用法：①envy与the连用，表示羡慕、妒忌令人羡慕的人或物。
②envy和否定词连用时,常表示一种温和的惋惜、同情,也常表示庆幸自己未曾遭遇到对方那样的麻烦或不幸。
③envy作及物动词时,意思是“忌妒,羡慕”,后可接简单宾语、双宾语,也可以在宾语后接for加动名词等结构,但不能接从句。
英语单项知识的讲解与练习（102）506. consist的用法consist由……组成、构成、在于。
例句：①The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.联合王国由大不列颠和北爱尔兰组成。
②How many players does a baseball team consist of?棒球队由几名队员组成?③Matters consist of molecules, and molecules of atoms.物质由分子构成，而分子由原子构成。
④Health does not consist with intemperance.健康和酗酒不能相容。
⑤The report does not consist with the fact.那报导与事实不合。
短语：consist in 在于、存在于；consist with并存、一致；consist of/ be made up of由……组成；consist in the absence of obstructions 主要在于没有各种障碍；consist of 由…组成〔构成〕；consist of hot tea or coffee 包括热茶或咖啡；consist with the facts 符合事实；consist with sb's words 言行不一致；用法：①consist的基本意思是“某物由…组成”,是不及物动词。
其后常接of短语表示其构成情况,且只用于一般时态,不用于进行体和完成体,也不用于被动结构。
②consist还常与in, with连用。
与in连用表示“以…为要素”“主要在于”; 与with连用表示“和…一致”“并存”。
③consist后面可接复数名词或单数名词,其含义不同。
接复数名词时,意为“由…组成”; 所接的单数名词为复数含义时,意为“由…组成”; 所接的单数名词是主语所表达事物的一部分时,意为“有”“含有”; 所接的单数名词是主语所表达事物的全部时,意为“是,就是”; 所接的单数名词后面有后置定语(短语〔从句〕)时,意为“由…构成”。
英语单项知识的讲解与练习（97）481. comment的用法commentvi.&vt. 表达意见；作出评论; n.［C&U］评论；议论例句：①He made no comments on our proposal.他对我们的建议没作评论。
②Her strange behavior caused a good deal of comment.她的反常行为引起了不少闲话。
③He commented that it was an excellent film.他评论这电影很精彩。
④To get rid of the problem, the easiest solution is to comment out the offending lines.要消除这个问题,最简单的办法是注释掉这些行。
短语：comment on/about sth./sb. 对某事/某人进行评论; make comments/no comment on sth./sb. 对某事/某人进行评论/不进行评论; in current comment 在时事评论里；a good deal of comment 许多议论；a page of comments 一页注解；without comment 不加评论；comments about sportsmen 对运动员的评论；comments from the newspapers 来自各报的评论；comments on events 时事评论；用法：①comment作名词时，可以是抽象名词，如Comment is needless，也可以作类名词，如He made a comment on her essay。
②comment可用于被动结构。
③comment指“对...评论”时，作不及物动词，后面跟on或者upon；comment指“评论”作及物动词，后面跟that从句。
英语单项知识的讲解与练习（98）486. compete的用法compete比赛、竞赛。
例句：①Companies must be able to compete in the marketplace.公司一定要在市场中有竞争力。
②Several companies are competing for the contract.几家公司正为争取一项合同而互相竞争。
③We can compete with the best teams.我们能与最好的队竞争。
短语：compete for为了……竞争；compete in race 赛跑；compete with/ against somebody for something与某人竞争以得到某物；compete in (a game, a match) 参加；在……方面竞争; be in competition with sb.和某人竞争; compete as 作为…称职；compete at 在…方面胜任；compete for championship 争夺冠军；compete for sb's work 工作称职；compete in a contest 参加比赛；compete in one's field 胜任自己的专业；compete to the task 能胜任…工作；compete with 同…竞争；用法：①compete的基本意思是“力图取胜”,指在比赛、辩论等有竞争活动中为征服或取胜而进行的努力,常暗示有奖赏刺激物。
②compete是不及物动词,接against表示“与…对抗”,接for表示“夺取…”,接with表示“对…抗争”。
比较：compete 表示“为了争得名次、奖金，合同等”，并不含有将对手征服的意思。
contest 所表示的竞赛可以是友谊赛，也可以是有敌意的竞赛，旨在比试技能、能力、力气、耐力等，此外还可以表示赢得选举。
英语单项知识的讲解与练习（110）546. defeat的用法defeatvt.击败；打败；使（计划、希望）落空例句：①This defeat was a powerful blow to the enemy.这次失败是对敌人的有力的打击。
②The news of army's defeat cast a gloom over the town.军队败北的消息给小城蒙上了一层忧郁。
③They are still wailing over their defeat.他们仍在为比赛失利而悲叹。
④It was a sound strategy to defeat the enemy.那是战胜敌人的良策。
短语：defeat by 以…战胜；defeat by three goals to one 以三比一的比分战胜；defeat in a match 在比赛中战胜；defeat in badminton 在羽毛球赛中打输了；defeat in one's design 计划落空；defeat in one's purpose 未达到目的；defeat in one's scheme 阴谋破产；defeat sb of an inheritance 剥夺某人的继承权；defeat sb of ultimate 由于坏脾气使某人不能取得胜利；defeat through having no reinforcements 由于无援；defeat at sb's hands 败于某人手下；defeat in battle 战斗失败；defeat in game 比赛失败；defeat sb at football 在足球比赛中击败某人；用法：①defeat是及物动词,接名词或代词作宾语,可用于被动结构。
②defeat用作名词的基本意思是表示“战胜”的行为。
从胜方角度看可表示“战胜”; 从败方角度看可表示“战败”。
英语单项知识的讲解与练习（29）141、no matter how hard it isno matter how ...引导让步状语从句，意为“无论多么……”，how 后跟形容词或副词，相当于“however + adj./adv.”句式。
no matter意为“无论；不管”时，引导让步状语从句，常用于下列句型中：no matter what (who/when etc. )... 分别表示“无论何事”、“无论何人”、“无论何时”等，这个从句可以置于主句之前，也可以置于主句之后。
no matter后接关系代词或关系副词引导的状语从句在句中作让步状语。
no matter what (who, which, where, when … )只能引导让步状语从句；whatever (whoever, whichever, whomever)既可引导让步状语从句，也可引导名词性从句。
no matter 引导的分句表达的是将来的含义，但形式上要用现在时。
如：No matter who will come (改为：comes)；no matter 引导的分句不能作宾语或主语。
如：I’ll eat no matter what (改为：whatever) you give me；whichever意为“无论哪个；无论哪些”；whatever意为“无论什么；凡是……的事物”。
whichever可以引导名词性从句或让步状语从句，which是个疑问词；用在疑问句中，或作关系代词，引导定语从句。
no matter which只能引导让步状语从句；而whichever可引导让步状语从句和名词从句。
no matter which可以用whichever代替，但两个同时出现在选项中时，必须选whichever。
练习：①No matter ___ he said, I don’t like him.A. whatB. howC. thatD. why②No matter ___ you go, I will go with you.A. whatB. whichC. whereD. that③That student is discourteous; he complains ___ one tries to please him.A. howeverB. whateverC. no matter whatD. no matter how④_____ the problem may be, we must solve it ourselves.A. Whatever difficultB. How difficultC. However difficultD. No matter what difficult⑤It is generally considered unwise to give a child _____ he or she wants.A. howeverB. whateverC. whicheverD. whenever⑥We’ll eat at _____ restaurant has a free table.A. whichB. whateverC. whicheverD. no matter which⑦These wild flowers are so special that I would_____ do I can to save them.A. whateverB. thatC. whichD. whichever142、mind doing something(1)、mind doing something 通常用于疑问句、否定句和条件句等结构中，这个结构前还可加所有格定语。
英语单项知识的讲解与练习（81）401. candidate的用法candidate (n)候选人、投考者；例句：①There are three candidates for the vacancy.这一空缺有三名候选人。
②She had been nominated as candidate for the presidency.她已被提名为总统候选人。
③He made several favorable comments about their candidate.他对他们的候选人发表了一些有利的评论。
④Most candidates passed in grammar.参加考试的人大多数语法及格。
短语：as a candidate作为候选人；candidate for office公职候补者；candidate of a degree学位候选人；defeated〔failed〕candidate落选人员,不合格者；leading candidate主要候选人；selected candidate入选者；candidate for Presidency总统候选人，用法：candidate for后面一般加职业或者职位等，表示某方面的候选人。
如：John was the strongest candidate for the job.练习：①I guess Jones didn’t have a chance to win the election. Almost all of the people in the city voted for his ____.A. opponentB. candidateC. colleagueD. advocate②They’re interviewing three _____ for the post of sales manager.A. sponsorsB. candidatesC. advocatesD. opponents③They are interviewing candidates _____ the job of sales managers.A.ofB.aboutC.forD.in④This candidate does not _____ the requirement that secondary school should be completed.A.makeB.getC.takeD.meet402. caution 的用法caution (n)小心、谨慎、警告；例句：①The teacher gave Tom a caution and told him never to do it again.老师给了汤姆一次警告,叫他不许再那样做。
英语单项知识的讲解与练习（40）196、depend on somebody to do something(1)、depend on后可接连接副词引导的从句，不能用if，而要用whether引导。
意为“依……而定”。
如：This depends on whether the medicine is effective.(2)、depend on/ upon和rely on/ upon不直接接从句，若要接从句这个从句要放在it之后。
如: I depend upon it that he will want to come.练习：①I don’t think he is the right person ___.A.to depend onB. that I can dependC. I can depend onD. to be depended②You may depend ___ it won’t happen again.A. thatB. on thatC. on itD. on it that③Would you co me over for supper this evening? I’d like to, but ___.A. I’ll never knowB. it all dependsC. that depends onD. my mother won’t promise me to④I’m planning to hold a party in the open air, but I can make no guarantees because it ___ the weather.A. links withB. depends onC. connects toD. decides on⑤I promise I will go shopping with you tomorrow. You can ___.A. dependB. believeC. depend on meD. be depended197、devote oneself/one’s energy to (doing) sth.（1）、dev ote oneself/one’s energy/one’s time to (doing) sth.奉献/精力/时间于某事; sb. be devoted to (doing) sth. 某人献身做某事;（2）、类似于devote ... to ... 的结构中to为介词的词组还有：object to 反对; attend to 办理；照顾；注意听; look forward to 期待；盼望; be opposed to 反对; devote ... to 贡献给……; stick to 坚持; lead to 导致; pay attention to 注意到; be related to 与……有关; see to 务必做到；负责……; refer to 提到；指的是; turn to 翻到；求助于;练习：①Steve has devoted all his life to ___ films, and Kate, his wife, is also___ to the duty of her profession.A.make; devotedB. making; devotingC. making; devotedD. make; devoting②The retired teacher was highly respected for his devotion to ___ English for 30 years.A. teachB. have taughtC. teachingD. having taught③There never was a student more ___ to the work of the Students’ Union than Joan.A. devotedB. devotingC. was devotedD. be devoted④___ his research, he didn’t care what was happening around him.A. devotingB. Devoted toC. Having devoted toD. To devote to⑤She devoted all her time and energy to ___ the little child.A. look afterB. looking afterC. looked afterD. looks after⑥The idea for the new machine came to Mr Baker ____ to his invention.A. while he was devotedB. while devotingC. while devoting himselfD. while devoted198、die of hunger（1）、die down(炉火)渐熄、(骚动等)渐平息、(闹声)渐消失；die away 渐弱；die off相继死去；die out消失、灭亡；（2）、die of hunger (cold, poison, illness, old age, joy, grief, shame, a disease, thirst, sorrow, disappointment, love, a fever, heat, boredom无聊) 死于饥饿；（3）、die from a wound (lack of food, an accident, overwork, carelessness, drinking, an earthquake, broken heart, snake bite, loss of blood, some unknown cause) 死于受伤；（4）、die是短暂动词，不能与表示一段的时间状语连用。
初中英语语法知识点详解与习题训练英语是国际交流中最重要的语言之一，掌握好英语语法知识对于学习和运用英语来说至关重要。
在初中英语学习过程中，学生需要掌握一些基本的语法知识点，以便正确地理解和使用英语。
本文将详细介绍一些初中英语语法知识点，并提供相应的习题训练，帮助学生巩固所学知识。
一、单数和复数名词1. 单数名词是指表示一个或一种事物的名词，如“dog”（狗），“book”（书）等。
在句子中，单数名词可以和不定冠词“a”或“an”连用，表示一个或一种事物。
例句：I have a dog.（我有一只狗。
）2. 复数名词是指表示两个或两个以上事物的名词，如“dogs”（狗），“books”（书）等。
在句子中，复数名词可以和定冠词“the”连用，表示特指某些事物。
例句：The dogs are playing in the park.（狗们正在公园里玩。
）练习题：用所给名词的适当形式填空。
1. I have two ________.（apple）2. Please give me a ________.（cup）3. Do you have any ________?（brother）二、形容词的比较级和最高级1. 形容词的比较级用来比较两个人或物的大小、高低、速度等。
规则变化：形容词的比较级通常在词尾加“er”，如“bigger”（更大的），“faster”（更快的）等。
2. 形容词的最高级用来表示三个或三个以上人或物中最大、最高、最快等。
规则变化：形容词的最高级通常在词尾加“est”，如“biggest”（最大的），“fastest”（最快的）等。
练习题：选择合适的词填入句子中。
1. Lucy is ________ than Lily.（tall）2. The elephant is ________ animal in the world.（big）3. This car is ________ than that one.（fast）三、动词的时态1. 现在时态用于描述当前正在发生的事情或经常发生的事情。
英语单项知识的讲解与练习（120）596. earn的用法earnvt. 赚；挣得；获利；赢得；获得例句：①He has earned a lot of money in this month.这个月他已经赚了好多钱了。
②He works hard, but he does not earn much money.他工作很努力，但钱赚得不多。
③How does she earn her living?她靠什么谋生？④His skill in negotiating earned him a reputation as a shrewd tactician.他的谈判技巧使他赢得了精明战略家的名声。
⑤It has taken years to earn their trust.花了好多年才赢得他们的信任。
短语：earn one’s living=make a living 谋生; earn money= make money 挣钱; earn a good reputation 赢得一个好名声; earn sb. sth赢得某人某物；earn by 用…博得；earn by hard labour 靠辛勤劳动挣来的；earn by sweat and toil 靠血汗而挣得的；earn for sb 为某人博得；earn with 用…挣得；用法：①earn可用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词。
用作及物动词时接名词或代词作宾语。
②earn作“使得到,使赢得”解时,其后还可跟双宾语,其间接宾语也可转化为介词for的宾语。
辨析: earn 侧重指依靠自己的劳动或因付出代价，有功而获得。
obtain 着重指通过巨大努力、要求得到所需或盼望已久的东西。
acquire书面用语，强调通过不断地、持续地努力而获得某物，也指日积月累地获得。
get一般用语，使用较广。
可指以任何方式得到某物，也不一定要经过努力。
gain侧重指经过努力或有意识的行动而取得某种成就，或指获得某种利益或好处。
英语单项知识的讲解与练习（103）511. continue的用法continue继续、连续。
例句：①He is to continue as manager.他要继续当经理。
②They continued down until they came to some pockets of natural gas.他们继续往下钻，终於找到了一些天然气的气阱。
③We will continue with the payments for another year.我们这样的报酬还要再维持一年。
④Wet weather may continue for a few more days.多雨的天气可能还要持续好几天。
短语：continue on for a mile继续行进了一里；to be continued 未完待续；continue doing/ to do something 继续做某事；something continues 某事在继续；continue with 继续（即保持原来的）；The meeting continued/ lasted/ went on for the whole day；continue sb as sth 让某人当…；continue at one's post 留任原职；continue at school for another year 继续学习一年；continue by 以…继续下去；continue for about two minutes 持续两分钟；continue from the previous page 接上页；continue in a very depressed state 仍然不景气；continue in command 继续担任指挥；continue in weak health 身体还是很弱；continue far into the night 继续到深夜；continue into this day 持续到今天；continue through 20 years 持续了20年；continue to the highway 通向公路；continue to the present 持续到现在；continue until August 直到8月份；continue with one's work 接着干；用法：①continue可用作不及物动词,也可用作及物动词。
用作及物动词时可接名词、动名词、动词不定式或that从句作宾语,也可以接as 短语充当补足语的复合宾语。
continue还可引出直接引语。
②continue还可用作系动词,接(to be+) adj. 或as+ n. 作表语, to be常可以省略。
③still continue是个很多余的用法，应该避免，去掉still，用continue 就可以了；比较：(1)、continual 是指事情在一段时间内屡次发生，而且这段时间较长，事情常令人不快。
如：continual interruption连续不断的打扰；continuous 是指不间断的延续。
如：six hours continuous driving 连续开车6小时；(2)、continue 后接动名词时表示“继续做某件已开始做但没做完的事”，接不定式时表示“做完一件事后，接着做另一件事”。
如：After a short break the play continued.last 强调持续一段时间，多用于时间、气力、友谊、金钱、利益和食物等方面的延续。
如：How long did the concert last?go on 继续，不停地继续，或停了以后再继续，作“继续”讲，后跟动名词；作“接着”讲，后跟不定式。
如：What is going on there?go on with 进展、继续，后跟名词。
如：Go on with your work.keep on 继续，一直做下去，继续做下去，强调动作的继续，比keep 语气强些。
如：Don’t keep on talking.keep 继续进行，不断地在做，强调保持某种状态，后用动名词。
get on 相处、继续，特别是不顾困难在中断以后的继续。
如：How are you getting on?get on with进展、继续，后跟名词。
如：I wonder how they are getting on with their work.练习：①The heavy rain, ___ for 3 days, completely ruined our holiday.A. continuedB. continuingC. to be continuedD. that continued②Although they were tired, they ___ until it was finished. Which of the following is wrong?A. went on workingB. continued workingC. went on with the workD. went to work③In the story ___ tomorrow, you’ll get to know how the detective finds out the murderer’s secret.A. to be gone onB. to be kept onC. to be continuedD. to be kept up④Please ___ your discussion while I am out of the room.A. continueB. continue withC. go on withD. all of the above⑤Please ___ your discussion while I am out of the room.A. continueB. continue withC. go on withD. all of the above512. contribute的用法contribute贡献出、出一份力。
例句：①It was generous of her to contribute such a large sum.她很大方，捐助了这么大笔钱。
②She asked him to contribute a biweekly article on European affairs.她让他每两周写一篇有关欧洲情况的文章。
③Don't contribute after the closing date.请在截止日期前投稿。
④It is an honour to be invited to contribute to your magazine.应邀向贵杂志投稿是一个荣誉。
短语：contribute to somebody/ something 有助于、有益于；contribute to the church捐款；contribute to newspapers投稿；contribute to the accident导致事故；make a contribution to为……做贡献；contribute for 为…捐助；contribute an article to a newspaper 向报社投稿；contribute clothing 捐献衣服；用法：①contribute可表示“捐赠,捐献”“促成,组成…的一部分”,还可作“贡献(意见、建议等)”解,有时可指“投稿”。
作不及物动词时,其后常加介词to。
②contribute还可作“有助于,促使(发生某情况)”解,主语一般是事物。
练习：①He ___ nothing to the discussion.A. confinedB. contributedC. directedD. devoted②Charlie Chaplin is honored for his great contributions ___ the film industry.A. forB. toC. inD. with③He is working hard all day long, which will surely ___ his success in the future.A. lead greatly toB. contribute greatly toC. lead greatly up toD. contribute greatly for④Zhang Yimou, the well-known director, makes great contributions to ___ Chinese culture by means of films.A. to spreadB. to spreadingC. at spreadD. for spreading513. convenience的用法conveniencen.便利;方便例句：①It's a great convenience to live in town.住在城市裡有很大的方便。
②I stock upon grocery at the convenience store.我到便利商店買食品備用。
③The hotel combines comfort with convenience.這家旅館既舒適又方便。
④We find our folding table a great convenience.我們發現可摺疊的桌子使用非常方便。
⑤Please come at your convenience.請在你方便的時候前來。
短语：at one’s convenience在某人方便的时候; for one’s convenie nce(of) 为了某人的方便; for convenience’s sake为了方便起见; make a convenience of 利用……; if it suits a person’s convenience如果对某人方便; for the convenience of sb.为了某人方便起见; of convenience 便利的；convenience of ready reference 便於隨時參考；fit one's convenience 適逢某人方便；offer〔provide〕convenience 提供方便；练习：(1). 翻译句子①你如果方便就来看看我。
