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英语单项知识的讲解与练习（123）611. envy 的用法envy 妒忌、羡慕。
例句：①They envy him his good fortune.他们羡慕他的好运气。
②I envy her ability to dance in front of a crowd.她在众人面前所展现的的舞技令我羡慕不已。
③He was filled with envy at my success.他对我的成功满怀羡慕。
④His new house was the envy of all his friends.他的新居成了所有朋友羡慕的对象。
短语：envy you your success/ envy your success/ envy you for your success/ envy you on account of your success 羡慕(妒忌)你的成功；the envy of somebody 某人的羡慕或妒忌；A’s envy of B，A 对B 的羡慕或妒忌；feel envy at 对……感到羡慕或妒忌；out of envy出于妒忌；hide her envy of me隐藏对我的妒忌；green with envy十分妒忌；be envious of羡慕……、妒忌……；envy sb. doing/for sth. 忌妒或羡慕某人做某事; with envy 羡慕地；忌妒地; be the envy of 是令人羡慕/忌妒的事物; envy at sb's success 羡慕某人的成功;in〔with〕envy 嫉妒；用法：①envy与the连用，表示羡慕、妒忌令人羡慕的人或物。
②envy和否定词连用时,常表示一种温和的惋惜、同情,也常表示庆幸自己未曾遭遇到对方那样的麻烦或不幸。
③envy作及物动词时,意思是“忌妒,羡慕”,后可接简单宾语、双宾语,也可以在宾语后接for加动名词等结构,但不能接从句。
英语单项知识的讲解与练习（112）556. deliver的用法delivervt.接生(小孩)；递送；发表(演说等)例句：①The mailman delivers letters and parcels every morning.邮差每天早晨递送信件和包裹。
②He delivered a long prose.他发表了一篇冗长乏味的演讲。
③We deliver the goods in batches.我们分批交付货物。
④Education delivered him from ignorance.教育把他从无知中解救出来。
⑤She delivered twins in the evening.晚上她生了一对双胞胎。
短语：deliver a baby 接生小孩；生小孩; deliver sth. to...把某物送到…; express delivery 快递; on delivery送达时；货到时; deliver on one's pledge (or promise)履行诺言；deliver oneself of an opinion发表意见；deliver a blow at one's enemy给予敌人一个打击；deliver as 作为…播送；deliver sb from danger 救某人出险；deliver sb from pains 解除某人的痛苦；deliver sb into the hand of the police 把某人引渡给警察；deliver sb of fear 消除某人的恐惧；deliver on 履行,实行；deliver over to the police 把(某人)交给警察；deliver oneself to 向…投案自首；deliver to sb's house 送到家；用法：①deliver可用作不及物动词,也可用作及物动词。
英语单项知识的讲解与练习（98）486. compete的用法compete比赛、竞赛。
例句：①Companies must be able to compete in the marketplace.公司一定要在市场中有竞争力。
②Several companies are competing for the contract.几家公司正为争取一项合同而互相竞争。
③We can compete with the best teams.我们能与最好的队竞争。
短语：compete for为了……竞争；compete in race 赛跑；compete with/ against somebody for something与某人竞争以得到某物；compete in (a game, a match) 参加；在……方面竞争; be in competition with sb.和某人竞争; compete as 作为…称职；compete at 在…方面胜任；compete for championship 争夺冠军；compete for sb's work 工作称职；compete in a contest 参加比赛；compete in one's field 胜任自己的专业；compete to the task 能胜任…工作；compete with 同…竞争；用法：①compete的基本意思是“力图取胜”,指在比赛、辩论等有竞争活动中为征服或取胜而进行的努力,常暗示有奖赏刺激物。
②compete是不及物动词,接against表示“与…对抗”,接for表示“夺取…”,接with表示“对…抗争”。
比较：compete 表示“为了争得名次、奖金，合同等”，并不含有将对手征服的意思。
contest 所表示的竞赛可以是友谊赛，也可以是有敌意的竞赛，旨在比试技能、能力、力气、耐力等，此外还可以表示赢得选举。
英语单项知识的讲解与练习（38）186、appoint sb to sth/ appoint sb as sth （1）、appoint的宾语后接for，表示“指派……作……”。
如：He appointed （确定）three o’clock for the meeting.（2）、appoint后接介词to，表示“任命……职务”。
如：As president, he appointed men to his cabinet（内阁）.（3）、appoint的过去分词多用作表语，表示“陈设”。
如：The house was miserably appointed（简陋）.（4）、appoint that sth (shall be done）命令完成某事；（5）、appoint sb to be/ as/ to act as a secretary任命某人为秘书；（6）、appointment后接for 或at，表示“约会的时间”。
如：I have an appointment at five；（7）、appointment后接介词as或of，表示“将担任的职务”。
如：His appointment as premier was confirmed by 183 votes to 149；（8）、appointment后接介词to，表示“派任什么职务”。
如：He gave up his appointment to the professorship.（9）、appointment有时后接不定式，表示“委派做某事”。
如：He forgot the appointment to address the meeting.练习：①He’s been ___ to the State Supreme Court in California.A. determinedB. appointedC. admittedD. assumed②You want to see a doctor? Do you have a(n) ___ with him?A. meetingB. dateC. datingD. appointment③Have you made out your ___ for a passport?A. appointmentB. applicationC. appositionD. appreciation④Phone his secretary and make an appointment ___ him.A. forB. atC. withD. of⑤The headmaster a new director yesterday.A. appointedB. appointC. appointmentD. was appointed⑥If you want to meet him, you have to make an _____.A. appointedB. appointingC. appointmentsD. appointment187、appreciate your calling back（1）、appreciate 后接动名词，不接不定式，后不能接人称代词作宾语，要以事件为宾语。
英语单项知识的讲解与练习（29）141、no matter how hard it isno matter how ...引导让步状语从句，意为“无论多么……”，how 后跟形容词或副词，相当于“however + adj./adv.”句式。
no matter意为“无论；不管”时，引导让步状语从句，常用于下列句型中：no matter what (who/when etc. )... 分别表示“无论何事”、“无论何人”、“无论何时”等，这个从句可以置于主句之前，也可以置于主句之后。
no matter后接关系代词或关系副词引导的状语从句在句中作让步状语。
no matter what (who, which, where, when … )只能引导让步状语从句；whatever (whoever, whichever, whomever)既可引导让步状语从句，也可引导名词性从句。
no matter 引导的分句表达的是将来的含义，但形式上要用现在时。
如：No matter who will come (改为：comes)；no matter 引导的分句不能作宾语或主语。
如：I’ll eat no matter what (改为：whatever) you give me；whichever意为“无论哪个；无论哪些”；whatever意为“无论什么；凡是……的事物”。
whichever可以引导名词性从句或让步状语从句，which是个疑问词；用在疑问句中，或作关系代词，引导定语从句。
no matter which只能引导让步状语从句；而whichever可引导让步状语从句和名词从句。
no matter which可以用whichever代替，但两个同时出现在选项中时，必须选whichever。
练习：①No matter ___ he said, I don’t like him.A. whatB. howC. thatD. why②No matter ___ you go, I will go with you.A. whatB. whichC. whereD. that③That student is discourteous; he complains ___ one tries to please him.A. howeverB. whateverC. no matter whatD. no matter how④_____ the problem may be, we must solve it ourselves.A. Whatever difficultB. How difficultC. However difficultD. No matter what difficult⑤It is generally considered unwise to give a child _____ he or she wants.A. howeverB. whateverC. whicheverD. whenever⑥We’ll eat at _____ restaurant has a free table.A. whichB. whateverC. whicheverD. no matter which⑦These wild flowers are so special that I would_____ do I can to save them.A. whateverB. thatC. whichD. whichever142、mind doing something(1)、mind doing something 通常用于疑问句、否定句和条件句等结构中，这个结构前还可加所有格定语。
英语单项知识的讲解与练习（81）401. candidate的用法candidate (n)候选人、投考者；例句：①There are three candidates for the vacancy.这一空缺有三名候选人。
②She had been nominated as candidate for the presidency.她已被提名为总统候选人。
③He made several favorable comments about their candidate.他对他们的候选人发表了一些有利的评论。
④Most candidates passed in grammar.参加考试的人大多数语法及格。
短语：as a candidate作为候选人；candidate for office公职候补者；candidate of a degree学位候选人；defeated〔failed〕candidate落选人员,不合格者；leading candidate主要候选人；selected candidate入选者；candidate for Presidency总统候选人，用法：candidate for后面一般加职业或者职位等，表示某方面的候选人。
如：John was the strongest candidate for the job.练习：①I guess Jones didn’t have a chance to win the election. Almost all of the people in the city voted for his ____.A. opponentB. candidateC. colleagueD. advocate②They’re interviewing three _____ for the post of sales manager.A. sponsorsB. candidatesC. advocatesD. opponents③They are interviewing candidates _____ the job of sales managers.A.ofB.aboutC.forD.in④This candidate does not _____ the requirement that secondary school should be completed.A.makeB.getC.takeD.meet402. caution 的用法caution (n)小心、谨慎、警告；例句：①The teacher gave Tom a caution and told him never to do it again.老师给了汤姆一次警告,叫他不许再那样做。
英语单项知识的讲解与练习（91）451. budget的用法budget预算、预案；例句：①Congress has approved the new educational budget.国会通过了新的教育预算。
②Our budget needs drastic revision.我们的预算需作重大修改。
③The government has budgeted 10000000 pounds for education spending.政府将10000000英镑编入教育预算。
④If we budget carefully, we'll be able to afford a new house.如果我们精打细算就能买一座新房子了。
⑤You can buy high-quality goods at budget prices there.你可以在那买到物美价廉的商品。
短语：a budget deficit预算赤字；a family budget家庭收支预算；budget one’s time安排自己的时间；budget for the coming year为下一年度编造预算；enlarge budgets 增加预算；exceed a budget 超出预算；annual budget 年度预算；weekly budget 每周的预算；business budget 营业开支；expense budget 开支预算；用法：budget用作名词的基本意思是“预算”,指计划着怎样花钱。
也可指政府一年一度的财政预算,还可指一项计划中的“预算额,经费”。
练习：①Our money is limited and we should ___ for the next year.A. saveB. spareC. limitD. budget②They earn a great deal, but they can’t balance their ___ because the wife is often ill.A. planB. budgetC. projectD. prediction③He is good at ___ his time.A. budgetingB. arrangingC. budgetD. A and B④His father makes a little money, but he can budget ___ his family.A. inB. onC. forD. with452. burn的用法burn燃烧、晒(干)。
英语单项知识的讲解与练习（120）596. earn的用法earnvt. 赚；挣得；获利；赢得；获得例句：①He has earned a lot of money in this month.这个月他已经赚了好多钱了。
②He works hard, but he does not earn much money.他工作很努力，但钱赚得不多。
③How does she earn her living?她靠什么谋生？④His skill in negotiating earned him a reputation as a shrewd tactician.他的谈判技巧使他赢得了精明战略家的名声。
⑤It has taken years to earn their trust.花了好多年才赢得他们的信任。
短语：earn one’s living=make a living 谋生; earn money= make money 挣钱; earn a good reputation 赢得一个好名声; earn sb. sth赢得某人某物；earn by 用…博得；earn by hard labour 靠辛勤劳动挣来的；earn by sweat and toil 靠血汗而挣得的；earn for sb 为某人博得；earn with 用…挣得；用法：①earn可用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词。
用作及物动词时接名词或代词作宾语。
②earn作“使得到,使赢得”解时,其后还可跟双宾语,其间接宾语也可转化为介词for的宾语。
辨析: earn 侧重指依靠自己的劳动或因付出代价，有功而获得。
obtain 着重指通过巨大努力、要求得到所需或盼望已久的东西。
acquire书面用语，强调通过不断地、持续地努力而获得某物，也指日积月累地获得。
get一般用语，使用较广。
可指以任何方式得到某物，也不一定要经过努力。
gain侧重指经过努力或有意识的行动而取得某种成就，或指获得某种利益或好处。
英语单项知识的讲解与练习（100）496. conclusion的用法conclusion结束、结论、推论。
例句：①I found the conclusion of her story very exciting.我觉得她那故事的结尾很激动人心。
②Some found the conclusion of the film Titanic very disappointing.有些人觉得电影《泰坦尼克号》的结尾是令人失望的.③Your information is inaccurate and your conclusion is therefore wrong.你的信息不准确，所以你的结论是错误的。
④So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.到目前为止,还没有得出任何正确的结论。
短语：in conclusion 在结束时、最后；try conclusions with 和……决胜负；arrive at/ come to/ draw/ reach a conclusion得出结论；accept sb's conclusion 同意某人的结论；seek a conclusion to sth 设法了结某事；correct conclusion 正确的结论；painful conclusion 痛苦的结局；at the conclusion 在结尾；on the conclusion of the course课程结束时；conclusion of a book一本书的结尾；练习：(1). 单项填空：①Scientists have made a great ___ in the treatment of cancer.A. principleB. breakthroughC. conclusionD. introduction②___, I’d like to say how much I’ve enjoyed staying in your beautiful country.A. To concludeB. To be concludedC. In the conclusionD. As conclusion③After talking with him for a few minutes I ___ the conclusion that he was not fit for our work.A. went toB. came toC. turned toD. referred to④I’ve ____ the conclusion that he’s not the right person for the job.A. got toB. gone toC. come toD. arrived to(2). 完成句子：①我断定他不适合做这项工作。
英语单项知识的讲解与练习（84）416. criticize的用法criticize (v) 批评；挑剔；评论；非难；吹毛求疵例句：①You should not criticize him so harshly in his face.你不应该当面这么严厉地批评他。
②Basicly there is nothing to criticize in his works.他的作品基本上无可挑剔。
③Would you like to read and criticize my new novel?您愿意阅读并评论一下我的新小说吗?④He is too ready to criticize others.他很喜欢评论别人。
⑤He criticized me for not finishing the work in time.他因我未及时完成该工作而非难我。
短语：criticize unsparingly毫不留情地批评；criticize by name 点名批评；criticize sb for因…批评某人；criticize sb for doing sth批评某人做某事；criticize sb for shoddy work批评某人工作粗枝大叶；用法：①criticize的基本意思是“评论”,指识别某人或某物的优缺点,有时还含有非难或挑剔的意味。
②criticize既可用作不及物动词,也可用作及物动词。
用作及物动词时,常接人、理论、路线等作宾语,很少接“懒惰”“急躁”等作宾语。
③criticize后不能接that引起的从句。
如：He criticized （去that） the story lacked（改为for lacking） interest. 其宾语后接介词as，表示“非难”。
如：Scheme was criticized as too impractical. 接for，表示“因……而批评”。
如：The mother criticized her son for being lazy.练习：①If I criticize someone,I will do it with great patience as if I were the one _____.A.to criticizeB.criticizingC.having criticizingD.being criticized②Generally speaking, I never show ____for students who get caught cheating in exams.A. assistanceB. criticismC. sympathyD. confidence③Miss Price began to criticize _____ Philip had done.A.whatB. thatC. whichD.where④I am really tired of his constant criticizing.A.to criticizeB.criticizingC.having criticizingD.being criticized417. curse的用法curse (v/ n)诅咒；例句：①Our tribe is under a curse.我们的部落正受诅咒。
②He muttered a curse at the other driver.他低声咒骂另一位开车的人。
③Foxes can be a curse to farmers.狐狸可给农民带来祸害。
④The Fore knew kuru as a curse cast by sorcerers.弗尔族人认为，库鲁是由男巫发出的诅咒。
⑤He cursed the waiter who had spilled soup on him.他咒骂那个把汤溅在他身上的男侍者。
短语：not care/ give a curse毫不在乎；under a curse被咒骂；lay sb under a curse诅咒某人；curse of drink饮酒的祸害；curse to对…是祸因；curse for因…而咒骂；curse sb for his clumsiness 咒骂某人笨手笨脚；用法：curse的意思是“咒,骂”,可接名词或代词作宾语,也可接同源宾语。
还可接as+ n. 作补足语的复合宾语, as不可省略。
作动词可用于被动结构中，后接with，表示“因……而遭殃”。
如：He is cursed with a violent temper.练习：①Mr. White tried to _______ this job through the influence of his father.A. harnessB.fetchC.curseD.obtain②The shop assistant was dismissed as she was ________ of cheating customers.A. accusedB. chargedC. scoldedD. cursed③For years now, the people of that faraway country have been cruelly ______ by a dictator.A. depressedB. immersedC. oppressedD. cursed④She cursed him _____ ruining her life.A. ofB. forC.withD.to418. attention的用法attention注意。
例句：①She soon becomes the centre of attention.她很快成为大家注意的人物。
②You should focus your attention on your work.你应该把注意力放到工作上。
③She gave her aging parents much attention.她悉心照料年迈的双亲。
短语：pay attention to something = give one’s attention to something 注意某事draw one’s attention 引起某人的注意；bring something to one’s attention 使某人注意某事；cal l one’s attention to something叫某人注意某事；listen with attention 专心听；at/ to attention立正、不动；catch/ attract/ draw one’s attention to吸引某人的注意力；devote one’s attention to专心于；call attention to唤起对……的注意；turn attention to将注意力转向……；fix one’s attention on/ upon将注意力集中在……；f ocus one’s attention on sth = fix one’s attention on sth把注意力集中在某事上；focus on sth把注意力集中于某事；the focus of attention焦点、中心；用法：①一般来说，要表达引起某人对某事的注意时，用call/draw one's attention to。
表示用某事引起某人注意时，用bring the matter to one's attention，注意两者不可倒过来使用。
如：He wants to call her attention to the matter.他想引起她对这事情的注意。
不可以说I want to bring his attention to the matter.②pay attention to是固定的搭配词组，不可以用其他介词替换，如pay attention on。
除了指“注意”，pay attentionto还指“向女子献殷勤”，如pay his attentions to the girl.要注意his后的attentions用的是复数形式；attention 前可加great, little, much, special, no等修饰词。
③有时候pay attention to后不直接加宾语，而是加动名词，to作为介词。
如：I advise you to pay more attention to recording new uses of old words.我建议你要更注意记录旧词的新用法。
练习：①The exciting performances attracted the passers-by’s ___.A. noticeB. attentionC. patienceD. taste②The girl didn’t even look up; all her attention was ___ on the pretty doll.A. fixedB. paidC. givenD. drawn③Pay attention to ___ everything ready before dark.A. getB. gettingC. makeD. making④When he was in his forties he ___ attention to the development of agriculture.A. drewB. calledC. fixedD. caught⑤The children’s attention was suddenly ___ the passer-by who had a funny hat on and ___ strange clothes.A. drawing to; wearingB. drawn to; woreC. drawn; wearingD. drawing; wore⑥Students, who are better at class, always ___ more attention on what the teachers teach them than those who are not good at it.A. payB. fixC. drawD. attract⑦Much attention should be paid ___ people’s living conditions.A. in improvingB. to improveC. improvingD. to improving419. attitude的用法attitude 态度、看法。
