2010120812415000001(生活饮用水中氯苯类化合物和溴氰菊酯的气相色谱法测定)[1]

Analysis of Uncertainty in the Determination ofCypermethrin,Fenvalerate,and Deltamethrin Residues in Marine OrganismsLIN Songxiong 1,LI Jiao 2,MO Mengsong 1,YE Shuying 1(1.Guangzhou Hailantu Testing Technology Co.,Ltd.,Guangzhou 511450,China;2.Guangdong Ecological Engineering V ocationalCollege,Guangzhou 510320,China)Abstract :According to the methods of uncertainty evaluation and representation theory in metrology,an analysis and evaluation of uncertainty regarding the detection of organophosphorus pesticides such as bromo-cyanopyrethroids,cyanopyrethroids,and bromo-cyano pyrethroids in marine organisms using gas chromatography were conducted in the six areas of standard solution preparation,sample weighing,sample volume determination,calibration curve,instrument detection,and sample measurement.The results indicate that the preparation process of the standard curve solution contributes significantly to the uncertainty of the measurement results,accounting for 28%of the total weight.The uncertainty introduced by sample replicates and instrument replicates is also considerable.This analysis provides directions for accurately measuring chloro-cyano pyrethroids,cyanopyrethroids,and bromo-cyano pyrethroids in marine organisms by reducing measurement uncertainty and improving measurement accuracy.Keywords :marine organisms;uncertainty;cypermethrin;fenvalerate;deltamethrin海洋生物体中氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯残留测定的不确定度分析林颂雄1，李皎2，莫梦松1，叶淑迎1（1.广州海兰图检测技术有限公司，广东广州511450；2.广东生态工程职业学院，广东广州510320）【摘要】根据计量的不确定度判断方法和表示理论，在标准溶液、试样称重、样品定容、标定曲线、仪器检测和试样测量六大领域，对气相色谱法检测的海洋生物体中溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、次溴氰菊酯等有机物的不确定性分析与评价。

生活饮用水标准检验方法消毒副产物指标生活饮用水是人类生活必需品之一，所以水质是直接关系到人们的健康。

为了确保生活饮用水的安全性，各国政府都有严格的水质标准。

本文将介绍几种常用的生活饮用水标准检验方法中的消毒副产物指标。

1.氯化物氯化物是加氯化物消毒剂时产生的最常见和最熟知的消毒副产物之一。

氯化物是水中可溶解的氯离子。

它可以通过植物硝酸盐还原气相电导法或石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检验。

2.二氯甲烷（CH2Cl2）二氯甲烷是另一种常见的消毒副产物，是由于氯与有机物反应而产生的。

二氯甲烷对人体健康有害，因此对于公共饮用水，二氯甲烷的含量应低于0.01毫克/升。

二氯甲烷可以通过气相色谱法检验。

3.三氯甲烷（CHCl3）三氯甲烷是另一种常见的消毒副产物，也是由于氯与有机物反应而产生的。

它比二氯甲烷更加有害。

三氯甲烷对于人体健康的危害包括肝脏损害和癌症等。

对于公共饮用水，三氯甲烷的含量应低于0.001毫克/升。

三氯甲烷可以通过气相色谱法检验。

4.苯并[α]芘（BaP）苯并[α]芘是一种多环芳烃，是烟草燃烧和烤肉等过程中产生的。

苯并[α]芘与多个癌症类型有关，包括肺癌、喉癌和食道癌。

公共饮用水中的苯并[α]芘含量应低于0.0001毫克/升。

苯并[α]芘可以通过高效液相色谱法检验。

5.活性炭吸附法活性炭是一种非常有效的消除消毒副产物的方法。

它可以去除大部分的氯、氯化物、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷等消毒副产物。

活性炭吸附法的原理是基于活性炭对于各种有机化合物的亲合性。

在实验室中，可以将水样通过活性炭床，并根据进入和出口的水样差异来检测消毒副产物的去除量。

总之，生活饮用水的消毒副产物指标是确保人们饮用水安全的重要指标之一。

通过适当的检测方法可以检测出水中消毒副产物的含量，以确保水质安全。

英文翻译：The standard testing methods for drinking water qualityare essential to ensure the safety of human consumption. To achieve this, various countries have set strict standards of quality. This article highlights some common testing methods for disinfection byproducts in drinking water.1. ChlorideChloride is the most common and well-known disinfection byproduct generated by chlorine disinfectant. Chloride is a soluble ion that can be measured with the plant nitrate reductase gas-phase conductometric method or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry.2. Dichloromethane (CH2Cl2)Dichloromethane is another common disinfection byproduct produced by the reaction of chlorine with organic matter. This chemical is harmful to human health, and for public drinking water, the concentration should be less than 0.01 mg/L. Gas chromatography is applied to measure dichloromethane concentration.3. Trichloromethane (CHCl3)Trichloromethane is a harmful disinfection byproduct, which is produced by the reaction of chlorine with organic matter. It is more toxic than dichloromethane and has an association with liver damage and cancer, among other health hazards. Public drinking water should have a concentration of trichloromethane lower than 0.001 mg/L. Gas chromatography is used to test trichloromethane.4. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)Benzo[a]pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon produced in tobacco combustion and grilling processes. It isconnected with various cancer types, including lung, larynx, and esophagus cancer. The concentration of benzo[a]pyrene in public drinking water should not exceed 0.0001 mg/L. High-performance liquid chromatography is utilized to measure the BaP concentration.5. Activated Carbon AdsorptionActivated carbon is an effective method for removing disinfection byproducts. It can eliminate most of the chlorine, chloride, dichloromethane, and trichloromethane and other disinfection byproducts. The principle of activated carbon adsorption is based on the natural affinity of activated carbon to different organic compounds. An effective method of testing the removal of disinfection byproducts from water is to pass the sample through an activated carbon bed and compare the input and output concentrations of the contaminants.In conclusion, the disinfection byproducts in drinking water are essential indicators of the safety of water consumption. Proper testing methods are critical in determining the levels of disinfection byproducts in water to ensure safety for human consumption.。

（二）有机组份
（P）—临时性指标值，该项目适用于某些组分，对这些组分而言，有一些证据说明
这些组分具有潜在的毒害作用，但对健康影响的资料有限；或在确定日容许摄入量（TDI）时不确定因素超过1000以上。

** 对于被认为有致癌性的物质，该指导值为致癌危险率为10-5时其在饮用水中的
浓度（即每100，000人中，连续70年饮用含浓度为该指导值的该物质的饮用水，
有一人致癌）。

& NAD—没有足够的资料用于确定推荐的健康指导值。

# ATO—该物质的浓度为健康指导值或低于该值时，可能会影响水的感官、嗅或味。

C 饮用水中常见的对健康影响不大的化学物质的浓度
U—对于这些组分不必要提出一个健康基准指标值，因为它们在饮用水中常见的浓度下对
人体健康无毒害作用。

a.这里所指的水准值不是精确数值。

根据当地情况，低于或高于该值都可能出现问题，
故对有机物组分列出了味道和气味的上下限范围。

b.TCU，色度单位。

c.NTU，散色浊度单位。

第一作者:沈开源,男,1986年生,硕士研究生,研究方向为饮用水消毒副产物生成与控制。

#通讯作者。

*国家高技术研究发展计划(/863计划0)项目(No.2008AA06Z302);国家自然科学基金资助项目(No.50708066);国家科技重大专项资助项目(No.2008ZX07421-002)。

饮用水中含氮消毒副产物卤代腈(氰)的生成特性与控制研究进展*沈开源 徐 斌# 夏圣骥 高乃云 李大鹏 田富箱(同济大学污染控制与资源化研究国家重点实验室,长江水环境教育部重点实验室,上海200092)摘要 卤代腈(氰)是水处理过程中产生的一类含氮的氯化消毒副产物。

鉴于这种物质有极强的致畸和致突变性,其细胞毒性也远大于三卤甲烷和卤乙酸等常规消毒副产物,因此成为近年来饮用水中颇受关注的含氮消毒副产物种类之一。

卤代腈(氰)在水厂出厂水中被大量检出,其质量浓度基本维持在L g/L,而采用氯胺消毒的出厂水中其浓度明显高于自由氯消毒方式。

重点对卤代腈(氰)的物质种类、理化特性、遗传毒性、生产机制、检测方法及控制方法进行综述。

鉴于多数卤代腈(氰)类消毒副产物均具有含量低、亲水性强等特点,若生成将难以在饮用水处理工艺中有效去除,因此如何有效控制其生成是卤代腈(氰)研究的主要发展方向。

关键词 消毒副产物 卤代腈(氰) 生成机制 控制方法Progress on the formation and control of disinfection byproduct halogenated nitriles in drinking water chlorination SH EN K aiy uan,X U Bin,X I A Shengj i ,GA O N aiy un,L I D ap eng ,T I A N Fux iang.(K ey L abor ator y of Y angtz e A q uatic Env ir onment ,M inistr y o f E ducation,S tate K ey L abor ator y of P ollution Contr ol and Res our ce Reus e,T ongj i Univer sity ,S hanghai 200092)Abstract: H alogenated nitr ile was a kind of nitro gen containing disinfect ion by pr oducts w hich pro duced in dr inking wat er chlor inatio n.T hese substances show s highly car cino genic and mut agenic indeed and their tox icity w as higher t han tr adit ional DBPs,such as T rihalomethanes(T H M s)and the Haloacetic acids (HA A s).Base o n the co m -pr ehensive literature review,the phy sical and chemical characterist ics of the ty pical halog enated nitr iles and their tox ic -ity o n CHO cell wer e intro duced,t he concent ratio n level of ty pical halo genated nit riles,such as cyanog en chlor ide (CN Cl)and haloacetonitr iles (H AN s),in output w ater t reated by differ ent disinfectio n methods or at differ ent tr eat -ment stages w as summarized,and the fo rmation mechanism o f halo genated nitriles w as also descr ibed in detail.Since halog enated nitr ile show s low concentr atio n and hig h po lar fractions,ver y limited remov al can be achieved in the con -v entional tr eatment pro cess.T hus,research on their for matio n co ntr ol of halog enated nitr ile should be stressed in dr inking w ater tr eatment.Keywords: disinfectio n by pr oducts (D BPs);halo genated nit riles;for matio n mechanism;contro l methods近年来,随着饮用水中高致癌和致突变特性的二甲基亚硝胺、卤代硝基甲烷、卤代乙酰胺、卤代腈(氰)等新兴消毒副产物不断被检出,饮用水中的溶解性有机氮及含氮消毒副产物已成为该领域关注的热点。