DOI ：10.19965/ki.iwt.2022-0802第 43 卷第 11 期2023年 11 月Vol.43 No.11Nov.，2023工业水处理Industrial Water Treatment 光电催化降解废水中抗生素的研究进展张会霞1，朱令之1，周立山2，谢陈鑫2，张程蕾2，韩恩山1（1.河北工业大学化工学院，天津 300401；2.中海油天津化工研究设计院有限公司，天津 300131）[ 摘要 ] 抗生素滥用造成了严重的环境污染并危害人体健康。
光电催化技术（PEC ）以电化学辅助光催化反应，在光照下通过向光催化剂施加外部偏压抑制光生电子-空穴对的复合，提高自由基浓度，以此显著提高系统对有机物的降解速率，具有环保节能、氧化能力强、操作方便等优势，已成为去除抗生素等难降解污染物最有前景的高级氧化技术之一。
对PEC 降解抗生素的进展进行了全面综述，介绍了PEC 原理，重点总结了电极材料改性方法及其性能，阐述了PEC 降解抗生素的最新应用及降解中偏置电压、pH 、电解液、光源等对抗生素降解率的影响，最后对PEC 降解抗生素的前景和挑战进行了总结和展望，以期为应用光电催化技术高效处理抗生素废水的研究提供参考。
［关键词］ 光电催化；电极材料；抗生素；高级氧化［中图分类号］ X703 ［文献标识码］A ［文章编号］ 1005-829X （2023）11-0104-10Research progress in photoelectrocatalyticdegradation of antibiotics in wastewaterZHANG Huixia 1，ZHU Lingzhi 1，ZHOU Lishan 2，XIE Chenxin 2，ZHANG Chenglei 2，HAN Enshan 1（1.College of Chemical Engineering ，Hebei University of Technology ，Tianjin 300401，China ；2.CenerTech Tianjin Chemical Research and Design Institute Co.， L td.， T ianjin 300131，China ）Abstract ：The abuse of antibiotics causes serious environmental pollution and endangers human health. Photoelec‑trocatalytic technology （PEC ） uses photocatalytic reactions assisted electrochemical to suppress the recombination of photo generated electron -hole by applying an external bias to the photocatalyst under light ，which can increase the concentration of free radicals and significantly improve the organic matter degradation rate. PEC has the advan‑tages of environmental protection ，energy conservation ，strong oxidation ability and easy operation ，and has become one of the most promising advanced oxidation technologies for removing refractory pollutants such as antibiotics. The progress of PEC degrading antibiotics was comprehensively reviewed ，and the principle of PEC was introduced. The modification methods and properties of electrode materials were summarized. The latest applications of PEC de‑grading antibiotics and the effects of bias potential ，pH ，electrolyte ，light source on the antibiotic degradation rate inthe experiment were expounded. Finally ，the prospects and challenges of PEC degrading antibiotics were summa‑rized ，in order to provide a reference for the application of photoelectrocatalytic technology to efficiently treat antibi‑otic wastewater.Key words ：photoelectrocatalysis ；electrode material ；antibiotics ；advanced oxidation抗生素被广泛用于医疗、农业、畜牧业等，其能够杀灭细菌或抑制细菌繁殖〔1-2〕。
滥用抗生素的危害英语作文Overuse of Antibiotics: A Looming Public Health Crisis.Antibiotics, the wonder drugs of the 20th century, have revolutionized the fight against bacterial infections. However, the indiscriminate and excessive use of theselife-saving medications has inadvertently spawned a serious public health crisis: the rise of antibiotic resistance.Antibiotic Resistance: A Growing Threat.When antibiotics are overused or improperly used, the target bacteria can develop the ability to withstand their effects. This phenomenon, known as antibiotic resistance, has become a major concern worldwide. As more and more antibiotics become ineffective, the treatment of common infections becomes increasingly difficult and costly.One of the most alarming examples is the rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, which areresistant to multiple classes of antibiotics. These organisms pose a significant threat to patients in hospitals, long-term care facilities, and community settings. Treatment options for MDR infections are limited, and the chances of recovery are often significantly reduced.Causes of Antibiotic Overuse.The overuse of antibiotics stems from various factors, including:Unnecessary Prescriptions: Many patients receive antibiotics for viral infections, such as the common coldor flu, for which they are ineffective.Patient Demand: Patients often pressure doctors to prescribe antibiotics, even when they may not be necessary.Lax Prescribing Practices: Some doctors prescribe antibiotics without conducting proper tests or considering alternative treatments due to time constraints or patient expectations.Agriculture and Animal Husbandry: Antibiotics are widely used in livestock production to promote growth and prevent infections. This practice contributes to the environmental spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.Consequences of Antibiotic Abuse.The consequences of antibiotic overuse are far-reaching and profound:Increased Healthcare Costs: The cost of treating antibiotic-resistant infections is significantly higher than those for susceptible infections. Prolonged hospital stays, extensive laboratory testing, and specialized antibiotics all contribute to the financial burden.Treatment Failures: When antibiotics become ineffective, infections may become chronic or life-threatening. This can lead to organ damage, disability, and even death.Spread of Resistant Bacteria: Antibiotic-resistant bacteria can spread easily between individuals through direct contact, contaminated surfaces, and the environment. This poses a risk to both the general population and healthcare workers.Reduced Effectiveness of Future Antibiotics: As bacteria continue to develop resistance, the effectiveness of new antibiotics decreases. This could lead to a future where even the most common infections become untreatable.Combating Antibiotic Resistance.Addressing the problem of antibiotic resistance requires a concerted effort from healthcare professionals, policymakers, and the public. Key strategies include:Prudent Antibiotic Prescribing: Doctors should only prescribe antibiotics when they are truly necessary and for the appropriate duration.Patient Education: Patients need to be informed aboutthe risks and benefits of antibiotics and encouraged to avoid unnecessary use.Diagnostic Tests: Before prescribing antibiotics, doctors should conduct tests to ensure that the infectionis bacterial.Alternative Treatments: In some cases, alternative treatments, such as rest, fluids, and over-the-counter medications, may be sufficient for treating viral infections.Antibiotic Stewardship Programs: Hospitals and healthcare organizations can implement programs to monitor antibiotic use, identify and address instances of overuse, and provide education to healthcare providers and patients.Regulation of Antibiotic Use in Agriculture: The use of antibiotics in livestock production should be strictly regulated to reduce the spread of resistant bacteria.Conclusion.The overuse of antibiotics has created a serious public health threat in the form of antibiotic resistance. By promoting prudent antibiotic use, educating patients and healthcare providers, and implementing comprehensive antibiotic stewardship programs, we can mitigate thiscrisis and preserve the effectiveness of these invaluable medicines for future generations. It is our responsibility to act now before the consequences become even more dire.。
滥用抗生素英语作文The Abuse of Antibiotics。
Antibiotics are powerful drugs that are used to treat bacterial infections. They have saved countless lives and have revolutionized the field of medicine. However, their overuse and misuse have led to the development ofantibiotic-resistant bacteria, posing a serious threat to public health. In this essay, we will examine the abuse of antibiotics and its consequences, as well as discuss potential solutions to this pressing issue.The overuse of antibiotics is a major problem in modern healthcare. Many people mistakenly believe that antibiotics can cure all types of infections, including those caused by viruses, such as the common cold or the flu. As a result, they often demand antibiotics from their healthcare providers, even when they are not necessary. In addition, healthcare providers sometimes prescribe antibiotics unnecessarily, either due to patient pressure or as aprecautionary measure. This widespread misuse ofantibiotics has led to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which are much more difficult to treat and can cause serious and even life-threatening infections.The consequences of antibiotic resistance are far-reaching. Infections that were once easily treated with antibiotics are now becoming increasingly difficult to manage. This not only leads to prolonged illness and suffering for patients, but also increases healthcare costs and the burden on healthcare systems. Furthermore,antibiotic resistance can have a significant impact on public health, as it can lead to the spread of infectious diseases that are difficult to control. If this trend continues, we may soon find ourselves in a world where common infections are no longer easily treatable, and routine medical procedures, such as surgery and chemotherapy, become much riskier due to the increased likelihood of infection.To address the abuse of antibiotics, it is essential to raise awareness about the problem and educate bothhealthcare providers and the general public about the appropriate use of these drugs. Healthcare providers should be encouraged to only prescribe antibiotics when they are truly necessary, and patients should be informed about the risks of antibiotic resistance and the importance of completing the full course of antibiotics as prescribed. In addition, there is a need for better diagnostic tools to help healthcare providers distinguish between bacterial and viral infections, so that antibiotics are only used when they are truly needed.Furthermore, there is a need for more research and development of new antibiotics and alternative treatments for bacterial infections. The development of newantibiotics has been slow in recent years, and there is a growing need for new drugs to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In addition, alternative treatments, such as phage therapy and probiotics, show promise in the fight against antibiotic resistance and should be further explored and developed.In conclusion, the abuse of antibiotics is a seriousand growing problem that poses a significant threat to public health. It is essential that we take action to address this issue, through education, research, and the development of new treatments. By working together to combat antibiotic resistance, we can ensure that theselife-saving drugs remain effective for generations to come.。
Abuse of Antibiotics【keywords】：Abuse Overuse of Antibiotics Public Health Crisis【Introduction】EVERY year 80,000 Chinese die from antibiotics abuse, making China one of the worst offenders in the world.Statistics show that among the country's 15 best-selling medicines, 10 are antibiotics. More than 50 per cent of the medical expenses for Chinese in-patients goes to cover different kinds of antibiotics, while the figure in Western countries is just 15 to 30 per cent.The side effects of antibiotics use can damage organs, cause disorders in the body's normal bacteria and increase the resistance of disease causing germs.Many Chinese believe the myth that antibiotics can diminish inflammation, so they use them to treat everything from toothache to fever.【the main text】Before the discovery of antibiotics in the 1940s, millions of people died routinely of staphylococcus and streptococcus and more serious bacterial infections like meningitis, pneumonia and tuberculosis. But over the years, antibiotics have become less effective because some bacteria have developed ways to survive the medicines meant to kill or weaken them. VOA's Rosanne Skirble reports on how the overuse and abuse of antibiotics is creating a public health crisis and how some communities are responding to it.Bacteria comprise about one-20th of our body weight. Most of these organisms are harmless, like those in the intestinal tract that help us to digest our food. Others can make us really sick. Streptococcus is a common bacteria found on the skin and in the nose, even in healthy people. But it can also cause acute respiratory illness, sinusitis, some ear infections and pneumonia.Over the last 60 years, most serious bacterial infections have been treated with some type of penicillin-related antibiotic. Today penicillin is not as effective as it once was. Drug-resistant bacteria are to blame. We are all at risk of getting an untreatable infection because it is the bacteria and not the person that becomes resistant to antibiotics. And those bacteria can be spread by simple physical contact.Antibiotic resistance is not new, but what is troubling is that the number of drug-resistant bacteria is growing at the same time that the drugs used to combat them are decreasing in potency and number.A new study released by the Alliance Working for Antibiotic Resistance Education, better known as AWARE, tracks the effectiveness of penicillin against Streptococcus pneumonia, a common bacterial cause of meningitis, ear infections, pneumonia and sinusitis.It reports that in Northern California, drug-resistant cases fell from 27 percent of all infections in 2000 to 19 percent in 2002. In Southern California resistance remained at 27 percent, still lower than the 30 percent national average.The decline is good news and in part due to the work of AWARE, a statewide partnership that includes physician organizations, health agencies, healthcare providers and consumer and education groups. Elissa Maas is the executive director."The overall goals of AWARE are really three: to increase the appropriate prescribing of antibiotics, to increase the public's awareness of the importance of the issue of both appropriate use antibiotic and antibiotic resistance and then mobilizing communities to take action."The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 50 percent of antibiotic use may be inappropriate. Elissa Maas says AWARE targets doctors who over-prescribe antibiotics and consumers who routinely demand them for everything from a headache to the common cold. "It is about not asking for an antibiotic when we have a cold or flu bug and we go in and we want that from the doctor. We do not need it. It will not work. And, so part of this [work] is just hammering those messages over and over because they are simple behaviors that can solve the problem," she says.And that means bombarding citizens with information in public service announcements heard on radio stations across California.Other simple behavior changes include using the entire prescription and not saving or sharing the drugs with anyone. Taking an antibiotic in too small a dose or for too short a time allows the bacteria to develop mutations or to acquire drug resistance from other bacteria.A World Health Organization report recommends aggressive action to combat drug resistant infections, which it says, "could rob the world of its opportunity to cure illnesses and stop epidemics."The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has initiated a campaign for the appropriate use of antibiotics, of which the California AWARE program is part. The solution, says AWARE executive director Elissa Maas requires a collaborative effort."I can't stress enough the word 'partner.' This issue is so gargantuan that no one organization is going to solve it," she says. " We have got to have the doctors involved. We have got to have the pharmacists, and nurses. We have to have the health plans. We have got to have the pharmaceutical companies. We have got to have consumer groups. We have to have the media. Everybody has to sit there and say, 'Oh my gosh, we have a problem.'"And from that realization, Elissa Maas hopes, will come aggressive programs that the World Health Organization is urging, to ensure that the drugs we have today will be available to fight tomorrow's infections.I am Rosanne Skirble.The Dangers Of Prescribing AntibioticsErythromycin is a commonly used antibiotic, but new research suggests it could be dangerous when used in combination with other drugs.// The study shows patients should not be given erythromycin along with antifungal agents such as diltiazem, verapamil and troleandomycin because it increases the risk of sudden death.Researchers conducted the study to determine if there is any association between the use of erythromycin and sudden cardiac death. Researchers used information on 1,476 cases of confirmed sudden death due to cardiac causes. They looked at what medications the patients were on including the drugs erythromycin or amoxicillin.Amoxicillin is another commonly used antibiotic, but does not have the same effect on the heart as erythromycin.The rate of sudden death from cardiac causes among patients on erythromycin was twice as high compared to those who had not used any antibiotics. The research also shows the rate of sudden death from cardiac causes was five-times as high among patients on erythromycin and a CYP3A inhibitor however there was no increased risk of death among patients on amoxicillin.Thus researchers say the combination use of these drugs should be avoided and researchers say there are alternative drugs that doctors can prescribe without putting patients at a higher risk for sudden death.The Hidden Dangers of AntibioticsAntibiotics, meaning literally “against life” were invented to kill the invading bacteria that our own immune system has failed to destroy, resulting in bacterial infections somewhere in the body. Most of us would not be here today if not for the benefits of antibiotics. However, there is a disturbing down side to the use and overuse of antibiotics. Antibiotics are ingested to kill off bad bacteria, but are in fact ruthless killers of all bacteria in the body both good and bad. When they set off in the blood stream to kill bacterial invaders they have no understanding of which bacteria are invading and which are immune system supporters. They are not thinkers, they are killers. When the bad bacteria are sufficiently killed, we regain our wellness as the infection heals.However, what we cannot see or feel is the devastation of the intestinal “friendly flora” or good bacteria which resides in the surrounding area of the GI tract. When the friendly flora is depleted and cannot effectively communicate with the white blood cells we have been set into a cycle of a weakened immune system. This break down in communication makes us even more vulnerable to new invading bacteria. Our white blood cells then cease to communicate effectively with each other, allowing the chance of both viral and bacterial infection to greatly increase. If you have ever taken antibiotics in your lifetime it is crucial to take probiotics daily there after. Avoiding probiotics supplements is an invitation to the contraction of more and more illness and disease. If you are eating yogurt that is high in sugar to replenish your friendly flora it unfortunately is doing little good. Sugar kills good bacteria, so this commercial venture is simply hype.Antibiotics should be taken with extreme caution. Since antibiotics do not kill viral infections, taking them for viruses such as the flu serves only to wipe out even more friendly flora, further compromising your immune system. Not taking the fully prescribed amount of antibiotics for an infection such as strep throat or a sinus infection because you “feel much better” is a disastrous choice. If all bad bacteria are not killed, they will mutate. This is how the antibiotic resistant mutant “superbugs” are developed. (This is also true of hand sanitizers and househ old cleaners. What doesn’t get killed, mutates.) Sinus and ear infections that needmore than one round of antibiotics are the perfect example. Flesh eating staph infections like MRSA is one of the worst, killing more people last year in the US than Aids. And it is on the rise.True “universal” health care involves each person approaching their own health appropriately. The way you choose to approach your health has an invisible yet crucial domino effect on the entire world. Your choices matter!*Please know that I am not a medical doctor or a health practitioner. I cannot diagnose your stomach problems nor can I guarantee a cure. I am here to share my knowledge, which applications have worked for me and to offer suggestions of where you may go physically, emotionally and spiritually for healing and self-empowerment. If you choose to explore alternative medicine, do not independently stop taking your prescribed medications. Always consult with your current doctor as well as your new practitioner when changing your medical program.。
