羅經國《新編英國文學選讀第二版》自製筆記1. 盎格魯撒克遜時期
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羅經國《新編英國文學選讀第二版》自製筆記
1. Chapter One The Anglo-Saxon Period (450 —— 1066) 1. Historical background
The Celts 〉the Brythons.
The Iron Age.
The ceremonies of May Day and the cult of mistletoe.
From 55 BC to 407 AD, the Roman Empire, a slave society.
London was founded.
Little influence on the cultural life of the Celts,
Town with names ending in “chester” or “caster”.
De Bello Gallico by Julius Caesar and Germania by Publius Cornelius Tacitus
450 AD, the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.
“angul” means a hook; “seax” means a short sword.
Around 500 AD, the Celtic King Arthur fought against Cerdic, the founder of the kingdom of Wessex. Camelot, King Arthur’s capital.
Later 8th, the Danes, or the Vikings.
King Alfred the Great of Wessex (849-899)
Harold, the last Saxon King 〉William the Duke of Normandy.
597, Pope Gregory the Great sent St. Augustine to England and the first converted king was King Ethelbert of Kent.
2. Northumbrian School and Wessex literature——two highlights in the development of the Anglo-Saxon literature.
Monasteries and abbeys in the kingdom of Northumbria.
Caedmon in the 7th turned the stories in the Bible into verse form ——Paraphrase. Inspired by God.
The Venerable Bede (673-735), wrote in Latin The Ecclesiastical History of the English People from Caesar to 731. It was Bede who told about the story of Caedmon.
The reign of King Alfred (871-899)
First, Latin books into West Saxon dialect. It is said that King Alfred translated the history of Bede.
Second, the launching of The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, from Caesar’s conquest to 1154.
Third, created a style of Anglo-Saxon prose which was not obscure.
3. Anglo-Saxon poetry
The earliest is Widsith and the last is Maldon.
Beowulf
As early as the 6th in oral form
Written down in the 8th.
The manuscript preserved dates back to the 10th and in Wessex dialect.
One datable fact in the poem is a raid on the Franks by Gelac in 520.
3183 lines.
Danish King Hrothgar built a hall called Heorot.
Grendel for 12 years.
Beowulf, nephew to King Hygelac of the Geats. With 14 companions.
Hrothgar's friend Aeschere killed by Grendel's mother.
Killing Grendel’s mother with a magic sword in the cave.
One of the 12 companions, Wiglaf, helped Beowulf kill the dragon.
Physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities.
A mixture of paganism and Christian elements.
Old English Poetry:
1. The technical structure:
1)Every line consists of two clearly separated half lines between
which is a caesura. The two parts of the line are united by
alliteration, a form of initial rhyme, which is the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other.
2)Every half line consists of two feet and each foot is made up of
an accented syllable and a varying number of unaccented syllables.
3)Generally there are 3 alliterations per line, two in the first half
line and one on the first foot of the second half line.
2. The scop also used a figurative language called “kenning”, a metaphor usually composed of two words, which becomes the formula of a special object: “helmet bearer” for “warrior.”
3. The use of repetition and variation. Same idea expressed more than once by synonyms.
2. Chapter Two The Norman Period (1066-1350)
1. Historical background
1066, the battle of Hastings
The Normans, also descendants of Scandinavian marauders, having seized a wide part of northern France.
Accelerated the feudalism in England.
Large tracts of land by the king, barons, knights and the church.
A peasant uprising in 1381.
2. Middle English
For 3 centuries after the Norman conquest, two languages were used side by side in England: Latin and French.
Words and expressions from Latin and French and Greek in the 14th.
Inflectional forms dropped and grammar simplified.
3. Religious literature
The issue of personal salvation.
Moral and spiritual responsibilities of individual rather than his ethical and social responsibilities.
Conventional theme: homiletic paraphrases of the Gospels
4. Romance and the influence of French literature
Through French literature the introduction of Italian literature.
Chief breeding ground was the aristocratic society in France in the 12th and early 13th and was introduced into England in the second half of the 13th and the 14th.
In subject matters, romance naturally falls under three categories.
1) The matter of France: the exploits of Charlemagne the Great and Roland,
a national hero in the 8th, Chanson de Roland.
2) The matter of Rome: Alexander the Great and the siege of Troy.
3) The matter of Britain: the Arthurian legend, Sir Gawain, Launcelot, Merlin, the Holy Grail, the death of King Arthur.
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Written about 1375-1400.
About 2500 lines.
Four “fyttes”.
Green Chapel
First day, a deer; second day, a boar; the third day a fox. A girdle. —〉the Order of Garter
A true knight should not only dedicate himself to the church but also should possess the virtues of great courage, of fidelity to his promise, and of physical chastity and purity.
It contained several element which prepared for a new culture.
A vivid portrayal of the hero and a fine analysis of his psychology.
A well unified and exciting plot full of climaxes and surprises.
The three hunting scenes and the three bedchamber scenes are closely related with each other.
A mixture of Anglo-Saxon poetry, the musical effect of which depends on the alliterated initial syllables and French poetry, the musical effect of which depends on the fixed number of accented and unaccented syllables in a verse line. Paragraphs of long alliterative lines of varying length are followed by a single line of two syllables, called “the bob”, and a group of four-stressed lines called “the wheel”, i.e., a set of short lines forming the concluding part of a stanza.
3. Chapter Three The Age of Chaucer (1350-1400) Historical background
Chaucer and William Langland (1330?-1400?) and the writer of Sir Gawain were contemporaries.
But he deserves a period of his own.
Two historical events which their influence can be detected in the writings of Chaucer and Langland: The Hundred Years’ War from the reign of Edward III (1327-1377) to the reign of Henry VI (1421-1471), or from 1337-1453; the peasant uprising of 1381, the reign of King Richard II.
The Hundred Years’ War for the French throne.
The first seven English kings were in fact living in France.
Starting from King Henry III, England became the principal concern of the English kings.
An awakening of national consciousness in England. No longer vassals to the French but claimed that they had the right to succeed the French throne. And the French language was gradually replaced by the native tongue.
Peasant uprising. John Ball: “When Adam delved and Eve span / Who was then the gentlemen?”
From Kent to London under the leadership of Wat Tyler.
William Langland and another writer John Wycliff (1324?-1384) expressed people’s hatred for the church and the government.
John Wycliff (1324?-1384)
One of the first figures who demanded to reform the church.
Translated the Bible into standard English. Fixed a national standard for English prose to replace various dialects. Father of English prose.
Many pamphlets in Latin to attack the feudal lords and the church. Opposed to the claim of the Pope to the English throne. Civil authority had the right to deprive the church of the property if it proved unworthy of people’s trust. The views were taken over by the peasants in their uprising.
William Langland (1330?-1400?)
Piers Plowman, or The Vision of Piers Plowman, another alliterative poem besides Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Giving a realistic picture of the 14th century England.
The form of allegory, a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning, and serve to spread moral teaching. An allegory has a double meaning. A primary or surface meaning, and a secondary meaning, or underlying meaning. In an allegory, abstract qualities or ideas, such as patience, purity or truth, are personified as characters in the story.
The visions the poet had on a May morning.
A high tower ——Truth
A deep dungeon ——the Father of Falseness
People from all walks of life, laymen and religious people.
Gluttony.
Lady Meed (bribery) to be married to Falseness but protested by Theology. The king proposed to marry her to Conscience but failed. Meed is expelled and Conscience and Reason become king’s counsellers.
Conscience preaching to the people and Repentance moving their hearts, including the Seven Deadly Sins.
People came to seek for truth but no one knows the way. Then Piers Plowman appears. This episode suggests that man should do the task that falls to his lot.
Geoffrey Chaucer (ca. 1340-1400)
Born in a wine merchant family with rising fortunes.
Grew up in London.
1357, a page at court.
1359, joined the army in the Hundred Year’s War and was taken prisoner. 1360, returned to England and married a maid of honour of the queen. For the next ten years in the Continent on diplomatic missions.
1382, Controller of Customs at the port of London.
1386, PM from Kent
John of Gaunt(Duke of Lancaster. 1340-1399. English soldier. The fourth son of Edward III, he ruled England during his father's last years and in the beginning of Richard II's reign.) as his patron.
〉A great variety of occupations and experiences as well as close observation of life made him familiar with the lives of various classes. Died on Oct 25, 1400, the Poet’s Corner in WestminsterAbbey.
Works divided into 3 periods, corresponding to the 3 periods of his life.
(1) 1360-1372, wrote under the influence of the French literature, even translated French poems himself. Poem The Book of the Duchess, much of conventional romance elements in it.
(2) 1372-1386, under the influence of the Italian literature. Troilus and Cryseyde, adapted from a long poem by Boccaccio, the writer of The Decameron. The Parliament of Fowls and The House of Fame.
(3) the last 15 years of his life. The Canterbury Tales between 1387 and 1400. A general prologue and 24 tales that are connected by “links”. Tarbard Inn. 29 pilgrims to St. Thomas Beckett’s tomb at Canterbur y.
The host is Harry Bailey. Expected to tell 120 tales, i.e. each person tells 4 tales.
The significance of The Canterbury Tales
(1). A comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time. The gentle class; the burgher class, the wife of Bath included, who has married five times; the professionals. All persons connected with the church are drown with touches of gentle irony and mild satire, with the exception of the poor parson. His satire can be the bitterest in the portrayal of the pardoner and the summoner. In this sense Chaucer himself is “the smyler with the knyf under the cloke.”
Each character not only a representative of his or her class but also has an individual character of their own.
(2). The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics. Unlike The Decameron, it is cleverly woven together by links between the stories. Most of the stories are related to the personalities of the tellers, the personalities of each character, his or her private life and habits, his or her mood and social status are revealed in the prologue and in the story he or she tells, as well as by their behaviour along the road and their remarks on the way.
Most important is the part played by the host Harry Hailey.
(3). Chaucer’s humour: a characteristic feature of the English literature.
(4). Contribution to the English language: wrote in the London dialect of his day. He was at one moment serious and another light-hearted and full of fun and sometimes he could be very poetical. He proved that the English language is a beautiful language can be easily handled to express different moods.In doing so Greatly increase the prestige of the English language.
PS: 文中的《十日談》作者意大利作家薄伽丘用的單詞是“Boccacio”，但是維基百科和朗文當代英語詞典查詢出的都是“Boccaccio”。另，商務印書館（北京）《朗文當代英語大辭典（英英.英汉双解）》（LONGMAN DICTIONARY of English Language & Culture）（2004年6月第一版，第一次印刷）中對薄伽丘和《十日談》解釋時，《十日談》用的單詞是“Decameran”而不是“Decameron”。後者應該才是正規的拼寫。
考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s
第4章15世纪(1400～1550) 4.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景） (1) The Hundred Years’ War（百年战争） The Hundred Years’War continued and in 1415 at the Battle of Agincourt King Henry Ⅴ (1413～1422) defeated the French army and claimed himself the heir to the French throne. 百年战争还在持续，在1415年的阿金库尔战役中，亨利5世（1413～1422）战胜了法国军队，并宣布自己是法国的继承者。 (2) The War of the Roses (1455～1485)（玫瑰战争） The War of the Roses, or the Thirty Years’ War, was a series of civil wars fought between the two great families, both of which claimed the right to the English throne. It lasted for thirty years until King Henry Ⅶ defeated Richard Ⅲ(1483～1485) at the Battle of Bosworth and ended the civil war. 玫瑰战争，又叫三十年战争，是发生在两个家族之间的一系列内战，他们都宣称自己有权统治英国。它持续了30年，直到亨利7世在博斯沃思战争（1483～1485）中打败理查德3世，内战宣告结束。 (3) The discovery of America and the new sea routes（美洲大陆和新航海线路的发现） In 1492, a Genoese mariner, Christopher Columbus (ca.1436～1506) who believed that he could reach India by sailing west, landed in America with the
古文英译：郑人买履 大家好，本期我们将给大家带来寓言故事：《郑人买履》的英文翻译。同时，在译文注释部分，我们将对翻译中的难点进行解释，希望对大家有所帮助。 原文： 郑人有欲买履者，先自度其足，而置之其坐。至之市而忘操之。已得履，乃曰：“吾忘持度！”反归取之。及反，市罢，遂不得履。 人曰：“何不试之以足? ” 曰：“宁信度，无自信也。” 汉语译文： 有一个郑国人想买鞋，他先量好自己的脚，然后把量好的尺码放在座位上。到了集市上，却忘了带上尺码。他挑好了鞋，对卖鞋的人说：“我忘了带尺码。”于是就回家去取。等他返回时，集市已经散了，他最终没有买到鞋子。 有人问：“你为什么不用自己的脚去试鞋呢？” 他说：“我宁可相信量好的尺码，也不相信自己的脚。” 英语译文： A Man from the State of Zheng Bought Shoes A man from the State of Zheng wanted to buy himself a pair of shoes. He measured his feet and put the measurement on the seat. Then he went to the market. When he selected a pair of shoes that was to his liking, he found that he had left the measurement at home. “Sorry, I forget to bring the measurement here,” he said to the salesperson, and hurried back home for the measurement. But when he returned to the market, it had closed. Someone asked him, “Why don’t you try the shoes on to see if they fit well?” He replied, “I trust the measurement of my feet rather than my feet.’’ 英语译文注释：
中国传统文化Traditional Chinese Culture 1 书法艺术The Art of Calligraphy 2 中国画的含意The Significance of Chinese Paintings 3 重新发现孔子Rediscover Confucius 4中医和西医的差异Differences between Chinese and Western Medicines 5 戏曲的作用The Role of Operas 6中国人崇尚的颜色:黄和红China’s Favorite Colo r: Yellow & Red： 7筷子的重要性The Importance of Chopsticks 8 茶的格调The Elegance of Tea Drinking 1. 书法艺术The Art of Calligraphy 有批评家指出，不同的书法风格有不同的政治寓意。拿王羲之的书体来说。他的书法在他有生之年被批评为非正统的书体，然而在他去世几十年之后又被认为是正统的书体。 Some critics suggest that different genres of Chinese calligraphy have different political implications. Take Wang Xizhi for an example. His calligraphy was repudiated as unorthodox during his lifetime but, only a few decades after his death, was established as an orthodox genre. 从历史上看，中国书法和政治紧密相连。2000多年前，秦始皇建立了官方的汉字体系。新的简化文字使得书法不那么复杂了。它允许人们使用带有更多直笔的文字，因此用毛笔写起来更加容易。这种书体被称为隶书。逐渐地，其他书体也出现了，最终形成中国书法的五大书体：篆书、隶书、楷书、行书、草书。 Historically, Chinese calligraphy and politics were closely intertwined. Over 2,000 years ago, Emperor Qin Shihuang, established the official Chinese writing characters(汉字). The new, simplified characters made writing calligraphy less complicated. It allowed people to use characters with more straight strokes(笔划), thus making it easier to write with brushes(毛笔). This created the Li genre. Over time, other variations were also developed, which eventually lead to the formation of the five genres in Chinese calligraphy. These were the Zhuan, Li, Kai, Xing and Cao genres(五种书体). 中国老百姓很喜欢书法。很多人把它作为提高文化修养的一种方式。老人用书法来健身。他们觉得当聚精会神写字的时候，精气上升，身体康健。 Ordinary Chinese people like calligraphy a lot. Many people practice calligraphy as a way to raise their cultural accomplishment. Older people use calligraphic writing as a method to keep fit. They believe that when a person concentrates on writing calligraphy, his inner well-being is stimulated. 2. 中国画的含意The Significance of Chinese Paintings 中国画虽然大都有相似的主题，但是可以现场表演，非常有趣。牡丹、梅花、山川、屋舍都是中国画常见的主题。在很多重大的庆祝和纪念活动中总能看到画家的身影。 It`s interesting that Chinese paintings can be created on the spot, even though most of them have
船用导航产品技术发展趋势 1概述 船用导航技术很多，主要由磁导航、卫星导航、无线电导航、雷达导航、惯性导航和天体导航。我公司主要涉及磁导航和惯性导航，磁导航发展较早，主要产品为磁罗经，惯性导航产品同样有着辉煌的历史，是国内最早一批开始惯性导航产品的企业。 磁罗经因其连续工作时间长、自主性强、可靠性强和经济性好等显著地优点，始终是为各类舰艇与传播提供航向和观测物标方位等数据所必备的导航仪器。尽管近年来陀螺罗经、GPS定位设备、船用雷达的技术与精度有了飞跃式发展，但依然不可以取代磁罗经在舰艇上的使用地位。惯性导航设备可以为载体提供航向、位置、姿态、速度等基本物理信息，是信息化装备中最核心的传感设备之一。惯性导航设备仅需要敏感地球自转而不需要借助外界任何的光、电、磁信息的机理决定了它的完全自主的特点，是复杂战场环境中保底的导航手段。惯性导航技术是最重要的军用技术之一，可以毫不夸张的说，惯性导航的发展水平直接影响了一个国家的武器装备的先进性。惯性导航产业起步于军用，目前仍主要应用于军用领域。不过随着随着成本的降低和需求的增长，其范围已由原来的舰艇、飞机、航天宇航、制导武器、战车等军用或军民两用领域，扩展到大地测量、资源勘测、地球物理测量、海洋探测、铁路、隧道等民用领域，甚至在机器人、摄像机、儿童玩具中也被广泛应用。 2国外发展现状 2.1磁罗经 磁罗经是利用地磁场对磁针具有吸引力的现象而制成的一种航海指向仪器，地磁场是一种天然的矢量场，由地球自身的物理特性所产生，其方向和强度几乎不随时间、天气等的影响。因此，与其它导航方式相比，地磁导航是一种极为稳定，误差不累加（陀螺），不依赖于外界数据交互（GPS）的自主导航方式。虽然历史悠久，直到今日仍然被广泛的用于各类导航领域。并且是IMO（国际海事组织）强制装船的设备。过去，由于弱磁测量技术的限制，一直采用机械式磁罗经，与其他导航技术相比，地磁导航技术并未有真正的突破和发展。Sperry Marine 作为国外老牌导航产品厂商，生产的磁罗经目前依然在销售，其航向精度标称值优于0.5°。
2018年自学《英国文学选读》试题及答案 1. What are Shakespeare ’s achievements? a. Shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to de desires and aspirations of the people. b. Shakespeare’s humanism: more important than his historical sense of his time, Shakespeare in his plays reflects the spirit of his age. c. Shakespeare’s characterization: Shakespeare was most successful in his characterization. In his plays he described a great number of characters. d. Shakespeare’s originality: Shakespeare drew most of his materials from sources that were known to his audienc e. But his plays are original because he instilled into the old materials a new spirit that gives new life to his plays. e. Shakespeare as a great poet: Shakespeare was not only a great dramatist, but also a great poet. Apart from his sonnets and long poems, his dramas are poetry. f. Shakespeare as master of the English language. 2. What are the basic characteristics of ballads? a. The beginning is often abrupt. b. There are strong dramatic elements. c. The story is often told through dialogue and action. d. The theme is often tragic, though there are a number of comic
第9章维多利亚时期(1832～1901) 9.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景） (1) 1832～1848 The first reform bill—the industrial capitalists gain their power in Parliament. This bill extended the right to vote to the industrial capitalists and the lower middle class, but not the workers. 凭借第一部改革议案，工业资产阶级在议会中赢得了权利。这个议案使工业资产阶级和中下层阶级获得了选举权，但是工人却并没有获得选举权。 (2) In the fifties and sixties（五十年代和六十年代） England had become the workshop of the world and the world’s banker. It was a period of complacency, stability and optimism. 英国成为“世界工厂”和“世界银行”。这个时期的社会稳定发展，人们对未来信心百倍。 (3) In the 1890s（十九世纪九十年代） The 1890s is a period of serenity and security. By 1890, England continued to grow in strength. The British Empire had comprised more than a quarter of all the territory on the surface of the earth. 九十年代是一个安稳而宁静的年代，这个时期，英国的实力持续增长，英国占据了世界四分之一的领土。
经典古文英文翻译 经典古文英文翻译-----extremely useful and helpful 但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。 We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight, even though miles apart. 独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。 A lonely stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day. 大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。 The endless river eastward flows; with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years. 二人同心，其利断金。 If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal. 富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能曲，此之谓大丈夫。 It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse, no poverty and hardship can shake, and no power and force can suffocate. 海内存知己，天涯若比邻。 A bosom friend afar brings distance near. 合抱之木，生于毫末，九层之台，起于累土；千里之行始于足下。 A huge tree that fills one’s arms grows from a tiny seedling; a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth; a thousand li journey starts with the first step. 祸兮，福之所依；福兮，祸之所伏。 Misfortune, that is where happiness depends; happiness, that is where misfortune underlies. 见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。 On seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal; on seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects. 江山如此多娇，引无数英雄尽折腰。 This land so rich in beauty has made countless heroes bow in homage. 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 Raising my head, I see the moon so bright; withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia comes around. 俱往矣，数风流人物，还看今朝。 All are past and gone; we look to this age for truly great men. 君子成人之美，不成人之恶。 The gentleman helps others to achieve their moral perfection but not their evil conduct. 君子独立不惭于影，独寝不愧于魂。 A righteous man never feels ashamed to face his shadow when standing alone and to face his soul when sleeping alone. 君子之交淡如水，小人之交甘如醴。君子淡以亲，小人甘以绝。 The friendship between men of virtue is light like water, yet affectionate; the
Exercise I. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.如今，作为东方艺术的一颗璀璨的明珠，京剧不仅在中国各地喜闻乐见，而且已被全世界人民广泛接受。 2.根据所表演角色的性别、年龄和社会地位的不同，演员角色分成四类：生（男角）、旦（女角）、净（花脸男角）、丑 （丑角）。 3.京剧的独特艺术魅力使它经久不衰：它创造了一种台上台下演员观众相互交融的美学欣赏与享受。 4.他曾成功地塑造了许多古代中国妇女的形象，完美地表现了她们的温柔、优雅和细腻。 5.梅兰芳也是把京剧介绍到国外的第一人。 6.作为中国的文化瑰宝，京剧必将获得全中国和全世界人民越来越多的喜爱。 Key to Exercise I. 1.Today, as one of the glowing pearls of oriental arts, not only has Beijing Opera been widely enjoyed all over China, it has also been well received all over the world. 2.According to the gender, age and social position of the different roles which they play, actors and actresses are divided into four categories: sheng (male roles), dan (female roles), jing (male roles with facial paintings) and chou (clowns). 3.The uniqueness of Beijing Opera makes its artistic charm so everlasting: the creation of an aesthetic co-appreciation between the actors and actresses on stage and the audience off stage. 4.Mei Lanfang had created very successfully various images of ancient Chinese women and expressed their tenderness, elegance and subtlety. 5.Mei Lanfang was also the first person who introduced Beijing Opera to foreign countries. 6.Being a great treasure of the Chinese culture, Beijing Opera will surely be more and more appreciated by people in China and in the whole world. Exercise II. Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. 著名的京剧武生徐力先生最近接受了我们舞蹈学校的邀请，担任高级舞蹈教员。武生是京剧中的一个重要生角。武生的特点是武艺好，身手矫健敏捷。武生演员常通过在舞台上翻滚武打（tumbles, tweists, and somersaults）来表现他们高超的武艺。武生的动作准确有力，是大量艰苦训练的结果。 中国古典舞蹈和民族舞蹈的舞台技巧和身段（floor skills and postures）大多来自中国传统戏曲的武功（acrobatic skills）。我们舞蹈学校非常荣幸能够请到徐先生教授女子班毯子功(floor skills)和男子班的功夫课。有关课程安排请点击此网址。 Key to Ex. II Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. A Rare Opportunity The famous Beijing Opera performer of Wu Sheng (acrobatic male role), Mr Xu Li, recently accepted an engagement with our Dancing School. Wu Sheng is a very important role in Beijing Opera. It requires a high level of acrobatic skills. Wu Sheng actors often show off their skills with tumbles, twists, and somersaults on the stage. These skills and movements require great precision in timing and strength, which takes a lot of training and exercise. Many of the floor skills and postures of classic and ethnic Chinese dances were originally from the acrobatic skills of traditional Chinese operas. Our dancing school is very fortunate to have Mr Xu Li to teach our Floor Skills class for girls and Kungfu class for boys. For class schedule, please click HERE. Exercise III. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.齐白石以革新水墨画和毕生献身于这项中国的传统艺术形式而闻名于世。 2.他在几天后把那幅画重画了很多次，但是总比不上他当天即兴完成的作品。 3.兰亭序的极高的艺术价值促使更多书法家临摹王羲之的字体。 4.一个好的书法家所写出来的字必须充满生气，活力并具备完美的形体。 5.书法是一门艺术，它需要清醒的头脑以及对毛笔有全面的掌握。 6.这个年轻演员认识到自己的演技还差，无法与他老师的演技相提并论。 Key Exercise III.
导航罗经校准及精度分析 摘要：本文介绍了电罗径测定方位角的基本原理，阐述了海洋工程中电罗径校 准的步骤以及一些注意事项，并给出计算公式。另外分析了直接法和天文法对电 罗径校准产生的误差和消除误差的一些建议。 关键词：罗经；误差；校准；全站仪 一、前言 罗经即测定方向基准的一种仪器。船舶用罗经以确定航向和观测目标方位。目前在海洋 工程测量中主要采用电罗经来确定船舶的方位，但是由于船舶上的陀螺罗经会因船舶运动而 产生很多误差，如速度差、冲击误差、摇摆误差、纬度误差等；而且安装时又有基线误差等，定位测量用电罗经的精度要求比对航海用电罗经的精度要求更高，所以在定位测量采用电罗 经来确定方位的时候必须在定位测量工作开始前进行校准，使它的精度满足作业的需求。本 文主要介绍利用全站仪校准电罗经的误差以及误差对测量结果会产生的影响进行探讨。 二、电罗经测量校准的方法 电罗经校准的基本原理就是通过测量坐标方位角计算船舶的中轴线的真方位角来校准电 罗经测量的天文方位角，即当电罗经基准线零刻度线与船舶中轴线平行时，电罗经测量值与 船舶中轴线真方位角差值即为电罗经改正值。 （1）在平行于中轴线或者在船的中心线上选择观测点A和B，分别架设棱镜； （2）在观测开始前开始设置电罗经的采样时间，采样时间不得大于2S并记录。记录内 容主要包括时间和罗经的读数； （3）电罗经采样时间和观测时间（如电子表）要进行校准，使它们的时间与GPS时间都达到同步； （4）将全站仪架设在一个已知的坐标点STATION（x0，y0）中设站，后视另外一个已知 的坐标点OP（x1，y1）； （5）在观测点STATION上观测A（Bow）、B（Stern）两点，记录相应的时间、两点的 水平角αA、αB和它们的水平距离Sa、Sb。记录表格如下 图1：校准示意图 公式一 （7）观测水平角αA和αB，距离SA和SB，然后计算出A和B的坐标EA，NA，再根据这两 个坐标进行反算得到船体中心线的坐标方位角，最后将坐标方位角换算为真方位角。 公式二 式中：β是船舶的真方位角，γ是本地区的子午线收敛角，C-O是罗经的校准值，Oβ是罗经 的读数。 三、全站仪在罗经校准中的设置和使用 3.1、全站仪的介绍 全站仪是一种集光、机、电为一体的高技术测量仪器，是集水平角、垂直角、距离（斜距、平距）、高差测量功能于一体的测绘仪器系统。广泛用于地上大型建筑和地下隧道施工 等精密工程测量或变形监测领域。 3.2、全站仪误差分析 利用全站仪进行电罗经校准容易产生人为误差、整平误差、对中误差以及仪器误差、外 界环境带来的误差、大气折光所带来的误差、其它环境因素的影响等 根据公式二，由误差传播公式，可以得到罗经校准值中的误差表达式： 公式三 式中mc-o2 是代表罗经校准值得误差，mγ2为本地区子午线收敛角误差，可以准确计算，
英国文学选读样题答案 一、选择题（本大题共15小题，每小题1分，总计15分） 1---5 ABCCC 6---10 ABBAB 11---15 BBAAC 二、填空（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，总计20分） 1．Heroic 2 comedies 3. couplet 4. metaphysical poetry 5. Eve 6. My Luve’s Like a Red, Red, Rose 7.Houyhnynms 8. Coleridge 9. Odes 10. Emily Bronte 三、诗歌分析（本大题共4个小题，每小题分值见各小题，共20分） 1．William Wordsworth; I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 2．Iambic tetrameter; ababcc ababcc 3. The waves beside them danced; but they _ / _ / _ / - / Out-did | the spark|ling waves | in glee: _ / _ / _ _ _ / A po|et could |not but |be gay, _ / _/ _ / _ _ In such | a jo|cund com|pany: _ / _ / _ / _ / I gazed--|and gazed-|-but lit|tle thought _ / _ / _ / _ / What wealth |the show |to me |had brought: 4. 水波在边上欢舞，但水仙 比闪亮的水波舞得更乐； 有这样快活的朋友做伴， 诗人的心儿被欢愉充塞； 我看了又看，却没领悟 这景象给了我什么财富。（黄杲炘） 四、小说分析（本大题共5个小题，每小题分值见每小题，共20分） 1.Jane Eyre; Sharlotte Bronte 2.He had a mad wife who set the building on fire and climbed to the roof of the building. He tried to save her. But the staircase broke and he fell down He was wounded and became blind. 3.When Jane knew that Mr. Rochester had a wife. She was surprised and fled from Thornfield. Mr. Rochester was very sad at it.
第1章盎格鲁-撒克逊时期(450～1066) 1.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Historical Background（历史背景） (1) The earliest settlers of the British Isles were the Celts, who migrated to the British Isles about 600 B.C. 不列颠群岛最早的定居者是凯尔特人，他们大约在公元前600年移民到不列颠群岛。 (2) From 55 B.C. to 407 A.D. the British Isles were under the rule of the Roman Empire. 从公元前55年到公元407年，不列颠群岛处于罗马帝国的统治之下。 (3) About 450 A.D., waves of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invaded the British Isles. They settled in England, and drove the Celts into Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. 公元450年左右，盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人占领了不列颠群岛。他们在英格兰定居，将凯尔特人驱逐到威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰。 (4) It was around 500 A.D., in the struggle against Cerdic, the founder of the kingdom of Wessex, that the Celtic King Arthur, a legendary figure, is said to have acquired his fame. 大约在公元500年，在与威塞克斯王国创始人塞迪奇的斗争中，传说中的凯尔特王亚瑟获得了他的名声。 (5) Beginning from the later part of the 8th century, the Danes, or the Vikings, came to invade England, at first, along the eastern coast, but later they threatened
经典古文英文翻译CLASSIC LITERATURE IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION -- EXTREMELY USEFUL AND HELPFUL 但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。 We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight, even though miles apart. 独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。 A lonely stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day. 大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。 The endless river eastward flows; with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years. 二人同心，其利断金。 If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal. 富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能曲，此之谓大丈夫。 It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse, no poverty and hardship can shake, and no power and force can suffocate. 海内存知己，天涯若比邻。 A bosom friend afar brings distance near. 合抱之木，生于毫末，九层之台，起于累土；千里之行始于足下。 A huge tree that fills one’s arms grows from a tiny seedling; a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth; a thousand li journey starts with the first step. 祸兮，福之所依；福兮，祸之所伏。 Misfortune, that is where happiness depends; happiness, that is where misfortune underlies. 见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。 On seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal; on seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects. 江山如此多娇，引无数英雄尽折腰。 This land so rich in beauty has made countless heroes bow in homage. 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 Raising my head, I see the moon so bright; withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia comes around. 俱往矣，数风流人物，还看今朝。 All are past and gone; we look to this age for truly great men. 君子成人之美，不成人之恶。 The gentleman helps others to achieve their moral perfection but not their evil conduct. 君子独立不惭于影，独寝不愧于魂。 A righteous man never feels ashamed to face his shadow when standing alone and to face his soul when sleeping alone. 君子之交淡如水，小人之交甘如醴。君子淡以亲，小人甘以绝。 The friendship between men of virtue is light like water, yet affectionate; the friendship between men without virtue is sweet like wine, yet easily broken. 老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼。 Expend the respect of the aged in one’s family to that of other families; expend the love of the young ones in one’s fa mily to that of other families. 礼尚往来。往而不来，非礼也；来而不往，亦非礼也。 Propriety suggests reciprocity. It is not propriety not to give out but to receive, or vice versa.