罗经国《新编英国文学选读》(第4版)教材-第4章 15世纪(1400～1550)【圣才出品】

罗经国《新编英国⽂学选读》（第4版）教材-第8章浪漫主义时期（1798～1832）【圣才出品】第8章浪漫主义时期(1798～1832)8.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical Background（历史背景）(1) The American and French Revolutions（美国⾰命和法国⾰命）Under the influence of the American and French revolutions, national liberation movements and democratic movements swept across many European countries. England was no exception.在美国⾰命和法国⾰命的影响下，民族解放运动和民主运动席卷整个欧洲。

英国也不例外。

(2) The Industrial Revolution（⼯业⾰命）It brought great wealth to the rich and worsened working and living conditions of the poor. With the invention of new machines, many skilled workers were replaced by women and children and working hours for young children lasted fourteen to sixteen hours a day.⼯业⾰命使富⼈更富，穷⼈更穷。

随着新的⽣产机器的发明，妇⼥和⼉童渐渐取代了熟练的⼯⼈，为了⽣存，他们每天必须⼯作⼗四到⼗六个⼩时。

Ⅱ. Intellectual Background（学术背景）(1)Rousseau (1712～1778)（卢梭）He is generally regarded as the father of romanticism, and he rejects theworship of reason. He believes that in the really vital problems of life it is much safer to rely on feelings, to follow our instincts and emotions. He preaches that civilized men sho uld “return to nature”, to a primitive state of life.卢梭是浪漫主义之⽗，他反对崇拜理性，他认为对待⽣活中很多⾄关重要的问题最好是靠感觉、直觉、情感，。

第5章英国文艺复兴(1550～1642)一、填空题1. The term _____ originally indicated a revival of classic Greek and Roman arts and science after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.（北京交通大学2006研）【答案】Renaissance【解析】文艺复兴起初是指经历了漫长、蒙昧的中世纪后，对古希腊和罗马艺术及科学的复兴。

2. Shakespeare’s authentic non-dramatic poetry consists of two _____ and 154 _____.（国际关系学院2009研）【答案】long poems; sonnets【解析】莎士比亚的作品除了戏剧之外，还包括两首长诗（“Venus and Adonis”及“The Rape of Lucrece”）和154首十四行诗。

）3. “Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines” is a line taken from “Sonnet 18” by William Shakespeare. The underlined phrase refers to _____.（首都师范大学2008研）【答案】the sun【解析】“天空中的眼睛”指的是太阳。

此句意为：有时候阳光过于炽烈。

4. In William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18, the speaker compares his beloved to thesummer season, and in the last two lines (“So long as men can breathe or eyes can see/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee”), written in a rhymed _____, he states that his beloved will live in eternity through “this”, which refers to _____.（天津外国语大学2011研）【答案】heroic couplet, poem【解析】诗句为莎士比亚十四行诗第18首的最后两句。

第3章乔叟时期(1350～1400)3.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景）Two important historical events happened during the century in which Chaucer lived and their influence can be detected in the writings of Chaucer and Langland. The first was the Hundred Years’ War between England and France, starting from the reign of Edward the Third (1327～1377) and ending during the reign of Henry the Sixth (1421～1471). It was a series of wars fought between the English kings and the French kings for the French throne. The second historical event was the peasant uprising of 1381, during the reign of King Richard the Second. This peasant uprising was the direct result of exploitation and oppression of the peasants by the feudal lords.在乔叟生活的年代，发生过两件大事，它们的影响力可以在乔叟和朗格兰的作品中见到。

第一件大事是英法百年战争，始于爱德华三世统治时期（1327～1377），终于亨利六世时期（1421～1471）。

罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）笔记和考研真题详解目录第1章　盎格鲁-撒克逊时期(450～1066)　1.1　复习笔记　1.2　考研真题与典型题详解第2章　诺曼时期(1066～1350)　2.1　复习笔记　2.2　考研真题与典型题详解第3章　乔叟时期(1350～1400)　3.1　复习笔记　3.2　考研真题与典型题详解第4章　15世纪(1400～1550)　4.1　复习笔记　4.2　考研真题与典型题详解第5章　英国文艺复兴(1550～1642)　5.1　复习笔记　5.2　考研真题与典型题详解第6章　17世纪(1603～1688)　6.1　复习笔记　6.2　考研真题与典型题详解第7章　18世纪(1688～1798)　7.1　复习笔记　7.2　考研真题与典型题详解第8章　浪漫主义时期(1798～1832)　8.1　复习笔记　8.2　考研真题与典型题详解第9章　维多利亚时期(1832～1901)　9.1　复习笔记　9.2　考研真题与典型题详解第10章　20世纪　10.1　复习笔记　10.2　考研真题与典型题详解弘博学习网————各类考试资料全收录内容简介《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）（罗经国主编）一直被用作高等院校英语专业英国文学教材，被许多院校指定为英语专业考研必读书和学术研究参考书。

作为罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）教材的学习辅导书，本书遵循该教材的章目编排，共分10章，每章由两部分组成：第一部分为复习笔记（中英文对照），总结本章的重点难点；第二部分是考研真题与典型题详解，精选名校经典考研真题及相关习题，并提供了详细的参考答案。

本书具有以下几个方面的特点：1．梳理章节脉络，浓缩内容精华。

每章的复习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他教材对本章的重难点知识进行了整理，并参考了国内名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记，因此，本书的内容几乎浓缩了经典教材的知识精华。

2．中英双语对照，凸显难点要点。

本书章节笔记采用了中英文对照的形式，强化对重要难点知识的理解和运用。

第2章诺曼时期(1066～1350)2.1 复习笔记I. Historical background（历史背景）The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 accelerated the development of feudalism in England. William claimed himself William I, King of England, and regarded himself as the sole owner of the land of all England. He himself kept large tracts of land for his own use and allocated land to his relatives and his followers who had won merit in the conquest. Those people who received land from the king were made “barons” and in return they had to provide the king with knights if there should be a war. The chief class conflict of the time was that between the serfs and the peasants on the one hand, and their feudal lords, including the king, the barons, and the church on the other hand.1066年，诺曼人战胜英格兰人，加快了英国的封建化进程。

威廉任命自己为威廉一世，英国国王，自己是英国唯一的统治者。

他将大量的土地归为自己所有，将土地分给自己的亲人和在战争中立下功劳的将士们。

En glish Lite ra ture a nd the Se le cte d Re a dingsDe ve lopm e nt of English Lite ra ture1 . Ea rly a n d M e die va l English lite ra ture ( -1 4 8 5 )2 . The English Re na is sa nce (15 5 0 -16 4 2 ? )3 . Th e 1 7 th Ce ntu ry –Th e Pe riod of Re volu t ion a n d Re stora t ion4 . The 1 8 th Ce ntu ry –T h e Age of Enlighte nm e nt5 . Th e Rom a ntic Pe riod (1 7 9 8 -1 8 3 2 )6 . Th e Victoria n Age (1 8 3 2 -1 9 0 1 )7 . Th e 2 0 th Ce n t u ry Lit e ra t u re –M o d e rn is m a n d Po s t- M o d e rn is mCha pte r 1 Ea rly a nd M e die va l En g lish lite ra ture一． Ep ic （史诗）A poe m th a t ce le bra te in the form of a co ntinu ous n a rra t ive the a chie ve m e nts of o ne or m ore he roic pe rsona ge s of history or t ra d it ion.Am ong the gre a t e pics of the w orld m a y be m e ntione d the Ilia d, Odysse y a nd Ae ne id of cla ssica l.Be ow ulf1 . H istorica l Ba ckgro u n d1)) Thre e Inva s ions:A.The Rom a n Conq u e st ( 5 5B. C - 4 10 A. D)B.The English Conqu e s t ( The Anglo-Sa xon Pe riod)C.The Norm a n Conq u e st (The Anglo-Norm a n Pe riod)2)) Tw o W a rs:A.The Hundre d Ye a rs W a r (1 3 37 -1 4 5 3 )B.The W a r of th e Rose (1 4 5 5 -1 4 85 )a . Anglo-Sa xo n Poe t ry : Pa ga n(异教的） &Christia n Be ow ulf /w orks of Ca e d m on a nd Cy ne w u lf.b. Anglo-Norm a n Poe t ry : Rom a ncec.Poe try in Age of Cha u ce r：d.. Popula r Ba lla ds: Ba lla d s of Ro binHood 2 . 评价1） Be ow u lf is a n a t i o na l e pic（史诗） of English pe o ple .2） It is the re pre se nta t ive w ork of th e e a rly English lit e ra tu re w ith 3 0 00 lin e s .3 ） It s w rit e r is u nknow n.4 ） Be ow u lf is a folk le ge nd brou g ht to Engla nd by the Anglo Sa xon from the ir prim it ive Northe rn Eu rope .5 ） Be ow u lf w a s pa sse d do w n fro m m o uth to m outh.6 ）Be ow u lf w a s w rit te n dow n in the 1 0 t h ce n tu ry .3 . Ch a ra cte rs in th e s to ry :Be ow u lf: a ne p he w of king of Ge nts, a pe ople in De nm a rk.Hrothga r: king of De nm a rk.Gre nde l: a m onste r.She -m onste r(女妖怪 ): Gre nde l’s m othe r.Dra go n: a fire dra gon, a m onste r.4. Ou t line o f Th e Son g o f Be o w u lfTe u tonic(日耳曼的） h e ro Be ow u lf, the ne phe w of the king of the Ge a t la nd, he lpe d Hrothga r kill the m onste r ha lf-hu m a n ,Gre nd e l a s w e ll a s his viciou s m oth e r. W ith his he roic de e ds, he w a s m a de the king of Scyldings (Sw e d e n) for 5 0 ye a rs.The n in orde r to ga in m ore tre a sure for his pe ople , h e fought ha rd w ith a fie ry fire dra ke a nd w a s d e a d ly w o und e d , e ve ntu a lly d ie d . His la st w ill w a s to a sk his pe ople to b u ild his to m b in to a be a con for the se a fa re rs w ho sa ile d a long the co a st.5. The w rit in g fe a tu re s o f Be o w u lf ?1 ） The m ost im porta nt is in a llit e ra t ive (头韵的 ) ve rse a nd in a rt is t ic form .Eg：Thus m a d e the ir m ourning the m e n of Ge a t la nd,Fo r th e ir h e ro ’s p a ssin g, h is h e a r th-co m p a n io n s2 ） An othe r is the fre q u e nt u se of m e ta p hors a nd unde rsta te m e nts(低调陈述 ) for ironica l hu m or.ring-give r: king he a rth-com pa nions: a t te nd a nt w a rriors w ha le ’s roa d : se a -w oo d:not t rou ble som e : ve ry w e ll二 Rom a nce （传奇）1 ．介绍1 ）T he lite r ature for the uppe r class2 ）A long composition in ve rse or prose , a bout knights—adve nture s3 ）S ubje ct matters: about the matte r of Britain, the mate r of Fra nce , the m atte r of Rome4 ）c onte nt :love chivalry a nd re ligion5 ）骑士精神：l oyalty,brave l y.hone s ty2 . 代表作1 ） King Arthur a nd His Knights of the Round Ta ble :the most importa nt roma nce of the pe riod 2）Sir Gawa in a nd the Gre e n Knight : The best Arthuria n rom ance , a nonymous, in a l lite rative ve rseIts chara cte rs : King Arthur, Sir Gawain, the Gre e n Knight三 Ba lla d（民谣）1 . A ba lla d is a story told in song, u sua lly in 4 -line sta nza s, w ith the2 nd a nd 4 th rhym e d .2 .The Su bje cts of English Ba lla ds1 ) stru ggle of you ng lo ve rs2 ) the conflict be tw e e n love a nd w e a lth3 ) the crue lty of je a lo usy4 ) the criticism of th e civil w a r5 ) the m a t t e rs of cla ss s t ru ggle3 .代表作Robin ho od ba lla ds四．Ge offre y Cha uce r1 . 评价1 ） Th e first gre a t English po e t2 ） Th e fa th e r of English poe t ry3 ） Th e re pre se nta t ive w rite r in the M e d ie va l English lit e ra tu re2 . C ha u ce r’s thre e lit e ra ry pe riod s :1 ） Th e first or th e Fre nch pe riod:The Rom a u nt of the Rose 《玫瑰传奇》 a t ra nsla t ion, po pu la r in M iddle a ge sThe Book of the Duche ss 《悼公爵夫人》 , the be st w ork of the t im e Cha uce r’s lite ra ry ca re e r2 ） Th e se cond or the It a lia n p e riod:Troilus a nd Crise yde 《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德》a poe m of a love story3 ） The third or the English pe riod, his be st pe rio d :The Ca nte rbury Ta le s《坎特伯雷故事集》 , i s m a s te rpie ce a nd a re pre se nta t ive w orks of th e M id dle Age s.The Ca nte rbury Ta le s1. O u t lin eIt op e ns w ith a ge ne ra l prologu e w he re w e a re told of a com pa ny of pilgrim s , 3 2 one s th a t ga the re d a t Ta b a rd Inn in Sou th w a rk, a su bu rb of Londo n. The y a re on the ir w a y to the shrine of St. Thom a s Be cke t a t Ca nte rbu ry . Th e y se t ou t tog e the r w ith the jo lly innke e pe r, Ha rry Ba ily , w ho prop ose d tha t e a ch pilgrim sh ou ld te ll tw o t a le s on the w a y to Ca nte rbury a nd tw o m ore on the w a y ba ck. But , tota lly only 2 4 ta le s a re finishe d . The pilgrim s a re from va riou s pa rts of Engla nd, re pre se n ta t ive s of a ll w a lks of life a nd socia l grou ps, knigh ts, m onks, w id ow s a n d prie st e tc. His w ork show e d a strikingly brillia nt a nd pictu re sq u e pa nora m a of his t im e a nd his country.2. C h a u ce r’s la n g u a g e :1) His la ngu a ge is fu ll of hu m or a nd sa t ire .2) His la ngu a ge is vivid, e xa ct a nd sm o oth, a m a ste r of w ord-pictu re s .3) He is the first to u se h e roic co uple t w hich he introduce d from Fra nce .4)He is the first gre a t poe t w ho w rote in the English la ngu a g e , m a king the dia le ct of London the sta n d a rd for th e m ode rn English spe e ch.Ps:1 . W h a t is t h e “h e ro ic co u p le t ”?Th e h e roic cou ple t is a ve rse form in e pic poe try, w ith lin e s of te n sylla ble s a nd five stre sse s , in rhym ing pa irs .(英雄诗体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。

Chapter 4 The 15th century (1400 –1550) 一．Historical background1. The Hundred Years’War (1337 –1453)Henry VI--a puppetFrench heroine Joan of ArcIn 1453, all English territory in France was lost to the French only Calais to English king2. The War of the Roses (1455 –1485)a series of civil wars fought between the two great families, both of which claimed the right to the English throne. All noble families were involved in it.The House of Lancaster-red roseThe House of York - white roseResult:Henry Tudor (VII) married Elizabeth of the House of York -brought compromise between the two familiesand established a highly consolidated rule.3. The discovery of America and the new sea routes1)Christopher Columbus, 1492, landed in America2)Vascoda Gama, 1497, round the tip of Africa and reached India3)John Cabot and his son Sebastian, 1498, provided the basis for the English claim to North America4. Reformation of the churchHenry VIII took decisive measure to break away from the Church of Rome.1534---He passed the Act of Supremacy: as the supreme head on earth, thus the Anglican Church was founded二．Ballads1.The basic characteristics of ballads1）The beginning is often abrupt: without any introduction of the characters and the background of the tale2）There are strong dramatic elements: single episode, climax, intensity and immediacy3）The story is often told through dialogue and action4）The theme is often tragic, though there are a umber of comic ballads 5）The ballad meter is used: four-line stanzasodd numbered lines with 4 feet eacheven numbered lines with 3 feet each2.Subject matter of the balladsEnglish ballads: the Robin Hood balladswar ballad, bloodshed ballad, superstition ballad, domestic affairs, outlawry, love, sea, and border ballad.3.Collections of balladsBishop Thomas Percy,Reliques of Ancient English PoetryProfessor F. J. Child, English and Scottish Ballads三.Literature in the 15th century1. Popular BalladsReview the definition and the main feature of ballads2. Sir Thomas Malory (1405 –1471)1)The Death of Arthur: complied together the stories of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table2)contribution to the development of English prose3)left a legacy to later writers that many of them used as subject matter in their writing3. Early English playsancient Greece and Rome, drama was a form of entertainmentroman catholic church prohibited it9th and 10th century allowed only for religious services14th century developed into 2 kindsMystery plays -are chiefly based on stories form the BibleMiracle plays -are on the lives of Christian saints Homework: What are the basic characteristics of ballads?。

第2章诺曼时期(1066～1350)一、选择题1. In 1066, _____, with his Norman army, succeeded in invading and defeating England.A. William the ConquerorB. Julius CaesarC. Alfred the GreatD. Claudius【答案】A【解析】1066年征服者威廉率领他的诺曼底军队打败英军成为英伦三岛的统治者。

2. Knights of the Round Table are characters serving _____ in legends, which depict chivalry in early literature. （北二外2007研）A. Sir LancelotB. Sir GodwinC. King ArthurD. King Henry Ⅷ【答案】C【解析】圆桌骑士是中世纪传说中亚瑟王宫廷里最高等的骑士，因聚会的桌子是圆桌而得名。

二、术语解释1. Romance（北外2011研）Key: ①It refers to a fictional story in verse or prose that relates improbable adventures of idealized characters in some remote or enchanted settings; or, more generally, a tendency in fiction opposite to that of realism. ②The term now embraces many forms of fiction from the Gothic novel and the popular escapist love story to the scientific romances of H.G. Wells, but it usually refers to the tales of King Arthu r’s knights written in the late Middle Ages. ③Medieval romance is distinguished from epic by its concerning on courtly love rather than warlike heroism. Later prose romances differ from novels in their preference for allegory and psychological exploration rather than realistic social observation, especially in American works like Nathaniel Hawthorn e’s The Blithedale Romance.2. Arthurian legendKey: It is a group of tales (in several languages) that developed in the Middle Ages concerning Arthur, semi-historical king of the Britons and his knights. The legend is a complex weaving of ancient Celtic mythology with later traditions around a core of possible historical authenticity.三、简答题What are the major subjects that the English romance mainly deals with?Key: The English romance mainly deals with three major subjects: the “Matter of France”, the “Matter of Rome”, and the “Matter of Britain”.①The “Matter of France” means a collection of tales about Charlemagne, the mighty ruler of France and neighboring countries around 800 A.D., and his peers and their wars against the Saracens.②The “Matter of Rome” covers everything from the ancient Romans a nd the Greeks. Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia and conqueror of Greece, Egypt, India and Persian Empire is the favorite hero of this group. Besides this, Trojan War is also dealt with in this group.③The “Matter of Britain” means the legendary histo ry of Britain. It mainly deals with the exploits of King Arthur and his knights.。

第3章乔叟时期(1350～1400)一、填空题1. Today Chaucer is acclaimed not only as “the father of English poetry” but also as “the father of English fiction”. His masterpiece is ________.【答案】The Canterbury Tales【解析】乔叟被誉为英国诗歌和英国小说之父，其代表作是《坎特伯雷故事集》。

2. The _____ provides a framework for the tales in The Canterbury T ales, and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.【答案】Prologue【解析】《坎特伯雷故事集》的序言部分提供整本书的基本框架，生动地刻画了一群各种各样的中世纪人物画卷。

3. In The Canterbury Tales, from the character of _____, we may see a very vivid sketch of a woman of the middle class, and a colorful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer’s own day.【答案】the Wife of Bath【解析】《坎特伯雷故事集》中，乔叟通过对来自中产阶级的巴斯夫人的生动细腻的描写，展示了当时中产阶级多彩的生活画卷。

4. The Canterbury Tales contains in fact a general prologue and only ________ tales, of which two are left unfinished.【解析】乔叟的代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》计划写120个故事，但最后只完成总序和24个故事，其中两个未完成。

Week I Assignment—Beowulf1. How many groups of early settlers came to Britain? (Please provide their names, time and place as to when and where they were from)2. How many languages were spoken at the same time in Norman England? And on what occasions were they spoken?3. From which early settlers’ languages is the modern English language derived?Anglo- Saxon4. Who was the father of English history? And what book did he wrote?5. What are King Alfred the Great’ contributions to English literature?6. Pls make a brief summary of the story of Beowulf.7. What’s the metrical feature of the Anglo-Saxon poetry; take the epic Beowulf for example?8. What’s the significance of Beowulf?9. Explain the following terms.AlliterationKenning (provide some examples)10. Scan the meter of the following lines and underline the alliterative letters in the following lines.Condemned to agony. The door gave way,Toughened with iron, at the touch of those hands.The foe then stepped onto the unstained floor,Angrily advanced: out of his eyes stood.An unlovely light like that of fire.11. Read part II on your own and find as many kennings as possible.Homework week 2 Assignment 21. Explain the following terms:Knights / romance2. Please summarize the story of Sir Gawain and Green Knight.3. Pls describe the feudal system of hierarchy in Norman England.4. What are the main themes of religious literature?5. What are the subject matters of romance?6. What conclusion can we draw about the chivalric spirit from the story of Sir Gawain?7. What’s the metrical feature of Sir Gawain and Green Knight?8. Scan the last five lines of the second stanza.Our knightAnd at that holy tideHe prays with all his mightThat Mary maybe his guideTill a dwelling comes in sight9. pls recite the second stanza of the poem.Homework Week 31. Explain : allegory2. What is John Wycliff’s contribution to English literature?3. What is heroic couplet?4. Scan the following lines:And the small fowls are making melodyThat sleeps away the night with open eye5. pls sum up the life story and writing career of Chaucer.6. What is the significance of The Canterbury Tales?7. What kind of book is The Canterbury Tales?8. In what way does Chaucer contribute to the English language?8. Pls point out the lines that present Chaucer’s mild satire upon the Prioress.9. what kind of person is the woman of Bath?Assignment 41. What is ballad?2. What are the characteristics of popular ballad?3. Explain ‘The ballad meter’4. Please scan the third stanza of Robin hood.5. pls explain the war of roses and Henry VIII’s reformation of the church.6. Please recite The Three Ravens.Assignment 51. Explain [ the English renaissance]2. [humanism]3. [gentleman]4. [religious reformation]5. What is Spenserian stanza? What is his writing style?6. Pls briefly summarize the story of Faerie Queene.7. Pls Scan stanza 17 of canto iv of the Faerie Queene.8. What are the six virtues presented in the six books of Faerie Queene?9. What are the seven sins? Also pls sum up the features of each sin described by Spencer?10. Please recite the first two stanzas.Assignment 61. What are the reasons for the flouring of drama in Renaissance England?2. Describe the English theater (take the Globe for example) .3. Who are the University wits?4. What renaissance spirit does Tamberline the great represent? And what spirit does Dr. Faustus represent?5. What is the writing style of Christopher Marlowe?6. What is blank verse? Scan the first four lines of Dr. Faustus.Homework week 7:1. What are the famous four tragedies of Shakespeare? And the famous comedies?2. Into how many periods is Shakespea re’s writing career divided?3. What are the great achievements of Shakespeare?4. What is Shakespearean sonnet? Pls recite sonnet 18!5. Is Shylock a cruel usurer or a persecuted Jew? Pls analyze Shylock’s character.6. Pls recite Portia’s famous speech on mercy versus justice; and Hamlet’s famous soliloquy. Homework week-81. What are the two main reasons for the British Bourgeois revolution?2. What is the significance of “the Glorious revolution”?3. What God created on the first six days? God’s creation of man?4. What do you know about Francis Bacon’s Philosophical view and the style of his essays?5. Pls recite Of Study.Homework week 9:1. What is metaphysical poetry? Its main theme? Its representatives?2. What is cavalier poetry? Its main theme? Representatives?3. What are the main features of John Donne’s poetry?4. What is feminine ending? And what is masculine ending?5. Recite Virtue.6. What is Miltonic style? (written/ oral)7. In what kind of genre is Milton’s Paradise Lost wr itten?8. What main theme does Paradise Lost deal with? What is the purpose of Milton’s in writing this poem?9. What sentiment is expressed in the image of Satan? And what kind of attitude should we take towards Satan in paradise Lost?10. What is the significance of the love story between Adam and Eve?Homework week 101. In what kind of genre is Milton’s Paradise Lost written?2. What main theme does Paradise Lost deal with? What is the purpose of Milton’s in writing this poem?3. What sentiment is expressed in the image of Satan? And what kind of attitude should we take towards Satan in paradise Lost?4. What is the significance of the love story between Adam and Eve?5. What is Miltonic style?6. What is the genre of Pilgrim’s Progress?7. W ho is the man in Bunyan’s dream And what book in his hand? What the burden is?8. What kind of journey did the pilgrim make? And adventure he underwent through what city?9. What is the significance of the story? And the city?10. What is Bunyan’s style? What does he criticize through his satire/Homework week 12 & Revision:1. What are the six features of 18th century English cultural life?2. What are the five characteristics of neo-classicism?3. What class and class spirit are embodied in the figure “Robinson Crusoe”?4. Please state the reasons why Defoe is regarded as a great artist (with his Moll Flanders’s entering the serious literature)?5. Why was Jonathan Swift respected by the Irish people as their National hero?6. Why is Swift’s A Mode st Propsal regarded as a bitter satire?Homework week 131. Addison and Steel launched several periodicals together. What are their aims?2. What do they mainly deal with in their essays?3. What methods do they adopt in writing the essays?4. What is Addison’s writing style?5. The Royal Exchange: how many important roles did the merchants play in Addison’s time?6. What is genre of the Rape of the Lock by A Pope?7. What is it about?8. What is the significance of An Essay on Man? What are Pope’s achi evements?9. Pls explain Augustan Age.10. Pls recite An essay on Man: Whatever Is, Is Right; and Know Then Thyself.P.S.1 pls read carefully the Royal Exchange and An Essay On man2 pls preview Johnson’s The Preface to Shakespeare; and Fielding’s Tom Jones.Homework week 141. How many periodicals did S Johnson publish?2. How did he compile A Dictionary of English Language? what is the significance of A Letter to the Right Honorable The Earl of Chesterfield?3. How many careers did Henry Fielding go in for? And what are his achievements for each career?4. How many novels did Fielding write altogether?5. What is the special genre did Fielding create in Tom Jones?6. How many parts can Tom Jones be divided into? And what does each part mainly deal with? And What aspect of English society does each part represent ?Homework week 15:1. Of what school was Thomas Gray a representative poet?2. In what way do the poets of this school deviate from the neo-classic rules?3. In What tradition is Sherid an’s masterpiece the School of Scandal written?4. What does Sheridan mainly expose in this play?5. Pls recite the first four stanzas of Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard.Homework week 16:1. What are the features of Burns’s poems?2. Please read Is There for Honest Poverty and answer: What kind of feeling is conveyed in this poem? And what is Burns’s attitude towards both the rich and the poor respectively?3. Please recite A Red, Red Rose.4. In what way(s) do the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience reflect the world respectively?5. What are the features of William Blake’s poetry?6. What kind of picture of the society has been drawn in London?7. pls recite The Lamb and The Tiger.。

罗经国《新编英国⽂学选读》（第4版）教材-第3章乔叟时期（1350～1400）【圣才出品】第3章乔叟时期(1350～1400)3.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景）Two important historical events happened during the century in which Chaucer lived and their influence can be detected in the writings of Chaucer and Langland. The first was the Hundred Years’ War between England and France, starting from the reign of Edward the Third (1327～1377) and ending during the reign of Henry the Sixth (1421～1471). It was a series of wars fought between the English kings and the French kings for the French throne. The second historical event was the peasant uprising of 1381, during the reign of King Richard the Second. This peasant uprising was the direct result of exploitation and oppression of the peasants by the feudal lords.在乔叟⽣活的年代，发⽣过两件⼤事，它们的影响⼒可以在乔叟和朗格兰的作品中见到。

第⼀件⼤事是英法百年战争，始于爱德华三世统治时期（1327～1377），终于亨利六世时期（1421～1471）。

罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）章节题库-第八章至第十章【圣才出品】第8章浪漫主义时期(1798～1832)一、填空题1.Prometheus Unbound,a lyrical drama in four acts,was written by_____.（大连外国语大学2008研）【答案】(Percy Bysshe)Shelley【解析】雪莱，全名为Percy Bysshe Shelley。

《解放了的普罗米修斯》是雪莱的著名诗剧，取材于古希腊罗马神话。

2.William_____based his poetic theory on the principle that“all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of_____.”（天津外国语大学2011研）【答案】Wordsworth,powerful feeling【解析】William Wordsworth和Samuel Taylor Coleridge共同出版的Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》标志着英国浪漫主义的开始。

题中句子属于序言中的引用，是William Wordsworth的浪漫主义的主要原则之一。

3.Author:_____.Title:_____.（南京大学2008研）Of vapours,from whose solid atmosphereBlack rain,and fire,and hail will burst:oh hear!【答案】Percy Bysshe Shelley;Ode to the West Wind【解析】题目节选自浪漫主义诗人雪莱的Ode to the West Wind （《西风颂》）。

4.Each literary movement can be seen as a strong reaction to the previous aesthetic principles.Romanticism in the history of English literature can be presented as a strong reaction to_____.（天津外国语大学2009研）【答案】neoclassicism【解析】浪漫主义重在打破新古典主义的桎梏，新古典主义强调理性，秩序和优雅的风趣，而浪漫主义则重在人的感情和自然美。

罗经国新编英国文学选读（最新版5篇）目录（篇1）一、罗经国与《新编英国文学选读》二、书籍内容概述1.选文时期范围2.选文作者及作品三、书籍特点1.系统性2.代表性3.权威性四、书籍价值1.考研考证参考价值2.文学研究价值3.教育教学价值五、总结正文（篇1）罗经国是一位在英国文学研究领域具有很高声誉的学者，他所编撰的《新编英国文学选读》是一本系统性、代表性、权威性的英国文学选读教材。

该书共分为上下两册，所选内容均为英国文学史上脍炙人口的经典作品，选文包括盎格鲁 - 撒克逊时期、诺曼时期、乔叟时期、15 世纪、文艺复兴、17 世纪、18 世纪等时期的英国文学作品。

如《贝奥武甫》《坎特伯雷故事集》、莎士比亚的《十四行诗》《威尼斯商人》《哈姆雷特》、弥尔顿的《失乐园》、笛福的《摩尔·弗兰德斯》、菲尔丁的《弃儿汤姆·琼斯的故事》等有关作品。

这本书具有很高的系统性，按照时间顺序排列，让读者能够清晰地了解英国文学的发展脉络。

同时，它还具有很强的代表性，所选作品均为各时期的典型代表作，让读者能够领略到英国文学的精髓。

在权威性方面，罗经国在编撰过程中引用了大量的文献资料，对文学作品进行了深入的剖析，使得这本书具有很高的学术价值。

《新编英国文学选读》不仅具有考研考证的参考价值，还对文学研究具有一定的价值。

此外，它还可以作为英国文学课程的教材，帮助学生更好地理解和掌握英国文学知识。

目录（篇2）1.罗经国与《新编英国文学选读》2.书籍内容概述3.罗经国的文学研究背景4.《新编英国文学选读》各版本的特点5.读者对《新编英国文学选读》的评价正文（篇2）罗经国是一位在英国文学研究领域具有深厚学术造诣的学者，他编写的《新编英国文学选读》旨在为读者呈现英国文学史上脍炙人口的经典作品，并引导读者深入了解英国文学的发展脉络。

《新编英国文学选读》共分为上下两册，所选内容涵盖了英国文学史上各个重要时期，如盎格鲁 - 撒克逊时期、诺曼时期、乔叟时期、15 世纪、文艺复兴、17 世纪、18 世纪等。

第5章英国文艺复兴(1550～1642)5.1 复习笔记I. Historical background（历史背景）After long years of foreign and domestic wars, England enjoyed a period of peace and prosperity during the reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558～1603). By adopting a policy of tolerance the Queen successfully maintained a balance of power between the feudal lords and the rising burghers as well as between the Protestants and the Catholics. Another historical event that greatly strengthened the power of the monarch and accelerated the awakening of national consciousness was the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the English navy in 1588.在经历连年不断的国内外战争之后，英国在伊丽莎白女王统治时期（1558～1603）获得了一段和平繁荣时期。

女王采取宽容政策，成功地使封建领主和地位上升的市民阶级、新教徒和天主教徒之间达到一种平衡的状态。

另一件极大增强最高统治者权力和唤醒民族意识的历史事件是英国海军在1588年击败了西班牙的无敌舰队。

Ⅱ. The enclosure movement（圈地运动）The rising of the burgher class was indispensable to the enclosure movement. With the discovery of the new sea routes, the English merchants had been bringing enormous wealth from the east. But the first and most important field where the English burghers made their fortunes was the wool trade. As the demand for woolincreased, some of the nobles and the burghers turned vast arable land into pastures and large numbers of peasants became landless men. Many peasants who were compelled to leave their land came to settle down in towns and cities and earned their living as labourers. Thus, two opposite classes came into being, the capitalist class and the labouring class.圈地运动的展开与市民阶级的上升有密不可分的关系。

第4章15世纪(1400～1550)一、填空题1. The most magnificent prose work of the 15th century is Le Morte D’ Arthur concerning with _____ legend.【答案】Arthurian【解析】15世纪左右公认的集大成作品为《亚瑟王之死》，是关于亚瑟王的传奇故事。

2. The fifteenth century has been traditionally described as the barren age in English literature. But it is the spring tide of English _____.【答案】ballads【解析】十五世纪英国歌谣开始兴起。

二、选择题Robin Hood was written in the form of _____.（北二外2014研）A. free verseB. balladC. sonnetD. blank verse【答案】B【解析】罗宾汉是用歌谣的形式书写的。

三、术语解释1. Morality playKey:①A kind of religious drama popular in England, Scotland, France, and elsewhere in Europe in the 15th and early 16th centuries. ②Morality plays are dramatized allegories, in which personified virtues, vices, diseases, and temptations struggle for the soul of man as he travels from birth to death. ③They instill a simple message of Christian salvation, but often include comic scenes. The best-known is Everyman. They had a considerable influence on the development of Elizabethan drama.2. Ballad（厦门大学2012研）Key: ①A folk song or orally transmitted poems telling a direct dramatic manner some popular story usually derived from a tragic incident in local history or legend. The story is told simply, impersonally, and often with vivid dialogue. ②Ballads are normally composed in quatrains with vivid alternating fore-stress and three-stress lines, the second and fourth lines rhyming;. But some ballads are in couplet form, and some others have six-line stanzas. ③Appearing in many parts of Europe in the late Middle Ages, ballads flourished particularly strongly in Scotland from the 15th century onward. Since the 18th century, educated poets outside the folk-song tradition—notably Coleridge and Goethe—have written imitations of the popular balla d’s form and style: Coleridg e’s ‘Rime of the Ancient Marine r’ is a celebrated example.四、论述题What is the most important department of English folk literature? And make comments on its most famous cycle: the Robin Hood Ballads.Key: (1) The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in quatrains with alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, the second and fourth lines rhyming. When it was chanted by ball-assigners, the audience joined in a refrain which usually followed each stanza. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and in them one is able to understand the outlook of the English common people in feudal society.The subject of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters of class struggle.(2) The most famous cycle of English ballads centers on the stories about a legendary outlaw called Robin Hood. Robin Hood, a legendary popular hero, is depicted in the ballads as a valiant outlaw, famous in archery, living under the greenwood tree with his merry men, taking from the rich and giving to the poor, waging war against bishops and archbishops, and constantly hunted by the sheriffs, whom he constantly outwits.Clearly the historical origin of Robin Hood and his band of outlaws is to be found in the perpetual struggles of the peasants against the landlords, against the local officials and against the king’s judges. Robin Hood is a partly historical and partly legendary character.The character of Robin Hood is many-sided. Strong, brave and clever, he is at the same time tender-hearted and affectionate. But the dominant Key in his character is his hatred for the cruel oppressors and his love for the poor and downtrodden. Robin Hood appears to be devout and orthodox in religion. Another feature of Robin’s view is his reverence for the king. The king appears in the ballads as an intermediary between the outlaws and his officials and judges, as the humorous and understanding guest in the greenwood, feasting on his own stolen deer. In spite of this, the Robin Hood ballads show the fighting spirit, indomitable courage and revolutionary energy of the English peasantry.（此题分两部分作答，第一部分主要分析什么是歌谣以及歌谣的写作主题；第二部分主要分析Robin Hood 的主要内容，主题和Robin Hood的形象。

1. Chapter One The Anglo-Saxon Period (450 —— 1066) 1. Historical backgroundThe Celts 〉the Brythons.The Iron Age.The ceremonies of May Day and the cult of mistletoe.From 55 BC to 407 AD, the Roman Empire, a slave society.London was founded.Little influence on the cultural life of the Celts,Town with names ending in “chester” or “caster”.De Bello Gallico by Julius Caesar and Germania by Publius Cornelius Tacitus450 AD, the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.“angul” means a hook; “seax” means a short sw ord.Around 500 AD, the Celtic King Arthur fought against Cerdic, the founder of the kingdom of Wessex. Camelot, King Arthur’s capital.Later 8th, the Danes, or the Vikings.King Alfred the Great of Wessex (849-899)Harold, the last Saxon King 〉William the Duke of Normandy.597, Pope Gregory the Great sent St. Augustine to England and the first converted king was King Ethelbert of Kent.2. Northumbrian School and Wessex literature——two highlights in the development of the Anglo-Saxon literature.Monasteries and abbeys in the kingdom of Northumbria.Caedmon in the 7th turned the stories in the Bible into verse form ——Paraphrase. Inspired by God.The Venerable Bede (673-735), wrote in Latin The Ecclesiastical History of the English People from Caesar to 731. It was Bede who told about the story of Caedmon.The reign of King Alfred (871-899)First, Latin books into West Saxon dialect. It is said that King Alfred translated the history of Bede.Second, the launching of The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, from Caesar’s conquest to 1154.Third, created a style of Anglo-Saxon prose which was not obscure.3. Anglo-Saxon poetryThe earliest is Widsith and the last is Maldon.BeowulfAs early as the 6th in oral formWritten down in the 8th.The manuscript preserved dates back to the 10th and in Wessex dialect. One datable fact in the poem is a raid on the Franks by Gelac in 520. 3183 lines.Danish King Hrothgar built a hall called Heorot.Grendel for 12 years.Beowulf, nephew to King Hygelac of the Geats. With 14 companions.Hrothgar's friend Aeschere killed by Grendel's mother.Killing Grendel’s mother with a magic sword in the cave.One of the 12 companions, Wiglaf, helped Beowulf kill the dragon.Physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities.A mixture of paganism and Christian elements.Old English Poetry:1. The technical structure:1)Every line consists of two clearly separated half lines between whichis a caesura. The two parts of the line are united by alliteration,a form of initial rhyme, which is the repetition of the same sound orsounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other.2)Every half line consists of two feet and each foot is made up of anaccented syllable and a varying number of unaccented syllables.3)Generally there are 3 alliterations per line, two in the first halfline and one on the first foot of the second half line.2. The scop also used a figurative language called “kenning”, a metaphor usually composed of two words, which becomes the formula of a special object: “helmet bearer” for “warrior.”3. The use of repetition and variation. Same idea expressed more than once by synonyms.PS: 第4頁第2段第3行經Word自動更正提示以及維基百科確認，“Ecclesiatical”為印刷錯誤，應為“Ecclesiastical”。

专业课复习指导(20’)1. 复习资料使用说明（参考书目和真题）参考书一共是4本，都是应对英语专业知识考试用的，其中一本是《英美文化基础教程》，对应的考题是英美概况，文学方面有两本参考书，一本是《英国文学作品选读》，另一本是《美国文学欣赏》，语言学方面有一本参考书，《简明英语语言学教程》。

下面给大家详细地讲讲参考书目的使用方法。

《英美文化基础教程》编得比较繁琐，看过一遍后觉得什么都是重点，什么都不是重点，让人摸不着头脑，这就是这本书的不好之处，但是它有课后题，这些题目一定要做，答案在相应的章节都能找到，虽然在近几年都没出过原题，但是这些课后题的知识点还是要掌握的。

这本书还有配套的《英美文化基础教程学习手册》，上面列的东西比较清晰，大家不妨买来看看。

但是，掌握了这本书，要应对考试却远远不够，下面推荐几个我觉得不错的书，大家可以买来看看：1.《英美概况》来安方编，河南人民出版社。

我考研时一个学姐推荐我看这本书的，觉得还不错。

2. 《英美概况(上下)》张奎武，吉林科学技术出版社。

3. 《新编英美概况教程(第2版)》周波麟、C.W.Pollard、June Almes 北京大学出版社(2009-04出版) 4. 《你不可不知道的英语学习背景知识:英美民间故事与民俗(新版)》，郝澎，南海出版公司。

这是一套书，由好几册书组成，内容很多，里面有很多小故事，因为是我们系出这个英美概况题目的老师郝澎编写的，所以我们考研时就把这套书都翻了一遍。

两本文学方面的书都比较薄，里面选择的作家和名篇较少，但就是因为少，所以才凸显了这些出现的名家名篇都是重点中的重点，每个时期前的介绍都要好好看，文学有些选择题会出自这一块，比如讲英国浪漫主义时期前，前面会有一段历史方面的介绍，这部分一定要仔细地看。

掌握了这两本书，要应对考试也还是远远不够的，所以下面我再推荐几本书，以便大家复习：1. 《新编英国文学选读(上，下)》罗经国，北京大学出版社。

罗经国版《新编英国文学简史（上）》第四章●知识目标：1.了解十五世纪的英国历史背景及社会发展状况。

2.掌握十五世纪英国文学的特征。

3.了解十五世纪英国的著名作家及其生平。

4.阅读理解并正确评价十五世纪英国著名作家的代表作。

重点阅读理解十五世纪英国著名作家的作品教学难点正确评价十五世纪英国著名作家的代表作C h a p t e r4T h e15t h c e n t u r y(1400–1550)●I. Historical background1. The Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453)●Henry VI--a puppet●French heroine Joan of Arc●In 1453, all English territory in France was lost to the French only Calais to English king●2. The War of the Roses (1455 – 1485)●a series of civil wars fought between the two great families, both of which claimed the right to the English throne. All noble families were involved in it.The House of Lancaster-red roseThe House of York - white roseResult:Henry Tudor (VII) married Elizabeth of the House of York -brought compromise between the two familiesand established a highly consolidated rule.3. The discovery of America and the new sea routes●Christopher Columbus, 1492, landed in America●Vascoda Gama, 1497, rou nd the tip of Africa and reached India ●John Cabot and his son Sebastian, 1498, provided thebasis for the English claim to North America●4. Reformation of the church●Tudor Monarchs ruled England and Wales for 200 years●Henry VII●Henry VIII -- 6 wives: divorce 2, kill 2, struggle for divorce●Edward VI●Mary Tudor●Elizabeth I●Henry VIII took decisive measure to break away from the Church of Rome.●1534---passed the Act of Supremacy: as the supreme head on earth, thus the Anglican Church was foundedM e d i e v a l l i t e r a t u r e(c o n t i n u e d):B a l l a d1. Ballad2. Textual study:1) Robin Hood and the three squires2) Sir Patrick SpensB a l l a d:d e f i n i t i o n●An anonymous narrative poem preserved by oral transmission. Usually inquatrains with a distinctive and memorable rhyme, the ballad uses iambic tetrameter for the 1st & 3rd lines and iambic trimeter for the 2nd & 4th.●Ex:●The youngster was clothed in scarlet red,●In scarlet fine and gay;●And he did frisk it over the plain,●And chanted a roundelay.Q u a t r a i n:d e f i n i t i o n●A poem or stanza that contains 4 lines with various rhymingpatterns.●Ex:●It fell about the Martinmas time,And a gay time it was then,When our goodwife got puddings to make,And she’s boile d them in the pan.T h e b a s i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f b a l l a d s●The beginning is often abrupt: without any introduction of the characters and the background of the tale●There are strong dramatic elements: single episode, climax, intensity andimmediacy●The story is often told through dialogue and action●The theme is often tragic, though there are a number of comic ballads●The ballad meter is used: four-line stanzasodd numbered lines with 4 feet eacheven numbered lines with 3 feet each●Subject matter of the balladsEnglish ballads: the Robin Hood balladswar ballad, bloodshed ballad, superstition ballad, domestic affairs, outlawry, love, sea, and border ballad.●Collections of balladsBishop Thomas Percy, Reliques of Ancient English Poetry Professor F. J. Child, English and Scottish BalladsL i t e r a t u r e i n t h e15t h c e n t u r y●1. Popular Ballads●Review the definition and the main feature of ballads●2. Sir Thomas Malory (1405 –1471)●The Death of Arthur: complied togeth er the stories of KingArthur and the Knights of the Round Table●contribution to the development of English prose●left a legacy to later writers that many of them used as subject matter in their writing●3. Early English plays●ancient Greece and Rome, drama was a form of entertainment●roman catholic church prohibited it●9th and 10th century allowed only for religious services14th century developed into 2 kinds●Mystery plays -are chiefly based on stories form the Bible●Miracle plays -are on the lives of Christian saints●These two names are used to designate the religious drama which developed amongChristian nations at the end of the Middle Ages. It should be noted that the word"mystery" has often been applied to all Christian dramas prior to the sixteenth century, whereas it should be confined to those of the fifteenth century, which represent the great dramatic effort anterior to the Renaissance Before this period dramatic pieces were called "plays" or "miracles". The embryonic representations, at first given in the interior of the churches, have been designated as liturgical dramas.T e x t u a l s t u d y:●Ballads of Robin Hood●It was popular in the second half of the 14th C.●Origin：the ballads are based on the perpetual struggles of the peasants against thelandlords and local official. (peasant uprising).●The character of Robin HoodHe is a partly historical and partly legendary character. He is many-sided. He is strong, brave, clever, tender-hearted and affectionate. He hates the noble class and loves the low-class people. However, he is devout and orthodox in religion; in addition, heshows reverence for the king. In spite of this, Robin Hood represents the fighting spirit, indomitable courage and revolutionary energy of the English peasantryT e x t u a l s t u d y:S i r P a t r i c k S p e n s●Stanza 11) What is the king doing at the beginning of the scene?2) What does he want to do?●Stanza 21) Who answered the king?2) What does he tell the king?T e x t u a l s t u d y:S i r P a t r i c k S p e n s●Stanza 31) What does the king do to the knight’s suggestion?2) What is Patrick Spens doing at the time?●Stanza 41) What does Patrick Spens do at the first sight of the letter?2) What does he do after that?T e x t u a l s t u d y:S i r P a t r i c k S p e n s●Stanza 51) Why does Sir Patrick Spens feel that “the tear blinded his ee” ?2) What is the implied meaning of the phras e “to send meout this time o’ the year” ?Stanza 61) What does Sir Patrick Spens do to his men?2) What is the response from his men?T e x t u a l s t u d y:S i r P a t r i c k S p e n s●Stanza 71) Who is speaking in this stanza?2) What does the speaker say?●Stanza 81) What are the “Scots nobles” like with reference to the first two lines of the stanza?2) What conclusion do you come to with the reference to the last two lines of thestanza?T e x t u a l s t u d y:S i r P a t r i c k S p e n s●Stanza 91) What do the wives of the sailors do after what happened in stanza 8?●Stanza 101) What is the meaning expressed in this stanza?2) Why does this stanza express a similar meaning to the last stanza?T e x t u a l s t u d y:S i r P a t r i c k S p e n s●Stanza 111) What finally happens to Sir Patrick Spens and his men?T e x t u a l s t u d y:S i r P a t r i c k S p e n s●What is the theme of this ballad?the courageous knight diligently obeying the command of his king in spite of the knowledge that he will almost certainly be going to his death.Homework:What are the basic characteristics of ballads?。

第四章十五世纪（1400---1550）1.历史背景虽然一些重要的历史事件发生在乔叟死后150年，但是这期间文学领域中并没有产生重要作品，这期间的重要事件主要有：(1)百年战争英法百年战争期间，英王亨利五世（1413--1422）于1415年，英军于阿金库尔战役大败法军，再与勃艮地公爵结盟，攻占法国北部大多数地区。

法王查理六世无力抵抗，于1420年5月21日在特鲁瓦签订几乎亡国的特鲁瓦和约。

英王亨利五世成为法国摄政王，有权承继查理六世死后的法国王位。

法国已沦为英法联合王国的一部分。

1429年，法国女民族英雄贞德率军击退英军，解奥尔良城之围。

此后，法国人民抗英运动继续高涨，英军节节败退。

1429年7月，王子查理在兰斯加冕，称查理七世。

1435年勃艮第公爵臣服于法王。

1453年10月，驻波尔多英军投降，除加来外，法国领土全部收复。

至此，百年战争以法国的胜利而结束。

（2）玫瑰战争玫瑰战争，又称蔷薇战争，是英国两大家族发动的一系列战争，起因是两大家族都认为自己是英国王权的继承人。

兰科斯特家族认为自己家族的红玫瑰是王族的象征，而约克家族则认为家族标志白玫瑰才能代表王权。

亨利六世是兰科斯特家族的代表，但是约克家族却认为他们比亨利六世更适合统治英国。

两大家族之间的战争爆发，几乎当时所有的名门望族都卷入了这场战争。

战争持续了13年，直至亨利七世在博斯沃斯战争中击败了理查德三世，这场声势浩大的战争终于以亨利（兰科斯特家族）的胜利宣告结束。

亨利通过娶爱德华四世的女儿，约克家族最佳的继承人约克的伊丽莎白为妻来巩固他的统治。

（3）发现新大陆和开拓新的航海路线1942年热那亚航海家，对地圆说深信不疑的克里斯托弗·哥伦布相信自己可以向西航行至印度，在西班牙国王Ferdinand和王后伊莎贝拉的支持下，哥伦布抵达美国。

1497年，葡萄牙航海家达迦马（1469--1524）率领船队绕行非洲好望角第二年抵达印度。

英法两国继西班牙开拓航海路线后也不甘落后，意大利航海家约翰·卡伯特（1450--1498）与其子塞瓦斯蒂安1497年他为英王亨利七世航行到达今天的加拿大，他却以为到了亚洲的东海岸。