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罗经国《新编英国⽂学选读》（第4版）教材-第8章浪漫主义时期（1798～1832）【圣才出品】第8章浪漫主义时期(1798～1832)8.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical Background（历史背景）(1) The American and French Revolutions（美国⾰命和法国⾰命）Under the influence of the American and French revolutions, national liberation movements and democratic movements swept across many European countries. England was no exception.在美国⾰命和法国⾰命的影响下，民族解放运动和民主运动席卷整个欧洲。
英国也不例外。
(2) The Industrial Revolution（⼯业⾰命）It brought great wealth to the rich and worsened working and living conditions of the poor. With the invention of new machines, many skilled workers were replaced by women and children and working hours for young children lasted fourteen to sixteen hours a day.⼯业⾰命使富⼈更富，穷⼈更穷。
随着新的⽣产机器的发明，妇⼥和⼉童渐渐取代了熟练的⼯⼈，为了⽣存，他们每天必须⼯作⼗四到⼗六个⼩时。
Ⅱ. Intellectual Background（学术背景）(1)Rousseau (1712～1778)（卢梭）He is generally regarded as the father of romanticism, and he rejects theworship of reason. He believes that in the really vital problems of life it is much safer to rely on feelings, to follow our instincts and emotions. He preaches that civilized men sho uld “return to nature”, to a primitive state of life.卢梭是浪漫主义之⽗，他反对崇拜理性，他认为对待⽣活中很多⾄关重要的问题最好是靠感觉、直觉、情感，。
第4章15世纪(1400～1550)4.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景）(1) The Hundred Years’ War（百年战争）The Hundred Years’War continued and in 1415 at the Battle of Agincourt King Henry Ⅴ (1413～1422) defeated the French army and claimed himself the heir to the French throne.百年战争还在持续，在1415年的阿金库尔战役中，亨利5世（1413～1422）战胜了法国军队，并宣布自己是法国的继承者。
(2) The War of the Roses (1455～1485)（玫瑰战争）The War of the Roses, or the Thirty Years’ War, was a series of civil wars fought between the two great families, both of which claimed the right to the English throne. It lasted for thirty years until King Henry Ⅶ defeated Richard Ⅲ(1483～1485) at the Battle of Bosworth and ended the civil war.玫瑰战争，又叫三十年战争，是发生在两个家族之间的一系列内战，他们都宣称自己有权统治英国。
它持续了30年，直到亨利7世在博斯沃思战争（1483～1485）中打败理查德3世，内战宣告结束。
(3) The discovery of America and the new sea routes（美洲大陆和新航海线路的发现）In 1492, a Genoese mariner, Christopher Columbus (ca.1436～1506) who believed that he could reach India by sailing west, landed in America with thesupport of the Spanish sovereigns Ferdinand and Isabella.1492年，热那亚水手克里斯托弗·哥伦布相信只要一直向西航行就能到达印度，在费迪南和伊莎贝拉的支持下，他登上了美洲大陆。
第7章18世纪(1688～1798)7.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景）With the ascent of the bourgeoisie cultural life，some special features are worthy of our notice:随着市民阶层文化生活的提升，以下几点值得我们的注意：(1) Political writings（政治写作）The rise of the political parties and their rivalry called forth writers，literary men willing to work for either party in order to help either of them win more votes.政党的崛起，他们的竞争对手召集作家进行创作，而作家们一般都愿意帮助其中任何一派来替他们拉选票。
(2) Newspapers and journals（报纸和期刊）With the coming of the 18th century a new mass media came into being. Both parties printed newspapers as a means to express their views. Besides, the rise of the middle class also helped the growth of the newspapers.随着18世纪的到来，一种新的媒介开始形成。
双方政党都印刷报纸作为宣传他们主张的媒介。
此外，正在上升的中产阶级也推动了报业的发展。
(3) Coffeehouses（咖啡屋）In the latter half of the 17th century and throughout the 18th century, the coffeehouses in London served as informal meeting houses for men of all classes,where they could exchange their opinions and do business.17世纪后半叶和整个18世纪，伦敦的咖啡屋都被当成是各个阶级的非正式会议室，他们可以在那儿交流意见、业务往来。
第9章维多利亚时期(1832～1901)9.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景）(1) 1832～1848The first reform bill—the industrial capitalists gain their power in Parliament. This bill extended the right to vote to the industrial capitalists and the lower middle class, but not the workers.凭借第一部改革议案，工业资产阶级在议会中赢得了权利。
这个议案使工业资产阶级和中下层阶级获得了选举权，但是工人却并没有获得选举权。
(2) In the fifties and sixties（五十年代和六十年代）England had become the workshop of the world and the world’s banker. It was a period of complacency, stability and optimism.英国成为“世界工厂”和“世界银行”。
这个时期的社会稳定发展，人们对未来信心百倍。
(3) In the 1890s（十九世纪九十年代）The 1890s is a period of serenity and security. By 1890, England continued to grow in strength. The British Empire had comprised more than a quarter of all the territory on the surface of the earth.九十年代是一个安稳而宁静的年代，这个时期，英国的实力持续增长，英国占据了世界四分之一的领土。
Ⅱ. The Victorian Novelists （维多利亚时期的小说家）The Flourishing of Novels（小说兴起的背景）①a new reading public新的阅读群体②a dropping of the price of books书价格的下跌③a profession of writing写作职业的出现④a need of recreation and entertainment休闲娱乐的需要⑤a need of satire of individuals or institutions讽刺个人或体制的需要⑥the feminist movement女权运动Common Features of Victorian Novels（维多利亚小说的共同特征）①The plot小说情节的社会背景更加广②The cause-effect sequence因果关系更加明确③By installment以系列的形式出版④The spirit of Puritanism清教思想的渗入⑤Moral Purpose以道德说教为目的1. Charles Dickens (1812～1870)（查尔斯·狄更斯）(1) Brief Introduction of the Author（作者简介）Dickens was born at Portsmouth in 1812. In 1858 Dickens began to give public readings which continued until his death in 1870. He is the most important novelist of the critical realistic period. In his works, he exposes the cruelty and the hypocrisy of the upper class of the English society, making great contributions to the development of the English literature.1812年生于朴次茅斯市郊，狄更斯在1858年开始公开朗诵，直到1870年他去世。
第5章英国文艺复兴(1550～1642)一、填空题1. The term _____ originally indicated a revival of classic Greek and Roman arts and science after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.（北京交通大学2006研）【答案】Renaissance【解析】文艺复兴起初是指经历了漫长、蒙昧的中世纪后，对古希腊和罗马艺术及科学的复兴。
2. Shakespeare’s authentic non-dramatic poetry consists of two _____ and 154 _____.（国际关系学院2009研）【答案】long poems; sonnets【解析】莎士比亚的作品除了戏剧之外，还包括两首长诗（“Venus and Adonis”及“The Rape of Lucrece”）和154首十四行诗。
）3. “Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines” is a line taken from “Sonnet 18” by William Shakespeare. The underlined phrase refers to _____.（首都师范大学2008研）【答案】the sun【解析】“天空中的眼睛”指的是太阳。
此句意为：有时候阳光过于炽烈。
4. In William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18, the speaker compares his beloved to thesummer season, and in the last two lines (“So long as men can breathe or eyes can see/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee”), written in a rhymed _____, he states that his beloved will live in eternity through “this”, which refers to _____.（天津外国语大学2011研）【答案】heroic couplet, poem【解析】诗句为莎士比亚十四行诗第18首的最后两句。
第3章乔叟时期(1350～1400)3.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景）Two important historical events happened during the century in which Chaucer lived and their influence can be detected in the writings of Chaucer and Langland. The first was the Hundred Years’ War between England and France, starting from the reign of Edward the Third (1327～1377) and ending during the reign of Henry the Sixth (1421～1471). It was a series of wars fought between the English kings and the French kings for the French throne. The second historical event was the peasant uprising of 1381, during the reign of King Richard the Second. This peasant uprising was the direct result of exploitation and oppression of the peasants by the feudal lords.在乔叟生活的年代，发生过两件大事，它们的影响力可以在乔叟和朗格兰的作品中见到。
第一件大事是英法百年战争，始于爱德华三世统治时期（1327～1377），终于亨利六世时期（1421～1471）。
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）笔记和考研真题详解目录第1章 盎格鲁-撒克逊时期(450～1066) 1.1 复习笔记 1.2 考研真题与典型题详解第2章 诺曼时期(1066～1350) 2.1 复习笔记 2.2 考研真题与典型题详解第3章 乔叟时期(1350～1400) 3.1 复习笔记 3.2 考研真题与典型题详解第4章 15世纪(1400～1550) 4.1 复习笔记 4.2 考研真题与典型题详解第5章 英国文艺复兴(1550～1642) 5.1 复习笔记 5.2 考研真题与典型题详解第6章 17世纪(1603～1688) 6.1 复习笔记 6.2 考研真题与典型题详解第7章 18世纪(1688～1798) 7.1 复习笔记 7.2 考研真题与典型题详解第8章 浪漫主义时期(1798～1832) 8.1 复习笔记 8.2 考研真题与典型题详解第9章 维多利亚时期(1832～1901) 9.1 复习笔记 9.2 考研真题与典型题详解第10章 20世纪 10.1 复习笔记 10.2 考研真题与典型题详解弘博学习网————各类考试资料全收录内容简介《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）（罗经国主编）一直被用作高等院校英语专业英国文学教材，被许多院校指定为英语专业考研必读书和学术研究参考书。
作为罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）教材的学习辅导书，本书遵循该教材的章目编排，共分10章，每章由两部分组成：第一部分为复习笔记（中英文对照），总结本章的重点难点；第二部分是考研真题与典型题详解，精选名校经典考研真题及相关习题，并提供了详细的参考答案。
本书具有以下几个方面的特点：1．梳理章节脉络，浓缩内容精华。
每章的复习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他教材对本章的重难点知识进行了整理，并参考了国内名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记，因此，本书的内容几乎浓缩了经典教材的知识精华。
2．中英双语对照，凸显难点要点。
本书章节笔记采用了中英文对照的形式，强化对重要难点知识的理解和运用。
第2章诺曼时期(1066～1350)2.1 复习笔记I. Historical background（历史背景）The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 accelerated the development of feudalism in England. William claimed himself William I, King of England, and regarded himself as the sole owner of the land of all England. He himself kept large tracts of land for his own use and allocated land to his relatives and his followers who had won merit in the conquest. Those people who received land from the king were made “barons” and in return they had to provide the king with knights if there should be a war. The chief class conflict of the time was that between the serfs and the peasants on the one hand, and their feudal lords, including the king, the barons, and the church on the other hand.1066年，诺曼人战胜英格兰人，加快了英国的封建化进程。
威廉任命自己为威廉一世，英国国王，自己是英国唯一的统治者。
他将大量的土地归为自己所有，将土地分给自己的亲人和在战争中立下功劳的将士们。
第9章维多利亚时期(1832～1901)一、填空题1. Author _____; Title _____.（南京大学2009研；南京大学2008研）I would not have gone back to Joe now, I would not have gone back to Biddy now, for any consideration: simply, I suppose, because my sense of my own worthless conduct to them was greater than every consideration.【答案】Charles Dickens; Great Expectations【解析】题目节选自狄更斯的Great Expectations（《远大前程》）。
2. Like Ibsen, _____ was much concerned about the social problems of his time. His career as a dramatist began in 1892, when his first play _____ was put on and turned out a success.（天津外国语大学2010研）【答案】George Bernard Shaw; Widowers’ Houses【解析】萧伯纳是英国现代杰出的现实主义戏剧作家，是世界著名的擅长幽默与讽刺的语言大师。
他的第一部剧作《鳏夫的房产》创作于1892年。
3. Heathcliff and Catherine are characters in _____ written by _____.（大连外国语大学2007研）【答案】Wuthering Heights, Emily Brontë【解析】Heathcliff和Catherine是英国小说家Emily Brontë小说《呼啸山庄》中的人物。
第6章17世纪(1603～1688)6.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景）(1) During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the burgher class grew in strength, but it was not yet strong enough to constitute a threat to the feudal monarch. The burghers wanted free trade but the king controlled trade and commerce and imposed heavy taxes on the merchants. For eleven years the king ruled without calling Parliament and invented all kinds of ways to raise money. In this way the monarch greatly enraged the burgher class and these policies were one of the causes of the English bourgeois revolution.在伊丽莎白女王统治时期，市民阶层正在茁壮成长，但是还不足以对封建君主造成威胁。
他们渴望自由贸易，但是君主采取抑商政策，对手工业者施以重税。
国王统治了11年，从未召集过议会，并且用各种途径来收钱，这样一来，国王极大地惹恼了市民阶层，这些政策是造成英国资产阶级革命的一个原因。
(2) Another cause of the bourgeois revolution was the persecution of the Puritans. Puritanism represented the interests of the bourgeoisie. Charles I took strong measures against the Puritans and many of them had to emigrate to America to escape persecution.另一个造成资产阶级革命的原因是国王对于清教徒的迫害。
第7章18世纪(1688～1798)一、填空题1. Henry Fielding has been regarded as “_____”, for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.（吉林大学2007研）【答案】Father of the English Novel【解析】亨利·菲尔丁被誉为“英国小说之父”。
2. Author: _____ Title: _____.（南京大学2007研）At other times, the like battles have been fought between the Yahoos of several neighborhoods, without any visible cause: those of one district watching all opportunities to surprise the next, before they are prepared. But if they find their project has miscarried, they return home, and, for want of enemies, engage in what I call a civil war among themselves.【答案】Jonathan Swift; Gullive r’s Travels【解析】题中文段节选自乔纳森的《格列佛游记》。
其通过幻想旅行中不可置信的奇遇和体验，及其尖锐地讽刺了英国统治者的腐败和愚行，无情地揭露了社会各领域的黑暗和罪恶。
3. Xury and Friday are characters in the novel entitled _____ written by _____.（大连外国语大学2008研）【答案】Robinson Crusoe, Daniel Defoe【解析】“Xury”和“Friday”是笛福的代表作《鲁宾逊漂流记》中的人物。
第3章乔叟时期(1350～1400)一、填空题1. Today Chaucer is acclaimed not only as “the father of English poetry” but also as “the father of English fiction”. His masterpiece is ________.【答案】The Canterbury Tales【解析】乔叟被誉为英国诗歌和英国小说之父，其代表作是《坎特伯雷故事集》。
2. The _____ provides a framework for the tales in The Canterbury T ales, and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.【答案】Prologue【解析】《坎特伯雷故事集》的序言部分提供整本书的基本框架，生动地刻画了一群各种各样的中世纪人物画卷。
3. In The Canterbury Tales, from the character of _____, we may see a very vivid sketch of a woman of the middle class, and a colorful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer’s own day.【答案】the Wife of Bath【解析】《坎特伯雷故事集》中，乔叟通过对来自中产阶级的巴斯夫人的生动细腻的描写，展示了当时中产阶级多彩的生活画卷。
4. The Canterbury Tales contains in fact a general prologue and only ________ tales, of which two are left unfinished.【解析】乔叟的代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》计划写120个故事，但最后只完成总序和24个故事，其中两个未完成。
罗经国《新编英国⽂学选读》（第4版）教材-第3章乔叟时期（1350～1400）【圣才出品】第3章乔叟时期(1350～1400)3.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景）Two important historical events happened during the century in which Chaucer lived and their influence can be detected in the writings of Chaucer and Langland. The first was the Hundred Years’ War between England and France, starting from the reign of Edward the Third (1327～1377) and ending during the reign of Henry the Sixth (1421～1471). It was a series of wars fought between the English kings and the French kings for the French throne. The second historical event was the peasant uprising of 1381, during the reign of King Richard the Second. This peasant uprising was the direct result of exploitation and oppression of the peasants by the feudal lords.在乔叟⽣活的年代，发⽣过两件⼤事，它们的影响⼒可以在乔叟和朗格兰的作品中见到。
第⼀件⼤事是英法百年战争，始于爱德华三世统治时期（1327～1377），终于亨利六世时期（1421～1471）。
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）章节题库-第八章至第十章【圣才出品】第8章浪漫主义时期(1798～1832)一、填空题1.Prometheus Unbound,a lyrical drama in four acts,was written by_____.（大连外国语大学2008研）【答案】(Percy Bysshe)Shelley【解析】雪莱，全名为Percy Bysshe Shelley。
《解放了的普罗米修斯》是雪莱的著名诗剧，取材于古希腊罗马神话。
2.William_____based his poetic theory on the principle that“all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of_____.”（天津外国语大学2011研）【答案】Wordsworth,powerful feeling【解析】William Wordsworth和Samuel Taylor Coleridge共同出版的Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》标志着英国浪漫主义的开始。
题中句子属于序言中的引用，是William Wordsworth的浪漫主义的主要原则之一。
3.Author:_____.Title:_____.（南京大学2008研）Of vapours,from whose solid atmosphereBlack rain,and fire,and hail will burst:oh hear!【答案】Percy Bysshe Shelley;Ode to the West Wind【解析】题目节选自浪漫主义诗人雪莱的Ode to the West Wind （《西风颂》）。
4.Each literary movement can be seen as a strong reaction to the previous aesthetic principles.Romanticism in the history of English literature can be presented as a strong reaction to_____.（天津外国语大学2009研）【答案】neoclassicism【解析】浪漫主义重在打破新古典主义的桎梏，新古典主义强调理性，秩序和优雅的风趣，而浪漫主义则重在人的感情和自然美。
罗经国新编英国文学选读（最新版5篇）目录（篇1）一、罗经国与《新编英国文学选读》二、书籍内容概述1.选文时期范围2.选文作者及作品三、书籍特点1.系统性2.代表性3.权威性四、书籍价值1.考研考证参考价值2.文学研究价值3.教育教学价值五、总结正文（篇1）罗经国是一位在英国文学研究领域具有很高声誉的学者，他所编撰的《新编英国文学选读》是一本系统性、代表性、权威性的英国文学选读教材。
该书共分为上下两册，所选内容均为英国文学史上脍炙人口的经典作品，选文包括盎格鲁 - 撒克逊时期、诺曼时期、乔叟时期、15 世纪、文艺复兴、17 世纪、18 世纪等时期的英国文学作品。
如《贝奥武甫》《坎特伯雷故事集》、莎士比亚的《十四行诗》《威尼斯商人》《哈姆雷特》、弥尔顿的《失乐园》、笛福的《摩尔·弗兰德斯》、菲尔丁的《弃儿汤姆·琼斯的故事》等有关作品。
这本书具有很高的系统性，按照时间顺序排列，让读者能够清晰地了解英国文学的发展脉络。
同时，它还具有很强的代表性，所选作品均为各时期的典型代表作，让读者能够领略到英国文学的精髓。
在权威性方面，罗经国在编撰过程中引用了大量的文献资料，对文学作品进行了深入的剖析，使得这本书具有很高的学术价值。
《新编英国文学选读》不仅具有考研考证的参考价值，还对文学研究具有一定的价值。
此外，它还可以作为英国文学课程的教材，帮助学生更好地理解和掌握英国文学知识。
目录（篇2）1.罗经国与《新编英国文学选读》2.书籍内容概述3.罗经国的文学研究背景4.《新编英国文学选读》各版本的特点5.读者对《新编英国文学选读》的评价正文（篇2）罗经国是一位在英国文学研究领域具有深厚学术造诣的学者，他编写的《新编英国文学选读》旨在为读者呈现英国文学史上脍炙人口的经典作品，并引导读者深入了解英国文学的发展脉络。
《新编英国文学选读》共分为上下两册，所选内容涵盖了英国文学史上各个重要时期，如盎格鲁 - 撒克逊时期、诺曼时期、乔叟时期、15 世纪、文艺复兴、17 世纪、18 世纪等。
第5章英国文艺复兴(1550～1642)5.1 复习笔记I. Historical background（历史背景）After long years of foreign and domestic wars, England enjoyed a period of peace and prosperity during the reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558～1603). By adopting a policy of tolerance the Queen successfully maintained a balance of power between the feudal lords and the rising burghers as well as between the Protestants and the Catholics. Another historical event that greatly strengthened the power of the monarch and accelerated the awakening of national consciousness was the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the English navy in 1588.在经历连年不断的国内外战争之后，英国在伊丽莎白女王统治时期（1558～1603）获得了一段和平繁荣时期。
女王采取宽容政策，成功地使封建领主和地位上升的市民阶级、新教徒和天主教徒之间达到一种平衡的状态。
另一件极大增强最高统治者权力和唤醒民族意识的历史事件是英国海军在1588年击败了西班牙的无敌舰队。
Ⅱ. The enclosure movement（圈地运动）The rising of the burgher class was indispensable to the enclosure movement. With the discovery of the new sea routes, the English merchants had been bringing enormous wealth from the east. But the first and most important field where the English burghers made their fortunes was the wool trade. As the demand for woolincreased, some of the nobles and the burghers turned vast arable land into pastures and large numbers of peasants became landless men. Many peasants who were compelled to leave their land came to settle down in towns and cities and earned their living as labourers. Thus, two opposite classes came into being, the capitalist class and the labouring class.圈地运动的展开与市民阶级的上升有密不可分的关系。
第4章15世纪(1400～1550)一、填空题1. The most magnificent prose work of the 15th century is Le Morte D’ Arthur concerning with _____ legend.【答案】Arthurian【解析】15世纪左右公认的集大成作品为《亚瑟王之死》，是关于亚瑟王的传奇故事。
2. The fifteenth century has been traditionally described as the barren age in English literature. But it is the spring tide of English _____.【答案】ballads【解析】十五世纪英国歌谣开始兴起。
二、选择题Robin Hood was written in the form of _____.（北二外2014研）A. free verseB. balladC. sonnetD. blank verse【答案】B【解析】罗宾汉是用歌谣的形式书写的。
三、术语解释1. Morality playKey:①A kind of religious drama popular in England, Scotland, France, and elsewhere in Europe in the 15th and early 16th centuries. ②Morality plays are dramatized allegories, in which personified virtues, vices, diseases, and temptations struggle for the soul of man as he travels from birth to death. ③They instill a simple message of Christian salvation, but often include comic scenes. The best-known is Everyman. They had a considerable influence on the development of Elizabethan drama.2. Ballad（厦门大学2012研）Key: ①A folk song or orally transmitted poems telling a direct dramatic manner some popular story usually derived from a tragic incident in local history or legend. The story is told simply, impersonally, and often with vivid dialogue. ②Ballads are normally composed in quatrains with vivid alternating fore-stress and three-stress lines, the second and fourth lines rhyming;. But some ballads are in couplet form, and some others have six-line stanzas. ③Appearing in many parts of Europe in the late Middle Ages, ballads flourished particularly strongly in Scotland from the 15th century onward. Since the 18th century, educated poets outside the folk-song tradition—notably Coleridge and Goethe—have written imitations of the popular balla d’s form and style: Coleridg e’s ‘Rime of the Ancient Marine r’ is a celebrated example.四、论述题What is the most important department of English folk literature? And make comments on its most famous cycle: the Robin Hood Ballads.Key: (1) The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in quatrains with alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, the second and fourth lines rhyming. When it was chanted by ball-assigners, the audience joined in a refrain which usually followed each stanza. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and in them one is able to understand the outlook of the English common people in feudal society.The subject of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters of class struggle.(2) The most famous cycle of English ballads centers on the stories about a legendary outlaw called Robin Hood. Robin Hood, a legendary popular hero, is depicted in the ballads as a valiant outlaw, famous in archery, living under the greenwood tree with his merry men, taking from the rich and giving to the poor, waging war against bishops and archbishops, and constantly hunted by the sheriffs, whom he constantly outwits.Clearly the historical origin of Robin Hood and his band of outlaws is to be found in the perpetual struggles of the peasants against the landlords, against the local officials and against the king’s judges. Robin Hood is a partly historical and partly legendary character.The character of Robin Hood is many-sided. Strong, brave and clever, he is at the same time tender-hearted and affectionate. But the dominant Key in his character is his hatred for the cruel oppressors and his love for the poor and downtrodden. Robin Hood appears to be devout and orthodox in religion. Another feature of Robin’s view is his reverence for the king. The king appears in the ballads as an intermediary between the outlaws and his officials and judges, as the humorous and understanding guest in the greenwood, feasting on his own stolen deer. In spite of this, the Robin Hood ballads show the fighting spirit, indomitable courage and revolutionary energy of the English peasantry.（此题分两部分作答，第一部分主要分析什么是歌谣以及歌谣的写作主题；第二部分主要分析Robin Hood 的主要内容，主题和Robin Hood的形象。
第10章20世纪10.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景）1. The Two World Wars（两次世界大战）The two World Wars were the direct result of the conflicts between rival imperialist countries and their ambition to dominate the world。
世界上主要敌对帝国主义国家之间争夺世界霸权的斗争直接导致了两次世界大战的发生。
2. The Trends of Literature（文学的主要趋势）(1) Modernism现代主义(2) The Angry Young Men愤怒的青年(3) The Theatre of the Absurd荒诞派戏剧Ⅱ. Modernism（现代主义）1. General Understanding of Modernism（对现代主义的整体理解）(1) Modernism is a rather vague term which is used to apply to the works of a group of poets, novelists, painters, and musicians between1910 and the early yearsafter the World War Ⅱ.现代主义是一个比较模糊的概念，指的是在1910年至第二次世界大战之间的一批诗人、小说家、画家、音乐家的作品。
(2) Alienation and loneliness are the basic themes of modernism. In the eyes of modernist writers, the modern world is a chaotic one and is incomprehensible. Although modern society is materially rich, it is spiritually barren. It is a land of spiritual and emotional sterility.孤立与孤独是现代主义的基本主题。
1. Chapter One The Anglo-Saxon Period (450 —— 1066) 1. Historical backgroundThe Celts 〉the Brythons.The Iron Age.The ceremonies of May Day and the cult of mistletoe.From 55 BC to 407 AD, the Roman Empire, a slave society.London was founded.Little influence on the cultural life of the Celts,Town with names ending in “chester” or “caster”.De Bello Gallico by Julius Caesar and Germania by Publius Cornelius Tacitus450 AD, the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.“angul” means a hook; “seax” means a short sw ord.Around 500 AD, the Celtic King Arthur fought against Cerdic, the founder of the kingdom of Wessex. Camelot, King Arthur’s capital.Later 8th, the Danes, or the Vikings.King Alfred the Great of Wessex (849-899)Harold, the last Saxon King 〉William the Duke of Normandy.597, Pope Gregory the Great sent St. Augustine to England and the first converted king was King Ethelbert of Kent.2. Northumbrian School and Wessex literature——two highlights in the development of the Anglo-Saxon literature.Monasteries and abbeys in the kingdom of Northumbria.Caedmon in the 7th turned the stories in the Bible into verse form ——Paraphrase. Inspired by God.The Venerable Bede (673-735), wrote in Latin The Ecclesiastical History of the English People from Caesar to 731. It was Bede who told about the story of Caedmon.The reign of King Alfred (871-899)First, Latin books into West Saxon dialect. It is said that King Alfred translated the history of Bede.Second, the launching of The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, from Caesar’s conquest to 1154.Third, created a style of Anglo-Saxon prose which was not obscure.3. Anglo-Saxon poetryThe earliest is Widsith and the last is Maldon.BeowulfAs early as the 6th in oral formWritten down in the 8th.The manuscript preserved dates back to the 10th and in Wessex dialect. One datable fact in the poem is a raid on the Franks by Gelac in 520. 3183 lines.Danish King Hrothgar built a hall called Heorot.Grendel for 12 years.Beowulf, nephew to King Hygelac of the Geats. With 14 companions.Hrothgar's friend Aeschere killed by Grendel's mother.Killing Grendel’s mother with a magic sword in the cave.One of the 12 companions, Wiglaf, helped Beowulf kill the dragon.Physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities.A mixture of paganism and Christian elements.Old English Poetry:1. The technical structure:1)Every line consists of two clearly separated half lines between whichis a caesura. The two parts of the line are united by alliteration,a form of initial rhyme, which is the repetition of the same sound orsounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other.2)Every half line consists of two feet and each foot is made up of anaccented syllable and a varying number of unaccented syllables.3)Generally there are 3 alliterations per line, two in the first halfline and one on the first foot of the second half line.2. The scop also used a figurative language called “kenning”, a metaphor usually composed of two words, which becomes the formula of a special object: “helmet bearer” for “warrior.”3. The use of repetition and variation. Same idea expressed more than once by synonyms.PS: 第4頁第2段第3行經Word自動更正提示以及維基百科確認，“Ecclesiatical”為印刷錯誤，應為“Ecclesiastical”。
第1章盎格鲁-撒克逊时期(450～1066)1.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical Background（历史背景）(1) The earliest settlers of the British Isles were the Celts, who migrated to the British Isles about 600 B.C.不列颠群岛最早的定居者是凯尔特人，他们大约在公元前600年移民到不列颠群岛。
(2) From 55 B.C. to 407 A.D. the British Isles were under the rule of the Roman Empire.从公元前55年到公元407年，不列颠群岛处于罗马帝国的统治之下。
(3) About 450 A.D., waves of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invaded the British Isles. They settled in England, and drove the Celts into Wales, Scotland, and Ireland.公元450年左右，盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人占领了不列颠群岛。
他们在英格兰定居，将凯尔特人驱逐到威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰。
(4) It was around 500 A.D., in the struggle against Cerdic, the founder of the kingdom of Wessex, that the Celtic King Arthur, a legendary figure, is said to have acquired his fame.大约在公元500年，在与威塞克斯王国创始人塞迪奇的斗争中，传说中的凯尔特王亚瑟获得了他的名声。
(5) Beginning from the later part of the 8th century, the Danes, or the Vikings, came to invade England, at first, along the eastern coast, but later they threatenedto overrun the whole country.在8世纪50年代初期，丹麦人又叫北欧海盗开始入侵英格兰，开始是东海岸，进而威胁到整个国家的统治。
(6) In the second half of the 9th century King Alfred, the Great of Wessex (849～899) led the Anglo-Saxon kings to defeat the invaders by uniting their forces.在9世纪后半期，阿尔弗雷德国王，威塞克斯的统治者领导盎格鲁-撒克逊的国王们团结一致打败了入侵者。
(7) In the early 11th century all England was conquered by the Danes for 23 years. Then the Danes were expelled, but in l066 the Normans came from Normandy in northern France to attack England under the leadership of the Duke of Normandy who claimed the English throne.在11世纪早期，整个英格兰已经被丹麦统治23年了。
后来丹麦人被驱逐出境，但是1066年，罗马人从法国北部的诺曼底登陆，在诺曼底公爵的领导下袭击英格兰，宣布他对英国的统治。
Ⅱ. Northumbrian School and Wessex literature（诺森伯兰流派和西萨克斯文学）There were two highlights in the development of the Anglo-Saxon literature.盎格鲁-撒克逊文学发展史上有两个制高点：(1) The first was the Northumbrian School. Its center was the monasteries and abbeys in the kingdom of Northumbria. Related with this school was Caedmon who lived in the 7th century and who turned the stories in the Bible into verse form. Another well-known figure of the Northumbrian School was the Venerable Bede(673～735), a monk who wrote in Latin and whose work. The Ecclesiastical History of English People earned for him the title of “Father of English History”.第一个制高点是诺森伯兰流派。
它的中心是诺森伯兰王国的寺庙和修道院。
和这个学派密切相关的是生活在7世纪的凯德蒙，他将圣经中的故事转化成诗歌的形式。
另外一位代表人物是可敬的圣彼得(673～735)，一个用拉丁文写作的和尚，他凭借《英吉利教会史》一书，被誉为“英国历史之父”。
(2) In 871 Alfred became king of Wessex. His contributions to English literature are threefold. First, a number of Latin books of educative value were translated into West Saxon dialect. It is said that King Alfred himself translated the history by Bede. Secondly, Alfred was responsible for the launching of The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. It began with the story of Caesar’s conquest and annually recorded important events until 1154. It is an important history book as well as a piece of literary work. Alfred’s third contribution is that he created a style of Anglo-Saxon prose which was not obscure.871年，阿尔弗雷德成了威塞克斯之王，他对英国文学的贡献包括以下三个方面：①一些具有教育价值的拉丁文书籍被翻译成西撒克逊方言。
据说阿尔弗雷德本人翻译了彼得写的史书；②他推动了《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》的撰写。
史书包括从凯撒征战到1154年间发生的重要事件。
这是一本重要的史书，同时也是杰出的文学著作；③他发明了一种易于理解的的文体——盎格鲁-撒克逊散文。
Ⅲ. Anglo-Saxon poetry（盎格鲁-撒克逊诗歌）Some 30, 000 lines of Anglo-Saxon poetry have survived. There are a long epicpoetry Beowulf, a number of religious poems and heroic poem, and some elegies. The earliest is Widsith and the last is Maldon, a poem about the battle of Maldon. The most famous Anglo-Saxon poem is Beowulf.被保存下来的盎格鲁-撒克逊诗句大约有30,000句。
其中包括长篇史诗《贝奥武甫》、宗教诗、英雄诗和挽歌。
最早的诗是《威德西兹》，最后一首诗歌是《马尔顿》，此诗关于马尔顿战役。
最著名的盎格鲁-撒克逊诗歌是《贝奥武甫》。
IV. Beowulf（《贝奥武甫》）(1) About the Poem（关于诗歌）It was probably written down in the 8th century through the manuscript of the poem preserved today dates back to the10th century and was written in the Wessex dialect. The poem contains altogether3, 183 lines and the story in it is based on partly historical and partly legendary materials, brought over by the Anglo-Saxons from their original homes.根据保存到现在的10世纪的手稿显示此书大约完成于公元8世纪，用威塞克斯方言写成。
全诗一共3183行，诗歌部分来源于事实，部分来源于神话传说，是盎格鲁-撒克逊人从他们最原始的家园带来的。
(2) Synopsis（故事梗概）The epic begins with a brief account of Danish kings down to Hrothgar who builds a splendid hall called Heorot. A monster named Grendel is enraged at the sound of merrymaking which nightly comes from the hall and disturbs his peace. He comes out of the lair at the bottom of the sea and goes to the hall each nightand devours warriors. This has been going on for twelve years. Beowulf, nephew to King Hygelac of the Geats, hears of Grendel and sails with fourteen companions to lend help to Hrothgar. The Danish king receives and entertains the visitors and Beowulf boasts of his past exploits and declares his determination to conquer or die. Grendel comes at night and eats up one of Beowulf’s companions. Then a terrible combat follows and Beowulf finally wins by tearing one arm and a shoulder off the monster who flees mortally wounded. Hrothgar rewards the hero with rich gifts.史诗开始简要介绍了丹麦国王荷罗斯加，他建造了一座恢弘的宫殿希奥罗特。
