消费者行为学第10版-11(中译版)

《消费者行为学》讲义消费者行为学导论真正了解消费者行为是一件很不容易的事，而消费者行为学就是解读或破解消费者行为的密码。

一、消费者行为学的多学科视角消费者行为学是跨学科的，它由许多不同领域的研究组成，从心理学到经济学、从社会学到文化人类学、从历史学到营销学，其共同的兴趣是市场中消费者的心理行为及如何相互影响，并运用不同学科的知识和方法解释。

二、什么是消费者行为学消费者行为学领域囊括了很多方面：它研究个体或群体为满足需要与性欲而挑选出、出售、采用或处理产品、服务所牵涉的过程。

1、消费者就是市场舞台上的演员角色理论认为，消费者要扮演很多角色，不用的“剧情”，不同的角色，消费决策也不同。

2、消费者犯罪行为牵涉许多参与者购买者和使用者可能并不是一个人没出售或采用产品的人可能将饰演影响者的角色家庭成员对全家共享的产品和服务的购买决策都起到关键作用?对于企事业单位这样的消费组织而言，-有时一个人或几个人可以为许多人采用的产品作出购买决策-有时购买决策可能将由一群人作出3、消费者行为是一个过程消费者犯罪行为就是一个持续的过程，而不仅仅就是消费者拿起现金或信用卡卖至商品或服务那一刻所出现的事情，它包含出售前、出售中和出售后影响消费者的所有问题。

第1章消费者行为的影响因素第1节消费者犯罪行为的影响因素目录影响因素论主要包括：两因素论、三因素论和四因素论。

?两因素论：外部因素和内部因素，或者个人因素和环境因素。

?三因素论：消费者内部因素、外部环境因素、市场营销因素。

?四因素论：文化、社会、个人和心理。

从营销学的角度启程，我们按三因素论进一步分割影响消费者的因素。

一、消费者内部因素因素1：社会阶层（年龄、地位、收入、职业、教育）因素2：知觉、情绪、动机、态度、学习因素3：个性和自我概念个性：一个人的整体精神面貌，即为具备一定倾向性的心理特征的总和。

?自我概念：对自我的观点，或对“我就是谁”的认知。

每个人如何对待自己，如何评价自己，往往可以影响其犯罪行为。

消费者行为学教材第一章：消费者行为学简介1.1 消费者行为学的定义和重要性- 消费者行为学是研究消费者在购买和使用产品或服务时所展现的行为、决策和经验的学科领域。

- 消费者行为学对企业和市场营销活动具有重要影响，可以帮助企业了解消费者需求、预测市场趋势和制定市场营销策略。

1.2 消费者行为的研究方法- 消费者行为的研究方法包括实地观察、调查问卷、实验研究和模型建立等。

- 这些方法可以帮助研究者深入理解消费者心理、行为和决策的背后原因。

第二章：消费者心理过程2.1 感知- 感知是消费者获取和解释环境刺激的过程。

- 感知可以受到个体特征、情绪和认知偏差等因素的影响。

2.2 认知- 认知是指消费者的思考和信息处理过程。

- 消费者的认知过程包括选择性注意、选择性失忆、表意成分和归纳推理等方面。

2.3 情感- 情感是消费者对产品或服务所产生的积极或消极情绪。

- 情感可以影响消费者的购买决策和品牌忠诚度。

第三章：消费者决策过程3.1 需求识别- 需求识别是消费者认识到自己存在某种需求或问题的过程。

- 需求识别可以由内部刺激或外部刺激引起。

3.2 信息搜索- 信息搜索是消费者为满足特定需求而获取相关信息的过程。

- 信息搜索可以分为内部搜索和外部搜索两种方式。

3.3 评估和选择- 评估和选择是消费者对可选产品或服务进行比较和决策的过程。

- 消费者的选择常受到个人偏好、价值观和购买动机等因素的影响。

3.4 后购买行为- 后购买行为是消费者在购买后的评估和行为反馈。

- 消费者的满意度、重复购买意愿和口碑传播等都属于后购买行为的范畴。

第四章：消费者行为的影响因素4.1 个体特征- 个体特征包括个人的社会经济地位、人格特质和生活方式等因素。

- 这些个体特征对消费者的购买决策和行为有不同程度的影响。

4.2 外部环境- 外部环境包括文化、社会群体和市场条件等因素。

- 消费者的价值观、行为习惯和购买需求都受到外部环境的影响。

消费者行为研究范式外文翻译文献(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文CONSUMER BEHA VIOR RESEARCH PARADIGM CONVERSIONPROCESSHenny LarocheStudy of consumer behavior more than a hundred years the history of the formation of the two paradigms - positivism and non-empirical study of consumer behavior represents the meaning of the basic achievements. Positivist paradigm to non-positivist paradigm shift represents a shift consumer behavior research, consumer behavior research is a revolutionary change. This paradigm shift, but also makes the assumption that consumer behavior research, research methods, study, basic knowledge of related disciplines, and many borrowed paradigm composition have changed dramatically. Background of this changing environment to promote the 20th century, 80 years after the world economic growth and prosperity, the industrial structure has undergone tremendous changes, purchasing power has been an unprecedented increase, the pursuit of individuality and freedom of consumers desire to become increasingly The more intense.I. A review of the transition process of consumer behavior research paradigmThe study of consumer behavior has taken initial shape in Adam Smith et al.'s classical economic theory; a preliminary system was formed in Marshall et al.'s neoclassical economics; consumerism was independent in the 1950s and 1960s. The form of discipline is separated from marketing. In its more than one hundred years of development history, its research paradigm can be summed up as positivism and non-positivism.Moreover, each paradigm breeds many research perspectives. Positivism includes rationality, behavior, cognition, motivation, society, traits, attitude and situational perspective; non-positivist paradigms include interpretivism and postmodernism. The root cause of the shift from positivism to non-positivism in consumer behavior theory is that researchers have changed the assumptions of consumer rationality. Early classical economics and neoclassical economics provided the first theoretical support for the theory of consumer behavior (in fact, the precursor of consumer behavior—the marketing is also born out of economics), and the “economic man” assumes spontaneously. “Infiltrating” consumer behavior research, which can be clearly seen from the theory of the early schools of consumer behavior theory (such as the concept of rationality, behavior) can clearly see the "economic man" rational shadow. However, the main body of economics research is the economic system of the entire society. The research object is also how theeconomic system realizes the coordinated operation, rather than the specific individual's purchase decision and behavior. Economics lays the initial foundation for the study of consumer behavior, but it cannot explain the complexity of consumer behavior. It places too much emphasis on the rational side of consumption and neglects the emotional side of consumption. Therefore, the "economic man" hypothesis restricts the further development of consumer behavior theory. The theory of consumer behavior has to absorb nutrition from other disciplines and describe consumer behavior in more detail. The prosperity of disciplines such as psychology, social psychology, sociology, and anthropology has provided new theoretical material for the study of consumer behavior theory. At this time, consumers are no longer simply based on cost-benefit analysis to pursue utility maximization of “economic people” but “social people”. Social and emotional factors influence their purchasing decisions. It is this transformation that has shaped the development of consumer behavior in the humanities and social sciences. After the 1980s, the sustained development of the world economy and the tremendous abundance of materials have made consumption increasingly a way of pastime and individuality; the proportion of service consumption in people’s consumption structures has been increasing, and service production has increased. The same characteristics as consumption also extend the customer consumption process to the production process, andthe consumer experience also becomes a source of customer value creation. At this point, the study of consumer behavior can no longer be limited to how customers make purchase decisions, but should focus on how consumers' desires are met. As a result, consumers have become “free people” who pursue personality development and release consumer desires. The conversion of the hypotheses of “economic man”, “social man” and “free man” promoted the conversion of consumer behavior theory from positivism to non-positivism.Second, the consumer behavior research under the positivist paradigmThe positivist paradigm of consumer behavior research is deeply influenced by the philosophy of Aristotle, a famous philosopher in the West. Kurt Lewin pointed out in the book Conflict and Comparison of Aristotle's and Galileo's Thought Patterns that Aristotle’s philosophical thoughts have influenced us and influenced the habits of scientific research. People are accustomed to understanding the law of development through laws and frequency of occurrence, and people like to explore the law of development with things that are stable and tendentious, and feel cold about the regularity of infrequent and exceptional things. Lewin said that when someone refers to a child's specific movement in a movie, the first question that psychologists think of is "Does all children have done this action? Or at least it is a common action. "Regularity is alwayscommon, which means that repeatability is an important indicator of whether a phenomenon or thing is worth studying."Positivism is based on Aristotle's thought as its philosophy of science. It assumes that consumers are rational, recognizable, and mentally stable. Their behavioral motivations can all identify controls and predictions. There are simplistic truths in real consumer practices; they emphasize scientific observation and testing, and they observe empirical The evidence, thus obtaining universal rules for predicting and controlling consumer behavior. Therefore, under the paradigm of positivism, the hypothesis underlying consumer behavior research is that consumer behavior is controlled by certain forces, and these forces largely exceed the scope of consumer self-control. The change in consumer behavior is not so much a reflection of the subjective will of consumers as it is the result of various internal and external factors. For example, the behavioral theory of consumer behavior holds that consumers' behavior is mainly caused by external environmental stimuli. Therefore, the hypothesis “the main or sole purpose of motive is to reduce cognitive inconsistency, maintain the balance of inner mind, and consumers always seek the inner balance of behavior”. From a certain point of view, this is also a concept of static behavior. As Firat commented: "Consumer behavior theory believes behavioral consistency and orderliness." Therefore, consumer behavioral characteristics (such ascognitive response, conditioning, personal characteristics, etc.) follow the "consumers are always pursuing "Intrinsic balance" hypothesis that researchers can predict some of the behavior of consumers, and the forecast results have significant implications for the marketing activities of the company.In short, in the positivist consumer research paradigm, consumers are just passive and passive objects. For example, the behavioral hypothesis assumes that consumers lack self-awareness, and therefore believes that through the influence of the environment, the company's marketing strategy can control and guide consumers. This is also a leap forward for people to attack the positivist paradigm, and consumer behavior is also In the fifties and sixties of the 20th century, it was an independent discipline. The positivist paradigm assumes that consumers are passive objects. In fact, this assumption is a serious departure from the customer-oriented marketing philosophy. The American Marketing Association reaffirmed at its 1988 theme conference: “In the study of consumer behavior that generates marketing knowledge, consumers have unfortunately been converted into laboratory guinea pigs, and they have become subjects of observations, interviews, and experiments.”It is precisely because positivism assumes that the consumer is an object that can be recognized, and therefore the consumer's consumption and experience process can be separated and can be subdivided intodifferent components. We can use various objective analytical methods to analyze the different components of the consumption and experience process. These methods mainly include standard questionnaire methods, experimental methods, and personality trait tests. However, these methods cannot fully analyze the rich consumer behavior. Because a certain element of a process is separated and then analyzed in detail, the complexity and interaction of the system are ignored. Braithwaite believes that the standard quantitative survey methods (such as the questionnaire method) will only limit the consumer's description of consumption, resulting in respondents responding negatively to various questions.Although there are quite a few criticisms, we should also see the consumption rules that are abstracted out using traditional methods, which predict and control consumer behavior: the conclusions drawn by some scientific investigation methods are credible within the scope of their observations. . In addition, the quintessence of the positivist paradigm of “creatively constructing consumer behavior theory” also promotes the development of marketing practices.Third, non-positivist-oriented consumer behavior researchThe study of consumer behavior in the non-positivist paradigm no longer treats consumers as passive responders but agents with psychological proactiveness. They have the ability to interpret andconstruct the consumer environment. For example, the concept of interpretation believes that consumer behavior is governed by the content and structure of the subjective will of consumers. Shaughnessy thinks: "In the interpretation of viewing, buying behavior cannot simply be calculated rationally based on the benefits and cost benefits that products can bring, but is a collection of individual experience sensations in the consumption process." Therefore, consumer behavior and decision-making basis It is an inherent subjective value system. The focus of research on consumer behavior in the perspective of postmodern consumer behavior research and interpretation is the subjective value, language, and rhetoric of consumers.Brown believes that in the marketing sense, the concept of interpretation differs from postmodernism in that the former assumes that man is an autonomous subject, a free mind, an individual capable of self-awareness. For example, humanism and phenomenology believe that consumers are internally consistent and rational and can determine their own consumer experience processes and values. Therefore, similar to the traditional view, the interpretation view also assumes that consumers have some of the nature that constitutes their essence. In addition, the concept of interpretation also emphasizes that consumers also have illusions, emotions, and the pursuit of pleasure to experience consumption. They believe that consumers always make internal and consistent statementsand subjective descriptions of the environment, thus making the environment more meaningful and More predictable; moreover, the subjective description of consumers is also assumed to be understood and shared by most people in society.Post-modernist consumerism holds that consumers do not have fixed or existing essential things to drive their behavior. Therefore, self-recognition and subjective feelings depend on specific contexts and atmospheres. These contexts and atmospheres are also affected by social roles among consumers. Therefore, the images and subjective feelings produced by consumption are often changed or transformed. They are influenced by variables such as consumers spending with whom, under what kind of consumption environment, and why. Postmodernism insists that consumer identity is intermittent, incomplete, and easily changeable. Firat believes that consumers' self-image, characteristics, and values are multidimensional, and they are unaware of the inconsistencies between constantly changing, self-contradictory values and lifestyles. Therefore, the outlook of postmodernist consumer behavior focuses on the creativity and self-governance ability that consumers have shown through their own different consumption and lifestyle to change their living environment.Through the analysis of the above-mentioned various perspectives, we can know that when consumers make purchase decisions, they not only focus on product utility, but also focus on the symbolic value of theproduct. The consumer goods' satisfaction with the material needs of consumers is merely an appearance, and what is more important is that we must pay attention to the symbolic value of the products. For consumers, consumption can produce two aspects of symbolic value: the self-identity value of self-identification of consumers and the social symbol value of social identity. In line with this, consumption plays an important role in creating and maintaining the personal and social environmental significance and value of consumers. Therefore, advertising is often seen as a major means of constructing and maintaining the symbolic meaning of symbols. These cultural meanings are often concentrated on the brand, so Elliot believes that brands are often the primary means used to create and maintain symbolism such as identity. Firat believes that this also reflects the conventional connection between consumer culture and human freedom: by changing the product to obtain different images, in order to obtain different self. This freedom to acquire a new image of self is the result of liberation from a single, inflexible, and traditional.However, the concept of interpretation and post-modern non-positivist paradigm have also been criticized in the following aspects: (1) Ignore the restrictive effects of non-discretionary factors on consumer behavior in consumer behavior. Thompson et al. pointed out that the postmodernist conception of consumption is based on an ideal hypothesis:consumers' consumption behavior is based on cultural constraints, historical constraints, and the status quo of actual material development. Therefore, the non-positivist paradigm places special emphasis on consumers' free choice of self-identifying image without any threat of uncertainty and fear. This assumption is clearly unrealistic. (2) Some scholars such as Foxall believe that non-positivist research methods essentially abandon the essence of science and always remove consumption from its content environment. Therefore, their viewpoints and conclusions cannot constitute a complete theoretical system that facilitates in-depth study and understanding. (3) Non-positivist research methods If the conclusions are not based on positivist research results, the explanatory power will be greatly reduced. Non-positivist research methods rely mainly on subjective subjective external proofs, and these interpersonal proofs require a positivist approach. In short, the notion of non-positivist paradigm and the perspective of postmodernism provide different research methods for the study of consumer behavior. They often discuss the major issues of marketing theory and practice from an abstract perspective, so the basic assumptions of these theoretical perspectives are The conclusions are puzzling and difficult to apply to marketer training and education.IV. Comparison and Enlightenment of Consumer Behavior Research ParadigmsObviously, non-positivism is also a response to empirical hegemonism. After World War II, positivism-oriented research methods became the mainstream method of consumer behavior research. Empirical, objective, and scientific procedures constitute the characteristics of the positivist paradigm. The consumer guided by this philosophy of science is a self-centered, self-conscious entity. Non-positivist-oriented research on consumer behavior (especially post-modernism) raises questions and criticizes the philosophical, cultural, and empirical foundations of positivist research. According to Firat and V enkatesh, “Positivism reduces consumer issues to include only simple two-dimensional categories like men and women, consumers and producers. It should be seen that the rationality of non-positivist assumptions, such as There are social, complex, irrational and unpredictable consumer subjects. These consumer characteristics are not only reflected in their purchase process, but also in the consumption experience and value perception, and have already formed the basis for consumption.”(1) Using a scientific attitude to view the confrontation between the paradigms of positivism and non-positivism. Just as Kuhn reflected on the first characteristic of the paradigm definiti on, “Their achievements have attracted an unwavering array of advocators who have separated them from other competing models of scientific activity.” Now, consumer behavior researchers have also launched fierce debates on the twoparadigms of positivism and non-positivism. In the natural sciences, the struggle of scientific theories and the rise and decline of paradigms are all very normal things. Actually, this phenomenon also exists in social sciences. Each theory needs ideas to prove its viability. For the time being, no matter which of the two paradigms in consumer behavior research is more suitable for the development of consumer behavior. We believe that the scientific attitude is the first. The emotional reaction to scientific research is not conducive to the development of science. True scholars are calm and should have a more comprehensive understanding of all research methods, compare their theoretical views with opposing theoretical perspectives, and verify whether they are established. The conclusions drawn either through positivist or non-positivist methods can be assumed to be correct until proven to be wrong.2 Science is a process of seeking truth. The ethnographic method in anthropology is a more scientific method of studying consumer behavior. Whether it is a positivist paradigm or a non-positivist paradigm, one of their commonalities is the pursuit of the authenticity of the research results. Scientific research itself is a kind of behavior seeking truth. It is no longer purely to use the consumer purchase process as the main research object, but should focus on the aspects of value acquisition and consumption. This has become the consensus of scholars. Using this broad behavioral perspective to study consumer behavior also means thatwe are required to look for consumers' actual consumption situations as much as possible, especially those that are meaningful to marketing activities. Some rigorous consumer behavior researchers believe that consumer behavior research should not adopt interviews or experiments, but should try to approach the original consumer behavior. Therefore, the ethnographic of anthropology should become a frontier method of consumer behavior research. It is a method that combines case studies, participation in observation, self-driven, and detailed description. Researchers should work hard to become a member of the consumer, practice it personally, and obtain a detailed record of consumer behavior. Of course, in the process of observing and exploring consumers' inner lives, including their inner activities, many problems will be encountered. These studies are all based on the self-statement of the consumer, and the credibility of the statement can be influenced by factors such as psychological self-defense and lies. In short, the premise of the ethnographic law is that the consumer is a complex person. Researchers want to obtain information about consumer behavior. They must go through in-depth interviews, group meetings, and project management techniques. Researchers should make detailed descriptions and observations of consumer behaviors, and use these “historical materials” to dig out the laws behind consumer behavior.中文译文消费者行为研究范式转换过程作者：Henny Laroche消费者行为学研究一百年多的发展历史所形成的两大范式——实证主义与非实证义代表着消费者行为研究的基本成就。

INTRODUCTIONHOW TO USEThe Tenth Edition of Michael R. Solomon’s Consumer Behavior has a complete set of supplemental learning and teaching aids. The Instructor’s Manual plays a central role in organizing this package. This manual has been designed so the instructor can plan lectures, demonstrations, discussions, visual presentations, Internet exercises, and written assignments in a coordinated and efficient manner. All 14 chapters of the textbook have been carefully reviewed in order to develop the most logical and helpful manual for you, the instructor. Primary features of the Instructor’s Manual are described below. SUGGESTED SYLLABITwo sample syllabi are provided to help professors schedule their term. One is based on a quarter schedule and the other on a semester schedule.PROFESSORS ON THE GO!The Instructor’s Manual has a section entitled Professors on the Go! This section was created with the busy professor in mind. It serves to bring key material upfront in the manual, where an instructor who is short on time can take a quick look and find the chapter objectives and related activities and exercises that he or she can incorporate into the lecture, without having to page through all the material provided for each chapter. The material in the Professors on the Go! section is categorized by individual objectives for each chapter to facilitate teaching by these objectives.CHAPTER OBJECTIVESObjectives are listed clearly at the beginning of each chapter of the Instructor’s Manual. These objectives should be the focus as lesson plans are created. Chapter objectives are also matched to the review, application, and discussion questions; the cases; the Nielsen Nuggets; the additional support questions and the eLabs.COURSE LEVEL AND AACSB LEARNING OUTCOMES The review, application, and discussion questions; the cases; the Nielsen Nuggets; the additional support questions and the eLabs are also labeled with the course level learning outcomes and the AACSB learning outcomes they support.Course level outcomes are numbered as follows:1.Define consumer behavior and describe its influence on marketing practices2.Discuss why and how consumer research is conducted3.Describe the factors influencing whether or not consumers detect and attend tosensory marketing stimuli4.Summarize the major theories of learning and describe their marketing applications5.Describe the factors influencing consumers' recall of product information6.Explain the influence of the needs and cultural values of consumers7.Describe the relationship between a consumer's self-concept and consumer behavior8.Explain the relevance of the major theories of personality to consumer behavior9.Discuss the techniques marketers use to change consumers' attitudes10.Describe the stages of consumer decision making11.Discuss the influence of groups and word-of-mouth (WOM) communication12.Describe the effects of changing family structures on family decision making13.Describe the influence of social class and economics class on consumer behavior14.Explain how membership in ethnic, religious, and racial subcultures influencesconsumer behavior15.Explain how marketers can best appeal to members of different age subcultures16.Describe the relationship between modern-day rituals and consumption17.Explain why and how marketers must adapt marketing strategies to the globalmarketplaceAACSB learning outcomes are labeled. Included are the following: •Communication abilities.•Ethical understanding and reasoning abilities.•Analytic skills.•Use of information technology.•Dynamics of the global economy.•Multicultural and diversity understanding.•Reflective thinking skills.CHAPTER SUMMARYEach chapter of the textbook is summarized in the Chapter Summary. This section provides the instructor with a condensed version of the information included in the chapter.This material is consistent with the Chapter Summary material found at the end of each chapter in the text. This overview of the chapter material is especially helpful in planning chapter sequence presentation and any desired chapter combinations. In addition, this section may help the instructor plan introductory lecture remarks.CHAPTER OUTLINEThis section is the core of the Instructor’s Manual. This teaching outline is a thorough outline (specifically tied to the actual phrases and definitions used in the textbook) of the material included in the text chapters. This outline includes major and minor headings from the textbook. The instructor will notice special information sections that appear periodically in the body of the outline. This material is indicated with bold type and bold italics. The purpose of these information blocks is to indicate to the instructor where key material appears in the textbook and when to use teaching aids. It is recommended that the instructor carefully review the Chapter Outline before preparing a chapter lecture. This review will help in coordinating the learning activities that are available with the textbook. Remember that this Chapter Outline is a condensed summary of the text material; therefore, it is wise to use it along with the Test Item File when planning, developing, and constructing examinations or quizzes.Lastly, the instructor will find it useful to use the Discussion Opportunity text boxes that periodically appear in the Chapter Outline to aid discussion of the pertinent issues. The suggestions in these boxes are designed to prompt students to discuss the concepts that are being taught, as well as to provide examples that are not found in the textbook. Since this material does not appear in the textbook, it must be given to students firsthand. In most instances, the questions can be answered with a minimum of preparation and thought. These discussion opportunities are one of many discussion/activity-oriented features of this Instructor’s Manual and textbook designed to provide instructors with flexible options for making lessons interactive.Because it is virtually impossible to do everything that is included here in your course, a good way to use this Chapter Outline is to highlight the portions of the outline you would like to use in class, the questions you would like to pose, and the ancillary materials you will need. This helps to make a class flow more smoothly.End-of-Chapter Support MaterialThis section of the Instructor’s Manual supports features contained in the chapters of the textbook itself, as well as material available to students at the end of each chapter. SUMMARY OF SPECIAL FEATURE BOXESThroughout each chapter of the text, there are special feature boxes. These include Marketing Opportunity, Net Profit, CB As I See It, The Tangled Web, and Marketing Pitfall. The material in these sections is very helpful in illustrating some of the key concepts from the chapter. Thus, the instructor may wish to focus on selected special features as a part of class material. This section lists all special feature boxes found in the chapter and highlights their contents in brief.REVIEW QUESTIONSThe review questions found at the end of each chapter in the textbook are designed directly around material contained in the text. The Instructor’s Manual includes all the questions and their answers, which, for the most part, are taken directly from the textbook. CONSUMER BEHAVIOR CHALLENGEThese questions are meant to challenge the students’ understanding of chapter material and to enable them to develop an ability to creatively use the chapter material to solve problems. The questions may be used purely for discussion (if so, they might be assigned in advance of the discussion), they can be given to selected students for in-class presentation, they can be used as short essay questions on in-class quizzes or on formal examinations, or they can be used by the students to enhance the chapter summary. It should be noted that because of the nature of these questions, there is no “right” answer. Thus, the responses that are provided are merely ideas for what students might come up with, as well as directions for instructors to guide discussion.These questions are given in two sections, Discussion and Application. Some of the Discussion questions are designed to be presented to students in class. The Application questions are designed to be given as more involved out-of-class assignments. The textbook includes only the questions, while the Instructor’s Manual contains the questions and comments/responses for each question. Note that proper placement of a discussion question is up to the instructor; however, placement suggestions do appear in the Chapter Outline section.CASE STUDY TEACHING NOTESThis section is designed as a supplement for the cases found at the end of each chapter. Included is a brief summary, suggestions for presenting the case, and suggested answers for the discussion questions.NIELSEN NUGGET TEACHING NOTESThis section is designed as a supplement for the Nielsen Nugget analysis exercises found at the end of selected chapters. Included here is a brief summary, the challenge presented in the exercise, and suggested answers for the discussion questions.Additional Support MaterialThe material found in the Additional Support Material section, including the eLabs, is available only in the Instructor’s Manual. In this version of the Instructor’s Manua l, there are suggestions for things to look for in student projects where applicable. As with the suggested responses to the Consumer Behavior Challenge questions, the notes that are provided are ideas for what students might come up with or directions for instructors to guide discussion, where applicable.STUDENT PROJECTSThis section suggests several projects that may be assigned to the students for a specific class or for several class periods (a term project). These projects may be assigned to individuals (Individual Projects) or to groups (Group Projects). The instructor may require that the material be analyzed in a written format or just as discussion motivators. Instructors might consider assigning two or three students or a group of students to do one or more of the Student Projects assignments for each class period. Ask the students to be ready to give a short oral presentation on the assigned topic at the beginning of class. This gets students more deeply involved in the class and gives them opportunities to work on their oral skills. You might also ask them to turn in a short paper (one or two pages) so they can also practice their writing skills. Many of these projects can be done on the Internet (which also gives them practice with their research skills). If given proper credit, the students will also see that they can earn extra points to help them over the rough spots on exams.Most instructors find that by having a few students bring in fresh ideas to each class, the class becomes more enjoyable, engaging, and personalized. Remember that when assignments are made with plenty of lead-time, students tend to do a better job. Because this often presents a challenge in the first several class meetings, some of the earlychapter projects might be pushed back to the second week of class. The estimated amount of time to complete the projects is noted.eLABsThis section of the Additional Support Material section allows the instructor to explore Consumer Behavior issues via the Internet. These projects may also be assigned to individuals (Individual Assignments) or to groups (Group Assignments). These assignments should be given in advance and then covered in class at the discretion of the instructor. Because of the rapidly changing nature of the Internet, please confirm beforehand that the URLs given are still active and that the material on the Web site is relevant to the project given.FINAL NOTEThe Solomon team wishes to thank you for adopting the Tenth Edition of Consumer Behavior and hopes this supplement will aid you in creating an exciting learning experience for your students.。

（完整版）消费者行为学（符国群）-广东省邮政培训中心消费者行为学（符国群）第一篇：导论第一章：消费者行为研究概论P2消费者的概念广义的消费者是指购买、使用各种产品与服务的个人与组织。

具体讲，这个意义上的消费者不仅包括个人、家庭，也包括企业、政府、其它社会组织。

狭义的消费者是指购买、使用各种消费品或服务的个人与家庭。

本课程的主要研究对象是狭义的消费者，即为满足个人和家庭需要而购买、使用产品与服务的人。

P4消费者行为概念消费者行为是指消费者为获取、使用、处理消费物品所采用的各种行动以及事先决定这些行动的决策过程。

（帮助理解资料）消费者行为研究一般需要了解的信息有：WHAT：消费者购买或使用什么产品或品牌？WHY：消费者为什么购买或使用？WHO：购买和使用产品/品牌的消费者是谁？WHEN：在什么时候购买和使用？WHERE：在什么地方购买和使用？HOW MUCH：购买和使用的数量是多少？HOW：如何购买和使用的？WHERE：从哪里获得产品/品牌的信息？P12炫耀性商品一般具有什么特点？列举两个炫耀性商品及其消费情景的例子特点：1、而炫耀性商品既能给消费者带来物质效用又能给消费者带来虚荣效用；2、源于对被人炫耀自己的社会心理而所能寄托的商品；3、价格变动通常很大，价格波动容易被发现；例子：1、20世纪初，在纽约长岛和缅因州的巴港所制造的度假别墅（只有短时间居住，但别墅侍从众多，大小房间一般在25间以上）。

P11消费者行为研究经过哪几个阶段（历史）？每一个阶段有什么特点1、萌芽时期（研究范围比较狭窄，研究方法是从经济学或心理学中简单地移植过来，而且其研究也主要限于理论层面，没有具体运用到市场营销实践中，在当时并未引起社会的广泛重视）；2、应用时期（各种专门研究不断展开为以后消费者行为研究的进一步发展奠定了基础，随着生产力的发展和消费者收入水平的提高，消费者行为日益多样化、个性化，心理学家、经济学家加入到研究行列，各种动机研究纷纷出现）；3、变革与发展时期（消费者行为研究呈加速发展趋势，研究文献的数量、质量明显提高，研究范围大大扩展，研究方法也日益多样化，消费者行为学作为一门独立学科的地位开始得到承认。

消费者行为学（第10版）笔记整理1.定位就是要在消费者脑海中为产品或服务树立一个与众不同的形象，这种形象能区分竞争性的产品或服务，并能清晰地向消费者表达出这一特殊的产品或服务能比竞争性品牌更好地满足他们的需求。

3652.市场营销三个主要的战略性工具是市场细分、目标市场以及定位。

3.八个VALS（价值观和生活方式）细分群体的简要描述：创新者、思考者、信仰者、成就者、奋斗者、体验者、制造者、求存者4.为了成为有效的目标市场，一个细分市场必须是可识别的（通过一些标准如人口统计变量、生命周期或其他），具有一定规模（大到可以盈利），稳定或持续增长，可进入（可以经济地进入），与现有目标和资源相一致。

5.幸福的无知效应（the blissful ignorance effect）：相对于掌握更多独特和详细的商品信息而言，消费者了解的商品信息越模糊，他们购买过程越轻松、越愉快。

6.基本需求的三位一体：对权力、从属和成就的需要。

7.绝对感觉阙（absolute threshold）：那种刚刚能引起感觉的最小刺激量8.差别感觉阙（differential threshold）：刚能察觉到的刺激物的最小差别，如罐装咖啡从16盎司减少到10~11盎司9.阙下知觉（subliminal perception）：那些太弱或太短的刺激很难看见或听见，但却足够被一个或更多的人体感觉器感知到。

阙下知觉不影响对产品的态度和消费行为，其影响在人为设置的情况下才存在。

10.韦伯定律：第一次刺激越强，第二次刺激需要更强才能被感知11.电视节目中的植入广告会让十分喜欢此节目的观众中产生负面情绪，但不那么喜欢此节目的观众更可能对品牌产生积极的态度。

12.消费者更多的是用产品以外的特征来判断产品的属性，尤其没有消费经历的商品，消费者会根据非产品本身信息如价格、品牌形象、制造商形象、零售商形象甚至产地来判断产品的质量好坏。

13.不断组合与再组合的过程叫做激活，它的主要作用是把新旧信息不断地连接起来，以便使这些信息显得更有意义。

消费者行为学中英文对照外文翻译文献消费者行为学中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)心理因素影响购买行为Geoff Lancaster心理因素是第四重要影响消费者的购买行为(除了文化、社会和个人因素)。

一般来说,一个人的购买选择受心理因素例如动机、认知、学习、信仰和态度的影响。

知晓顾客动机的重要性,理解客户的动机营销的任务是要准确的识别出消费者的需求和欲望,然后开发满足他们的产品和服务,。

市场要想成功, 只是发现客户需要是远远不够的, ,而是为了找出为什么这是必需的。

只有通过获得一个深入的和全面的了解买方行为才可以使营销的目标成真。

只有理解顾客的购买行为,才会使买消费者和商家双赢,使市场成为更好的装备,以满足消费者的需求,建立一个忠诚的组织，以积极的态度为客户有效的提供本公司的产品。

消费者行为可以被正式定义为:个人的行为直接参与的获取和使用的商品和服务,包括决策过程,确定这些以前的行为。

在本章的概念形成一个系统,在个人消费是核心,周围有更多的环境影响他或她的目标。

这些目标是最终通过一定数量的解决问题的步鄹来导致购买决策阶段。

研究与实践,吸引了许多营销渠道，理论贡献、信息、灵感和建议。

在过去,主要输入的消费者行为理论来自于心理学。

最近,跨学科的研究消费者行为的重要性,增加了社会学、人类学、经济学和数学也有助于个主题。

动机。

在任何特定时间一个人有很多需求。

有些需要是生理上的,从生理状态产生的张力如饥饿、干渴、不适。

其他需求心理;他们引起的紧张心理状态如需要识别、尊重、归属感。

当一个人的动机强烈到足够的等级就会产生需求。

一个动机是一个需求，也就是说他能够驱使人去积极的采取行动。

购买动机是使消费者做出购买某种商品决策的内在驱动力,是引起购买行为的前提,也就是引起行为的原由。

具体包括以下几个方面：(一)理智动机理智动机就是消费者对某种商品有了清醒的了解和认知,在对这个商品比较熟悉的基础上所进行的理性抉择和做出的购买行为。