2015年宁波大学考博初试真题之3811信息功能材料A_2015年考博真题

宁波大学2019年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(A卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)
科目代码：3812总分值：100科目名称：光通信理论与技术
一、计算题(共70分)
1．（15分）设想一根30km长的光纤，在波长1300nm处的衰减为0.8dB/km，如果我们从一端注入功率为200μW的光信号，求其输出功率P out。

2．（15分）一峰值发光波长在800nm的GaAs激光器，其谐振腔长400μm，且材料折射率为n=3.6，如果增益g为750nm<λ<850nm的范围内都大于总损耗系数αt，试求此激光器中能存在多少个模式？
3．（15分）一段12km长的光纤线路，其损耗为1.5dB/km：
a)如果在接收端保持0.3μW的接收光功率，则发送端的功率至少为多少？
b)如果光纤的损耗变为2.5dB/km，则所需的输入光功率又为多少？
4．（15分）有一长距离单模光纤传输系统，工作波长为1300nm，其它参数如下：
LD光源平均入纤功率：0dBm；光缆损耗：0.5dB/km；熔接头损耗：0.1dB/km；
活动连接器损耗（2个）：0.5dB/个；APD接收机灵敏度：-55dBm(BER=10-9)；
系统富余度：12dB。

试求损耗限制传输的距离。

5．（10分）计算n1=1.48及n2=1.46的阶跃折射率光纤的数值孔径。

如果光纤端面外介质折射率n=1.00，则允许的最大入射角θmax为多少？
二、简答题（共30分）
1．（15分）简述引起单模光纤色散的原因，在光通信系统中如何克服这些色散对带宽带来的影响。

2．（15分）简述模间色散的时域测量方法及工作原理，并画出该方法的原理框图。

第1页共1页。

一、单选1×50
上下尖牙区别
monson球面的半径
下颌神经前支中的感觉神经
前牙切割运动的杠杆运动形式
单囊性成釉细胞瘤处理方式
腺淋巴瘤病理特点
舌下腺结构
放射性骨髓炎病理表现
翼下颌间隙内容
下颌运动特点
下颌体骨化中心
颞下颌关节手术时切口方式
牙受垂直向力时牙龈主纤维中不受力的是
（以后想起来再补充）
二、名解2×10
近唇线角
pterygoid process
Terra dentition index
mento-cervical angle
taste threshold
alveolar bone proper
candidiasis
chronic gingivitis
branchial cleft cyst
lymphoepithelial carcinoma
三、简答5×6
解剖
1.根管系统在根部侧面开口的系统名称，并从解剖角度解释牙周病和牙髓病的相互影响。

2.口颌系统肌链的组成与功能？
3.临床上面神经的解剖方法，面神经主干的解剖标志点？
病理
1.口腔黏膜鳞癌有很多亚型，请举3例口腔黏膜鳞癌亚型，并叙述其镜下特点及生物学行为？
2.根据牙骨质组织结构学特性，叙述牙骨质龋特点？
3.肌上皮细胞来源的唾液腺良恶性肿瘤各举两例，及其镜下鉴别要点。

(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)下面对于p型半导体形成的MIS结构，说法正确的是（）。

A．强反型时，表面的少子浓度会大于体内的多子浓度；(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)第1页共3页科目代码：3823总分值：100科目名称：半导体物理一、选择题（40分每题2分）1.如果半导体中电子浓度等于空穴浓度，则该半导体以（）导电为主。

A.本征 B.受主 C.空穴 D.施主2.下列三种结构示意图属于多晶结构的是（）。

A B C 3.电子是带（）电的粒子。

A.正 B.负 C.零 D.准粒子4.当B 掺入Si 中时，它是（）杂质。

A.受主 B.深 C.浅 D.复合中心5.杂质半导体中的载流子输运过程的散射机构中，当温度升高时，电离杂质散射的概率和晶格振动声子的散射概率的变化分别是（）。

A.变大，变小B.变小，变大C.变小，变小D.变大，变大。

6.在热力学温度零度时，能量比F E小的量子态被电子占据的概率为（）。

A.大于1/2B.小于1/2C.等于1/2D.等于17.金属和半导体接触分为（）。

A.整流的肖特基接触和整流的欧姆接触B.整流的肖特基接触和非整流的欧姆接触C.非整流的肖特基接触和整流的欧姆接触D.非整流的肖特基接触和非整流的欧姆接触8.一块半导体材料，光照在材料中会产生非平衡载流子，若光照忽然停止t τ=后，其中非平衡载流子将衰减为原来的（）。

A.1/eB.1/2C.0D.2/e9.载流子在电场作用下的运动为（）。

A.漂移运动B.扩散运动C.热运动D.复合运动10.锗的晶格结构和能带结构分别是（）。

A.金刚石型和直接禁带型B.闪锌矿型和直接禁带型C.金刚石型和间接禁带型D.闪锌矿型和间接禁带型11.当半导体材料处于热平衡时，其电子浓度与空穴浓度的乘积为（）。

A.变化量B.常数C.杂质浓度和杂质类型D.禁带宽度和温度12.与绝缘体相比，半导体的价带电子激发到导带所需要的能量（）。

(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上) A. 3 B. 2(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)考试科目:半导体器件科目代码：2604适用专业:微纳信息系统一、单项选择题：本大题共5小题，每小题5分，共25分。

在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填在题前的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均不得分。

()1.在半导体太阳能电池中，关于暗电流说法正确的是A.没有光照时电流B.由外加偏压产生C.其方向与光电流方向相同D.由光生电压降落在势垒区而产生()D正常工作时，其MOS单元半导体表面所处状态是A.强反型B.多子积累C.深耗尽D.多子耗尽()3.在以下复合跃迁中，非辐射复合跃迁是A.带间复合B.激子复合C.俄歇复合D.不存在()4.与LED量子效率有关的因素有A.结两侧参杂浓度B.结深C.表面反射D.以上都有关()5.太阳能电池工作时，对应P-N结内部处于：A.正偏电压B.反偏电压C.没有电压D.耗尽第1页共2页考试科目:半导体器件科目代码：2604适用专业:微纳信息系统二问答题(共35分)1.采用载流子扩散与漂移的观点分析PN结的单向导电性。

(10分)2.试述NPN双极型晶体管的四种工作模式。

(15分)3.试述金属-半导体接触：肖特基接触与欧姆接触的各自特点。

(10分)三．计算与推导(共40分)1.计算一硅p-n结在300K时的内建电势，其N A＝1018cm-3和N D＝1015cm-3．(10分)2.一理想晶体管其发射效率为0.999，集基极漏电流为10μA，假设I B=0，请算出由空穴所形成的放大模式发射极电流。

(15分)3.简述评估太阳能电池器件性能的四个基本参数，那些因素会影响太阳能电池器件性能（15分）第2页共2页考试科目:半导体器件科目代码：2604适用专业:微纳信息系统第1页共2页一、判断题（共20分，每题１分）1.（）半导体材料的导电性能介于导体和绝缘体之间。

入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:食品化学科目代码：3820适用专业:水产资源综合利用
一、名字解释（40%，每题4分）
1．O/W型乳浊液2．Aw
3．生色基团4．过氧化值
5．低甲氧基果胶（LM）6．风味阈值
7．蛋白质变性作用8．淀粉老化
9．食品抗氧化剂10．焦糖化作用
二、问答题（60%，每题10分）
1．从β-环状糊精的结构特征，说明其在食品中为何具有保色、保香、乳化的功能?
2．分别说明转谷氨酰胺酶(TGase)在鱼糜制品、多聚磷酸盐在肉制品加工中的作用。

3．从蛋白质角度，说明适度热处理对食品品质的有益作用。

4．含油脂食品贮藏不当易产生哈喇味，为什么？如何防止？
5．使用所学食品化学原理解释下列现象：
1）热处理去除生大豆中的有害因子；
2）搅打时，纯蛋清比含蛋黄的全蛋更容易起泡；
3）苹果、香蕉去皮后容易褐变。

6．举二例说明食品化学理论在水产资源高值化利用中的应用。

入学考试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)
考试科目: 食品化学科目代码：3820 适用专业: 水产资源综合利用。

宁波大学2015 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目: 心理学基础知识（普通心理学、发展心理学）科目代码：839 适用专业: 心理健康教育一、名词解释（每小题5分，共30分）1、原型启发2、前摄抑制和倒摄抑制3、注意的转移4、同化与顺应5、婴儿依恋6、最近发展区二、简答题（每小题8分，共40分）1、影响问题解决的因素主要有哪些?2、简述塞尔曼角色采择技能的发展阶段。

3、简要说明深度知觉产生有哪些线索。

4、简述初中生情绪表现的矛盾性特点。

5、简述佩里大学生思维发展的三阶段理论。

三、综合题（每小题20分，共80分）1、试述皮亚杰的认知发展理论及其对教学工作的启示。

2、试述少年期的自我中心性与幼儿时期的自我中心的异同。

3、试述斯金纳的儿童行为强化控制原理及其在实际中的应用。

4、详细阐述埃里克森人格发展阶段理论及其对不同年龄阶段儿童的教育启示。

第 1 页共 1 页宁波大学2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:心理学基础知识（普通心理学、发展心理学）科目代码：839适用专业:心理健康教育一、名词解释（每小题5分，共30分）1、精神分析学派2、暗适应3、知觉恒常性4、心理理论5、婴儿依恋6、顺应二、简答题（每小题8分，共40分）1、什么是概念形成，在概念形成中人们通常采用哪些策略？2、简述斯腾伯格的三元智力结构理论。

3、简述人格的五因素模型。

4、社会学习理论是如何看攻击行为的？5、试述为什么游戏是学前儿童的主导活动？三、综合题（每小题20分，共80分）1、综合运用各种动机理论，谈谈如何激发学生的学习动机？2、试述少年期的自我中心性与幼儿时期的自我中心的异同。

3、父母教养方式包括哪几种类型，对孩子有什么影响？什么类型的教养方式最有利于孩子的发展？为什么？4、试依据幼儿（3～6岁，童年早期）的心理特点说明心理发展是连续性与阶段性的统一，以及这一原理对教育实践的指导意义。

2015年博士生入学考试外语真题中国社会科学院研究生院2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语2015年3月14 日8:30 – 11:30PART I: Vocabulary and GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.1. Even the president is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is ______________ and horizontally spread out.a. prudentb. reversiblec. diffused. mandatory2. In describing the Indians of the various sections of the United States at different stages in their history, some of the factors which account for their similarity amid difference can be readily accounted for, others are difficult to _______________.a. refineb. discernc. embedd. cluster3. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by T ony Blair, wasdesigned to give the other members of the club a bigger ______________ and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.a. sayb. transmissionc. decayd. contention4. It can hardly be denied the proliferation of so-called dirty books and films has, to date, reached almost a saturation point. People do not acknowledge the _______________ fact that children are bound to be exposed to ―dirty words‖in a myriad of ways other than through the public airwaves.a.i rrefutableb. concretec. inevitabled. haphazard5. A condition is an essential term of the contract. If a contract is not performed, it may constitute a substantial breach of contract and allow the other party to _______________ the contract, that is, treat the contract as discharged or terminated.a. repudiateb. spurnc. declined. halt6. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words as well as agreed conventions ______________ these words should be arranged to convey a particular message. a. as the way by which b. by the way in whichc. as to the way in whichd. in the way of which7. Rarely ______________ a technological development _______________ an impact on many aspects of social, economic, and cultural development as greatly as the growth of electronics.a. has… hadb. had…hadc. has…hasd. have…had8. If early humans ______________ as much as they did, they probably ______________ to evolve into different species.a. did not move and intermingle…would continueb. would not move and intermingle…had continuedc. had not moved and intermingled…would have continuedd. were not to move and intermingle…could have continued9. It was ______________ the last time around the track ______________ I really kicked itin--passing the gossiping girlfriends, blocking out the whistles of boys who had already completed their run and now were hanging out on the grassy hill, I ran--pushing hard, breathing shallowly, knowing full well that I was going to have to hear about it from my disapproving friends for the next few days.a. not until…whenb. not until…thatc. until…whend. until…that10．One impediment ______________ the general use of a standard in pronunciation is the fact ______________ pronunciation is learnt naturally and unconsciously, while orthography is learnt deliberately and consciously.a. in…whichb. of …in whichc. on…thatd. to…thatSection B (5 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.11. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizensbetween India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.a. divisionb. turmoilc. fusiond. consolidation12. Concerning speculation, philosophy looks upon things from the broadest possible perspective;for criticism, it has the twofold role of questioning and judging everything that pertains either to the foundations or to the superstructure of human thinking.a. inebriatesb. forsakesc. relatesd. emaciates13. Meeting is, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological side show.Perhaps it is our civilized way to moderating，if not preventing, change.a. promotingb. impedingc. temperingd. arresting14. The truth about alliances and their merit probably lies somewhere between the travel utopiapresented by the players and the evil empires portrayed bytheir critics.a. collaborationb. worthc. triumphd. defect15. But Naifeh and Smith reveal a keen intellect, an avid reader and a passionate observer of otherartists’ work who progressed from labored figure studies to inspir ed outbursts of creative energy.Far from an artistic flash in the pan, he pursued his calling with dogged determination against nearly insurmountable odds.a. insuperableb. unsurpassablec. uncountabled. invaluableSection C (5 points)Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.16.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congress is the power toinvestigate, which is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, specialA Bcommittees set for a specific purpose, or joint committees consisting of members of bothC Dhouses.17.One of the important corollaries to the investigative power is the power to publicizeinvestigations and their results. Most committee hearings areopen to public and are reportedA Bwidely in the mass media. Congressional investigations thus represent one important toolCavailable to lawmakers to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interest in national issues.D18.It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is something which weA Balmost always know. We begin the natural learning of pronunciation long before we start Clearning to read or write, and in our early years we go on unconsciously imitating andDpracticing the pronunciation of those around us for many hours everyday.19. It had happened too often that the farmers sold their wheat soon after harvest when farm debtsAwere coming due, only to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions,Bproducer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become involved, atCleast not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild.D20.Detailed studies of the tribe by the food scientists at the University of London showed thatAgathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields onB Caverage about 100 edible calories as an hour of gathering produces 240.DPART II: Reading comprehension (30 points)Directions: Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage 1Plato’s Republic has been the source of great consternation, especially in literary circles, for itsattack on the poets. Socrates in fact asserts that they should have no place in the ideal state. Eric Havelock suggests that there are several misunderstandings in this regard, and in his Preface to Plato he identifies the issues, explains the historical context.Havelock opens his discussion by suggesting that the very title of the Republic is the source of much confusion. The book is commonly understood to be a treatise on the ideal political entity, but even a casual analysis will show that only one-third of the text is concerned with statecraft. The other two-thirds cover a variety of su bjects, but the thrust of Plato’s argument amounts to an attack on the traditional Greek approach to education.The educational methods still in use in the 4th century BC had their origins in what has been called the Greek Dark Age beginning around 1200 BC when the Mycenaean era collapsed. Very little is known about the whys and wherefores of this collapse, but it wasn’t until around 700 BC that the Phoenicianalphabet began to be adapted and used in the Greek-speaking world. During the intervening centuries, all knowledge concerning Greek history, culture, mores and laws were orally transmitted down through the generations. The most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of information was rhyme. The epic form we see in Homer’s Iliad grew out of the need to preserve the Greek cultural memory. Havelock takes the reader through Book 1 of The Iliad and dissects it in detail to show how this cultural, historical and ethical heritage was conveyed. The Iliad takes on new and significant meaning to the reader of this minute examination.The Iliad and presumably other poetic vehicles were taught to children from an early age. The whole of the Greek-speaking world was immersed in the project of memorizing, and out of the masses arose those individuals with superior memories and theatrical skills who became the next generation of minstrels and teachers. Education was thus comprised of memorization and rote learning, and the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals.Plato’s focus in the Republic and elsewhere is on Homer and Hesiod and to some extent the dramatists which at the time were the centerpieces of the educational regime. Their works presented gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth. The overall result is that the Greek adolescent is continually conditioned to an attitude which at bottom is cynical. It is more important to keep up appearances than to practice the reality. Decorum and decent behavior are not obviously violated, but the inner principle of morality is. Once the Republic is viewed as a critique of the educational regime, Havelock says that the logic of its total organization becomesclear.What Pl ato was railing against was an ―oral state of mind‖ which seems to have persisted even though the alphabet and written documentation had been in use for three centuries. Illiteracy was thus stil l a widespread problem in Plato’s time, and the poetic state of mind was the main obstacle to scientific rationalism and analysis. This is why Plato regarded the poetic or oral state of mind as the arch-enemy. In his teachings he did the opposite. He ask ed his students to ―think about what they were sa ying instead of just saying it.‖The epic had become, in Plato’s view, not ―an act of creation bu t an act of reminder and recall‖ and cont ributed to what Havelock terms ―the Homeric state of mind.‖It was So crates’project (and by extension Plato’s) to reform Greek education to encourage thinking and analysis. Thus all the ranting and railing about the ―poets‖ in Plato’s Republic was limited basically to Homer and Hesiod because of what he viewed as a wholly inadequate approach to education of which these particular poets were an integral part.Unfortunately, Western culture has misconstrued wh at Plato and Socrates meant by ―the poets.‖And because we view poetry as a highly creative and elevated form of expression, our critics have failed to recognize that Plato’s diatribe had a very specific and limited target which had nothing to do with high-minded creativity, of which there is plenty, by the way, in the proscribed poet s. It wasn’t really the poets who were the problem; it was the use of them that was deemed unacceptable.Post-Havelock, we can now read the Republic with the scales lifted from our eyes and see it for what it really was: an indictment of an antiquated educational regime which had no place in a democratic society.Comprehension Questions:21. The mistaken understanding of Plato's Republic consists in the widespread belief that it consistsof _______________.a.literary criticismb. a treatise on the ideal polityc. a critique of rationalismd. an indictment of an obsolete pedagogy22. According to Havelock, Plato’s anger with the poets arose from:I: Their representation of gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth.II: Their transmission of culture, mores and laws.a. I.b. II.c. Both I and II.d. Neither I nor II.23. Prior to the 4th century BC, recitation was considered the best educational method because______________.a.poetry was seen as a highly creative and elevated form of expressionb.rhyme was the most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of informationc.there was no writing systemd.the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals24. In Plato's diatribe the poetic or oral state of mind is the arch-enemy of _______________.a.democratic societyb. the Mycenaean Republicc .the Phoenicians d. literacy25. A common critique of the present-day Chinese educational system resembles the educationalsystem that Plato fulminated against in that it often _______________.a.asks students to think about what they were saying instead of just saying it/doc/8e18884558.htmlprises of memorization and rote learningc.has a very specific and limited targetd.encourages thinking and analysisPassage 2To govern is to choose how the revenue raised from taxes is spent. So far so good, or bad. But some people earn more money than others. Should they pay proportionately more money to the government than those who earn less? And if they do pay more money are they entitled to more services than those who pay less or those who pay nothing at all? And should those who pay nothing at all because they have nothing get anything? These matters are of irritable concern to ourrulers, and of some poignancy to the rest.Although the equality of each citizen before the law is the rock upon which the American Constitution rests, economic equality has never been an American ideal. In fact, it is the one unmentionable subject in our politics, as the senator from South Dakota recently discovered when he came up with a few quasi-egalitarian tax reforms. The furious and enduring terror of Communism in America is not entirely the work of those early cold warriors Truman and Acheson.A dislike of economic equality is something deep-grained in the American Protestant character. After all, given a rich empty continent for vigorous Europeans to exploit (the Indians were simply a disagreeable part of the emptiness, like chiggers), any man of gumption could make himself a good living. With extra hard work, any man could make himself a fortune, proving that he was a better man than the rest. Long before Darwin the American ethos was Darwinian.The vision of the rich empty continent is still a part of the American unconscious in spite of the Great Crowding and its attendant miseries; and this lingering belief in the heaven any man can make for himself through hard work and clean living is a key to the majority’s prevailing and apparently unalterable hatred of the poor, kept out of sight at home, out of mind abroad.Yet there has been, from the beginning, a significant division in our ruling class. The early Thomas Jefferson had a dream: a society of honest yeomen, engaged in agricultural pursuits, without large cities, heavy industry, banks, military pretensions. The early (and the late) Alexander Hamilton wanted industry, banks, cities, and a military force capable of making itself felt in world politics. It is a nice irony that so many of toda y’s laissez-faire conservatives think that they descend from Hamilton, the proponent of a strong federal government, and that so many liberals believe themselves to be the heirs of the early Jefferson, who wanted little more than a police force and a judiciary. Always practical, Jefferson knew that certain men would rise through their own good efforts while, sadly, others would fall. Government would do no more than observe this Darwinian spectacle benignly, and provide no succor.In 1800 the Hamiltonian view was rejected by the people andtheir new President Thomas Jefferson. Four years later, the Hamiltonian view had prevailed and was endorsed by the reelected Jefferson. Between 1800 and 1805 Jefferson had seen to it that an empire in posse had become an empire in esse. The difference between Jefferson I and Jefferson II is reflected in the two inaugural addresses.It is significant that nothing more elevated than greed changed the Dr. Jekyll of Jefferson I into the Mr. Hyde of Jefferson II. Like his less thoughtful countrymen, Jefferson could not resist a deal. Subverting the Constitution he had helped create, Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon, acquiring its citizens without their consents. The author of the Declaration of Independence was quite able to forget the unalienable rights of anyone whose property he thought should be joined to our empire—a word which crops up frequently and unselfconsciously in his correspondence.In the course of land-grabbing, Jefferson II managed to get himself into hot water with France, England, and Spain simultaneously, a fairly astonishing thing to do considering the state of politics in Napoleonic Europe.Comprehension Questions:26. The author believes that Americans ________________.a. still believe America to be largely unpopulatedb. largely believe in lower taxationc. are in favor of taxation without representationd. should reconsider the Louisiana purchase27. From the passage, we may assume that the senator from South Dakota _______________.a. opposed tax reformb. was Thomas Jeffersonc. failed in his attempt to reform tax lawd. was Alexander Hamilton28. Jefferson made it possible for ________________.a. a potential empire to become a real oneb. tax laws to reflect the will of the peoplec. France, England, and Spain to simultaneously vacillate upon their mutual feelings towardsthe United States.d. Darwinian social theories to be accepted without question29. Jefferson’s early political writings espoused what would today b e called _______________.a. collectivismb. libertarianismc. socialismd. liberalism30. The author holds that Jefferson’s purchase of the Louisiana territories _______________.a. may be seen as a hypocritical actb. rigorously held with his previous views of inalienable rightsc. cannot be seen as an act of empire-expansiond. was an act meant to lower taxes and improve the wealth of the nationPassage 3If, besides the accomplishments of being witty and ill-natured, a man is vicious into the bargain, he is one of the most mischievous creatures that can enter into a civil society. His satire will then chiefly fall upon those who ought to be the most exempt from it. Virtue, merit, and everything that is praiseworthy, will be made the subject of ridicule and buffoonery. It is impossible to enumerate the evils which arise from these arrowsthat fly in the dark; and I know no other excuse that is or can be made for them, than that the wounds they give are only imaginary, and produce nothing more than a secret shame or sorrow in the mind of the suffering person. It must indeed be confessed that a lampoon or a satire do not carry in them robbery or murder; but at the same time, how many are there that would not rather lose a considerable sum of money, or even life itself, than be set up as a mark of infamy and derision? And in this case a man should consider that an injury is not to be measured by the notions of him that gives, but of him that receives it. Those who can put the best countenance upon the outrages of this nature which are offered them, are not without their secret anguish. I have often observed a passage in Socrates’ behavio r at his death in a light wherein none of the critics have considered it. That excellent man entertaining his friends a little before he drank the bowl of poison, with a discourse on the immortality of the soul, at his entering upon it says that he does not believe any the most comic genius can censure him for talking upon such a subject at such at a time. This passage, I think, evidently glances upon Aristophanes, who write a comedy on purpose to ridicule the discourses of that divine philosopher. It has been observed by many writers that Socrates was so little moved at this piece of buffoonery, that he was several times present at its being acted upon the stage, and never expressed the least resentment of it. But, with submission, I think the remark I have here made shows us that this unworthy treatment made an impression uponhis mind, though he had been too wise to discover it. When Julius Caesar was lampooned by Catullus, he invited him to a supper, and treated him with such a generous civility, that hemade the poet his friend ever after. Cardinal Mazarine gave the same kind of treatment to the learned Quillet, who had reflected upon his eminence in a famous Latin poem. The cardinal sent for him, and, after some kind expostulations upon what he had written, assured him of his esteem, and dismissed him with a promise of the next good abbey that should fall, which he accordingly conferred upon him in a few months after. This had so good an effect upon the author, that he dedicated the second edition of his book to the cardinal, after having expunged the passages which had given him offence. Though in the various examples which I have here drawn together, these several great men behaved themselves very differently towards the wits of the age who had reproached them, they all of them plainly showed that they were very sensible of their reproaches, and consequently that they received them as very great injuries. For my own part, I would never trust a man that I thought was capable of giving these secret wounds; and cannot but think that he would hurt the person, whose reputation he thus assaults, in his body or in his fortune, could he do it with the same security. There is indeed something very barbarous and inhuman in the ordinary scribblers of lampoons. I have indeed heard of heedless, inconsiderate writers that, without any malice, have sacrificed the reputation of their friends and acquaintance to a certain levity of temper, and a silly ambition of distinguishing themselves by a spirit of raillery and satire; as if it were not infinitely more honourable to be a good-natured man than a wit. Where there is this little petulant humor in an author, he is often very mischievous without designing to be so.Comprehension Questions:31. According to the author, those who want to trivializesatire tend to suggest that_______________.a. the damage is immaterialb. the effect is mere buffooneryc. wit is a streak of geniusd. the mischief must be taken in a spirit of raillery32. What would be the best strategy for the object of satire to adopt, according to the author?a. To take no heed.b. To placate the author.c. To take offence.d. To suffer the consequences.33. The main purpose of this article is ________________.a. the derision of the perpetrators of satireb. a warning against mischievous scribblersc. creating understanding of the genred. reproaching fellow satirists34. When the author speaks of ―this little petulant humor‖it is evident that he means________________.a. good-natured witb. the choleric temperc. a silly ambitiond. submission35. In view of the opinion of the author, it is unlikely that the author is a ________________.a. man of lettersb. satiristc. witd. a good-natured man Passage 4Alexander the Great’s conquests in the Eastern Mediterranean initiated a series of profound cultural transformations in the ancient centers of urban civilization of the Fertile Crescent. The final destruction of native rule and the imposition of an alien elite culture instigated a cultural discourse—Hellenism—which irrevocably marked all participants, both conquerors and conquered. This discourse was particularly characterized by a transformation of indigenous cultural traditions, necessitated by their need to negotiate their place in a new social order. As Bowerstock has argued, the process of Hellenization did not accomplish the wholesale replacement of indigenous cultural traditions with Greek civilization. Instead, it provided a new cultural vocabulary through which much pre-existing cultural tradition was often able to find new expression. This phenomenon is especially intriguing as it relates to language and literacy. The ancient civilizations of the Syro-Mesopotamian and Egyptian cultural spheres were, of course, literate, possessing indigenous literary traditions already of great antiquity at the time of the Macedonian conquests. The disenfranchisement of traditional elites by the imposition of Greek rule had the related effect of displacing many of the traditional social structures where in indigenous literacy functioned and was taught—in particular, the institutions of the palace and the temple. A new language of power, Greek, replaced the traditional language of these institutions. This had the unavoidable effect of displacing the traditional writing systems associated with these indigenous languages. Traditional literacy’s longstanding association with the centers of social and political authority began to be eroded.Naturally, the eclipse of traditional, indigenous literacy did not occur overnight. The decline of Cuneiform and Hieroglyphicliteracies was a lengthy process. Nor was the nature of their respective declines identical. Akkadian, the ancient language of Mesopotamian court and temple culture, vanished forever, along with cuneiform writing, in the first century CE. Egyptian lived on beyond the disappearance of hieroglyphic in the fourth century CE in the guise of Coptic, to succumb as a living, spoken language of daily social intercourse only after the Islamic conquest of Egypt. Even then, Coptic survives to this day as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. This latter point draws attention to an aspect of the decline of these indigenous literacies worthy of note: it is in the sphere of religion that these literacies are often preserved longest, after they have been superseded in palace circles—the last dated cuneiform text we have is an astrological text; the last dated hieroglyphic text a votive graffito. This should cause little surprise. The sphere of religion is generally one of the most conservative of cultural subsystems. The local need to negotiate the necessities of daily life and individual and collective identity embodied in traditional religious structures is slow to change and exists in ongoing dialogue with the more readily changeable royal and/or state ideologies that bind various locales together in an institutional framework.The process of ―Hellenization‖ of the an cient cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean provides us, then, with an opportunity to observe the on-going effect on traditional, indigenous literacy of the imposition of a new status language possessed of its own distinct writing system. The cultural politics of written and spoken language-use in such contexts has been much discussed and it is clear that the processes leading to the adoption of a new language—in written form, or spoken form, or both—in some cultural spheres and the retention of traditional languages inothers are complex. Factors including the imposition of a new language from above, adoption of a new language of social prestige from below, as well as preservation of older idioms of traditional statusin core cultural institutions, must have affected different sectors of a conquered society in different fashions and at different rates.Comprehension Questions:36. The languages that have to some extent managed to survive Hellenization did so in what area?a. In palace circles.b. In governmental institutions.c. In the religious sphere.d. In philological circles.37. Which aspect of society, according to the passage, is one of the most resistant to change?a. Monarchical institutions.b. Religious institutions.c. Linguistic norms.d. State ideologies.38. In the first paragraph, you saw the underlined word disenfranchisement. Choose, among thefollowing expressions, the closest in similar meaning.a. the removal of power, right and/or privilegeb. a strong sense of disappointmentc. the prohibition of the right to conduct businessd. the loss of social position39. Who was the leader of the Macedonian Conquest?a. King Philip of Macedon.b. Pericles of Athens.。

入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:细胞生物学科目代码：3816适用专业:水产养殖、渔业资源一、名词解释（每个3分，共30分）1.亲核蛋白（karyophilic protein）2.管家基因(house-keeping genes)3.端粒(telomere)4.接触抑制（contact inhibition）5.分子伴侣（molecular chaperon）6.脂质体（liposome）7.内膜系统(endomembrane system)8.流动镶嵌模型（fluid mosail model）9.原代细胞（primary culture cell）10.细胞连接（cell junction）二、简答题（每个10分，共70分）1.请举出5种用于细胞形态结构观察的研究工具，并指明它们的主要用途。

2.简述物质的跨膜运输类型。

3.cAMP信号通路和磷脂酰肌醇信号通路有哪些联系和区别？4.微丝的结构与功能。

5.结合核仁的功能，谈谈为什么凡是蛋白质合成旺盛的细胞中核仁都明显偏大。

6.谈谈你对细胞核全能性和细胞全能性的认识。

7.细胞增殖的意义。

入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:细胞生物学科目代码：3816适用专业:水产养殖/渔业资源一、单项选择题：本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分。

在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填在题前的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均不得分。

()1.有关原核细胞与真核细胞的比较，下列说法错误的是：(A)现有资料证明真核细胞由原核细胞进化而来，自然界真核细胞的个体数量比原核细胞多。

（B）真核细胞内有一个较复杂的骨架体系，原核细胞内并没有明显的骨架系统。

（C）真核细胞基因表达具有严格的时空关系，并具有多层次的调控。

（D）真核细胞内膜系统分化，内部结构和功能的区域化和专一化，是进化过程的一次飞跃。

()2.下列结构中，原核细胞具备而真核细胞缺少的是：（A）内含子（B）操纵子（C）重复序列（D）线状DNA分子()3．建立分泌单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞是通过下列哪项技术构建的：（A）细胞融合（B）核移植（C）病毒转化（D）基因转移()4.细胞外基质中含量最高，刚性及抗张力强度最大的成分是：（A）胶原（B）氨基聚糖和蛋白聚糖（C）弹性蛋白（D）层粘连蛋白和纤连蛋白()5.下列对协助扩散的描述，不正确的是：（A）转运速率高，存在最大转运速率。