研究生专业英语

博士研究生专业英语考试
博士研究生专业英语考试（English Proficiency Test for Ph.D. Candidates）是用于评估博士研究生在英语听、说、读、写能力方面的考试。

该考试旨在测试学生对学术领域内英语的理解和运用能力，以确保学生具备进行学术研究和写作的基本英语能力。

博士研究生专业英语考试通常包括以下几个方面的内容：
1. 听力考试（Listening Test）：测验学生对英语听力材料的理解能力，包括听取学术讲座、学术研究报告等。

2. 口语考试（Speaking Test）：测验学生在学术交流中的口头表达能力，包括自我介绍、回答问题、陈述观点等。

3. 阅读考试（Reading Test）：测验学生对英语学术文献的阅读理解能力，包括理解文章主旨、判断作者观点、理解文章结构等。

4. 写作考试（Writing Test）：测验学生的学术写作能力，要求学生根据提供的题目或材料进行学术论述或分析。

博士研究生专业英语考试的成绩经常作为博士研究生入学的重要参考依据，学生需要根据考试要求进行针对性的准备。

通过这个考试，学生能够提高自己的英语水平，为以后的学术研究和职业发展奠定基础。

unit 12EducationPreviewEducation has long been given a priority in a civilized society。

It is mostly believed that the sole responsibility for educating students lies on teachers，and for any wrong—doing in students' behavior and any low achievement in students' performance teachers are to blame. Is it fair? Education is a constructive and cooperative job。

Virtually, parents have a critical role to play in the process of child education。

How should teachers and parents work together to provide better cultivation to children? Maybe，we need more parents to put more effort into their parenting and into creating the environment in which their children come to school ready and willing to learn.I．Text ReadingWarm—upHow should parents raise their children properly，and create a better circumstance for their children？Parents are the first teachers for their children. Parents' behavior，efforts they take，and the surroundings they create have critical impact on their children。

Unit 1Text AII. Language points1.How successful you’ll be in making transitions among careers can at least be partially attributed to the amount of career planning and preparation you’ve done. <Para. 1> If you are well-prepared in making plans for your future career, the chances are that you might as well succeed in changing your career because how successfully you change your career may in part result from what preparations you’ve done in career planning.2.Think of career planning as building bridges from your current job/career to your next job/career; without the bridge, you may easily stumble or lose your way, but with the bridge there is safety and directions. <Para. 2> You should regard making plans for your career as building bridges which are the transitions from your current job/career to your next job/career and may help you find the right door to the future.3.And while career planning and career decision-making is an important aspect of your life, do not put so much pressure on yourself that it paralyzes you from making any real choices, decisions, or plans. <Para. 5>… don’t put too much pressure on yourself to make real choices, decisions, or plans.4.To help you with your career planning, consider using the following exercises to their fullest potential. <Para. 6> … consider using the following exercises to their fullest degree/ as much as possible.5.Reflect on the times and situations in which you feel most passionate, most energetic, most engaged — and see if you can develop a common profile of these situations. <Para. 9> Consider the times and situations in which you feel most excited, most vigorous, most engrossed— and try to generalize the features these situations have in common.6.Remember those papers you had to write as a kid about what you wanted to be when you grew up? <Para. 13> Do you still remember when you were little you were asked to write about what you would like to be in the future?7.Take the time to revert back to those idyllic times and brainstorm about your current dream job; be sure not to let any negative thoughts cloud your thinking.<Para. 13> Spend some time in returning back to these simple, peaceful and pleasant times and trying to think more about your current ideal job to make sure that no negative thoughts could make your thinking obscure /unclear.8.Look for ideas internally, but also make the effort to explore/research other careers/occupations that interest you. <Para. 13> You should not only look for ideas inside yourself/ at the bottom of your heart, but also explore/research other careers/occupations you are interested in from the outside.9.Pinpoint the qualifications you need to move to the next step in your career or to make the move to a new career path. <Para. 18> Mark clearly the qualifications that are needed in career changing.10.If you’re not sure, search job postings and job ads, conduct informational interviews, research job descriptions.<Para.18> If you’re not sure about the qualifications required in the new career, you should search job pos tings and jobadvertisements for those qualifications, take part in interviewsin which you know something about the job, and study the list of general tasks, or functions, and responsibilities of a position..11.Develop a timeline and action plans for achieving each type, being sure to set specific goals and priories. <Para. 20>Make a timetable and action plans for achieving each type of qualification you need and remember to set concrete goals and decide what should be done first.12.Businesses, careers, and the workplace are rapidly changing, and the skills that you have or plan for today may notbe in demand years from now. <Para. 21> Businesses, careers, and the workplace are rapidly changing, and the skills that you have mastered or you plan to master now may not be required or needed in the future.13.Long-range career planning should be more about identifying and developing core skills that employers will alwaysvalue while developing your personal and career goals in broad strokes.<Para. 21> When planning career for the long.run, you should focus on pinpointing and developing the essential skills in general that will always be valued no matter whom your employers are or how time changes.14.Here’s a collection of the best self-assessment tools, designed to give you a better idea of your attitudes and interestsas they relate to possible career choices. <Para. 25> The best collected self-assessment tools are developed to make you clear about your attitudes and interests related to the careers that you may choose.15.Some tools and resources especially for established job-seekers contemplating a career change.<Para. 26> In thesection of Career Change Resources, there are some tools and resources especially for those established job-hunters who consider changing careers.16.Taking the time to use a career journal is a fantastic way to conduct career planning on a regular basis. <Para. 31> Itis great to spend some time using a career journal to carry out career planning regularly.17.The concept of transferable skills is a vital job-search technique that all job-seekers should master, though theconcept is especially important for career changers and college students.<Para. 33> All job-hunters should master those skills that are needed to make transitions from school to workplace or from your current job to the next jobIII. Key to the exercises1. Reading Comprehension<1>According to the author, career planning is very essential because it functions as bridges built from one’s currentjob/career to his/her next job/career and with the bridges there is safety and direction.<2>The main idea of the passage:The passageoffers some basic guidelines for both short-term and long-term career planning.<3>Short-term career plan and long-term career plan are different. A short-term career plan focuses on a timeframeranging from the coming year to the next few years. It is characterized by developing realistic goals and objectives that can be accomplished in the near future. But long-term career planning usually involves a broader set of guidelines and preparation and focuses on and developing workplace core skills and identifying career trends.<4>In order to hold a positive attitude towards short-term career planning, you should free yourself form all career barriers,such as personal barriers, family pressure and peer pressure. And you shouldn’t put so much pressure on yourself because it may paralyze you from making any real choices, decisions, or plans.<5>Before you develop a picture of yourself and your career, you should analyze your current/future lifestyle,likes/dislikes, passion, definition of success, personality, dream job and current situation.2. VocabularySection A<1> on the move <2> In terms of <3> quintessential <4> perspective<5> priority<6> cloud <7> brainstormed <8> extravert, introvert<9> Reverting <10> timeframeSection B<1> A<2> B<3> C<4> C<5> A<6> D<7> D<8> A<9> C<10> A3. Cloze<1> right<2> not<3> wrong<4> First of all<5> knowledge<6> Only<7> no matter what<8> outperform<9> successful<10> higher<11> who<12> still<13> rather than<14> figure out<15> worst<16> Then<17> However<18> rehearse<19> more<20>instead of4. TranslationA. Chinese to English1> Translate the following sentences into English.<1> Although we failed this time, we should not be sunk in apathy, because as we all know, "failure is the mother ofsuccess.〞And we are all wedded to the belief that this failure will be the beginning of future success.<2>The idyllic Indonesian island is a beautiful combination of spirituality, natural beauty and a taste of the exotic.<3>Adolescence, the transition from childhood to adulthood, is always a critical time for everybody. So parents must pay1 / 432special attention to their children’s growth in this period.<4>Thank you for your really practical advice, but I still need time to reflect on it.<5>You’d better contemplate the related issues before making a final decision, and formulate a feasible action plan thatcan be fulfilled in one year.<6>In this English Speaking Contest, what impresses me most is that contestant 11 is a very fluent speaker of English, butit’s a pity that he fails to confine himself to the subject.<7>Neither difficulty nor failure frustrates his passion in his research. He was content to go as far as he could.<8>Anthropologists, as far as I know, are still unable to pinpoint just where along the line man and the apes branched intotwo distant species.2> Translate the following paragraph into English.We all have goals and aspirations. Sometimes we have difficulty knowing where to start. We want that new body, or want to be healthy and have more energy, but we just do not know what the first step is. In addition, the road to our goals is sometimes a rocky one. It is difficult to transgress and sometimes we just want to give up. We sometimes forget that our current situation did not occur overnight and so changing it will not happen overnight either. It will take time and hard work. Therefore, I suggest that you should set only one goal at a time.When you try to take on too much at once, you can become overwhelmed quickly. Create a list and take one goal at a time. Once you achieve that goal, back to your list to mark it off, and move to the next one. The act of achieving goals individually will give you a greater sense of accomplishment. You can even break the one goal into smaller parts. This gives you motivation and success more often than waiting for days or months to achieve a larger goal.B. English to Chinese1> Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.每位求职者都需要花点时间远离日常繁忙的工作,仔细思量你的事业,为未来制定计划.无论你喜欢现在的工作和老板或是感到受缚于目前工作,职业规划能够帮助你.职业规划被视作建立连接目前工作/职业和未来工作/职业的桥梁,没有这座桥,你会跌跌撞撞或迷失方向；但有了这座桥,就有了安全的保证和明确的方向.2> Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.〔1〕一位权威科学家警告说,机器人在家庭、工作场所和战争中的兴起必须受到伦理规X的监督和控制,以此限定机器人在一些敏感情境中的运用,比如看小孩、照顾老人以与作战等情境.〔2〕谢菲尔德大学的人工智能专家诺埃尔·夏基教授警告说,机器人正被引入潜在的敏感情境中,这可能会导致〔被服务者〕与世隔绝的状态,因为人们在给机器人设定指令后,往往很长时间不再问津.〔3〕第一条规定机器人不得伤害人类；第二条规定机器人必须服从人类的命令,但不得违反第一条定律；第三条规定机器人应尽量保护自己,但不得违反前两条定律.〔4〕但是20世纪末提出的有关具有高度人工智能的机器人将崛起的预言并未实现,不过机器人科学家已赋予了听命于他们的机器以准智能的特征,比如简单的言语识别、情绪表达以与面部识别等能力.〔5〕目前机器人的智力水平连愚蠢都算不上.如果我哪怕认为他们会在智力上高出人类一等,我都不会有这些担忧了. Text BCareer Path: Acting Your AgeKey to the exercisesGuess the meaning of the word<s><1> troublesome<2> strenuous<3> handicap <4> similar in meaning<5> applies <6> commendable <7> saturated <8> intimidating<9> attracting <10> What’s moreTrue or false(1)T<2>F<3>T<4>F<5>F<6>T<7>T<8>F.Unit 2Text AII. Language points1.Even a modest space voyage, Dyson calculated, would set the average family back 1,500 years in wages. <P ara.1>According to Dyson’s calculation, even a modest and common space voyage would cost the average family wages of about 1,500 years.set back: cost <a person> specific amounte.g. My new car set me back $3000.2.The difference reflected the relative difficulty of space travel, but also the limitations of big government programs to do things on the cheap.<Para.1>The cost difference not only has showed space travel is much more difficult than the Mayflower’s voyage in 1620 and the westward journey of the Mormons in 1840s, but also prove d that government needs to reduce its spending on big and expensive programs and turn its attention to the programs that cost less money.3.Nothing has happened in the past 40 years to suggest that NASA has come any closer to the commercial sweet spot of the Colonial settlers. <P ara.2> In the past 40 years, nothing has shown that NASA’s has found its best solution to which it could start and develop its business just like early colonial settlers who found their place, Massachusetts, to settle down and made their living move on based on their settlement.A sweet spot is a place, often numerical as opposed to physical, where a combination of factors suggests a particularly suitable solution. In the context of a racquet, bat or similar sporting instrument, sweet spot is often believed to be the same as the center of percussion. In this context, sweet spot means a financially profitable situation. Colonial settlers found this sweet spot while NASA didn’t come close.4.The commission headed by Lockheed Martin chairman Norm Augustine that has spent much of the past year deliberating on NASA’s human spaceflight program… <Para.2>deliberate on: to consider /discuss or negotiate仔细研究,审议e.g. We had no time to deliberate on the problem.5....even though ending this program would send NASA’s international partners into apoplexy. <P ara.2>…even though ending the ISS program would make NASA’s international partners feel very angry.The apoplexy is an outdated medical term, which can be used to mean "bleeding〞. It can be used non-medically to mean a state of extreme rage or excitement.6.More embarrassing, with NASA’s space shuttle due to be mothballed in 2010, and its cheaper replacement, the Orion capsule, not due to fly until 2012, the partners face a two year gap in which they will have to rely on Russia’s Soyuz ships to commute to the space station.<Para.2> To NASA’s embarrassment, they had to stop using their shuttle in 2010 and its cheaper replacement, the Orion capsule cannot fly until 2012, so there will be a two year gap between 2010 and 2012, in which NASA’s international partners have to depend on Russia’s ship to come and go to the space station.mothball: to decide not to use or develop something, for a period of time, especially a piece of equipment or a plan 封存；搁置不用If someone in authority mothballs a plan, factory, or piece of equipment, they decide to stop developing or using it, perhaps temporarily.7.The shortfall may force NASA to open up its space-exploration program to commercial operators to a degree that’s unprecedented in its history.<Para.3> The shortage or lack of money may force NASA to get commercial operators involved in its space-exploration program to a degree that has never happened before.shortfall:n. 缺口；差额；亏空If there is a shortfall in something, there is less of it than you need.8.The move could create opportunities for the modern equivalents of Young and Bradford—entrepreneurs willing to risk their livelihoods on making the exploration of space affordable by not only designing and building ships for3 / 434NASA, but also by providing shuttle services to deliver NASA astronauts or equipment to their targets. <Para.3>The move—NASA’s opening up its space program to commercial or private sectors— could create opportunities for upcoming modern entrepreneurs like Young and Bradford in the early times. They are willing to take a risk in spending much money, effort and even their lives on space exploration in order to get it started and moved on by not only designing and building ships for NASA, but also by providing shuttle services to deliver NASA astronauts or equipment to meet NASA’s targets. 9.In the past, NASA has been deeply involved in managing design and development work by outside contractors, a messy process that made the shuttle expensive and unsafe, rather than cheap and safe. Now the agency is under pressure to step back and buy services wholesale from private firms.<Para.3>In the past, NASA has spent much effort and time asking outside contractors to design and develop space shuttles, which is a very complicated process making the space shuttle expensive and unsafe rather than cheap and safe. Now due to financial pressure, the agency has stepped back to entrust private firms to do all the business for NASA.10."We’re talking about a movement from where the government has been the prime contractor, managing situationswith a very hands-on role, to a situation where they are just a customer,〞says Larry Williams. <Para.3> We are talking about the movement —NASA has shifted it role from a major contractor who needs to do every detailed and practical work by itself to a customer who buys services wholesale from private firms.11.The next step is to work out similar deals with private firms to send astronauts aloft. <Para.5> The next step is toenable the private firms to send astronauts to outer space just like cargo that can be delivered.aloft:adj./adv.high in the air 在空中高处Something that is aloft is in the air or off the ground.12.To do that, NASA will have to relinquish some of its oversight of crew safety. This isn’t entirely without precedent.<Para.5> In order to let private firms send astronauts into space, NASA will have to give uptheir responsibility of regulating crew safety. This has happened before.relinquish:vt.to stop having something, especially when this happens unwillinglyIf you relinquish something such as power or control, you give it up.oversight: the state of being in charge of somebody/something 负责；照管13.Space X claims it could adapt its cargo-carrying spaceship for ferrying a human crew in less than three years, once itgets the green light. <Para.6> Space X claims it could make some change to its spaceship so that it could send people to outer space in less than three years, once it gets permission.14.If Virgin and other commercial firms can deliver, Earth orbit will be far more accessible than it’s ever been before.Although it would still be a stretch for all but the wealthiest people, costs could come down low enough to jump-start markets for tourism. <Para.8> If commercial firms like Virgin Galactic can deliver man to Earth orbit, then Earth orbit would be much easier to get to than ever before. It would be open to nobody but the wealthiest people since only the rich can afford the high price,but the cost could be reduced so that it would become a rising market for tourism.15.The big sticking point, however, will be safety. Even though NASA holds the safety of its crew paramount, it stillhasn’t been able to escape the occasional disaster, like the loss of the Columbia shuttle and its crew in 2003. <Para.8> The key point is still the consideration of safety of its crew. Even though NASA regards the safety of its crew as the most important thing, it still hasn’t been able to avoid the occasional disaster, such as the loss of the Space shuttle, Columbia andits 7 crew members in 2003.16.…the space shuttle is unreliable, in part, because its all-purpose design is overly complex. NASA needs a biggerrocket capable of sending a crew, with equipment and supplies for a long-duration trip, beyond the tether of Earth’s gravity. <Para.9>… the space shuttle is unreliable partly because its space shuttle is designed for all- around purposes, such as carryingcargo or people, etc. And the process of design is extremely complex. NASA needs a bigger rocket capable of sending a crew, with equipment and supplies for a longer trip, beyond the limitation or influence of Earth’s gravity.overly: too/ extremely17.It might be able to entice commercial firms to undertake their own big rockets if there were some payoff down theroad. <Para.9> Private firms might be attracted to build their own rockets to deliver astronauts to outer space if they could get profits..payoff:n. return; reward; payment18.Many seemingly ridiculous ideas for generating energy and beaming it back to Earth now seem much less so, thanksto the climate crisis. <Para.9> The ideas of generating energy and shining it back to earth, which used to sound very funny, but now seems much possible and necessary due to the consideration of the climate crisis.19.…the challenge of sending people safely into deep space and back for a profit is big enough to give any entrepreneurpause. <Para.10> … the challenge for private services to send people safely into deep space and back for making profits is so big that any entrepreneur would hesitate before they take their steps.give sb./sth. pause:使踌躇,使犹豫This finding should give pause to it. 这个发现令人深思.His recent behavior has given her pause about their relationship.他最近的行为让她对他们的关系产生了犹豫.20.The Industrial Revolution didn’t take off until the railways arrived. <Para.11>Here it means that the private sector will play an important role and do lots of work in deep space only if NASA gets it started.III. Key to the exercises1. Reading comprehension<1> In early times there was an essay comparing space travel to the colonization, but nothing can keep Dyson from makingameticulous effort to quantify and compare the costs of these vastly different ventures.<2>By presenting the relationship between FedEx and the U.S. Postal service, the writer wants to showthat NASA actually canpay private firms, like Space X to design and develop space program.<3>NASA opened up its space exploration program to commercial operators because NASA lacksfunding to keep its humanspaceflight program moving on and operating. So, it is the shortfall that forces NASA to open up its space-exploration program to commercial operators.<4>There are two steps that NASA is going to take after it begins working with smaller companies.The first is to get cargodelivered to space; the next step is to work out similar deals with private firms to send astronauts aloft.<5>Give your own comments.2. VocabularySection A<1> fanciful<2> eminent<3>meticulous<4>aloft<5>mogul<6> shortfall<7> quantify<8> relinquished<9> entrust<10> wholesaleSection B<1> C<2> B<3> C<4> D<5> B<6> C<7> B<8> D<9> C<10> B3. Cloze<1> predicted<2> pass<3> doubt<4> catch<5> running<6> high-lever<7> lag<8> convinced<9>assured<10> reasonably<11>dismissed<12> acute<13> called<14> offer<15> creation<16> feats<17> failed<18>lack<19> blame<20> boss4. TranslationA. Chinese to English1> Translate the following sentences into English.<1>By some estimates, 10 million Americans will be telecommuting in 5 years so that three quarters of a billion gallons ofpetrol could be saved.<2>Rogge also thanked the security forces that kept the Winter Olympic Games safe at the cost of about $310 million, a billthat increased following the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks.<3>Government has given our city a modern international airport capable of meeting our requirements far into the next century.<4>What makes parents worry is that some primary students keep indulging themselves in computer games day and night and5 / 436nothing can entice them from computers.<5>It’s an interesting suggestion for space program, but we need a bit longer time to give pause to it since it is so costly.<6>At present, government particularly needs to work on vocational training in various forms, open up new opportunities ofemployment and strive to assist as many laid-off workers as possible in finding new jobs.<7>A recent survey found 55 percent of those polled considered true love paramount in a relationship, while 45 percent stillbelieved in love at first sight.<8>Graduates are under great pressure before leaving college because of job hunting, poverty, emotional problems, schoolachievements and surroundings, etc.2> Translate the following paragraph into English.After the Soviet space program launched the world’s first human-made satellite <Sputnik 1> on October 4, 1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. The U.S. Congress, alarmed by the perceived threat to U.S. security and technological leadership <known as the "Sputnik crisis〞>, urged immediate and swift action; President Dwight D. Eisenhower and his advisers counseled more deliberate measures. Several months of debate produced an agreement that a new federal agency was needed to conduct all non-military activity in space. The Advanced Research Projects Agency <ARPA> was also created at this time.B. English to Chinese1> Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.首要任务是把货物送到太空. 美国航空航天局猎户星座航空舱仅是针对航天员设计的,所以把种子基金付给私人太空机构去实现把物品送到太空站.去年美国航空航天局就签订了两个合同, 一个是以16亿美元的价格委托美国宇宙探索技术公司<SpaceX>为美国航空航天局12次发射运载火箭. 另一个是以19亿美元的价格委托美国轨道科技公司〔Orbital Sciences Corp.〕为其完成八次太空飞行任务.为了履行这一合同,美国宇宙探索技术公司<SpaceX> 现正在组建猎鹰9号火箭助推器,以便运送无人驾驶的太空舱与太空站对接.太空员卸下货物后让其返回地球.美国轨道科技公司〔Orbital Sciences Corp.〕组建的类似的金牛座II火箭预计将在20##投入使用.威廉说："从美国航空航天局的角度来看,他们最终关心的不是你怎么收到了,而是想办法把送到.〞2> Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.〔1〕太空项目的提案者早就有过这样的警告,逐渐增加的太空垃圾带最终会导致碰撞,就正如星期二所发生的,在西伯利亚上空500英里处,美国的一颗卫星与现已失效的俄罗斯卫星发生严重的撞击.〔2〕人类有惊人的乱丢垃圾的能力,但普遍存在的共识是：浩瀚的太空不会因为人类的行为而受到巨大的伤害.〔3〕我们的卫星在太空飞行的最高处离地球22000英里,当你知道这是地球到月球距离的1/10时,这一距离就听起来就不是很远的了.〔4〕每次即便是我们把一个小小的卫星送入它运行的轨道,伴随这一运载过程的也不仅仅是卫星.〔5〕一些政府机构的联盟,包括美国航空航天局、北美防空联合司令部,甚至美通讯委员会跟踪记录了星球上空的漂浮的所有垃圾,目前这些不断增加的垃圾让人无比地恐慌.Text BThe New Space Race<1> left / flied away from<2> hesitated<3> prevented or impaired<4> brought back to use/ revived <5> unfriendly/ hostile<6> made free from bacteria<7> space / vacancy <8>vulnerable / weak<9> a kind of metal element <10> filled with/ full ofTrue or false<1> T<2> F<3> F<4> T<5> F<6> T<7> T<8> FUnit 3Text A.II. Language points1. The utilitarian doctrine is, that happiness is desirable, and the only thing desirable, as an end; all other things being only desirable as means to that end.<Para. 1>The utilitarian principle is that happiness is worth obtaining and is the only thing worth obtaining as a purpose; all other things being so only as a way to obtain happiness.2.What ought to be required of this doctrine, what conditions is it requisite that the doctrine should fulfill, to make good its claim to be believed?<Para. 1>What requirements should this principle meet, what are the necessary conditions this principle should accomplish to make its claim good for people to believe?requisite a. required by circumstances or necessary for successe.g. Have you the requisite visa to enter Canada?have/lack the requisite capital to start a business3.In like manner, I apprehend, the sole evidence it is possible to produce that anything is desirable, is that people do actually desire it.<Para. 2>Likewise, I think the only evidence we can possibly offer to prove anything to be desirable is that people do actually desire it.apprehend v. grasp the meaning of <sb./sth.>; understande.g. Do I apprehend you aright, i.e. Do you mean what I think you mean?sole a. one and only; singlee.g. the sole cause of the accidentthe sole survivor of the crash4.If the end which the utilitarian doctrine proposes to itself were not, in theory and in practice, acknowledged to be an end, nothing could ever convince any person that it was so.<Para. 1>If the purpose which the utilitarian doctrine itself intends to fulfillwere not accepted to be a purpose both in theory and in practice, then nothing could ever make anyone believe that it was so.5. No reason can be given why the general happiness is desirable, except that each person, so far as he believes it to be attainable, desires his own happiness.<Para. 2>We can give no reason why the general happiness is desirable except that each person desires his own happiness as long as he believes that it can be achieved.attainable a. that can be attainede.g. These objectives are certainly attainable.6.This, however, being a fact, we have not only all the proof which the case admits of, but all which it is possible to require, that happiness is a good, that each person’s happiness is a good to that person, and the general happiness, therefore, a good to the aggregate of all persons.<Para. 2>However, it is a fact that the general happiness is desirable, and we have not only all the evidence that the case agrees with, but all the evidence that it is likely to need,to prove that happiness is a benefit, that each person’s happiness is a benefit to that person, and the general happiness, therefore, a benefit to all persons as a whole.aggregate n. total amount; mass or amount brought togethere.g. the complete aggregate of unemployment figures7.Now it is palpable that they do desire things which, in common language, are decidedly distinguished from happiness. <Para. 3>Now it is obvious that people do desire things which, in everyday words, are definitely different from happiness. palpable a. clear to the mind; obviouse.g. a palpable lie, errordistinguish v. recognize the difference between <people or things>e.g. People who cannot distinguish between colours are said to be colour-blind.The twins are so alike that no one can distinguish one from the other.8.They desire, for example, virtue, and the absence of vice, no less really than pleasure and the absence of pain.<Para.3>For example, they want to have virtue and avoid vice as much as they want to have pleasure and avoid pain.vice:n. evil or unprincipled conduct; wickednesse.g. Greed is a terrible vice.9.The desire of virtue is not as universal, but it is as authentic a fact, as the desire of happiness. <Para. 3>Although the7 / 43。

Unit 8Literary WorksWord Bankbodega: n. a small Spanish [grocer杂货店老板->grocer’s (shop)] grocery (日杂用品) store, sometimes combined with a wineshop酒店，酒窖; spirit 精神/灵魂/烈性酒brandy: n. an alcoholic liquor distilled (分馏) from wine or fermented (发酵的) fruit juice白兰地; brand new崭新的(coffee<->) cafe (=cafeteria): n. (US) a place to buy drinks, simple meals, and snacks (快餐) in 咖啡馆，小餐馆client: n. a customer or patron顾客->patriot-> patrioticcommit: v. to do or perform sth. illegal做，实行或犯（罪）(confident: adj. ->) confidence: n. trust or faith in sb. or sth.信心，信赖despair (n./ vi. ->desperate: adj.): n. complete loss of hope绝望dew: n. water droplets (小水滴) condensed (凝结) from the air, usually at night露珠; -let: adj. small/ tinydignity (n. ->dignify: vt.): n. poise (n. / vt. 平衡) and self-respect尊严(drink->drank->) drunk: adj. intoxicated with alcoholic liquor喝醉的; drunk driving酒后驾车; drunkard醉鬼(dust->) dusty: adj. covered or filled with dust布满尘埃的employ (->employer<-> employee): v. to make use of使用hombre: n. (slang俚语/ 方言) a man from Spain男人，西班牙系的人insomnia: n. c hronic (慢性的/长期的) inability to fall asleep or remain asleep for an adequate (=enough) length of time失眠(症)insult: v. to treat with rudeness侮辱nasty: adj. dirty and smelly emission (散发): n. the act or an instance of emitting肮脏，邋遢的(omit->) omission省略, 删除rap: (1)n. 说唱文学作品; (2)vt. to hit sharply and swiftly敲击regard: (1) n. careful thought or attention留意，关心; (2)vt. consider认为reluctant(->reluctance): adj. be unwilling (to do sth.); (be) disinclined不愿意的<->be inclined to do sth.想做某事(sauce调味汁->) saucer: n. a small shallow dish having a slight circular (圆形的/ 环形的) depression (凹槽) in the center for holding a cup茶托shutter: n. a hinged cover or screen for a window, usually fitted with louvers (天窗,) 百叶窗spill: v. to cause or allow to run or fall out of a container (容器) 溢出，溅出square广场; ~ meter平方米/ cubic meter立方米自杀; pesticide杀虫剂syntax: n. the pattern of formation of sentences or phrases in a language句式，句型, 句法terrace: n. a platform extending outdoors (adv.户外) from a floor of a house or an apartment building平台, balcony阳台/ 楼厅unjust: (1) adj. unfair不公平的; (2)adv. What did you say just now?unpolished: adj. lacking in good manners, culture, or refinement粗鲁的；polish (=flatter)：vt. 阿谀奉承Phrases and Expressionsclose up: to cause to cease operation or being used打烊in a hurry (vi./ n.): hurriedly匆忙地; Hurry up, or we’ll be late!keep watch: to keep an careful observation盯梢; night watch守夜人; watch TV; see a film; listen to the news over the radio.put up (=lift): to construct or erect (竖立) sth.举起，抬起stay up (late) (=sit up late): not go to bed熬夜(turn on<->) turn off: to stop the operation or flow of sth. by means of a tap (水龙头), switch [(1)n.开关; (2)vi.转换] or button关掉(<->bottom)；code switch转码Reading ComprehensionChoose the best for each of the following.1. Why did the two waiters of the café keep a close watch on the old man? ( B )A. Because the old man never showed up before.B. Because the old man tended to forget to pay the bill.C. Because the old man once committed suicide in the cafeD. Because the old man was getting drunk.2. In Para. 27, "... speaking with that omission of syntax stupid people employ when talking to drunken people or foreigners." Here the "omission of syntax" implies that ( D )A. the younger waiter had a poor knowledge of grammar and sentence structureB. the younger waiter in a hurry forgot to employ a right sentence structureC. the younger waiter saved some unnecessary sentence structureD. the younger waiter was too hurried and impatient to justify himself3. In what way were the younger waiter and the older waiter of two different kinds? ( D )A. The older waiter was sympathetic toward the old man, while the younger waiter was indifferent.B. The older waiter was seeking a clean and well lighted place, while the younger waiter enjoyed darkness because he was satisfied with the current life.C. The older waiter wanted to escape from nothingness, while the younger waiter hadn't yet lost passion for life.D. All of the above.4. What's the real purpose of the repeated employment of nada in this story? ( A )A. To indicate that life is unending emptiness without companionship of man or God.B. To suggest that life would yield no fruit at all if we don't try hard.C. To imply that we should not believe in any religion.D. To show that the life with nothing at all is not worth living.5. According to the story, what is a clean, well-lighted place? ( B )A. It is a spacious room with clean environment and good lights.B. It is an escape from the darkness and nothingness of the life.C. It is the paradise where people can get the bliss from the Lord.D. It is a bar or café, where people can seek the realization of their own values.II. Complete the following summary of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letterof each word has been given to you.It is late at night in a café. Two waiters of the cafe are keeping a close (1) watch on an old man. The old deaf man frequents (vt.平凡光顾) the café regularly and tends to leave without paying his (2) bill when drunk.As they watch, the two waiters gossip (n./ vi.) about the old man's recent (3) suicide attempt. The younger one comments (评论) that the man's (4) despair could not have been over money, since he seemed to have plenty. Then he refuses in vain (徒劳) to provide the old man another drink, so he complains to the older waiter that he is tired and wishes to go home. He also complains that he would already be on his way (5) home (n./ adv.) if the old man had succeeded (in) killing himself.(Note->) Noting that the old man must be nearly 80 years of age, the younger waiter says to live that long is (6) nasty (bad). However, the older waiter points out that the old man maintains hismotions (waves) for another brandy but is firmly (absolutely) turned down (refused), so he pays for his drinks and leaves. Then the two waiters go their separate ways (went home respectively). Rather than returning home, the older waiter goes to a bar to look for a clean and well (8) 1ighted place, where he is taken (=regarded/ considered) as a crazy person by the barman. On the way back home, he decides (thinks) that it will be (9) insomnia that accompanies (~ sb. to somewhere) him all night. For him, life is just full of (10) nothingness (uselessness/ insignificance).VocabularyI. Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1. He was (silhouette) silhouetted (侧面影象, 轮廓) ___D__ the light of the stair window.A. betweenB. amongC. fromD. against2. They listened to the soft ticking and creaking as the house ___A__.A. settledB. trembledC. shookD. quivered3.[manual labo(u)r->manufacture->) Manufacturers (厂商) will have to __A___ (substance->) substantial funds [(1)n.资金; (2)vt. 资助] to developing (开发) new engines.A. investB. commitC. anticipate (预料)D. cut4. Driven to __A___ due to the (lose) loss (n. 赔钱/ 亏损) in financial crisis, he threw himself under a train.A. despairB. madnessC. disappointmentD. excitement5. There are dark ___C__ beneath your eyes.A. cloudsB. bagsC. shadowsD. reflections (反射)6. Members of the Royal British Legion (军团) ___B__ past the Cenotaph (纪念碑).A. movedB. (vi.) marched (->March三月份)C. motionedD. mashed (vt.捣碎; smash)7. Plastic (n./ adj.) bags burn with a __D___, acrid (酸) smell.A. pleasantB. (noise->) noisy (adj.)C. penetrating (穿刺)D. nasty (=terrible)8. Years of (frustrate->) frustration __A___ over into (violent->) violence.A. spilledB. splashedC. spanked (打...的屁股)D. spread (散播开来)9. He (modesty: n.) modestly (谦虚) ___C__ to mention that he was British pole-vault champion (撑杆跳冠军).A. pretends (假装)B. offers (give)C. omitsD. presents [(1)n.礼物; (2)adj.在场的; (3)vt.再现历史事实]10. Questionnaire (调查问卷) and (ethnics种族/ 论理道德->ethnic: adj.) ethnographic (民族, 人种学的) study are the two basic instruments (仪器仪表手段) they ___C__ to collect data.A. edit 编辑B. exhibit展览C. employ利用D. enhance加强II. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary. dread dignity confidence reluctantunpolished sleep steady hurryemploy regard pleasant rapcommit drink square1. There are now (stiff: adj. 僵硬的/ 严厉的->) stiffer penalties (刑罚) for (drink->drank->drunk/ drink->drank->drunken) drunken drivers.2. We can find that the employment rate (概率) of university graduates (毕业/毕业生) has declined gradually.3. She sensed (felt) his (reluctant->) reluctance to continue the relationship with her.4. He turned off (偏离) the road into a sleepy (quiet/ out of the way/ remote) little town.5. Please give your parents my warmest regards. [give sb. my regards替我向某人问好]6. Peter is confident of winning the post (job) as the assistant (助手) to the managing director (行政经理).7. Behind the bar the (stew: vt. 炖) steward (服务员<-> stewardess空姐) are polishing (擦拭) the glasses busily.8. I've had a dreadful (terrible) day--everything seems to have gone wrong (出错go bad变质).9. Everyone sensed (felt) that something was wrong. The plane was moving unsteadily through the air.10. I tried (努力) to remember all the articles I had hurriedly packed (打包) and wrote them down (recorded) as (when) they came to me.TranslationPut the following paragraphs into Chinese.1. They sat together at a table that was close against the wall near the door of the caféand looked at the terrace where the tables were all empty except where the old man sat in the shadow of the leaves of the tree that moved slightly in the wind.2. "No, thank you," said the waiter and went out. He disliked bars and bodegas. A clean, well-lighted café was a very different thing. Now, without thinking further, he would go home to hisroom. He would lie in the bed and finally, with daylight, he would go to sleep. After all, he said to himself, it was probably only insomnia. Many must have it.参考译文：1．他们一起坐在紧靠着餐馆大门墙边的桌旁，眼睛望着平台，那儿的桌子全都空无一人，只有那个老人坐在随风轻轻飘拂的树叶的阴影里。

Unit 13FriendshipWord Bankaccount：n. a written or spoken description of an event(书面或口头)报告acquaintance: a person that you have met but do not know well相识，熟人affection: a feeling of liking for a person or place友爱，爱情commitment: a promise to do sth. or to behave in a particular way承诺；责任；compatible: able to exist, live together, or work successfully with sth. or sb. else能共处的；能共存的；能相容的conservative: tending not to like or trust change, especially sudden change保守的，守旧的divorce: legal ending of a marriage离婚esteem: respect for or a good opinion of sb. 尊敬，尊重excessive: too much过度的，过多的generality: when what sb. says contains no details, and often very little meaning普遍性，通性intimate: having, or being likely to cause, a very close friendship亲密的mobile: able to move freely or be easily moved可移动的，易变的，机动的pursue: to follow sb. or sth., usually to try to catch or kill them追随；跟随rarity: sth. that is very unusual, or the quality of being very unusual稀有relocate: to (cause a person or company to) move to a new place换一个地方；重新安置reveal: to make known or show sth. that is surprising or that was previously secret展现，显示，揭示，暴露spouse: a person's husband or wife配偶stigma: a strong feeling in society that a type of behavior is shameful耻辱；瑕疵superficial: only on the surface of sth. 表面的；肤浅的transient: lasting for only a short time; temporary短暂的widowed: having become a widow or a widower守寡的；成为鳏夫的Phrases and Expressionsattach to: to connect one thing with another系，连接break up: to stop a relationship(突然)结束encounter with: to meet sb., especially when you do not expect it偶遇end up: to finally be in a particular place, state, or situation, especially without having planned it以...结束，结果为...strike up: to start a conversation or relationship with sb. 交谈起来，结交起来Reading ComprehensionChoose the best for each of the following.1. The authors say that Americans use the word "friend" differently than the way the dictionary defines the word. What do the authors mean by saying so? ( C )A. Americans use the word "friend" in a narrower sense than it is defined in the dictionary.B. Americans use the word "friend" to refer to close friends.C. Americans use the word "friend" in a larger sense than it is defined in the dictionary.D. The dictionary defines the word "friend" in a wrong way.2. Americans have a few close friends because __B___.A. they are lazyB. they do not have timeC. they have many commitments to friendshipD. both B and C3. According to the authors, how do many Americans behave with others even if they are strangers? ( D )A. They tend to be shy.B. They tend to smile.C. They tend to talk easily.D. Both B and C.4. In the United States, marriage relationships are __B___.A. all the sameB. different from couple to coupleC. arrangedD. mature5. The authors say that in the United States remarriage is considered normal, and they point out that grown sons and daughters often encourage their widowed or divorced parents to __C___.A. stay home aloneB. buy goldC. continue to socializeD. travelII. Complete the following summary of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letter of each word has been given to you.Americans use the word "friend" more extensively than what a dictionary defines. A friend might be an (1) acquaintance or an intimate companion. They might call anyone that they know about a friend. They, however, have (2) casual and friendly relationships with many people but develop deeper and closer (3) relationships with only a few. Americans are friendly who easily start conversations with (4) strangers and sometimes share their life stories with them. Due to different cultural backgrounds, American men and women have a (5) variety of relationships. Some might be lifelong friends but without sex contact. Some might live together as sex companions without getting married in the end. Some American (6) couples take themselves as best friends. More (7) divorced or widowed Americans remarried in their old ages.Americans make new friends easily and quickly because of (8) mobility. In general they do not (9) settle down in one place for good. They move from place to place for changing jobs, getting married, (10) attending universities or having children. Many of them do not have everlasting friendship.VocabularyI. Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1. He had a deep ___D__ for his aunt.A. effectB. kindnessC. heartD. affection2. There has been a drop in public ___A__ for teachers.A. esteemB. affectionC. loveD. interest3. A(n) ___D__ is a person you've met but you would not call him a friend.A. neighborB. friendC. colleagueD. acquaintance4. The institution makes a __C___ to equal pay and opportunities for every employee.A. policyB. planC. commitmentD. schedule5. This software may not be __A___ with older operating systems.A. compatibleB. perfectC. falseD. legal6. Her biography ___C__ that she was not as rich as everyone thought.A. affectedB. recommendedC. revealedD. pointed7. He's a very ___C__ dresser—he always looks like he's wearing his father's clothesA. fashionableB. modernC. conservativeD. fancy8. She gave a thrilling ___B__ of her life in the jungle.A. speechB. accountC. presentationD. lecture9. His dog became his closest ___D__ during the last years of his life.A. enemyB. acquaintanceC. headmanD. companion10. Each of us may __A___ happiness in a very different way.A. defineB. sayC. readD. writeII. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary.superficial end up characterized pursue companionexcessive reveal rare divorce transientmobility encounter stigma break up intimate1. Despite their superficial similarities, the two novels are in fact very different.2. The hunters spent hours pursuing their prey.3. Excessive exercise can sometimes cause health problems.4. They got divorced after only six months of marriage.5. Some neck injuries cause total loss of mobility below the point of injury.6. We encountered quite a few problems at the beginning.7. He started drinking heavily after his marriage broke up.8. He will end up in prison if he steals.9. Steve has many friends but few intimate friends.10. This species of plant is becoming increasingly rare.TranslationPut the following paragraphs into English.1．朋友们都希望相互为伴，对彼此忠诚、无私。

研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词在研究生机械工程专业的学习中，英语考试是必不可缺的一部分。

为了顺利通过考试，背诵和掌握一些重要的专业词汇是至关重要的。

本文将为大家介绍一些研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词，助您在考试中取得好成绩。

1. Mechanics（力学）Mechanics is a branch of physics that deals with the behavior of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effect on their motion.（力学是物理学的一个分支，研究物体在受力或变位作用下的行为及其对运动的影响。

）2. Dynamics（动力学）Dynamics is the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of objects and the forces that cause the motion.（动力学是研究物体运动及引起运动的力的力学分支。

）3. Kinematics（运动学）Kinematics is the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of objects without considering the forces that cause the motion.（运动学是研究物体运动而不考虑引起运动的力的力学分支。

）4. Thermodynamics（热力学）Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy.（热力学是研究热能与其他形式能量之间关系的物理学分支。

英语专业研究生课程
英语专业研究生课程通常包括以下内容：
1. 英语语言学：研究英语的语言结构、语音、语法、语义等方面的理论与实践。

2. 英美文学：研究英美文学作品的创作背景、文学批评方法等，涉及文学史、文学批评及文学作品分析等内容。

3. 英语写作与修辞：培养学生良好的英语写作能力和修辞技巧，包括论述文写作、研究论文写作、诗歌与小说写作等。

4. 英语翻译与口译：教授翻译理论与实践，培养学生的翻译水平和口译能力，包括文学翻译、科技翻译、口译实践等。

5. 英语教育学：学习语言教学理论和方法，了解英语教育体系、教学改革等相关内容。

6. 跨文化交际：研究不同文化背景下的沟通与交流，培养学生的跨文化交际能力和意识。

7. 文化研究：研究英语国家的文化、社会、历史等方面的内容，培养学生的文化分析与研究能力。

以上只是英语专业研究生课程的一些主要内容，具体的课程设置还会因不同学校和专业方向的要求而有所差异。

研究生课程还包括专业选修课、实习、论文撰写等环节，以培养学生的研究能力和专业素养。

专业学位硕士研究生英语2？
答：专业学位硕士研究生的英语2主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收不考英语（一）的专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的统考科目。

考试难度上，通常英语一要比英语二难度大很多，相当于英语6级和专业英语4级之间。

而英语2的难度其实就相当于英语4级，只要英语4级能及格，那么可以很轻易的达到60分。

适用人群上，英语1适用于除外国语专业的所有学术硕士；英语2适用于读工商管理、公共管理、旅游管理、会计、审计管理、工程管理硕士等专业的人。

研究生专业英语考试汇总1.物体放置在太阳下会变热。

Once being placed in the sun, an object becomes hot.2.改变电阻是控制电流的一种方法Changing resistance is a method for controlling the flow of the current.3.图1中用框图表示的电源是一个单相开关逆变器。

The power supply shown in block-diagram in Fig.1 is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.4.正如上面所指出的那样，三相电路只不过是三个单相电路的组合。

A three-phase circuit, as pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.5.工作于正确电源极性下的晶体管，作用就像放大器。

The transistor working with correctly polarities can work as an amplifier.6.单台发电机的容量越来越大，目的就是满足不断增长的用电需求。

The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger to satisfy the increasing demand of electric power.7.地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。

The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.8.电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。

Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.9.采用这种新装置可以大大地降低废品率。

Unit 2Men V.S. (against) Women男女有别(nán nǚ yǒu bié)Word Bank(assist=help) assistance: n. aid帮助(bāngzhù)，协助; first aid急救associate (~ A with B= relate A to B): 1) n.a companion (=company伙伴(huǒbàn)/ 公司; accompany sb. to somewhere); 1)n. a partner合伙人 2)v. to connect in the mind or imagination 联想(liánxiǎng); 3)a. 副 ~ professor副教授disengage: v. to release (oneself) from an engagement, pledge, or obligation解脱，解放(jiěfàng); be oblighed (#forced) to do sth.不得不做某事；be ~in sth.参与某事(attract<->) distract (->distraction干扰): v. to cause to turn away from the original focus of attention or interest分散，转移(move->motion/ motion picture=film/ movie) emotionally: adv. related to emotion情绪上地fade: v. to lose strength or vitality (energy)衰退forgetful: adj. tending or likely (possible) to forget健忘; forgetable<->unforgetable(frict: vt.) friction: n. conflict, as between persons having dissimilar ideas or interests矛盾Ignore (->ignorant->ignorance): v. to refuse to pay attention to不理睬，忽视(instinct: n.-> instinctive; a.->) instinctively: adv. relating to, or resulting from instinct本能地Mars: n. the fourth planet from the sun火星；~ Square战神广场(mall购物广场#) mull: v. to go over extensively in the mind思虑; (neglegence->neglegeble) neglect: v. to pay little or no attention to忽视，疏忽overwhelm (overcome/ defeat): v. to overpower the thoughts, emotions, or senses (=reason) of制服，控制preoccupy: v. to engross the thoughts or mind of使全神贯注，迷住; enable; encourage鼓励(at random=) randomly: adv. of no specific order or pattern随意，任意地(resent: vt.) resentment: n. anger, bitterness怨恨，愤恨(lose one’s temper发火->temporary) temporarily: adv. of a short period of time暂时，临时地(tense->) tension: n. a situation or condition of (host<->hstess->hostile->) hostility suspense, or [easy#ease: 1. n./ 2. vt. to ease the pain； make you at ~=make you at home; feel/ be at ease很自在/ 很舒服) uneasiness (unconfortableness/ nervousness)紧张局势(response: n. respond: vi. ->responsive->) unresponsive: adj. exhibiting a lack of responsiveness迟钝的[wind: 1. n.->windy; 2. vt. to ~ the clock; 3. vi. ~ road] unwind: v. to make or become relaxed放松，释放Venus: n. the second planet from the sun金星withdraw：v. to retire or retreat撤离，撤退Phrases and Expressionsbe associated with: to be connected with与…有关cope with: to deal with妥善处理，有效地对付fade into: to disappear into消失于…focus on: to concentrate on聚焦(jùjiāo)mull over (=think over): to reflect deeply on琢磨(zhuómó)，反复考虑persist in (sth./ doing sth.)= insist on (sth./ doing sth.): to continue doing (same)sth.[=continue to do sth. else]坚持(jiānchí)，固执于…Reading ComprehensionChoose the best for each of the following.1. What can be learned from the story of Tom and Mary? ( A )A. Men and women are different in coping with stress.B. Tom and Mary are not in love now.C. Men tend to solve problems while women tend to ignore problems.D. Friction in relationships often leads to misunderstanding and intolerance.2. "Instead he becomes very quiet and goes to his private cave to think about his problem,...". (Para. 5) Here the "cave" refers to ( C )A. a hollow passage under the earth or into the mountainB. his bed-roomC. his own private space where he could relieve stressD. a place that promises a good shelter from stress3. When a man is stressed he will often turn to the following means for relief except ( B )A. picking the most urgent problem or the most difficultB. diverting his attention directly to solving little problemsC. remaining stuck in his cave till the problem is solvedD. becoming focused on solving problems and losing awareness of everything else4. What will a woman do when she is stressed? ( D )A. Prioritizing the significance of any problem.B. Talking about her feelings and all the possible problems associated with her feelings.C. Seeking relief by expressing herself and being understood.D. Both B and C.5. It can be learned from the text that the greatest difference in coping with stress between men and women is that ( B )A. men become detached from the world while women are emotionally involvedB. men focus on one problem and forget others while women expand and become overwhelmed by all problemsC. men get stuck in the cave and find no way out while women stay out of the ayeD. men escape to the cave while women are immediately concerned with finding solutionsII. Complete the following summary (summarize) of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letter of each word has been given to you.Both men and women have a lot to learn about the opposite sex before their relationships are truly (full+fill) fulfilling (=successful). The way of (1) coping with stress is just one of the must-to-know differences.Every so often (Frequently), when a man is upset or (2) stressed, he becomes increasingly focused and (3) withdraws to his own cave (private space), which would end up (result in/ lead to 导致(dǎozhì)) being the computer room (study书房) of their small home or the garage. Sometimes he'd be camped out in front of the TV for a few hours, not wanting to be talked to. All throughout the cave time, he stays (remains/ keeps) quiet, (4) mulling over the problem to find a(5) solution and becomes so focused (be absorbed in sth.) on solving this one problem that he temporarily loses (6) awareness of everything else.On Venus (In the female world), however, one of the important rules to deal with stress is talking, talking, being heard and understood. When a woman is stressed out, she feels urged to share (~ sth. with sb.) and gain ideas on what they are feeling-- talking feels like (7) releasing the burden (包袱(bāo fu)/ 负担) of what they are stressed about. Then she feels better by talkingabout all possible problems without (8) focusing on problem solving. It's great (=important) for her if she can feel she is being (9) heard, and then her stress disappears.It's important to read between the lines and understand the difference. Most men will not be happy without a time and a place to retreat. And in the meantime (at the same), for women talking is a natural and healthy Venusian (10) reaction to stress.VocabularyI. Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1. He was __C___ with gratitude (n. thankfulness) to Professor Brown for helping him.A. excitedB. concerned (worried)C. overwhelmed (occupied)D. interested2. The ___B__ between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits has been greatly relaxed.A. (intend->) intentionB. tensionC. tenseD. attention3. The scholarship helped Martin to tide over (go through/ overcome) a __A__ embarrassment.A. temporaryB. contemporary(同时代/ 当代(dāngdài)的)C. temporal(temporal)D. tempting (attract)4. We should enhance (strong->strength->strengthen) people's __D___ that caring for the aged is the traditional virtue (品质(pǐnzhì)、道德) of Chinese culture.A. excitementB. knowledgeC. understandingD. awareness (idea/ ideology 意识形态(yì shí xíngtài))5. I don't grudge (scorn/ look down upon蔑视/ accept) him his success, that is (i.e./ namely也就是说), I admit he __C___ it.A. (Indian) preserves (n预留)B. conserves (保护)C. deserves (该得到)D. reserves (保留/ 含蓄)6. While （Although） people traditionally __C___ caring, sharing and (generous->慷慨大度) generosity in life and work, modern people seem to be more self-absorbing and self-concerned (=selfish).A. valueB. regard (=consider: vt.)C. prioritize(优先考虑)D. (commodity日用品->)commoditize (to market as a product vt. 使商品化)7. You can't regard him as a friend but (excerpt) a business __B___.A. (relate A to B->) relativeB. associate (colleague)C. comrade同志(tóngzhì)D. (speak->spoke->spoken->) spokesman发言人8. I will calm (a./vt.平静(píngjìng)) down and seriously ___A__ over my work and teaching methodology in order to take them to a new level (水平(shuǐpíng)/ 高度).A. mullB. mumbleC. mute (quiet)D. mock (=laugh at/ ridicule)9. I'm in a puzzle as to (about/ as far as something is concerned就…而言) how to ___D__ the new situation (处境(chǔjìng)).A. figure out (=work out)B. lie (位于(wèiyú)/ 存在于…) with (together with与…在一起)C. work on 在做…D. cope with处理/ 对付10. Leaders who ___A__ education are neither far-sighted (远见) nor mature (成熟), and they are therefore (因此) unable to lead the drive (desire/ motivation) for (modern->modernize->) modernization.A. neglectB. omitC. respect (尊敬)D. avoidII. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary.stress initial involve random forgetdistract engage seek withdraw significantexpand capable available preoccupy resentment1. Someone who is cool and calm (a./vt.) in stressful situations is level-headed (头脑冷静).2. Richard resents being interrupted while he is working.3. You were too preoccupied to notice (1.广告海报；2.vt.无意中发现) me at the bus stop yesterday.4. As I grow (=become) older I become increasingly forgetful.5. All the children were involved in the school play(剧目/ 戏剧).6. His (honest->) honesty made him incapable of lying.7. She (withdraw) withdrew her previous (以前的) remarks (评论), and (apology->) apologized.8. There are too many (attract->attraction) distractions in the hotel for me to work properly (=well).10. This book is an (expand->) expansion (拓展) of the play he wrote before.TranslationPut the following paragraphs into Chinese.When a woman is stressed she instinctively feels a need to talk about her feelings and all the possible problems that are associated with her feelings. When she begins talking she does not prioritize the significance of any problem. If she is upset, then she is upset about it all, (no mater it is) big and small. She is not immediately concerned with finding solutions to her problems but rather seeks relief by expressing herself and being understood. By randomly talking about her problems, she becomes less upset.参考(cānkǎo)译文：女人有压力时，会直觉地需要找人谈自己的感受以及所有(suǒyǒu)可能与之相关的问题。

Unit 7BehaviorWord Bankoutrageous: very shocking and unacceptable.令人震惊的/ 难以接受的; electric shock触电(terror->terrible->horror->horrible) abhor: v. to hate very much憎恶，讨厌; normal->abnormal [dress: (1)n. 连衣裙/ 长裙; (2) vt. dress<->undress->) address (discuss): v. to deal with处理(pathy=feeling) (a-: away) apathy (=indifference->indifferent冷漠的): n. lack of interest冷淡，无兴趣assign (->assignment=homework): v. to give as a share or duty分派，指派biology (->biological): n. the science that studies living organisms生物学board(->to ~ a plane/ a ship/ a bus; boarding card登机卡; ->boarder董事/房客->boarding school寄宿学校): n. an official body that has responsibility for a particular organization or activity 理事会，董事会(sequence: n.顺序->sequent: adj. 按序排列的) consequence: n. sth. that follows from an action or set of conditions; result后果，结果credit: n. a complete unit of a student's work that forms part of a course, esp. at a university学分/ 信用enlighten: v. t o cause to understand deeply and clearly启蒙，启发holler: v. to shout out呼喊[ID card= identity (card): n. 身份->identify: vt.) identical: adj. similar or the same相同的[machine机器-> machinery机械->mechanic机修工->mechanism机理/ 机制] mechanics: n. the ways in which sth. works, produces results, etc.方法，技巧mentor: n. a person who gives advice to another over a period of time, esp. to help them in their working, life导师pedagogy: n. the practice of teaching or the study of teaching methods教学法[perfect: (1)adj. 完美无缺的; (2)vt. =improve] perfectionist: n. a person who is not satisfied with anything that is not completely perfect完美主义者(plagiarism剽窃现象->) plagiarize: v. to take (words, ideas, etc.) from others' work (著作) and use them in one's own work without giving proper credit to the original author抄袭，剽窃police (policeman<->policewoman): (1)n.警察; (2)vt. to keep a watch on; control监督，控制routine: (1)adj. regular (regulate: vt. 调控); according to what is always habitually done惯常的，例行的; (2)n. 常规; routiner墨守成规者thrill (->thriller悬念片/ 恐怖片->action movie武打片): v. to have a sudden, strong feeling of excitement感到一阵激动Phrases and Expressionscome up with: to think of ; to produce想出，提出deprive sb. of sth.: to take sth. away from somebody剥夺（权利等）feel (be) obliged to: to feel it necessary to do觉得必要做prohibit sb. from doing sth.: to prevent somebody from doing sth.禁止; 阻止某人做某事take one's side: to support sb.; to agree with sb.站在……一边turn in (=hand in<->hand out发给学生作业的->handout 讲义): to hand in上交，交给Reading ComprehensionChoose the best for each of the following.1. In Para. 1 "had been plagiarized" probably means ( D )A. had cheatedB. had copied term papers from the Internet websitesC. had been copied by othersD. had been identified as cheating in term papers2. In Para. 4, "teacher apathy the norm" means ( C )A. teachers take interest in students' cheatingB. teachers show sympathy for students' cheatingC. teachers give a blind eye to students' cheatingD. teachers mind students' cheating3. The word "hit" in Para. 11 means ( C )A. attackB. strikeC. popular routineD. beat4. The tone in Para. 13 is ( A )A. jocularB. sarcasticC. encouragingD. discouraging5. Who are responsible for plagiarism at school, according to the passage? ( A )A. Professors.B. The Internet websites.C. Students themselves.D. Parents on their children's side.II. Complete the following summary of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letter of each word has been given to you.Plagiarism is not a new thing. But with the development of the Internet technology, it has become more and more common. Where should the (1) penalty be placed (put), on the (2) cheaters, on the professors, or on the Internet? The answer is not as clear as (3) crystal (->crystallize). Beyond any (4) doubt, plagiarists ought to be punished. They need to do their own job and, at the same time, respect others. This is the basic (5) discipline (纪律) which they need to develop.What about the professors who show (6) apathy to cheating? They are (7) partly (partially部分地) (hold->) held responsible for the popularity (普及duty of passing knowledge (知识) to students, but also have the duty of cultivating the mentality (intelligence/ morality道德) of their students. If they were (8) apologists when (they are) dealing with students who plagiarize, how could plagiarism be controlled?The Internet websites seem to be to (9) blame, because the copied papers are mostly from the website (10) sources (来源->resources资源). But the purpose and function of websites are not to provide (convenient->) convenience (方便) for plagiarism. Instead (On the contrary), they are to make information much more easily accessible for people who can make proper use of (=use/ utilize使用) it. What's more, in the battle against plagiarism, haven't the websites played their role? VocabularyI. Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1. We (lose->lost->lost) lost the election because of the ___C__ to our supporters.A. (anti-: against; anti-Japanese war抗日战争) antipathy (=indifference)B. (sym-: same) sympathy (n. 同情-> sympathize with sb. vt.)C. apathy (n. indifference冷漠)D. empathy (移情别恋)2. She is ___A__ with having saved the company from bankruptcy (prevent sb. from doing sth.阻止…发生).A. credited (记功)B. praisedC. promotedD. attributed (n./ vt. 属性, 品质, 特征, 加于, 归结于)3. I never __D___ in dealing with such matters.A. stand sidesB. be sidesC. stay sides (stay aside闪开)D. take sides (=support)4. You made the wrong decision, and now you must take the __B___.A. resultsB. consequences (后果)C. outcomeD. effect (n.->effective)5. Tom is not __D___ clever in the class.A. specifically (具体)B. specially特殊C. especiallyD. particularly特别提及6. Basic English is a ___C__ in the curriculum for the freshmen (大学一年级学生).A. class班级/阶级/等级B. lecture讲座C. course课程D. lesson一节课/ 教训; I’ll teach him a lesson教训某人.7. The airline has __B___ a novel [(1)n.小说; (2)adj. new] solution to the problem of jet-lag (时差反应).A. come up to (amount to=reach the number)B. come up with拿出C. (fade out昏迷<->) come to苏醒D. come on=go on继续8. Peter (think->) thought the world was flat until I __A___ him.A. enlightened (启发)B. lightened (vt. 减轻, 照亮)C. (light-> lighted/ lit->lit) lightedD. delighted=happy干涉, 干预, 妨碍, 打扰) interfering.A. forcedB. pleasant D. respected10. Writing a [cheque (英) =check (美) is quite a simple __A___.A. procedure (程序)B. process (n.过程/工艺/vt.加工; processed food)C. move (vi.移动; n. 动作)D. action (重大军事行动)II. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary. thrill turn in quit routine identicalpenalty series faculty address sensitivementor database sinister tempt bargain1. This is a very tempting (=attractive) offer (n. /vt.) and I suggest you give it a consideration. [suggest sth./ doing sth./ that sb. do sth. #suggest sb. to do sth. (错误)]2. He ignored the side issues (side effect副作用) and addressed (dedicated oneself to sth.献身于…事业) himself to the main (major) problem.3. His term paper is identical (=same) to (介词) one thesis I've read on the Internet.4. What a thrilling (=exciting) game; the winner was in doubt (n.是个悬念) until the last minute.5. The soldiers have to turn in (=hand in递交) their guns (枪/炮) when they leave the army.6. She longed to (desire渴望) escape from the (stupid愚蠢的->) stultifying (vt.使显得愚笨, 使变无效, 使成为徒劳) routine of (homework家庭作业) housework (家务劳动).7. She had had enough and quit (=stop) working in the company.8. The patient [(1)n.病人(2)adj.有耐心的] is very sensitive (敏感) to pain.9. The increasing demand [(1)vt.要求; (2)n.需求] has given the company greater bargaining (讨价还价的) power.10. All faculty (一个机构的全体工作人员) members are required to attend the meeting. [(1) vt. attend a class/ meeting; (2)vi. to attend to sb.-> attendant服务员; flight attendant空勤人员] TranslationPut the following paragraph into Chinese.Plagiarists as victims. Teachers as oppressors. It's not your conventional reaction to cheating. Not surprisingly, it has been a hit with many college students, just as it was with the plagiarists at Piper High. The student newspaper at Stanford ran an editorial attacking the use of antiplagiarism software as a potential violation of the school's honor code, which "prohibits professors from taking 'unusual and unreasonable precautions' in their academic procedures." Moreover, the paper said, checking for cheating "might even harm the relationship between students and faculty."参考译文：抄袭者成为了受害者，老师们成了压迫者。

2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业学位联考英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Here’s a common scenario that any number of entrepreneurs face today: you’re the CEO of a small business and though you’re making a nice, you need to find a way to take it to the next level. what you need to do is growth by establishing a growth team. A growth team is made up of members from different departments within your company, and it harnesses the power of collaboration to focus on finding ways to grow.Let’s look at a real-world . Prior to forming a growth team, the software company BitTorrent had 50 employees. Working in the departments of engineering, marketing and product development. This brought them good results until 2012, when their growth plateaued. The was that too many customers were using the basic, free version of their product. And improvements to the premium, paid version, few people were making the upgrade.Things changed, , when an innovative project marketing manager came aboard,a growth team and sparked the kind of perspective they needed. By looking at engineering issues from a marketing point of view, it became clear that the of upgrades wasn’t due to a quality issue. Most customers were simply unaware of the premium version and what it offered.Armed with this , the marketing and engineering teams joined forces to raise awareness by prominently the premium version to users of the free version. , upgrades skyrocketed, and revenue increased by 92 percent.But in order for your growth, team to succeed, it needs to a have a strong leader. It needs someone who can the interdisciplinary team and keep them on course for improvement. This leader will the target area, set clear goals and establish a time frame for theof these goals.This growth leader is also for keeping the team focus on moving forward and steer them clear of distractions. attractive, new ideas can be distracting, the team leader must recognize when these ideas don’t the current goal and need to depend on the back burner.1.[A] purchase [B] profit[C] connection [D] bet2.[A] define [B] predict[C] prioritize [D] appreciate3.[A] exclusively [B] temporarily [C] potentially [D] initially4.[A] experiment [B] proposal [C] debate [D] example5.[A] identical [B] marginal [C] provisional[D] traditional6.[A] rumour[B] secret [C] myth [D] problem7.[A] despite [B] unlike [C] through[D] besides8.[A] moreover [B] however[C] therefore[D] again9.[A] inspected [B] created[C] expanded [D] reformed10.[A] cultural [B] objective[C] fresh[D] personal11.[A] end [B] burden [C] lack ( of ) [D] decrease12.[A] policy [B] suggestion [C] purpose[D] insight13.[A] contributing [B] allocating[C] promoting [D] transferring14.[A] As a result[B] At any rate [C] By the way [D] ln a sense15. [A] unite[B] finance [C] follow[D] choose16.[A] share[B] identify[C] divide[D] broaden17.[A] announcement[B] assessment [C] adjustment[D]accomplishment18.[A] famous [B] responsible [C] available [D] respectable19.[A] Before[B] Once [C] While[D] Unless20.[A] serve[B] limit [C] summarize[D] alterSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In the quest for the perfect lawns, homeowners across the country are taking a shortcut -- and it is the environment that is paying the price. About eight million square meters of plastic grass is sold each year but oppositions have now spread to the highest gardening circles. The Chelsen Flower Show has banned fake grass from this year’s event, declaiming it to be not part of its ethos. The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), which norms the annual show in west London, says it has introduced the ban because of the damage plastic grass does to the environment and biodiversity.Ed Horne of the RHS said: we launched our sustainability strategy last year and fake grass is just not in line with our ethos and views on plastic. We recommend using real grass because of its environment benefits, which include supporting wildlife, alleviating flooding and cooling the environment.The RHS’s decision comes as campaigners try to raise awareness of the problem fake grass cause. A Twitter account, which claims to “cut through the greenwash” of artificial grass, already has more than 20,000 followers. It is trying to encourage people to sign two petitions, one calling for a ban on the sale of plastic grass and another calling for an “ecological damage” tax on such lawns. They have gathered 7,276 and 11,282 signatures.However, supporters of fake grass point out that there’s also an environmental impact with natural lawns, which need mowing and therefore usually consume electricity or petrol. The industry also points out that real grass requires considerable amounts of water, weed killer or other treatments and that people who lay fake grass tend to use their garden more. The industry also claims that people who lay fake grass spend on average of £500 trees or shrouds for their garden, which provides habitat for insects.21. The RHS thinks that plastic grass_____.[A] is harmful to the environment[B] is a hot topic in gardening circles[C] is overpraised in the annual show[D] is ruining the view of west London22. The petitions mentioned in Paragraph 3 reveal the campaigners’ _____.[A] disappointment with the RHS[B] resistance to fake grass use[C] anger over the proposed tax[D] concern about real grass supply23.In Paragraph 4, supporters of fake grass point out_____.[A] the necessity to lower the costs of fake grass[B] the disadvantages of growing real grass[C] the way to take care of artificial lawns[D] the challenges of insect habitat protection24.What would the government do with regard to artificial grass?[A] Urge legislation to restrict its use.[B] Take measures to guarantee its quality.[C] Remind its users to obey existing rules.[D] Replace it with sustainable alternatives.25.It can be learned from the text that fake grass_______.[A] is being improved continuously[B] has seen a market share decline[C] is becoming increasingly affordable[D] has been a controversial productText 2It’s easy to dismiss as absurd the federal government’s ideas for plugging the chronic funding gap of our national parks. Can anyone really think it’s a good idea to allow Amazon deliveries to your tent in Yosemite or food trucks to line up under the redwood trees at Sequoia National Park?But the government is right about one thing: U.S. national parks are in crisis. Collectively, they have a maintenance backlog of more than $12 billion. Roads, trails, restrooms, visitor centers and other infrastructure are crumbling.But privatizing and commercializing the campgrounds would not be a cure-all. Campgrounds are a tiny portion of the overall infrastructure backlog, and businesses in the parks hand over, on average, only about 5% of their revenues to the National Park Service.Moreover, increased privatization would certainly undercut one of the major reasons why 300 million visitors come to the parks each year: to enjoy nature and get a break from the commercial drumbeat that overwhelms daily life.The real problem is that the parks have been chronically starved of funding. An economic survey of 700 U.S. taxpayers fund that people would be willing to pay a significant amount of money to make sure that parks and their programs are kept intact. Some 81% of responders said they would be willing to pay additional taxes for the next 10 years to avoid any cuts tenth national parks.The national parks provide great value to U.S. residents both as places to escape and as symbols of nature. On top of this, they produce value from their extensive education programs, their positive impact on the climate through carbon sequestration, their contribution to our cultural and artistic life, and of course through tourism. The parks also help keep America’s past alive, working with thousands local jurisdictions around the country to protect historical sites and to bring the stories of these places of life.The parks do all this on a shoestring. Congress allocates only $3 billion a year to the national park system-an amount that has been flat since 2001(in inflation-adjusted dollars) with the exception of a onetime boost in 2009. Meanwhile, the number of annual visitors has increased by more than 50% since 1980, and now stands at 330 million visitors per year.26. What problem are us national parks faced with?[A] decline of business profits[B] inadequate commercialization[C] lack of transportation services[D] poorly maintained infrastructure27. Increased privatization of campground may_____.[A] spoil visitor experience[B] help preserve nature[C] bring operational pressure[D] boost visitors to parks28. According to paragraph 5, most respondents in the survey would_____.[A] go to the national parks on a regular basis[B] advocate a bigger budget for the national parks[C] agree to pay extra for the national parks[D] support the national parks’ recent reforms29. The national parks are valuable in that they_____.[A] lead the way in tourism[B] have historical significance[C] sponsor research on climate[D] provide an income for the locals30. It can be concluded from the text that the national park system_____.[A] is able to cope with staff shortages[B] is able to meet visitor’ demands[C] is in need of a new pricing policy[D] is in need of a funding increaseText 3The Internet may be changing merely what we remember, not our capacity to do so, suggests Columbia University psychology professor Betsy Sparrow. In 2011, Sparrow led a study in which participants were asked to record 40 factoids in a computer (“an ostrich’s eye is bigger than its brain,” for example). Half of the participants were told the information would be erased, while the other half were told it would be saved. Guess what? The latter group made no effort to recall the information when quizzed on it later, because they knew they could find it on their computers. In the same study, a group was asked to remember both the information and the folders it was stored in. They didn’t remember the information, but they remembered how to find the folders. In other words, human memory is not deteriorating but “adapting to new communications technology,” Sparrow says.In a very practical way, the Internet is becoming an external hard drive for our memories, a process known as “cognitive offloading.” Traditionally, this role was fulfilled by data banks, libraries, and other humans. Your father may never remember birthdays because your mother does, for instance. Some worry that this is having a destructive effect on society but Sparrow sees an upside. Perhaps, she suggests, the trend will change our approach to learning from a focus on individual facts and memorization to an emphasis on more conceptual thinking - something that is not available on the Internet. “I personally have never seen all that much intellectual value in memorizing things,” Sparrow says, adding that we haven’t lost our ability to do it.Still other experts say it’s too soon to understand how the Internet affects our brains. There is no experimental evidence showing that it interferes with our ability to focus, for instance, wrote psychologists Christopher Chabris and Daniel J. Simons. And surfing the web exercised the brain more than reading did among computer-savvy older adults in a 2008 study involving 24 participants at the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at the University of California, Los Angeles.“There may be costs associated with our increased reliance on the Internet, but I’d have to imagine that overall the benefits are going to outweigh those costs,” observes psychology professor Benjamin Storm. “It seems pretty clear that memory is changing, but is it changing for the better? At this point, we don’t know.”31. Sparrow’s study shows that with the Internet, the human brain will_____.[A] analyze information in detail[B] collect information efficiently[C] switch its focus of memory[D] extend its memory duration32.The process of “cognitive offloading” _____.[A] helps us identify false information[B] keeps our memory from failing[C] enables us to classify trivial facts[D] lessens our memory burden33.Which of the following would Sparrow support about the Internet?[A] It may reform our learning approach[B] It may impact our society negatively[C] It may enhance our adaptability to technology[D] It may interfere with our conceptual thinking34.It is indicated in paragraph 3 that how the Internet affects our brains?[A] requires further academic research[B] is most studies in older adults[C] is reflected in our reading speed[D] depends on our web-surfing habits35.Neither Sparrow nor Storm would agree that_____.[A] our reliance on the Internet will be costly[B] the Internet is weakening our memory[C] memory exercise is a must for our brain[D] our ability to focus declines with ageText 4Teenagers are paradoxical. That’s a mild and detached way of saying something that parents often express with considerably stronger language. But the paradox is scientific as well as personal. In adolescence, helpless and dependent children who have relied on grown-ups for just about everything become independent people who can take care of themselves and help each other. At the same time, once cheerful and compliant children become rebellious teenage risk-takers.A new study published in the journal Child Development by Eveline Crone of the University of London and colleagues, suggests that the positive and negative sides of teenagers go hand in hand. The study is part of a new wave of thinking about adolescence. For a long time, scientists and policy makers concentrated on the idea that teenagers were a problem needed to be solved. The new work emphasizes that adolescence is a time of opportunity as well as risk.The researchers studied “prosocial” and rebellious traits in more than 200 child and young adults, ranging from 11 to 28 years old. The participants filled out questions about how often they did things that were altruistic and positive, like sacrificing their own interests to help a friend or rebellious and negative, like getting drunk or staying out late.Other studies have shown that rebellious behavior increased as you become a teenager and then fades away as you grow older. But the new study shows that, interestingly, the same pattern holds for prosocial behavior. Teenagers were more likely than younger children or adults to report that they did things like selfishly help a friend.Most significantly, there was a positive correlation between prosociality and rebelliousness. The teenagers who were more rebellious were also more likely to help others. The good and bad sides of adolescence seem to develop together.Is there some common factor that underlies these apparently contradictory developments? One idea is that teenager behavior is related to what researchers call “reward sensitivity”. Decision-making always involves balancing rewards and risks, benefits and costs “reward sensitivity” measures how much reward it takes to outweigh risk.Teenagers are particularly sensitive to social rewards-winning the game, impressing a new friend, getting that boy to notice you. Reward sensitivity, like prosocial behavior and risk-taking, seems to go up in adolescence and then down again as we age. Somehow, when you hit 30, the chance that something exciting and new will happen at that party just doesn’t seem to outweigh the effort of getting up off the conch.36. According to paragraph 1, children growing into adolescence tend to_____.[A] develop opposite personality traits[B] see the world in an unreasonable way[C] have fond memories of their past[D] show affection for their parents37. It can be learned from paragraph 2 that Crone’s study______.[A] explores teenagers’ social responsibilities[B] examines teenagers’ emotional problems[C] provides a new insight into adolescence[D] highlights negative adolescence behavior38. What does Crone’s study find about prosocial behavior?[A] It results from the wish to cooperate.[B] It is cultivated through education.[C] It is subject to family influence.[D] It tends to peak in adolescence.39. It can be learned from last two paragraph that teenagers______.[A] overstress their influence on others[B] care a lot about social recognition[C] become anxious about their future[D] endeavour to live a joyful life40. What is the text mainly about?[A] Why teenagers are self-contradictory[B] Why teenagers are risk-sensitive[C] How teenagers develop prosociality[D] How teenagers become independentPart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Net-zero rules set to send cost of new homes and extensions soaring New building regulations aimed at improving energy efficiency are set to increase the price of new homes, as well as those of extensions and loft conversions on existing ones.The rules, which came into effect on Wednesday in England, are part of government plans to reduce the UK’s carbon emissions to net zero by 2050. They set new standards for ventilation, energy efficiency and heating, and state that new residential buildings must have charging points for electric vehicles.The moves are the most significant change to building regulations in years, and industry experts say they will inevitably lead to higher prices at a time when a shortage of materials and high labour costs is already driving up bills.Brian Berry, chief executive of the Federation of Master Builders, a trade group for Brian Berry small and medium-sized builders, says the measures will require new materials, testing methods, products and systems to be installed. “All this comes at an in creased cost during a time when prices are already sky high. Inevitably, consumers will have to pay more, ” he says.Gareth Belsham, of surveyors Naismiths, says people who are upgrading, or extending their home, will be directly affected.“The biggest cha nges relate to heating and insulation,” he says. “There are new rules concerning the amount of glazing used in extensions, and any new windows or doors must be highly insulated.”The changes could mean an extra £3,000 added to the bill of an average home extension, according to Jonathan Rolande of the National Association of Property Buyers, a group of professionals aimed at raising construction standards.Homeowners extending may see the amount of space they have decrease, as walls will have to be thicker in order to comply with requirements for better insulation.Andrew Mellor, of PRP architects, says external walls will need to be about 7cm thicker than previously.Windows and doors will have to adhere to higher standards, while there are new limits on the amount of glazing you can have to reduce unwanted heat from the sun.Thomas Goodman, of My Job Quote, a site which sources quotes, says this will bring in new restrictions for extensions.“Glazing on windows, doors and roof lights must cover no more than 25% of the floor area to prevent heat loss, ” he says.As properties become more airtight, there are also measures to ensure proper airflow, such as having small openings (trickle vents) on windows that allow ventilation when a window is closed.For people extending their homes, they may be required to install a new, or replacement, heating system depending on the size of the build, says Belsham. These will have to use lower temperature water to deliver the same heat, which will require increased insulation of pipes.“We’ll see more insulation, better lighting design and restrictions on the amount of glass used in some areas. But with more thermal-efficient homes can come the risk of overheating due to solar gain, and so ventilation is also covered, ” says Rolande.“As a result, double-glazed windows will require trickle vents to let heat escape and also to provide fresh air for health reasons and, of course, to reduce the risk of condensation build up in an ever-more airtight property. ”As the rules came into effect last Wednesday, property developers were rushing to file plans just before the deadline, according to Belsham. Any plans submitted before that date are considered to be under the previous rules, and can go ahead as long as work starts before 15 June next year.Builders which have costed projects, but have not filed the paperwork, may need to go back and submit fresh estimates, says Marcus Jefford of Build Aviator, which prices projects.As the changes are aimed to make homes more energy efficient, they will eventually drive down heating bills.But in the short-term homeowners are likely to face higher costs for work.Materials prices are already up 25% in the last two years, according to figures from the Construction Products Association.How much overall prices will increase as a result of the rule changes is not clear. “While admirable in their intentions, they will add to the cost of housebuilding at a time when many already feel that they are priced out of homeownership, ” says Rolande. “An average extension will probably see around £3,000 additional cost thanks to the new regs. ”John Kelly, a construction lawyer at Freeths law firm, believes prices will eventually come down. But not in the immediate future. “As the marketplace adapts to the ne w requirements, and the technologies that support them, the scaling up of these technologies will eventually bring costs down, but in the short term, we will all have to pay the price of the necessary transition,” he says.However, the long-term effects of the changes will be more comfortable and energy-efficient homes, adds Mellor. “Homeowners will probably recoup that cost over time in energy bill savings. It will obviously be very volatile at the moment, but they will have that benefit over tim e.”Section III Translation46. Directions：Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)In the late 18th century, William Wordsworth became famous for his poems about nature. And he was one of the founders of a movement called Romanticism, which celebrated the wonders of the natural world.Poetry is powerful. Its energy and rhythm can capture a reader, transport them to another world and make them see things differently. Through carefully selected words and phrases, poems can be dramatic, funny, beautiful, moving and inspiring.No one knows for sure when poetry began but it has been around for thousands of years, even before people could write. It was a way to tell stories and pass down history. It is closely related to song and even when written it is usually created to be performed out loud. Poems really come to life when they are recited. This can also help with understanding them too, because the rhythm and sounds of the words become clearer.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions：An art exhibition and a robot show are to be held on Sunday and your friend David asks you which one he should go to. Write him an email to1) make a suggestion, and2) give your reason(s)Do not use your own name in your email, use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points) heath literacy 健康素养。

农学研究生专业英语1-3（一）BREEDING SYSTEMS繁殖系统Key Notes: 要点Range of breeding systems: 繁殖系统的类型和分布Most plants are hermaphrodite and they may cross or self-fertihze. Others have unisexual flowers either on the same plant (monoecious), or separate plants (dioecious), and others are intermediate or variable. A few are asexual.大多数植物都是两性花，它们可以杂交或自交。

也有少数植物是单性花，有的位于同一植株上(雌雄同株)；有的位于不同的植株上(雌雄异株)；还有一些植物的花是处于过渡态或者可变的，少数植物是无性花。

Cross- and self-fertility: 杂交和自交Many plants have a self-incompatibility system stopping self fertilization, but others are self-fertile. Early maturation of flowers can lead to self-fertility. Some species are partially self-incompatible.多数植物具有一个防止自花受精的自交不亲和系统，但有些植物是自花能稔的。

花的早熟可以导致自稔性，有些植物是部分自交不亲和。

Separation of floral organs: 花器官分离Cross-pollination is favored by a separation of fertile organs in the flower.Stamens may mature before carpels, known as protandry, or after, protogyny.Protandry is common in specialized insect-pollinated flowers in inflorescences and protogyny is associated with wind pollination and unspecialized flowers.Stamens and carpels may be separated spatially.可育花器官分离的花偏爱异花传粉。

Unit 3Language LearningWord Bankalign: v. to fall into a line成一条线ambitious adj. full of ambition; greatly (desire->) desirous; eager; requiring; challenging雄心勃勃的bottleneck n. the narrow part of a bottle near the top瓶颈(Certificate->) certify (=prove): v. to confirm; (quantity<->quality->)qualify确认cohort: n. a group of people一群人; a crowd of people; gang/ bandconcrete: 1.adj. actual; specific; real具体的; 2. n. (cement)混凝土cosmopolitan: world; international: adj.世界的，国际的curriculum: n. courses offered by an educational institution全部课程dual: adj. double成双的elementary (primary): adj. fundamental; basic基础的; chemical~化学元素; elementary (primary)school小学enroll (enlist): v. to enter or register in a roll征兵，招生; enable sb. to do sth.(execute->)executive: 1.adj. carrying out or executing; (administrate->) administrative; (manage->manager->) managerial执行的，行政的; 2. 首席执行(CEO)flagship: n. the chief one of a related group王牌，旗舰geometry: n. one branch of mathematics几何学(immerse->) immersion: n. covering with water; (submerge->) submerging it浸没; sub-/ sup-: under, e.g. submarine潜水艇;(indicate=imply->implication) indicative: adj. suggestive指示性的，象征性的initiate: v. to begin; start首创, 开始jointly: adv. in common; together共同地，联合地; join in加入launch: v. to set going; initiate发动，发射lottery: n. a selection made by lot from a number of applicants or competitors抓阄法，彩票；draw lots抽签notion: n. a belief or opinion思想，概念concept/ ideapaste: v. to adhere粘贴pipeline: n. a direct channel渠道，管道; smoke a pipe抽烟斗placement: n. assignment; arrangement布置，编排；place=put；placement test=streaming test 分班考试proponent: n. advocate (n./ vt.); supporter倡导者;pro-: 1. forward; 2. officiallyrecruit: v. to enroll; to enlist征募，招收secondary: adj. not primary; minor; lesser第二的，次等的; secondary school中专/ 中学; high schoolstint: n. task; limitation; restriction定额，限制(substance->) substantial: adj. material; true or real; ample (enough); (consider->) considerable 物质的，真实的，相当多的a substantial meal丰盛的饭triangle: n. the plane figure formed by connecting three points三角形；tri-：underwrite: v. to assume (=take responsibility) financial responsibility for同意承担的…费用(virtue->) virtually: adv. in fact; practically; nearly; almost实际上，几乎；virtual：adj. 1.虚拟的2. 实际的3.道德的Phrases and Expressionsbe in a position: be able to能够; be ready to do sth./ be willing to do sth.; pose->posing picture come by: to gain; to acquire/ get 获得from scratch: from the very beginning 从头开始，(give sb. a hand=) give sb. a leg up: to help improve the situation of帮某人改善状况(respond->) in response to: in answer to回应，响应take off: to achieve wide use or popularity广泛使用，大受欢迎; put on<->take off. E.g. ~one’s clothes; the plane will soon ~.(on the way#) under way: in operation; in progress进行中，启动; a bridge under building正在建设中的桥梁Reading ComprehensionI. Choose the best for each of the following.1. Paris Buedel does all of the following except __C___.A. taking basketball lessonsB. playing the pianoC. going to art classesD. learning Chinese2. "The opposite trend" in Para. 3 probably means that ___B__.A. Americans begin to oppose other countriesB. Americans begin to learn languages of other countriesC. Americans have international content in their lifeD. Americans realize the usefulness of Mandarin3. According to Thomas Matts __A___.A. hundreds of secondary schools were able to offer courses in Chinese language and literatureB. since the Soviet Union launched Sputnik people haven't seen any interest in RussianC. advanced curriculum and exam in Chinese were requiredD. people are having more interest in Chinese than Russian4. Mayor Richard Daley of Chicago said: "I think there will be two languages in this world. There will be Chinese and English." His words imply that __C___.A. Chinese and English will be the only languages in the futureB. China and America will be the only important states in the futureC. Chinese and English will be the most important languages in the futureD. Chinese and English will make other languages extinct5. Which of the following is the obstruction of expanding Chinese instruction in U.S. schools? ( A )A. It is difficult to find qualified teachers and teaching materials.B. It is hard to find an active ally in the Chinese government.C. Chinese government didn't help sponsor the Chicago program and new Advanced Placement exam.D. There is not an agreement on building Chinese language programs in 2,000 public schools over the next five years.II. Complete the following (sum up) summary(->summarize)of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letter of each word has been given to you.Paris Buedel, a typical American 8-year-old (boy), is (1) immersion"the fastest-growing (2) curriculum trends in U. S. schools: the study of Chinese. The interest inlearning Chinese in life because (4) Mandarin is spoken by more people than any other languages, and they appreciate the importance of China in the (5) global culture, politics and economy. The program of studying Chinese can be found in primary, secondary schools and at colleges and universities in (rural<->urban=) metropolitan areas like Chicago and in some towns like Glenwood and Chapel Hill. However, the biggest (6) obstacle to expanding Chinese instruction in U.S. schools is finding qualified teachers, for the federal No Child Left Behind legislation requires all teachers to be (7) certified. Finding suitable teaching materials is another bottleneck. They can't use materials from China because the curriculums are not (8) aligned (=same). Despite (=In spite of) all the difficulties, proponents are finding an active ally (cooperation) in the Chinese government. It helps (9) underwrite (take up some responsibility) the program and new Advanced Placement exam and has a new agreement with the College Board to build (set up/ establish) Chinese language programs in 2,000 public schools over the next five years. Moreover, the U.S. Department of Education and the Ministry of Education in Beijing have (10) cooperated to create Chengo (实用汉语), an online games-based program for beginning Chinese.VocabularyI . Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1. Thomas holds a belief (=believes) in the ___A__ nature of reality. [believe sb.相信某人的话；believe in sb.=trust sb.信赖某人; believe in sth.持有某种信仰]A. dualB. bothC. eitherD. twin (孪生子)2. I think that the Christian baptism (洗礼) is by complete ___B__ of the person in water.A. (immense巨大的->) immensityB. immersionC. immorality不道德[immortal不朽]D. immaturity不成熟3. Man has a(n) __B___ need for love and (nurture->) nurturing (养育). nurture<->educationA. easyB. elementary(=basic)C. submerging(没入)D. direct (adj.直接的; vt.指引方向)4. This building represents the post-modernist __C___ in architecture. (arch-/ arc-:穹顶); bishop->archbishopA. markB. trench壕沟/ 战壕C. (social) trend趋势D. (personal) tendency趋向5. One common Chinese __D___ is that the elders ought to be respected.[respect: vt./n.尊敬；respectable值得尊敬的；respectful毕恭毕敬的；respective各自的]A. noticeB. ideaC. (object to) objection 反对D. notion6. This was the moment (time) when Spielberg's (job->) career (事业/生涯) really __D___.A. kept off保持距离B. cut off切断C. got off从…下来D. took off开始/ 起飞7. For low income families, mortgages (抵押贷款) are hard to __A___.A. come by (=get)B. come inC. come backD. come over8. He was appointed (任命) as the director to __B___ a team of investigators. [invest投资]A. overlook忽略(vt.)B. supervise监督(vt.)C. check (n./vt.)支票/审查/监控D. supply (vt./n.)供应9. The company __C___ the new perfume (香水) with prime-time commercials (commercial advertisements) on the major networks (网络). [be at one’s prime time正当年]A. startedB. beganC. launchedD. initiated10. You'll meet the same word again in a __A___ different context (上下文/ 语境).A. slightlyB. (delicate精巧的->delicacy美食) delicatelyC. lightlyD. rarely=hardly, seldom/ scarcely几乎不II. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary. under way in response to virtually ambitioussubstantial concrete proponent jointlyfrom scratch initiate recruit be in a position to executive secondary paste1. Despite (In spite of) some slight recovery, the world economic crisis is still2. My husband holds a position as the executive director (行政主管)(group剧团).paralyzed by the transit (transportation运输) strike.4. He then attempted (=tried) something more ambitious, a novel of 200,000 words.5. He started from scratch when he came to America.6. Ministry of Education introduced (引进) more flexible (灵活机动的) policy for colleges to recruit minority students.7. Buying cars in the second-hand market, you are in a position to bargain (make a bargain讨价还价).8. The lawyer was confident to win the case, for he had the concrete evidence needed to convict (vt.证明...有罪;n.罪犯).10. The (price<->) prize was given to a young proponent on women's education in Kenya for his work to ensure (mak e sure that…/ see to it that…确保…得以实现) the rights of citizenship of women.Part II TranslationPut the following paragraphs into Chinese.Paris is enrolled in a "dual immersion" program at the Glenwood Elementary School here in which the pupils-half native Chinese, half English speakers—do their lessons in two languages. The program is indicative of one of the fastest-growing curriculum trends in U.S. schools: the study of Chinese."Americans are used to hearing about people in other countries learning English. Now we're seeing the opposite trend," said Michael Levine, executive director of the Asia Society, which promotes international content in U.S. schools. "Parents and students are deciding that, since more people speak Mandarin than any other language, it might be a useful skill to have."参考译文：帕里斯参加了格兰乌德小学的“双语浸入式”项目，这个项目里的学生有一半的母语是汉语，有一半是英语，他们用两种语言上课。

Unit 16WarWord Bankambush：a sudden attack made from a concealed position伏击；埋伏assault：to attack攻击；袭击bankruptcy：financial ruin破产barrel：the metal, cylindrical part of a firearm through which the bullet travels枪管bayou：a creek or small river that is a tributary of a larger body of water支流；河口blast：a violent explosion爆炸cavity：a hole; a hollow area within the body洞；腔discharge：to release, as from confinement, care, or duty释放；使退伍droop：to bend or hang downward低垂；弯曲；下垂flashback：(psychology) recurring, intensely vivid mental image of a past traumatic experience[心理学]重现：过去受伤的经历在脑海中生动重现grenade：a missile containing priming and bursting charges榴弹；季榴弹hallucinate：to have illusion产生幻觉highlight：to make prominent; to emphasize使......显得重要；强调icon：an image; a representation; a symbol; an idol肖像；代表；象征；偶像loot：to pillage; to spoil打劫；掠夺maim：to disable or disfigure使残疾offshore：away from the shore近海paranoia：a psychotic disorder characterized by delusions of persecution or grandeur妄想狂；偏执狂pin：to hold fast; immobilize使......困住；牵制post-traumatic：following an injury or resulting from it受伤后的shell-shock：a kind of mental disorder弹震症(士兵因战争而得的一种精神疾病)shutter：a mechanical device of a camera (照相机上的)快门slump：to fall or sink heavily; collapse消沉；陷入；倒塌snap：a sudden, sharp cracking sound劈啪声sniper：a skilled military shooter to shoot enemy soldiers from a concealed place狙击手；射击手steely：resembling steel, as in color or hardness钢铁般的streak：to mark with lines, smears, or bands with different colors使带条纹；使带污点undertaking：n. a task or an assignment undertaken; a venture承担的任务；事业victor：winner胜利者wan：pale; distressed; weary and melancholy苍白的；惨淡的；郁郁寡欢的wisp：thin smoke or clouds一缕烟、云等Phrases and Expressionsdrag on：to delay拖延in the face of：confronting with面对；面临in the wake of：following directly on; in the aftermath of; as a consequence of跟随，作为…的余波teamed up with：to coordinate与……合作；配合Reading ComprehensionChoose the best for each of the following.1. What changed Miller's life in a second? ( C )A. The snap of a sniper's bullet.B. The blast of a bomb.C. The sudden shutter click of a photographer.D. The maimed wreck of a healthy body.2. Why does the author use Marlboro man to refer to Miller? ( A )A. Because the image symbolizes a popular American hero.B. Because Miller is having a cigarette.C. Because Miller is a cowboy from the west.D. Because Americans don't like smoking.3. What are Not symptoms of post-traumatic disorder? ( A )A. Loss of sleep, having images.B. Flashbacks, panic attacks and paranoia.C. Possibility of being violent to loved ones.D. Being silent all the time.4. Why did Miller attack another marine when waiting offshore in a troop transport of New Orleans? ( C )A. Because he hated the man.B. Because the man attacked him first.C. Because he had the illusion of Iraq war when hearing the man's whistling.D. Because he felt guilty for having the life.5. What is the main idea of this article? ( D )A. A picture changed the fate of Miller.B. Miller became the Marlboro Man of America.C. Most Americans were against Iraqi WarD. A picture made Miller a hero, but couldn't save him from post-traumatic stress disorder.II. Complete the following summary of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letter of each word has been given to you.A sudden (1) shutter click of a war photographer's camera changed the life of a US marine James Blake Miller. Miller's image in the picture became a symbol of (2) steely resolve, of weary-yet-determined struggle, of the (3) toughness of the American fighting man having a cigarette break before finishing the job. Now Miller is a different (4) symbol in a different time. As the war has (5) dragged on, his life has collapsed in the face of post-traumatic stress (6) disorder. Hehas to draw a disability pension, for his condition and his personal life is a (7) wreck. His life has slumped into struggle and (8) despair. Miller becomes a symbol of the human (9) cost of war, whose story is a reminder of the price that ordinary men and women are (10) paying for the Iraq operation.VocabularyI. Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1. The plane ___A__ across the sky.A. streakedB. markedC. movedD. rushed2. A moment's ___A__ will show you are wrong.A. reflectionB. requestC. responseD. resentment3. The __B___ of hair is making this photo look so natural!A. branchB. wispC. seriesD. slice4. Walking into the conference room, the director looked at every one there with ___C__ eyes.A. hardB. criticC. steelyD. strong5. He associated ___D__ with his friends in a business.A. workB. understandingC. underwayD. undertaking6. The crash to the tree injured two persons and made the car into a __A___.A. wreckB. trashC. damageD. ruin7. Business __D___ after the Christmas holidays.A. settledB. smashedC. sneakedD. slumped8. Though we made the machine work, __B___ technical problems remain.A. unusualB. enormousC. uniqueD. rare9. Some __A___ of World War II gathered to celebrate their victory.A. veteransB. vendorsC. venturesD. vets10. The doctor prescribed some medicine for his mental __B___.A. massB. disorderC. chaosD. pollutionII. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary.in the wake of assault bankruptcy discharge suffer fromhighlight honorably in the face of team up with whistleprofile restive drag on stress ignore1. Outbreak of disease occurred in the wake of the drought.2. The firm will head toward bankruptcy unless a new manager is elected.3. Those bridges and islets all highlight the garden scenery.4. American troop assaulted the terrorist camp with heavy artillery.5. For depressed patients there appears to be an increased risk of suicide immediately after discharge from hospital.6. Sports should be conducted honorably in an atmosphere of moral purity.7. In the face of the new evidence, he had to admit that he had been wrong.8. He preferred to go into business alone rather than to team up with anyone else.9. We could see the profile of a distant hill if it is very clear.10. The government has done nothing to ease restrictions on export and manufacturers are growing restive (难控制的)TranslationPut the following paragraph into English.这幅照片象征着人类为战争所付出的代价。