剑2READING PASSAGE 1AIRPORTS ON WATER1.difficulta.难的，困难的，费力的同义词：hard，roughe.g.: River deltas are difficult places for map makers.2. dramatica.戏剧性的,引人注目的,给人深刻印象的词形变化:副词:dramatically同义词：spectacular，strikinge.g.: The changes in China’s Pearl River delta, however, are more dramatic than these naturalfluctuations.3 .similarlyad. 相像地, 类似于同义词：likewisee.g.: The giant dumper trucks rumbling across it will have finished their job by the middle of thisyear and the airport itself will be built at a similarly breakneck pace.4. risen.上升, 增加, 上涨, 高地, 小山, 发生, 出现vi.升起, 起身, 发源, 起义, 高耸, 增长, 上升, 复活,使飞起同义词：bring up，go upe.g.: As Chek Lap Kok rises, however, another new Asian island is sinking back into the sea.5. rarelyadv.难得，很少同义词：merely, hardly, little, scarcely,e.g.: The settlement is rarely even.6. bucklevt. 扣住, 使弯曲同义词：bend, clasp, distort, fasten7. crack.vt. (使)爆裂, (使)裂开, (使)发出爆裂声同义词：bang, blow, breake.g.: So buildings tend to buckle and crack.8. shiftvt. 替换, 转移, 改变, 推卸, 变速同义词：alter, change, substitute, varye.g.: The site was shifted a further five kilometres.9. consistvi. 组成, 存在于, 一致同义词：comprise, include, make upe.g.: Above a seabed that consisted of 20 meters of soft alluvial silt.10. gianta. 庞大的, 巨大的同义词：colossal, enormous, gigantic, huge, immense, tremendous, vastTo cope with settlement, giant terminal is supported on 900 pillars.11. originala. 最初的, 原始的, 有创意的同义词：primary, firstThere was some land there to begin with, the original little island and a smaller outcrop.12. deal withv.安排, 处理, 涉及, 做生意同义词：solve, cope with, handle, resolve, tacklee.g.: It would have been possible to leave this mud below the reclaimed land and to deal with theresulting settlement by the Kansai method.13. utilityn. 功用, 有用之物, 实用, 公用事业, 实用程序同义词：make good use of14. unyieldingadj.不屈服的; 顽强的; 弯曲不了的; 坚硬的同义词：firm，inflexible，rigid，stubborn，unbendinge.g.: This makes it easier for utilities to dig trenches-granite is unyielding stuff.15. persistenta.固执的, 坚持的, 持续的, 作用持久的同义词：never-ceasing，relentless, unrelenting16. take into account.v. 考虑到(顾及,体谅)同义词：allowe.g.: Gentler but more persistent bad weather---the downpours of the summer monsoon---is also being taken into account.17. separatevi. 分开, 隔开, 分居同义词：divide,isolate,sorte.g.: A mat-like material is being laid across the island to separate the rock and sand layers. READING PASSAGE2CHANGING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF HEALTH1. conceptn. 观念, 概念同义词：idea, notion, opinion, thoughte.g.: The concept of health holds different meanings for different people and groups.2. evident显然的, 明显的同义词:apparent,clear, obvious,plaine.g.: This change is no more evident than in Western society today.3. connectvt. 连接, 联合, 联系同义词：attach,combine,join,link,unitee.g.: Good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of the body.4. definevt. 定义, 规定, 使明确同义词：clarify describe establish explain fix outline sete.g.: Health in this sense has been defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medicalterms.5.emphasisn. 强调, 加强, 重点同义词：importance,stresse.g.: There was an emphasis on providing clean water, improved sanitation and housing.6. merelyad. 只同义词：barely,only,purely,simplye.g.: They stated that ‘health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease’.7. holisticadj.整体的, 全盘的同义词：overall, wholee.g.: Health and the person were seen more holistically and just in physical terms.8. fitnessn. 适合, 合宜, 合理, 恰当, 健康同义词：good shape, good conditione.g.: Specific behaviors which were seen to increase risk of disease, such as smoking, lack of fitnessand unhealthy eating habits, were targeted.9. povertyn.贫穷,虚弱; 低劣同义词：poorness, impoverishment10. benefitvt. 有益于同义词：profit，gain，do goode.g.: People experiencing poverty,unemployment, underemployment or little control over the conditions of their daily lives benefited little from this approach.11. swingvi. 摇摆, 悬挂, 旋转, 大摇大摆地走, 转向同义词：fluctuate，swaye.g.: During the 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health.12. basicn. 基本原理, 要素, 基本规律同义词：essential，fundamental，underlyinge.g.: Improvement in health requires a secure foundation in these basic requirements.13. complexadj. 复杂的, 合成的, 综合的同义词：bias，complicated，confusede.g.: It is the complex interrelationships between them which determine the conditions that promote health.14. promotionn. 晋级, 创建, 增进同义词：advancement，betterment，improvement，lift，progress ，risee.g.: A broad socio-ecological view of health suggests that the promotion of health must include astrong social, economic and environmental focus.15. backbonen. 脊椎, 志气, 骨干, 支柱同义词：mainstay, keystonee.g.: This charter remains as the backbone of health action today.16. favourn.亲切, 宠爱同义词: helpe.g.: Biological factors can all favour health or be harmful to it.17. overall全部的, 全体的, 从头至尾的, 一切在内的同义词：total, wholee.g.: The overall philosophy of health promotion which guides these fundamental strategies and approaches is one of ‘enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health’. READING PASSAGE 3CHILDREN’S THINKING1. eminent显赫的, 杰出的, 有名的同义词：distinguished，famous，important，noble，outstanding，prominent，superiore.g.: One of the eminent of psychologists claimed that the essence of reasoning lies in some novel way.2. explicit详述的, 清楚的, 直言的同义词：candid，clear，definite，direct，distinct，detailede.g.: Two followers devised a test for children that was explicitly based on principles.3.integratevt. 综合, 使完整, 使成整体同义词：balance, coordinate, equalizee.g.: But they did not for the most part ‘integrate’.4. lessenvt. 减少, 缩小, 减轻同义词：reducee.g.: But it lessens, on the other hand, when we learn that a task was devised.5. familiar熟悉的, 常见的, 亲密的同义词：close, intimate, well-knowne.g.: Now the subject is dealing not with a strange machine but with familiar meaningful objects.6. cruciala.决定性的, 重要的, 严厉的同义词：critical, decisive, important, pressing, urgente.g.: Hewson made two crucial changes.7. assumevt. 假定, 承担, 呈现同义词：presume, suppose , suspect, thinke.g.: Yet he must assume that if he is to solve the problem.8. equivalencen. 同等, 等价, 等值同义词：comparisone.g.: Hewson made the functional equivalence of different marbles clear by playing a ‘swapping game’ with theTEST2READING PASSAGE1IMPLEMENTING THE CYCLE OF SUCCESS: A CASE STUDY1. accommodationn. 膳宿, 预订铺位, 适应性调节, 调和, 贷款同义词：adjustment, fittinge.g.: The hotel is designed to provide the best available accommodation.2. implementvt. 实现, 使生效, 执行同义词：bring about , carry out , complete, devicee.g.: AHI decided to implement some new policies and practices at SAH.3. initiativen. 主动行动, 首创精神, 主动权同义词：initiatory，first，maiden，opening movee.g.: The first of the initiatives was an organizational structure with only three levels ofmanagement---compared to the traditional seven.4. significanta.重要的, 有效的, 有含义的, 暗示的, 值得注意的同义词：important ，substantiale.g.: There are 25 percent fewer management positions, enabling a significant saving.5. fit in装配好同义词：harmonize, accord, concord, agreee.g.: The hotel also recognised that it would need a different approach to selecting employees who would fit in with its new policies.6. fill inv.填充, 填写, 填满, 替代同义词：complete, fill out, make oute.g.: Over 7000 applicants filled in application form for the 120 jobs initially offered at SAH.7. predominanta.占主导地位的, 卓越的同义词：chief, foremost, leading, main, principal, superiore.g.: The balance of the positions at the hotel were predominantly filled by transfers from othereproperties.8. exhibitvt. 展现, 陈列, 展览同义词：demonstrate, display, present, showe.g.: Category A was for applicants exhibiting strong leadership qualities.9. adoptvt. 采用, 正式通过, 收养, 接受同义词：assume, choosee.g.: Another major initiative by SAH was to adopt a totally multi-skilled workforce.10. objectiven.目的, 目标, 宗旨, 宾格, 实物a.客观的, 如实的, 无偏见的, 宾格的同义词：aim, object, targetnonsubjectivee.g.: The prime objective of the benchmarking process was to compare a range of service deliveryprocesses.11. enhancevt. 提高, 加强, 增加同义词：better, enrich, improve, uplifte.g.: This process resulted in performance measures that greatly enhanced SAH’s ability to improveproductivity and quality.12. proportionn. 比例, 比率, 均衡, 部分, 面积同义词：amount, percentage, portion, ratio, sharee.g.: A high proportion of AHI Club member reservations were imcomplete.13. collatevt. 校对, 校勘同义词：assembleThese are collated regularly to identify opportunities for improvement.14. note down记下同义词：write downe.g.: Employees are requested to note down their own suggestions for improvement.15. valida.有确实根据的, 有法律效力的, 正当的, 正确的同义词: adequate, authorized, cogent, effective, established, sound, true, well-groundede.g.: A valid reason is given for non-implementation.16 . numerousadj.许多的, 无数的同义词：abundant, considerable, many, multitudinouse.g.: Numerous overseas visitors have come to see how the program works.READING PASSAGE21. impedevt. 妨碍, 阻碍, 阻止同义词：arrest, delay, inhibit, interrupt, limit, obstruct, stope.g.: The lack of a common language can severely impede progress or can halt it altogether.2. fatala.致命的,毁灭性的同义词：deadly, destructive, disastrouse.g.: Publicity comes only when failure to communicate has major consequences, such as strikes, lostorders, or fatal accidents.3. instancen. 例子v. 举...为例,举例说明同义词：case, circumstance, example, occasione.g.: One reported instance of communication failure took place in 1970.4. consistencyn. 稠度(一致性,相容性)同义词：firmness,steadiness, uniformitye.g.: Some firms run part-time language courses to ensure consistency when material is beingtranslated.5. permeatev. 弥漫,渗透,普及同义词：penetrate, pervadee.g.: The regional and social variation can permeate speech.READING PASSAGE3WHAT IS A PORT CITY?1. fascinatinga.迷人的同义词：charminge.g.: The port city provides a fascinating and rich understanding of the movement of people.2. distinguishedv. 区别同义词：celebrated, famous, outstanding, popular, well-knowne.g.: A port must be distinguished from a harbour.3. cosmopolitana.世界性的同义词：worldwide, metropolitan, globale.g.: Port functions make a city cosmopolitan.4. multiplea.多样的,多重的同义词：manye.g.: The sound of boat whistles or the moving tides are symbols of their multiple links with a wideworld.5. externala.外部的,外用的,客观的,表面的同义词：exterior, outer, surfacee.g.: What evidence we have suggests that domestic trade was greater at all periods than externaltrade.6. retainv. 保持,保留同义词：hold, keep, maintain, preserve, savee.g.: Cities which began as ports retain the chief commercial and administrative centre of the cityclose to the waterfront.Test 3Reading Passage 1ABSEBTEEISIM IN NURSING: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY1.disruptive (adj.) 使混乱的，使瓦解的→disrupt (v.)→disruption (n.)e.g.: Absence from work is a disruptive problem for any organization.2. prior to(prep.) 在…之前e.g.: Prior to this time, few active steps had been taken to manage it.3. prevalent (adj.) 流行，盛行，普遍的→prevalence (n.)→popular→commone.g.: A prevalent attitude among the nurses is that there is no reward for not utilizing it.4. utilize (v.) 使用= use→utilization (n.)e.g.: There was no reward for not utilizing the paid sick leave entitlement.5. shift (v. n. ) 转变，移动e.g.: Administration was not sympathetic to the problems shift work causes to their lives.In the affluent 1980s, the emphasis was shifting.→alter (v.) alteration (n.)e.g.: This attitude altered with the realization that marginal communities can survive and adapt.→transform (v.) transformation (n.)e.g.: However, when fish were added, dramatic transformation occurred.→modify (v.) modification (n.)e.g.: The two modifications together produced a jump in success rates from 30 percent to 90 percentfor five-year-olds.6. incentive (n.) 激励前进的动力→motivatione.g.: non-financial incentive7. cease (v.) 停止cease to do sth. ↘cease doing sth →stop doing sthcease sth. ↗e.g.: Cities ceased to be port cities when other functions dominate.8. genuine (adj.) 真正的→ authentic→反义：fake/ inauthentic/ artificial/ pseudo/ 假的e.g.: They had long-term genuine illness.People claiming welfare payments are genuine.9.implementation (n.) 实施→implement (v.) ( strategy/ policy/ solution)e.g.: A similar effect was found from the implementation of the third strategy.New solutions to this old problem are being implemented.→enforce (laws) (v.)e.g.: The police have the power to enforce anti-pollution laws.10.donate (v.) 捐赠→donation (n.)e.g.: The prizes are donated by local businesses.11. initially (adv.) 最初→initial (adj.) = originale.g.: Initially, there was a 20% improvement in absenteeism.Reading passage 2THE MOTOR CAR1.give rise to 导致→contribute toe.g.: This dependence on motor vehicles has given rise to major problems.2. depletion (n.) 用光→deplete =use up =exhaust (v.)e.g.: the depletion of oil resources3. emission (n.) 排放→emit (v.)e.g.: Fuel consumption and exhaust emission also depends on which cars are preferred by customers.→dischargee.g.: The chimney discharged smoke.→releasee.g.: the contaminants released by spring melting4. hazard (n.) 危害→hazardous (adj.)e.g.: Vehicle pollution is a health hazard.5. adaptation (n.) 适应，调整→adapt (v.)→adaptable (adj.)e.g.: Adaptation to the motor cars has involved adding ring roads, one way system.6. be blamed on 归咎于，归因于→be attributed to =result frome.g.: Other social effects have been blamed on the car, such as alienation and aggressive humanbehavior.7. alienation (n.) 疏远→alien (adj.)→alienate (adj.)e.g.: Other social effects have been blamed on the car, such as alienation and aggressive humanbehavior.8. external (adj.) 外部的，国外的→反义internal = domestic 国内的e.g.: Car transport is seven times as costly as rail travel in terms of external social costs.external trade9. habitat (n.) 栖息地e.g.: animal’s natural habitat→ habitual (adj.) 习惯的e.g.: There is no way that habitual consumption of foodstuff grown using toxic chemicals can behealthy for consumers.10. surpass (v.) 超过，胜过→exceede.g.: Cars easily surpas s trains or buses as a flexible and convenient mode of personal transport.11. exhaust (n.) 尾气→traffic fumes→smog/ haze 烟雾e.g.：the exhaust of 6000 vehicles→exhaust= use up/ deplete（v. ）e.g.: exhaust the supply of oxygen→ inexhaustible 用不尽的12. put forward/forthOne solution that has been put forward is the long-term solution of designing cities and neighborhoods so that car transport is not necessary.13. accessible (adj.) 易接近的，可进入的→access (n.)e.g.: All essential services are accessible by public transport.14. feasible (adj.) 可行的，可能的e.g.: Better integration of transport system is mad feasible by modern computers.15. predominate (v.) 占支配地位，占优势e.g.: Old technologies continue to predominate.→ predominant (adj.)→ dominate (v.)16.merit (n.) 优点→benefite.g.: the relative merits of cars and public transport17. prediction (n.) 预言，预告→ predict (v.)→ foresee (v.) 预见，预料到→ envision (v.)e.g.: the writer’s own prediction of future solutionsReading Passage 3THE KEYLESS SOCIETY1.objection (n.) 反对→ object (v.)e.g.: common objections→ oppose (v.) 反对→ opposition (n.)e.g.: It faced ultimately successful opposition.→ anti- :against2.fraud (n.) 欺骗，欺诈，骗子e.g.: fighting fraud3. inevitable (adj.) 不可避免的e.g.: accept the inevitable4. authenticate (v.) 证实，鉴别真伪→ authentic (adj.) 真正的→反义inauthentic/ artificiale.g.: Their identities must be authenticated by an electronic hand scanner.→ genuine (adj.) 真正的，名副其实的e.g.: People that claiming welfare payments are genuine.5. verify (v.) 证实，查证→ verification (n.)e.g.: Her voice must be verified.6. application (n.) 应用e.g.: All of these are applications of biometrics.→ apply (v.)→ apply for 申请e.g.: apply for the job→ apply ( to) 适用e.g.: This also applies to human brains.→ apply …应用e.g.: apply the theory in practice7. characteristic (n.) 特点e.g.: The technology involves the use of physical or biological characteristics to indentify individuals→characteristic (adj.) 典型的→ feature (n.) 特点e.g.: The systems operate by storing a digitized record of some unique human feature.8. viable (adj.) 可行的，会成功的e.g.: They are commercially viable.The plan is viable in practice.munity (n.) 社会，集体e.g.: Support for biometrics is growing in Toronto as it is in many other communities.the sense of community集体感10.privacy (n.) 隐私，不受干扰→ private (adj.)e.g.: Biometrics raise thorny questions about privacy.Test 4Reading Passage 1Green Wave Washes Over Mainstream Shopping1.misjudge (v.) 判断错，估计错e.g.: Politicians may be misjudging the public mood.→ mis- : falsemis lead (v.) mis manage (v.)2.mood (n.) 心境，情绪e.g.: the public moodalter one’s mood = change one’s psyche3.environmentally friendly 环保的e.g.: More people than ever want to buy environmentally friendly products.→ environmentally benign / environmentally safe4.predict (v.) 预言，预告，预示e.g.: The report also predicts that the process will repeat itself.→ foresee (v.)→ envision (v.)5.previous (adj.) 以前的e.g.: A green wave has swept through consumerism, taking in people previously untouched byenvironmental concerns.6.ethical (adj.) 道德的，伦理的e.g.: ethical concernsethical spenders→ moral (adj.)e.g.: His marketing technique may be open to criticism on moral ground.7.proportion (n.) 比例，比率e.g.: The proportion who look for green products and prepared to pay more for them has climbed.→ percentagee.g.: This percentage is higher among women.8. managerial (adj.) 经理的，管理的e.g.: managerial group9. professional (adj.) 职业的，专业的，职业性的e.g.: professional group10. manual (adj.) 体力的e.g.: manual workers11. substantial (adj.) 大量的e.g.: The proportion rose substantially.12. eccentric (adj.) 反常的，古怪的e.g.: the eccentric members of the society13. virtually (adv.) 几乎，差不多，近于=almoste.g.: The image of green consumerism has virtually disappeared.14. mainstream (n.) 主流e.g.: a mainstream market / mainstream societies15. tend to 倾向于e.g.: 21 percent are ‘pale green’–tending to buy green products if they see them.→ be prone toe.g.: The best workers are prone to leave.16. deter (v.) 拦阻，阻止e.g.: They would be deterred from buying a product if it had been tested on animals.17. specific (adj.) 详细且精确的，特别的e.g.: Concerns for specific issues is lower than in1990.→ explicit (adj.) 明晰的，清楚的e.g.: explicit guidelines→ detailed 详细的e.g.: detailed guidelines18. commercial (adj.) 商业的e.g.: commercial trends→ commercialize (v.) 商业化commercialization (n.) 商业化19. financial (adj.) 经济的，金融的e.g.: be financially better off20. sensitive (adj.) 敏感的，感觉敏锐的e.g.: Being financially better off has made shoppers more sensitive to buying ‘green’.21. undertake (v.) 承担，担任，从事e.g.: Mintel undertakes market surveys on an annual basis.22. pre-occupy (v.) 提前占有e.g.: They are pre-occupied with the recession and financial problems.→ pre : before→ pre-school education 学前教育→ pre-linguistic infants 说话前的婴儿→ pre-historic plants 史前植物23.anticipate (v.) 期望=expecte.g.: There is more widespread interest in the environmental agenda than they anticipated.→ anticipation (n.)24.constraint (n.) 压抑，约束，压制因素e.g.: financial constraints→ constrain (v.)Reading Passage Two1.literacy (n.) 识字，有文化e.g. There is a great concern about declining standards of literacy in schools.→ literate (adj.) 有文化的，有读写能力的→反义illiterate (adj.) illiteracy (n.)2.prompt (v.) 促使，激起，引起e.g.: It helped to prompt massive educational changes.→ ignite (v.)3.massive (adj.) 很大的，结实的e.g.: It helped to prompt massive educational changes.→ large-scale massive-scale mass→反义small-scale4.intellectual (adj. n.) 智力的，显示智力的, 知识分子e.g.: The development of literacy has far- reaching effects on general intellectual development.5. versus (prep.) 对e.g.: The research has focused on the effectiveness of ‘traditional’versus‘modern’ teachingtechniques.5.fruitless (adj.) 无效的，徒劳的e.g.: The fruitless research is a tragic example of the saying ‘They can’t see the wood for the trees’.→反义fruitful6.increasingly (adv.) 越来越…e.g.: Illustrations have become increasingly detailed.→ progressively7.obtrusive (adj.) 突出的e.g.: Illustrations have become increasingly detailed and obtrusive ..8. impoverish (v.) 使贫穷e.g.: Language has become impoverished.9. extinction (n.) 灭绝, 消灭= dying oute.g.: Language has become impoverished—sometimes to the point of extinction.→ extinct (adj.)→ be extinct = die out = vanish (v.)11.virtually (adv.) 几乎=almoste.g.: There is virtually no empirical evidence to support the use of illustrations in teaching reading12. interfere (v.) (with, in, between) 妨碍，阻止，干涉，干预e.g.: Pictures interfere in a damaging way with all aspects of learning to read.13. adverse (adj.) 不利的e.g.: adverse effects 不利影响adverse reactions 不良反应adverse conditions 不利条件14.offset (v.) 抵消，赔偿e.g.: The adverse effects of television can be offset by experiencing ‘rich’ language at school.15. repetitive (adj.) = repetitious 重复的，啰唆的e.g.: It is not unusual for a book of 30 or more pages to have only one sentence full of repetitivephrases.→ repeat (v.) repetition (n.)15.redundant (adj.) 过剩的，多余的e.g.: The pictures make the language redundant.→ redundancy (n.)16.imagine (v.) 想象e.g.: The children have no need to imagine anything.→ imagination (n.)→ imaginable 可以想象的e.g.: every imaginable possibility→ imaginative 富于想象力的e.g.: She is an imaginative child.→ imaginary 假想的，虚构的e.g.: All characters in this book are imaginary.17. vulnerable (adj.) 脆弱的，易受影响的e.g.: The least intelligent are most vulnerable.→ vulnerability (n.)18. extend (v.) 伸展，延伸，延长e.g.: The response of educators has been to extend the use of pictures in books.→ extension (n.) extensive (adj.) 广大的，广阔的19.simplify (v.) 使简单，使精简e.g.: simplify the language→ simple (adj.) simplicity (n.) 简单，单纯，无知20.motivate (v.) 促使，激发，作为…的动机e.g.: Pictures are also used to help motivate children to read.→ motivation (n.)e.g.: Motivation to read should be provided by listening to stories well read.→ incentive (n.)21. creative (adj.) 创造性的，有创造力的e.g.: We present pictures to save children the trouble of developing these creative skills.→ create (v.) creation (n.)→inventive / ingenious22.detrimental (adj.) 伤害的e.g.: Experiments demonstrate how detrimental picture are for beginner readers.23. consistent (adj.) 一致的，始终如一的e.g.: The research results were clear and consistent.→ consistency (n.)→反义inconsistent24. superior (adj.) 高级的，优质的e.g.: A word without a picture was superior to a word plus a picture.25. assess (v.) 评估，确定，评价e.g.: They have difficulty assessing its meaning.→ evaluate26.detailed (adj.) 详细的e.g.: Pictures in books should be less detailed.→specific (adj.) 详细且精确的，特别的e.g.: Concerns for specific issues is lower than in1990.→ explicit (adj.) 明晰的，清楚的e.g.: explicit guidelines27. expose (v.) 揭露，暴露e.g.: They are exposed to modern teaching techniques.→ exposure (n.)28.adjust (vi.) 适应，(vt.) 调整e.g.: Older readers are having difficulty in adjusting to texts without pictures.29. differ (v.) 不同，相异e.g.: The decline of literacy is seen in groups of differing ages and abilities.Reading Passage 3IN SEARCH OF THE HOLY GRAIL1.humanity (n.) 人性，人类e.g.: This project should open up new understanding of the ailments that afflict humanity.2. autoimmune (adj.) 自体免疫的e.g.: autoimmune disease→ auto – : self→ automatic (adj.)自动的autonomy (n.) 自治，独立autonomous (adj.) 独立的，自治的3.objective (n.) 目标，目的（adj.）客观的e.g.: The objective of the project is easy to state.→ object (v.) 反对4.gene (n.) 基因→ genetic (adj.)e.g.: the genetic defect5.conception (n.) 观念，想法e.g.: The genetic inheritance a baby receives from its parents at the moment of conception fixes muchof its later development.→ conceive (v.)6. characteristic (n.) 特点(adj.) 典型的e.g.: The genetic inheritance determines characteristics as varied as whether it will have blue eyes.The protein gives blood its characteristic red color.7. give rise to 导致e.g.: An error in a single ‘word’ can give rise to the crippling condition of cystic fibrosis.→ contribute to8.disorder (n.) 紊乱e.g.: a genetic disorder9. fatal (adj.) 致命的e.g.: The majority of the defects are fatal.→ deadly / lethal 致命的10conventional (adj.) 传统的e.g.: in the conventional sense→ convention (n.)11. preprogram (v.) 预编程序e.g.: The defect is preprogrammed into every cell of the sufferer’s body.→ pre-: before→ pre-school education pre-historic pre-dispose 有…的倾向，易患…病12.identify (v.) 认出，认明，识别e.g.: American researchers identified the genetic defect.13. underlie (v.) 形成…的潜在原因e.g.: The genetic defect underlies one type of muscular dystrophy.14. transmit (v.) 发射，传送，传输e.g.: The parents might be at risk of transmitting a single gene defect to any children that they conceive.15. apply (vi.) 适用(vt.) 应用e.g.: The techniques could be applied to a larger project.→ application (n.)16. fundamental (adj.) 基础的，基本的e.g.: at the most fundamental level17. generate (v.) 发生，产生e.g.: the new knowledge generated by the project→ generation (n.) generator (n.)18. diverse (adj.) 各色各样的，形形色色的e.g.: diverse diseases→ diversity (n.)→ variety19. discrimination (n.) 歧视e.g.: It holds the threat of creating new forms of discrimination.→ discriminate (v.)→ prejudice20. interaction (n.) 互动e.g.: the interaction between genes and the environment21. implication (n.) 暗示，暗指e.g.: What would be the implications if humanity were to understand the genetic construction?22. overshadow (v.) 使…蒙上阴影e.g.: The mastery of the power of the atom has shaped the destiny of nations and overshadowed all ourlives.→over - : too much→ overdose overstaffed overestimate over-stimulate23.alter (v.) 改变e.g.: We may be able to alter our genetic inheritance.→ transform→ modify→ shift24.potential (n. adj.) 潜力，潜能，可能的e.g.: Such a potential is a premise and not a threat.25. component (n.) 组成部分，成分e.g.: All the components are to be recorded and studied.26. make up 构成e.g.: The components make up the DNA.27. inter-relation 相互关系，相互联系e.g.: The correct order and interrelation of all genetic data in all DNA will be mapped.28. offspring (n.) 儿女，子孙e.g.: Parents will no longer worry about giving birth to defective offspring.。
