研究生专业英语第二讲

Academic Writing Skills.au/tldinfo/writingskills/podcasts/nursingwritingskills09.pptgenre: a style of expressingyourself in writingWhether you’re a studentsor supervisors, academic writing skills are significant in today’sworld.EssaysReports PresentationsResearch papers Final thesisare just some examples ofdocuments written in the academic style.an analytic or interpretive literary compositionAcademic writing, when used appropriately, presents a polished and professional image.Academic writing skillsencompass:¾strong composition ¾excellent grammar¾a consistent stylistic approach[in'k ʌmp əs]include in scope [stai'listik]perfected or made shiny and smoothof or relating to style(especially in the use oflanguage) It is a learnt skill, rather thana natural ability or quality.2. What is academic writing?Academic writing refers to a particular styleof expression in academia.3. Features of Academic WritingAcademic writing in English is linear, which means it has onecentral point or theme with every part contributing to the main lineof argument, without digressions or repetitions . [dai'gre ʃən]a message that departs from the main subject[.repi'ti ʃən]ComplexityWritten language is relatively more complex than spoken language.FormalityAcademic writing is relativelyformal. In general this means that you should avoid colloquial words.PrecisionIn academic writing, facts andfigures are given precisely .ObjectivityWritten language is in generalobjective. Academic writing tends to use nouns (and adjectives), rather than verbs (and adverbs).Exp’licitnessAcademic writing is explicit about the relationships in the text.AccuracyAcademic writing uses vocabulary accurately.HedgingIn academic writing, it is necessary to make decisions about your stance on a particular subject.ResponsibilityIn academic writing you must be responsible for, and must be able to provide evidence and justification for, any claims you make.[k ə’l əʊkwi:əl] [pri’si ʒən] [pr ɪ’sa ɪsli] [,ɔbd ʒek’tiv əti] Attitude or feeling Characteristics includeEmploying the formal academic style, avoiding jargon , slang , andabbreviations a way of regarding situationsor topics etc.：position , view[p ə'spektiv]Synonyms [t əun]a characteristic language of a particular groupinformal language consisting of words and expressionsA formal toneUse of the third-person rather than first-person perspective Clear focus on the issue or topic rather than the author’s opinion Precise word choiceinvestigate conduct examine verify demonstrate eliminateCharacteristics of informal writingz the use ofcolloquialisms andjargonz writing in the first person viewz making “I”statements, making direct personal statements, andimprecise word choices.[k ə’l əukwi əliz(ə)m] slang, dialect[.impri'sais]characteristic of informal spokenlanguage or conversationJust as you probably would wear shorts and flip-flops to a wedding, there’s a time and a place for informalwriting . Informal writing is fine for diary entries, blogs, personal writing, letters or emails to close friends.The most informal writingimaginable is:z the text message, full of abbreviations such as “R U here ?”toconvey quick questions and responses. z In comparison, the most formal writing of all can be found in legal documents .[i'mæd ʒin əbl][‘pai ərit]someone who uses another person's work or ideas as if they were his own‘plagiarism Writers working on papersfor school, college application essays , scientific papers,research papers , international conference presentations , and business proposals generally employ a more formal style akin to donning a suit or dressto attend a wedding.[ə'kin]similar or related in quality or characterput clothing on one's body['d ɔni ŋ]4. Tips on academic writing ExamplesInformal writing :I think he ’s a loser .Formal writing :Macbeth’s horrific choices cause him to lose everything he holds dear :children, wife, friends, crown and king.frightening colon [ 'k əʊl ən]？The first statement is informal. The writer speaks in the first person , using the word “I”, and states an opinion . The slang term “loser ”, is used, which is inappropriate in a formal context. They also uses the contraction “he’s ”. If this were in the middle of a paragraph, it may be easier to understand towhom the author is referring.Taken as a simple statement, however, it’simpossible to know whether the writer thinks his best friend, hisdog, or a rock star is a loser !The second example uses an academic, formal style . Written in the third-person view , the sentence omits references to the writer and focuses on the issue. Strong, specific adjectives like “horrific ”convey the author’s view clearly without resorting to slang . The use of the colon creates a strong, formal feeling when properly usedhere to introduce a list .[ 'k əʊl ən]Where’s the resource ??•Library•On-line•Data bases (turn on remote access)•Lectures•Text books•Tutorials•News•Newspapers•Everywhere!!!5. Referencing and plagiarismMost plagiarism is acci’dental; either the result of not understanding what actually amounts to plagiarism, or of being poorly organized, so that we use the ideas of others without realizing that’s what we have done.Whenever the author has given somethingdistinctive to the information or its organization,cite the source.Anything that is common knowledge you need not cite: in other words, anything that is not distinctiveof a particular author.distinguishing /skills4study/studyskills/reading/referencing.aspunintendedWhat is plagiarism?Copying ofpassages/text/work/ideas/data without aproperacknowledgement ofthe author. Thisincludes otherstudents’work.['pleidʒiərizəm]Getting started•Find your time•Find your space•Discipline, self & others•Brain storming, clustering, mind mapping•Free writingtry to solve a problemby thinking intensely about it6. Practice makes perfectIntroduction•What is the question?•Global view from the broad to the narrow •Introduce the :•Who•What•When •Where •Why •How 5W+HThe topic•Why is it being asked?•Is it multi layered?•Does it invite a largely factual response?•Is it looking for a particular stance such asargue or cri’tique?[stæns] positionposturereview, assessment, commentLiterature•Is it current?•Is the author a credible source?•Is the subject relevant?•Clustering•References/endnoteBeginning•A quotation –is it relevant•A question•An opinion•An interesting fact•An irony or paradox•An a’nalogy•And anecdote['ænikdəut]story, narrative(especially a biographical one)[‘aiərəni[‘pærədɔks][ə’nælədʒi](logic) a statementthat contradicts itselfirony witty language富于机智的,诙谐的similarityBodyYour paragraphs should flow naturally into oneanother andconnections shouldbe made.Paragraphs•7-8 sentences•Each should be topic specific, preferably with an introductory sentence•Each sentence states the content/context and then some supporting example which is where the references come in.•The last sentence concludes the paragraph and forwards to the next.Transitional words•Joining words»Also, and, again, etc•Comparing words»Also, in comparison•Contracting words»Although, but, conversely, despite, even though, however•Positioning words»Above, adjacent to, below•Situation words»Before, briefly, consequently, finally, first[træn'zi ʃən əl]Conclusions•Don’t introduce anything new •Draw in the introduction •Demonstrate a conclusion•Give the essay a sense of completeness •Leave a final impression7. A comparison between non-academicand academic writingRevision1.Is writing skills vital for students ofscience and technology ?2. What is academic writing?3. Features of Academic Writing4. Tips on academic writing5. Referencing and plagiarism6. Practice makes perfect7. A comparison between non-academicand academic writing。

研究生英语UNIT2Commercialization and changes in sportsThroughout history sports have been used as forms of public entertainment. However, sports have never been so heavily packaged, promoted, presented and played as commercial products as they are today. Never before have decision about sports and the social relationships connected with sports been so clearly influenced by economic factors. The bottom line has replaced the goal line for many people，and sports no longer exist simply for the interest of the athletes themselves. Fun and “good games” are now defin ed in terms of gate receipts, concessions revenues, the sale of media rights, market shares, rating points, and advertising potential. Then, what happens to sports when they become commercialized? Do they change when they become dependent on gate receipts and the sale of media rights?We know that whenever any sport is converted into commercial entertainment, its success depends on spectator appeal. Although spectators often have a variety of motives underlying their attachment to sports, their interests in any sporting event is usually related to a combination of three factors: the uncertainty of an event’s outcome, the risk or financial rewards associated with participating in an event, and the anticipated display of excellence or heroics by the athletes. In other words, when spectators refer to a “good game”or an “exciting contest”, they are usually talking about one in which the outcome was in doubt until the last minutes or seconds, one in which the stakes were so high that athletes were totally committed to and engrossed in the action, or one in which therewere a number of excellent or “heroic”performances. When games or matches contain all three of these factors, they are remembered and discussed for a long time.Commercialization has mot had a dramatic effect on the format and goals of most sports. In spite of the influence of spectators, what has occurred historically is that sports have maintained their basic format. Innovations have been made within this framework, rather than completely dismantling the design of a game. For example, the commercialization of the Olympic Games has led to minor rule changes in certain events, but the basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as it was before the days of corporate endorsement and the sale of television rights..Commercialization seems to affect the orientations of sports participants more than it does the format and goals of sports. T o make money on a sport, it’s necessary to attract a mass audience to buy tickets or watch the events on television. Attracting and entertaining a mass audience is not easy because it’s made up of many people who don’t have technical knowledge about the complex athletic skills and strategies used by players and coaches. Without this technical knowledge, people are easily impressed by things extrinsic to the game or match itself; they get taken in by hype. During the events itself they often focus on things they can easily understand. They enjoy situations in which players takes risks and face clear physical danger; they are attracted to players who are masters of dramatic expression or who are willing to go beyond their normal physical limits to the point of endangering their safety and well-being, and they like to see players committed to victory no matter what the personal cost.For example, when people lack technical knowledge about basketball, they are more likely to talk about a single slam dunk than about the consistently flawless defense that enabled a team to win a game. Similarly, those who know little about the technical aspects of ice skating are more entertained by triple and quadruple jumps than by routines carefully choreographed and practiced until they are smooth and flawless. Without dangerous jumps, na?ve spectators get bored. They like athletes who project exciting or controversial personas, and they often rate performances in terms of dramatic expression leading to dramatic results. They want to see athletes occasionally collapse as they surpass physical limits, not athletes who know their limits so well they can successfully compete for years without going beyond them. When a sport comes to depend on entertaining a mass audience, those involves in the sports often revise their ideas about what is important in sport. This revision usually involves a shift in emphasis from what might be called an aesthetic orientation to a heroic orientation. In fact, the people in sports may even refer to games or matches as “show time”, and they may refer to themselves as entertainers as well as athletes. This does not mean that aesthetic orientations disappear, but it does mean that they often take a back seat to the heroic actions that entertain spectators who don’t know enough to appreciate the strategic and technical aspects of the game or match.As the need to please na?ve audiences becomes greater, so does the emphasis on heroic orientations. This is why television commentators for US football games continually talk about danger, injures, playing with pain, and courage. Some athletes however, realize the dangers associated with heroic orientationsand try to slow the move away from aesthetic orientations in their sports. For example, some former figure skaters have called for restrictions on the number of triple jumps that can be included in skating programs. These skaters are worried that the commercial success of their sport is coming to rely on the danger of movement rather than the beauty of movement. However, some skaters seem to be willing to adopt heroic orientations if this is what will please audiences and generate revenues. These athletes usually evaluate themselves and other athletes in terms of sport ethic, and they learn to see heroic actions as signs of true commitment and dedication to their sport.Commercialization also leads to changes in the organizations that control sports. When sports begin to depend on generating revenues, the control of sport organizations usually shifts further and further away from the players. In fact, the players often lose effective control over the conditions of their own participation in the sport. These conditions come under the control of general managers, team owners, corporate sponsors, advertisers, media personnel, marketing and publicity staff, professional management staff, accountant, and agents.The organization that control commercial sports are usually complex, since they are intended to coordinate the interests of all these people, but their primary goal is to maximize revenues. This means that organizational decisions generally reflect the combined economic interests of many people having no direct personal connection with a sport or with the athletes involved. The power to affect these decisions is grounded in a variety of resources, many of which are not even connected with sports. Therefore athletes in many commercial sports find themselves cut out of decision-making processes even when decisions affecttheir health and well-being.。

Unit TwoText AI. Introduction1. Warm-up activities:a. What is ignorance?b. What is the relationship between ignorance and knowledge?c. Some say ignorance is bliss. Some say ignorance is the root of all evil. State your opinion on it.Reference:a. Ignorance is a condition or state where a person ignores, disregards, or overlooks knowledge about something. It is when the person is uninformed, is uneducated about something.b. If one is overwhelmed by ignorance, he or she would not be able to know more knowledge; if one is equipped with knowledge, he or she would be able to know he or she is vulnerable to ignorance.c. (open)Once upon a time, an old illiterate person asked somebody to write a letter for him. He said, “Please write whatever I am telling you.” He then began to explain his life while the writer was busy writing. He talked about himself and some of his problems. After he finished, he turned to the writer and said, “All right. Now read me all you have writt en.” The man began to read the letter. Little by little the old man, listening to the writer very carefully, started crying. The writer looked at him surprisingly and said, “These are what you have already explained. There is nothing more in this letter. W hy are you crying then?”Still crying hard, the old man said, “I partially knew that I was a poor wretched man, but I didn’t know it so clearly as you told me today!”Quotes:a. Being ignorant is not so much a shame, as being unwilling to learn.—Benjamin Franklinb. There is nothing more frightful than ignorance in action.—Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Real knowledge is to know the extent of one’s ignorance.—ConfuciusThe recipe for perpetual ignorance is: be satisfied with your opinions and content with your knowledge.—Elbert Hubbarde. He must be very ignorant for he answers every question he is asked.—V oltaire2. Main idea of the text:The author began the essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything. The author felt pitiable yet not necessarily so depressed about his current store of knowledge after many years of costly education：Apart from the immediate personal experiences, he has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of the world. And the reasons may be that ignorance seems to do him no harm in his daily life, and his inadequate memory of knowledge may deceive him and even cause severe mistakes of misquoting. However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone may harbor the same psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person.II. Additional Information for the Teachers’ Reference Trial and error, or trial by error, is a general method of problem solving, fixing things, or for obtaining knowledge. “Learning doesn’t happen from failure itself but rather from analyzing the failure, making a change, and then trying again.” In the field of computer science, the method is called generate and test. In elementary algebra, when solving equations, it is “guess and check”. This approach can be seen as one of the two basic approaches to problem solving and is contrasted with an approach using insight and theory.Confidence trickster: a confidence trick or confidence game is an attempt to defraud a person or group by gaining their confidence. The victim is known as the mark, and any accomplices are known as shills.Confidence tricksters often rely on the greed and dishonesty of the mark, who may attempt to out-cheat the con artist, only to discover that he or she has been manipulated into losing from the very beginning. This is such a general principle in confidence tricks that there is a saying among con men that “you can’t cheat an honest man.” The confidence trickster often works with one or more accomplices called shills, who help manipulate the mark into accepting the con man’s plan. In a traditional confidence trick, the mark is led to believe that he will be able to win money or some other prize by doing some task. The accomplices may pretend to be random strangers who have benefited from successfully performing the task.III. Language Points1.Just as suddenly, and without premeditation, I found myself reviewing the extent of my knowledge and, before it was time to get up, I had come to the conclusion that I knew practically nothing about anything.---Just as it happened suddenly, I found myself evaluating the extent of my knowledge without my careful reflection upon this issue beforehand and, before it was time to get up, I had come to the conclusion that I knew literally nothing-meditation: n. the action or practice of meditatingHis later letters are intense meditations on man’s exploitation of his fellows.He was deeply interested in meditation, the East, and yoga.-practically: adv. virtually; almostAmong the recipients of the Nobel Prize for Literature more than half are practically unknown to readers of English.2.I woke from no nightmare, but was in calm and contented possession of my faculties.--- I woke from no nightmare, but remain in a sane state of being calm and contented. faculty: n.a. an inherent mental or physical powerHe is not in full possession of his mental faculties.b. an aptitude or talent for doing somethingHe had the faculty of meeting everyone on the level.c. a group of university departments concerned with a major division of knowledge the faculty of arts; the law faculty3. A mixture of sherbet and milk chocolate in equal parts produces disconcerting results.--- A mixture of sherbet and milk chocolate of equal proportion gives birth to very unpleasing effect.disconcerting: adj. causing one to feel unsettledIf the results of an experiment are too disconcerting, the scientist will check to see whether the experiment was rightly conducted without breach of other conditions. 4.I can play, with a dubious proportion of success, the game of applying to English thoughts and objects the names under which similar thoughts and objects seem to be known in France.---I can play the game of labeling English thoughts and objects with the equivalent thoughts and objects available in France, though whether this works is doubtful. dubious: adj. hesitating, doubting, or questionableHe holds the dubious distinction of being relegated with every club he has played for. It sounds a morally dubious proposal.5. I know- as yet so tentative that no two of them use the same term in the same way.---I know, not so clearly, that the various rival practitioners of a science hold such uncertain views that no two of them use the same term in the same way. practitioner: n. a person actively engaged in an art, discipline, or profession, especially medicineThe best that a practitioner can do is to have regard to the sort of multiplier which has in the past been adopted by judges in similar circumstances.tentative: adj. not certain or fixed; provisionalIt would be at once the most tentative and most final treaty that Earth had ever signed.6. The acquisition of this inconsiderable store has cost me fifty-six years and myparents a good deal of money.---It took me fifty-years and my parents a good sum of money to acquire such poor store of knowledgeinconsiderable: adj.a. of small size, amount, or extentThe prince avoided such pitfalls by simply chartering private jets and paying for them out of his not inconsiderable private coffers.b. unimportant or insignificantAt the same time, there is a good deal of self-congratulation at attending a good college- they are even inclined to exaggerate its not inconsiderable virtues.7. When I put three pennies into an automatic machine, and receive the ticket to Tottenham Count Road, I am not devoured by any desire to know how the miracle is worked.---When I put three pennies into an automatic machine, and get the ticket to the stop of Tottenham Court Road from the machine, I did not have a very strong desire to know the way how the machine works.devour: v.a. to eat (food or prey) hungrily or quicklyThe plants grow naturally in impoverished peat bogs, and they devour insects as a source of protein.b. (of a person) to be totally absorbed by a powerful feelingThe grey eyes roamed over her face, and she felt as though she was being devoured by some huge magnetic force.8. As I said, outside of the range of my own immediate experience, and such deductions of cause and effect as seem to be constant when I come into contact with them, I know next to nothing-and that at the end of an elaborate and costly education.---As I said, though I have received a very systematic and costly education, I know literally nothing, except for the range of my immediate experience, and the unchangeable deduction of cause and effect derived from my daily experience.next to: almostThe sense of relationship overreaches the historical truth that Shakespeare may have known next to nothing of the actual works of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. elaborate: adj. involving many carefully arranged parts or details; detailed and complicated in design and planningAn elaborate system of accounting and reports was worked out, and the trade was to be managed in the most scientific way.Some, like the British and the French, maintain an elaborate system of personal contacts and have experts constantly studying special areas of the American scene. 9. After all, when we put theories aside, and come down to brass tacks, why should I be?---Anyway, when we ignore theories, and start talking about the basic facts, why should I be?put aside: ignoreIf Palfrey ever had any doubts about the wickedness of slavery, they were put aside after he received an inventory of the slave property he had inherited.See also set aside, brush aside, aside from, stand asidebrass tacks: the most important or basic facts of a situationGet down to the brass tacks , and quit talking round the subject.10. Why should my limited understanding be tossed about on long and short waves, provi ded I can switch over from the program I don’t want to the one I do?---Why should I torture my limited understanding so much, if I can switch over from my disliked program to my liked program?toss about: feel agitated for something that can not be decidedAlmost any topic under the sun was likely to be tossed about in the course of a morning’s talk.Because he was the victim of the unhappy marriage of his parents, tossed about between the two, he lacked a stable and warm background.11. Not long ago, I made an appalling howler through satisfaction at my own knowledge.---Not long ago, I made a shockingly stupid mistake because of my satisfaction with my own knowledge.appalling: adj. horrifying; shockingIn Mozambique, many are living in appalling conditions without clean water and proper sanitation.howler: n. a very stupid or glaring mistakeThe prospect of making a howler in front of millions of people is a worry, for Television has destroyed some goalkeepers.12. He consults his lawyer before he gives rein to his just indignation.---Before the happily ignorant man let the free go of his anger, he consults his lawyer. give rein to: to give someone the complete freedom of actionShe is highly adept at encouraging people not only to think and give rein to the excitement of ideas, but also to think critically.13. In fact, such a premium has our civilization put upon ignorance, he gets along very comfortably indeed.---In fact, our civilization has regarded ignorance as being so valuable that the happily ignorant man actually gets quite well along his life.put a premium on: to regard or treat as particularly valuable or importantThe practice not only created a dependency culture by reducing the incentive to work, but put a premium on early marriage and on childbirth14. It would be downright discourteous to oppose to his discourse the obstacle of any previous knowledge.---It would be utterly rude to object to his talk, which may be a threat or obstacle to any previous knowledge.downright: adj. (of something bad or unpleasant) utter; complete (used for emphasis) She played a little game with herself, seeing how downright rude she could act to the others, before they’d take offense, threaten to call the manager.discourteous: adj. showing rudeness and a lack of consideration for other peopleThe young man had so little time to learn and he had to be curious he had to find out, so it was not a discourteous question.15. Am I just a surreptitious, disgraceful exception to a rule of enlightenment? Am I just the only one who does not know?---Am I just a shameful guy who keeps the secret of being the only ignorant person to myself？surreptitious: adj. kept secret, especially because it would not be approved ofLow wages were supplemented by surreptitious payments from tradesmen. enlightenment:n. the action or state of attaining or having attained spiritual knowledge or insightI gained a good deal of enlightenment from him.Key to ExercisesI. Reading comprehension1. In a morning when he woke up a few minutes earlier than he usually is, and he had not thought it before.2. It is unwise to take hold of the little door in front of a coal range in one’s fingers (learnt at the age of seven), that a mixture of sherbet and milk chocolate in equal parts produces disconcerting results (discovered at night)，and that it is socially inexpedient to make jokes about false teeth.3. It means that the author can not be sure that his application of the names of the thoughts or objects of one language to another is successful or not, and thus he thinks that its feasibility is doubtful.4. He thinks that his knowledge is inadequate compared to his lifelong investment and his parents’ money. But he feel reassured that ignorance does no harm to him, for an ignorant person does n’t misquote.5. When people realize the fact that sometimes memory is not reliable, the knowledge they possess will bring them trouble and mistakes. Therefore, ignorance does work at this time, for the ignorant men seldom make inaccurate judgment without making aninvestigation first.6. He thought that the author of the book he needed to review had neglected some contents in the book, but actually the author had not. He learned from this experience that ignorance can be a great help to him, for his memory may deceive him sometimes.7. The sentence has an ironical tone, which means that under such civilization of valuing ignorance, knowledge is not necessarily so much useful as one requires. One’s knowledge can sometimes be less helpful to him than necessary, for the information can be quickly accessed in various means.8. (open)II. Vocabulary1. expedient2.sane3. impart4. verify5. discourteous6.tentative7. dubious 8. premium 9.tossing 10. devouredIII. Phrases1. give rein to2.bet on3. at a discount4. put a premium on5. in possession of6. gave an account of7. come down to8. a burst ofIV. Error detection and correction1. “express”改为“expressing”:The potters had virtually eschewed freehand drawing and elaborate motifs of the pots, while yet expressing a belief that there was order in the universe.2. “happen”改为“happens”Taxpayers are being poured into South Africa to support a system dedicated to the oppression of 12 million people the color of whose skins happens not to be white.3. “and”改为“that”This wonderful work of art is such a joy to look at that I can never be sufficiently grateful to you for having given so much of your time in order to give me pleasure.4. “have”改为“have had”Mrs. Thatcher suggested that “had America stayed in Europe after the First World War and we had a NATO then, I do not believe we would have had a Second WorldWar.”5. “manage with”改为“manage”An infectious outbreak among the staff at a time when holidays are at a peak will be more difficult to manage.6. “robbed”改为“robbed off”To escape from a prison camp required a very special state of mind, and I left behind me brave men, whom captivity had robbed of all hope.7. “condemn”改为“condemned”One moment he had been looking forward to a happy and wealthy retirement and now, minutes later, he was a condemned criminal with only a few hours left to live.8. “likely”改为“more likely”This finding is consistent with the fact that student leaders are more likely to be supporters of the values implicit in civil liberties than the other students.9. “much”改为“as much”He ate what he felt like, slept as much or as little as he pleased, and moved about the draughty rooms of the house, like an elderly tourist in a cathedral.10. “allowing”改为“of allowing”It is a question of allowing the human race to survive, possibly under the domination of a regime which most of us detest, or of allowing it to destroy itself in appalling anguish.V. Cloze1. bitterly2. pitch3. sprawling4. observing5. entitled6. vacuum7. around 8. likely 9.diminish 10. contemplation 11. impose 12. subversion 13. reassessment 14. frazzled 15. rejuvenate参考译文无知的乐趣那天早晨，我突然从睡梦中醒过来，这比往常要早几分钟。

Every field of study has its own language and its own way of thinking. Mathematicians talk about axioms, integrals, and vector spaces. Psychologists talk about ego, id, and cognitive dissonance. Lawyers talk about venue, torts, and promissory estoppel.每个研究领域都有它自己的语言和思考方式。

数学家谈论定理、积分以及向量空间。

心理学家谈论自我、本能、以及认知的不一致性。

律师谈论犯罪地点、侵权行为以及约定的禁止翻供。

Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss—these terms are part of the economist’s language. In the comi ng chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized ways. At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane. But, as you will see, its value lies in its ability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.经济学家也一样。

Lesson 2 Communication Across CulturesText A Misunderstanding Other CulturesThere is a folk tale that comes to us from the foothills of theHimalayas. A man was trying to explain to a blind friend what colors are.He began with the color white.“ Well,” he said,“ it is like snow on the hills.”“ Oh,” the blind man said,“ then it must be a wet and dampish sort of color, isn’ t it?" No, no,” the man said,“ it is also the same color as cotton or wool.“ Oh yes, I understand. It must be a fluffy color.”“ No, it is also like paper.”“ Then it must be a crackling or fragile color,” said the blind ma “ No, not at all. It is also like china.”It is very difficult for people to understand one another if they do notshare the same experiences. Of course, we all share the experience ofbeing human, but there are many experiences which we do not share andwhich are different for all of us. It is these different experiences that makeup what is called“ culture” in the social sciences—the habits of everyday life, the cues to which people respond, the automatic reactionsthey have to whatever they see and hear. These often differ, and thedifferences may induce misunderstandings where we seek understanding.At the very beginning of a cultural exchange program, a Frenchvisitor came to the United States. He said to an American friend,aren ’ t you Americans more frank with us?”The American said,“ Why? What do you mean?”The Frenchman said,“ You tell us that you are for free enterprise, butI have been traveling throughout the United States and I have seen thatpractically all the production—all the plants and factories—a nationalized.”The Frenchman ’ s assumption arose from the fact that in France onlybuildings belonging to the French government fly the French flag. Whatthe Frenchman analyzed was not the immediate perception. He analyzedthe economic system, and what he saw he evaluated in his own way.Misinterpretations of this type can take place at a variety of levels.They can take place at the level of understanding, at the level of ideas orvalues, and sometimes at the level of feelings. The most serious are thosethat take place at the level of feelings. Very often misunderstandings atthis level come not from ill will, but from good will. Sometimes we hurtanother person ’ s feelings without wanting to do it and without knowingthat we are doing it.Here is an example. A young Japanese student came to the UnitedStates, and he was overwhelmed by the cordial reception he was given.He said, “ The American people are wonderful. They are so warm, sofriendly—much beyond my expectations.”Some time later it was told that while traveling in the West, thissame young man had had dinner with an American family and hadremarked that he greatly admired the country’ s efficiency, organization, and accomplishment. But, he said, there was one thing he would neverquite understand, and that was why Americans were so cold, so distant.His host was deeply hurt, and the visit ended on a bit of a sour note.The point here is that both the first and last statements by the youngman are typical. Very often, upon arrival in the United States manyforeign visitors are astonished by the warmth and friendliness of theAmerican people. But often after a few months they begin to feelhomesick and lonely, and they blame the Americans for causing thesefeelings by being cold. Now, why is this? I believe it is simply a questionof different rhythms.Americans have one rhythm in their personal and family relations, intheir friendliness and their charities. People from other cultures havedifferent rhythms. The American rhythm is fast. It is characterized by arapid acceptance of others. However, it is seldom that Americans engagethemselves entirely in a friendship. Their friendships are warm, but theyare casual —and they are specialized. By specialized I mean, forexample, you have a neighbor who drops by in the morning for coffee.You see her frequently, but you never invite her for dinner—not byou don ’ t think she could handle a fork and a knife, but because you haveseen her that morning. Therefore, you reserve your more formal invitation to dinner for someone who lives in a more distant part of the city and whom you would not see unless you extended an invitation for a special occasion. Now,if the first friend moves away and the second one movesnearby, you are likely to reverse this—see the second friend in the mornings for informal coffee meetings, and the first one more formallyfor dinner.In some cultures friendship means a strong life-long bond betweentwo people. In these cultures friendships develop slowly, since they arebuilt to last. But people in American society seem to be much moremobile. Studies show that one out of five American families moves everyyear. Therefore American friendships develop quickly, and they maychange just as quickly.Besides, people are, in other words, guided very often by their own convenience. Americans make friends easily, and they don’ t feel it necessary to go to a great amount of trouble to see friends often when it becomes inconvenient to do so. No matter how much they like you, theymay not come to see you for years if it is inconvenient. In Americansociety, usually no one is hurt by it. But in similar circumstances peoplefrom many other cultures would be hurt very deeply.It is only when we assume that other people do as we do and theyassume that we do as they do that feelings are hurt. Often, for example,foreign visitors feel that the American family system shows them to becold hearted and that they treat their parents badly. Their parents donlive with them. There aren’ t three or four generations in the household; no cousins, no aunts share our homes. The fact is, of course, that Americansaren ’ t cold; they just do things differently. They prize independence. Most parents in the United States don’ t want to live with their adult children. This question also leads to a point of values. We often assume that ourvalues are the right values simply because, for us they are the obviousvalues. An African ambassador in Washington, recently said to hisAmerican friends,“ One of the things which has caused misunderstandings between your people and mine is that you Americansalways speak of individualism as being good. We do not considerindividualism good. You always oppose government to individualism.What we oppose to individualism is not the government, but the family,the clan, the small community of natural primary relations. We feel thatan individualist is a lonely man.”If you talk to a Frenchman, on the other hand, he will say,“ Americans are not individualistic at all.. They have no sense ofindividualism. ” To Americans an individualist is someone who takes care of his own life, who sets a goal for himself and goes to it. If twO youngmen decide that their goal in life is to make good in the hardwarebusiness, and if each of them does it independently, Americans would say that these are two individualists. The French call individualism something entirely different. They say an individualist is someone who is differentfrom others. If there are two, people in the hardware business there can be no individualism. There is one too many.However, in Mexico, it is the uniqueness of the individual which is valued, a quality which is assumed to reside within each person andwhich is not necessarily evident through actions or achievements.That inner quality which represents the dignity of each person must be protected at all costs. Any action or remark that may be inrpreted as aslight to the person’ s dignity is to be regarded as a grave provocation. Also, as every person is part of a larger family grouping, one cannotbe regarded as a completely isolated individual.Different understandings, different senses of value, but neverthelessall views are perfectly legitimate as long as people understand each other.It is usually expected that Americans and the British would have fewer problems in understanding each other, for they share a common languageand may have little difficulty communicating with one another. Butdifferences can also be found between Americans and the British. For instance, an American working in England was once invited to take tea with one of his colleagues, which was a purely social, relaxed occasion. Teawas served along with sugar and cream. As he helped himself to完整版研究生英语Lesson2CommunicationAcrossCulturessome sugar and cream, he sensed he had done something wrong butcouldn ’ t be sure what the problem was.‘ What went wrong? Here we have to‘ look beyond the gesture of taking sugar or cream to the values expressed in this gesture: for Americans,“ Help yourself” ; for the E counterpart,“ Be my guest.“American and English people equally enjoy entertaining and beingentertained but they differ somewhat in the value of the distinction.Typically, the ideal guest at an American party is one who“ makes at home ” , even to the point of, rearranging the furniture without beingasked, suggesting the dinner menu, answering the door or fixing hisown drink. For people in many other societies, including at least thisEnglish host, such guest behavior would seem presumptuous or rude.What we have to realize is that, in analyzing problems ofcommunication across cultures, it is all too tempting to look first fordifficulties posed by language misinterpretation or assume somenonverbal indiscretion. But we have tried to suggest that themisunderstanding or misbehavior more likely resides elsewhere, in thesubtler but consistent cultural patterns of behavior which becomeunderstandable when we appreciate difference in cultural values. Thuswhat we first need, in attempting to analyze any such situation, is notnecessarily more language skills or more information about the moresof a particular culture, but rather an openness to alternatives to our own完整版研究生英语Lesson2CommunicationAcrossCulturesconventional behavior. If we appreciate the logic of our own actions, we can more quickly imagine alternatives equally consistent with other values.。

研究生英语(二)单词研究生英语（二）需要掌握的单词数量因个人基础和学科要求而异，但一般来说，需要掌握的单词量在左右。

以下是一些研究生英语（二）中常见的单词和短语，供您参考：1. academic 学术的2. assignment 作业3. essay 论文4. literature 文献5. research 研究6. term 学期7. project 项目8. presentation 报告9. exam 考试10. course 课程11. deadline 最后期限12. assignment 分配13. deadline 最后期限14. exam 考试15. term 学期16. paper 论文17. reading 阅读18. grade 分数19. class 班级20. professor 教授21. student 学生22. lecture 讲座23. course 课程24. textbook 教材25. topic 主题26. assignment 作业27. due 到期28. homework 家庭作业29. grade 成绩30. project 项目31. exam 考试32. term 学期33. paper 论文34. presentation 报告35. literature 文献36. research 研究37. course 课程38. term 学期39. project 项目40. exam 考试41. deadline 最后期限42. reading 阅读43. grade 分数44. class 班级45. professor 教授。

Unit 1Text Coping with the ComplimentKey Words and Phrasesgiggle 咯咯笑，痴笑（尤用于少女）blurt (out) 脱口而出paradox矛盾的说法inarticulate不善言辞的blink 眨眼adroit熟练的；机敏的；灵巧的poise 自信；自制etiquette礼节；礼仪bestow…upon…/on…把……赠予……carry sb. away 使失去自控力；使失去理智well off富裕的；顺利的, 走运的get possession of 拥有……put one’s mind to sth. 潜心做……come up with 找到；提出brush sth. off 拒绝；置之不理on the right track 在正轨上的；以正确方式思考或者行事的be inept at doing sth. 不擅长做某事fall flat 落空；没有达到预期的效果fall apart四分五裂the chances are (that) 很可能……vibrate (l.13) 震动，颤动overlook(l.16) 俯瞰，俯视downright (l.21)彻底的，十足的stunning (l.33) 极富魅力的，给人印象极深的glowingly (l.54) 热情洋溢地appal(l) (l.57) 使惊骇或沮丧，使大吃一惊retort (l.62) 反驳；回嘴verdict (l.73) 意见；评价Further Reading The Joy of Giving (Affirmation) —The Healing Effect of ComplimentsKey Words and Phrasesaffirm / affirmation 证实；肯定compassionate 富于同情心的disheartening 使人气馁的，令人灰心的commend 表扬；称赞deflated气馁的；情绪低落的walk of life 行业；职业；身份fit（活动或感情的）突发；冲动stoop 降低自己的道德标准（做某事）verbalize用言语表达（思想或感情）veiled掩饰的，隐藏的substantial大量的，可观的outdo超过；胜过seminar（专题）研讨会liken…to…比较两事物显示其相像suffice能满足需要；足够futile无效的；无用的intriguing引起兴趣（或好奇心）的tenacity坚持；坚韧1. It is one of the paradoxes of social intercourse that a compliment is harder to respond to than an insult. 在社会交往中，应对恭维比对付辱骂要艰难得多，这话听起来有点矛盾，却有一定的道理。

Unit 2Men V.S. (against) Women男女有别PreviewYou were once involved in an intimate relationship with the opposite sex; if not, just think about your parents or other couples you are familiar with. Smart as you are, you may have noticed that no relationship can avoid frustration or conflict, no matter how hard the two involved try to understand and compromise. Given their diverse patterns of feeling, communicating, and responding, there is reason to believe that men and women belong to different species (though they are both human beings), and then everything can be explained.Part I Text ReadingWarm-upI. Ten common complaints that are easily misinterpreted.Sometimes, men and women seldom mean the same things even when they use the same words. In the following chart ten complaints easily misinterpreted are listed, as well as how a man might respond unsupportively.Have you ever complained or responded in the similar way? Please use the sentence pattern: women...while men ...to generalize men's and women's speaking patterns. Example:Women complain while men ignore.Women talk about feelings while men talk about facts.Women care while men give the cold shoulder.II. Here is a problem!Now you have known some differences between men and women, then let's predict what both would say or do when facing the following problems. (X may refer to either a man or a woman)1. A friend asks X to lend an amount of money which X can barely afford.If X is a woman: __________________________________________________________________ If X is a man: ____________________________________________________________________2. Here is a guy in the class or in the office who always bullies X.If X is a woman: __________________________________________________________________ If X is a man: _________________________________________________________________3. X is laid off and hardly finds another job.If X is a woman: __________________________________________________________________ If X is a man: __________________________________________________________________4. It seems X's spouse is involved in an affair with another one.If X is a woman: __________________________________________________________________ If X is a man: __________________________________________________________________ III. Annie tells you!Annie is a marriage counselor. Here is a letter from one of her clients. If you were Annie, what advice would you give?Dear Annie:I am a young married woman. My husband, let's call him "Pete," is very possessive and jealous. He also has an anger problem. Anytime I go to the store, he wants to know exactly what store I am going to, who I'm going with, when I am going to be home, etc.Pete was like this a little bit before we married, but since we said "I do," it has gotten to the point where he will check my underwear to make sure I have returned home in the same pair. Does he expect me to buy new ones every time I go out? Once, he was really drunk and got physical. It took me a while to forgive him for that, but I will never forget it. I fight with him constantly and we argue over everything. I don't want to file for divorce, but that seems like my only choice. Any advice for a woman in need?--Frustrated in the Farmland Text(Let)Men Go to Their Caves and Women (go to their) Talk1男女顺其自然John Gray[1] One of the biggest differences between men and women is how they cope with (deal with) stress. Men become increasingly focused and withdrawn while women become increasingly overwhelmed (defeated) and emotionally involved. At these times (At these moments), a man's needs for feeling good (良好的感觉) are different from a woman's (needs). He feels better by solving problems while she feels better by talking about problems. Not understanding and accepting these differences creates (leads to) unnecessary friction (conflict) in our relationships (marriages). Let's look at a common (常见的) example.[2] When Tom comes home, he wants to relax and unwind (=relaxed) by quietly reading the news. He is stressed (bothered) by the unsolved problems of his day and finds relief (解脱->relieve) through forgetting them.[3] His wife, Mary, also wants to relax from her stressful day. She, however, wants to find (relieve->) relief by talking about the problems of her day. The tension slowly building (strenthening累积) between them gradually becomes resentment (hatred).[4] Solving this problem for Tom and Mary depends not on how much they loved each otherbut on how much they understood the opposite sex. Without knowing that women really do need to talk about problems to feel better, Tom would continue to think Mary talked too much and resist listening to her. Without knowing that Tom was reading the news to feel better, Mary would feel ignored and neglected. She would persist in trying to get (make) him to talk when he didn't want to.Coping with stress on Mars2 and Venus3[5] When a Martian (火星人) gets (becomes) upset he never talks about what is bothering him. He would never burden (vt. bother) another Martian with his problem unless his friend's assistance (help) was necessary to solve the problem. Instead (On the contray) he becomes very quiet and goes to his private cave4(corner) to think about his problem, mulling it over to find a (to solve a problem<->to answer a question) solution. When he has found a solution, he feels much better and comes out of his cave.[6] If he can't find a solution to forget his problems, like (such as) reading the news or playing a game. By disengaging (release) his mind (brain) from the problems of his day, gradually he can relax. If his great it takes (needs) getting involved with something even more challenging, like (such as) racing (drving) his car, (compete->) competing in a contest, or climbing a mountain.[7] When a Venusian (woman) becomes upset (nervous) or is stressed by her day, to find relief, she seeks out (find) someone she trusts and then talks in great detail about the problems of her day. When Venusians (women) share feelings of being overwhelmed, they suddenly feel better. This is the Venusian (woman) way.Finding relief in the cave.[8] When a man is stressed he will withdraw into the cave of his mind (心灵的空间/时间：独处的时刻) and focus on solving a problem. He generally (usually) picks (choose) the most urgent problem or the most difficult. He becomes so focused (absorbed) on solving this one problem that he temporarily loses awareness of everything else. Other problems and responsibilities fade into the background (退到幕后).[9] At such times (at such moments), he becomes increasingly distant, forgetful, unresponsive, and preoccupied in his relationships. His full awareness (conscience) is not present because he is mulling (thinking) over his problem, hoping to find a solution. The more stressed he is, the more gripped (occupied聚精会神) by the problem he will be. At such times he is incapable of giving a woman the attention and feeling that she normally (usually) receives and certainly deserves. If, however, he can find a solution, instantly (immediately/ at once) he will feel much better and come out of his cave; suddenly he is available (free) for being in a relationship again.[10] However, if he cannot find a solution to his problem, then he remains (stick: n./vi.) stuck (cornered) in the cave. To get (free) unstuck (released) he is drawn to solving little problems, like (such as) reading the news, watching TV, driving his car, doing physical exercise, watching a football game, playing basketball, and (so on and) so forth. Any challenging activity that (initiate->) initially (=previously) requires only 5 percent of his mind (mental energy脑力) can assist (help) him in forgetting his problems and becoming unstuck. Then the next day he can redirect his focus to his problem with greater success (=more successfully). [be at sb.‟s wit‟s end]Finding relief through talking[11] When a woman is stressed she instinctively feels a need to talk about her feelings and all the possible problems that are associated with her feelings. When she begins talking she does not (priority->) prioritize the significance of any problem. If she is upset, then she is upset about it all,(no mater it is) big and small. She is not (medium) immediately concerned with (=worry about sth./ sb.) finding solutions to her problems but rather seeks relief by expressing herself and being understood. By randomly talking about her problems, she becomes less upset (nervous).[12] As a man under stress tends to (likely) focus on one problem and forget others, a woman under stress tends to expand and become overwhelmed (defeated) by all problems. By talking about all possible problems without focusing on problem solving she feels better. Through exploring her feelings in this process (过程) she gains (gets) a greater awareness (understanding) of what is really bothering her, and then suddenly she is no longer (not anymore不再) so overwhelmed.[13] To feel better, women talk about past problems, future problems, potential problems, evenwomen operate (live).self (the right to be a woman)5.[14] When a woman is overwhelmed (defeated) she finds relief through talking in great detail about her various problems. Gradually, if she feels she is being heard, her stress disappears. After talking about one topic she will pause and then move on to the next. In this way she continues to expand talking about problems, worries, disappointments, and (frustrate->) frustrations. These topics need not be in any order and tend to be logically unrelated. If she feels she is not being understood, her awareness (knowledge) may expand even further, and she may become upset about more problems.[15] Just as a man who is stuck in the cave needs little problems to distract him, a woman who doesn't feel heard will need to talk about other problems that are less immediate (=urgent) to feel relief. To forget her own painful feelings she may become emotionally involved in the problems of others. In addition (Besides/ Furthermore) she may find relief through discussing the problems of her friends, her problems or others' problems, talking is a natural and healthy Venusian reaction (response) to stress.Notes1. This text is excerpted (cited/ adapted) from Men are from Mars, Women are from V enus (published in May 1992), which is a book by John Gray offering (giving) many suggestions for improving husband-wife relationships by understanding style and emotional needs of the opposite gender. The book, as suggested by the title, asserts (confirm) the notion (idea/ concept) that men and women are as different as beings from other planets. Gray adopts (采用) this metaphor (暗喻) as the central theme (主题) of all his books and seminars (small lectures), likening men and women to the classical Roman god Mars and goddess Venus as ideal types.2. Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the Solar System. The planet is named after Mars, the Roman god of war (战神). It is also referred (called) to as the "Red Planet" because of its reddish (light red微红) appearance.3. Venus is the second-closest planet to the Sun. The planet is named after Venus, the Roman goddess of love (爱神).4. (hole) cave: it metaphorically refers to a state of situation or mind when men, under stress (压力), withdraw until they find a solution to the problem. John Gray refers to this as "retreating into their cave." In some cases they may (literate<->illiterate问文盲) literally retreat, for example, to the garage (车库/ 汽车修理厂) or spend time with friends. this is a"time-out" (隐退的时间themselves from the problems so their brains can focus on something else.5. To expect otherwise is to deny a woman her sense of self: To expect a woman to react in another way is to turn a blind eye to her value as a woman, or a human being(s). [deny sb. of sth.=deprive sb. of sth.(right)剥夺某人的某物]Word Bank(assist=help) assistance: n. aid帮助，协助; first aid急救associate (~ A with B= relate A to B): 1) n.a companion (=company伙伴/ 公司; accompany sb. to somewhere); 1)n. a partner合伙人2)v. to connect in the mind or imagination联想; 3)a. 副~ professor副教授disengage: v. to release (oneself) from an engagement, pledge, or obligation解脱，解放; be oblighed (#forced) to do sth.不得不做某事；be ~in sth.参与某事(attract<->) distract (->distraction干扰): v. to cause to turn away from the original focus of attention or interest分散，转移(move->motion/ motion picture=film/ movie) emotionally: adv. related to emotion情绪上地fade: v. to lose strength or vitality (energy)衰退forgetful: adj. tending or likely (possible) to forget健忘; forgetable<->unforgetable(frict: vt.) friction: n. conflict, as between persons having dissimilar ideas or interests矛盾Ignore (->ignorant->ignorance): v. to refuse to pay attention to不理睬，忽视(instinct: n.-> instinctive; a.->) instinctively: adv. relating to, or resulting from instinct本能地Mars: n. the fourth planet from the sun火星；~ Square战神广场(mall购物广场#) mull: v. to go over extensively in the mind思虑; (neglegence->neglegeble) neglect: v. to pay little or no attention to忽视，疏忽overwhelm (overcome/ defeat): v. to overpower the thoughts, emotions, or senses (=reason) of 制服，控制preoccupy: v. to engross the thoughts or mind of使全神贯注，迷住; enable; encourage鼓励(at random=) randomly: adv. of no specific order or pattern随意，任意地(resent: vt.) resentment: n. anger, bitterness怨恨，愤恨(lose one‟s temper发火->temporary) temporarily: adv. of a short period of time暂时，临时地(tense->) tension: n. a situation or condition of (host<->hstess->hostile->) hostility suspense, or [easy#ease: 1. n./ 2. vt. to ease the pain；make you at ~=make you at home; feel/ be at ease很自在/ 很舒服) uneasiness (unconfortableness/ nervousness)紧张局势(response: n. respond: vi. ->responsive->) unresponsive: adj. exhibiting a lack of responsiveness迟钝的[wind: 1. n.->windy; 2. vt. to ~ the clock; 3. vi. ~ road] unwind: v. to make or become relaxed 放松，释放Venus: n. the second planet from the sun金星withdraw：v. to retire or retreat撤离，撤退Phrases and Expressionsbe associated with: to be connected with与…有关cope with: to deal with妥善处理，有效地对付fade into: to disappear into消失于…focus on: to concentrate on聚焦mull over (=think over): to reflect deeply on琢磨，反复考虑persist in (sth./ doing sth.)= insist on (sth./ doing sth.): to continue doing (same) sth.[=continue to do sth. else]坚持，固执于…Reading ComprehensionChoose the best for each of the following.1. What can be learned from the story of Tom and Mary?A. Men and women are different in coping with stress.B. Tom and Mary are not in love now.C. Men tend to solve problems while women tend to ignore problems.D. Friction in relationships often leads to misunderstanding and intolerance.2. "Instead he becomes very quiet and goes to his private cave to think about his problem,...". (Para.5) Here the "cave" refers toA. a hollow passage under the earth or into the mountainB. his bed-roomC. his own private space where he could relieve stressD. a place that promises a good shelter from stress3. When a man is stressed he will often turn to the following means for relief exceptA. picking the most urgent problem or the most difficultB. diverting his attention directly to solving little problemsC. remaining stuck in his cave till the problem is solvedD. becoming focused on solving problems and losing awareness of everything else4. What will a woman do when she is stressed?A. Prioritizing the significance of any problem.B. Talking about her feelings and all the possible problems associated with her feelings.C. Seeking relief by expressing herself and being understood.D. Both B and C.5. It can be learned from the text that the greatest difference in coping with stress between men and women is thatA. men become detached from the world while women are emotionally involvedB. men focus on one problem and forget others while women expand and become overwhelmed by all problemsC. men get stuck in the cave and find no way out while women stay out of the ayeD. men escape to the cave while women are immediately concerned with finding solutionsII. Complete the following summary (summarize) of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letter of each word has been given to you.Both men and women have a lot to learn about the opposite sex before their relationships are truly (full+fill) fulfilling (=successful). The way of (1) coping with stress is just one of the must-to-know differences.Every so often (Frequently), when a man is upset or (2) stressed, he becomes increasinglyfocused and (3) withdraws to his own cave (private space), which would end up (result in/ lead to导致) being the computer room (study书房) of their small home or the garage. Sometimes he'd be camped out in front of the TV for a few hours, not wanting to be talked to. All throughout the cave time, he stays (remains/ keeps) quiet, (4) mulling over the problem to find a (5) solution and becomes so focused (be absorbed in sth.) on solving this one problem that he temporarily loses (6) awareness of everything else.On Venus (In the female world), however, one of the important rules to deal with stress is talking, talking, being heard and understood. When a woman is stressed out, she feels urged to share (~ sth. with sb.) and gain ideas on what they are feeling-- talking feels like (7) releasing the burden (包袱/ 负担) of what they are stressed about. Then she feels better by talking about all possible problems without (8) focusing on problem solving. It's great (=important) for her if she can feel she is being (9) heard, and then her stress disappears.It's important to read between the lines and understand the difference. Most men will not be happy without a time and a place to retreat. And in the meantime (at the same), for women talking is a natural and healthy Venusian (10) reaction to stress.VocabularyI. Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1. He was _____ with gratitude (n. thankfulness) to Professor Brown for helping him.A. excitedB. concerned (worried)C. overwhelmed (occupied)D. interested2. The _____ between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits has been greatly relaxed.A. (intend->) intentionB. tensionC. tenseD. attention3. The scholarship helped Martin to tide over (go through/ overcome) a _____ embarrassment.A. temporaryB. contemporary(同时代/ 当代的)C. temporal(temporal)D. tempting (attract)4. We should enhance (strong->strength->strengthen) people's _____ that caring for the aged is the traditional virtue (品质、道德) of Chinese culture.A. excitementB. knowledgeC. understandingD. awareness (idea/ ideology意识形态)5. I don't grudge (scorn/ look down upon蔑视/ accept) him his success, that is (i.e./ namely也就是说), I admit he _____ it.A. (Indian) preserves (n预留)B. conserves (保护)C. deserves (该得到)D. reserves (保留/ 含蓄)6. While （Although）people traditionally _____ caring, sharing and (generous->慷慨大度) generosity in life and work, modern people seem to be more self-absorbing and self-concerned (=selfish).A. valueB. regard (=consider: vt.)C. prioritize(优先考虑)D. (commodity日用品->)commoditize (to market as a product vt. 使商品化)7. You can't regard him as a friend but (excerpt) a business _____.A. (relate A to B->) relativeB. associate (colleague)C. comrade同志D. (speak->spoke->spoken->) spokesman发言人8. I will calm (a./vt.平静) down and seriously _____ over my work and teaching methodology in order to take them to a new level (水平/ 高度).A. mullB. mumbleC. mute (quiet)D. mock (=laugh at/ ridicule)9. I'm in a puzzle as to (about/ as far as something is concerned就…而言) how to _____ the new situation (处境).A. figure out (=work out)B. lie (位于/ 存在于…) with (together with与…在一起)C. work on 在做…D. cope with处理/ 对付10. Leaders who _____ education are neither far-sighted (远见) nor mature (成熟), and they are therefore (因此) unable to lead the drive (desire/ motivation) for (modern->modernize->) modernization.A. neglectB. omitC. respect (尊敬)D. avoidII. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary. stress initial involve random forgetdistract engage seek withdraw significantexpand capable available preoccupy resentment1. Someone who is cool and calm (a./vt.) in stressful situations is level-headed (头脑冷静).2. Richard resents being interrupted while he is working.3. You were too preoccupied to notice (1.广告海报；2.vt.无意中发现) me at the bus stop yesterday.4. As I grow (=become) older I become increasingly forgetful.5. All the children were involved in the school play(剧目/ 戏剧).6. His (honest->) honesty made him incapable of lying.7. She (withdraw) withdrew (以前的) remarks (评论), and (apology->) apologized.8. There are too many (attract->attraction) distractions in the hotel for me to work properly (=well).10. This book is an (expand->) expansion (拓展) of the play he wrote before.TranslationPut the following paragraphs into Chinese.When a woman is stressed she instinctively feels a need to talk about her feelings and all the possible problems that are associated with her feelings. When she begins talking she does not prioritize the significance of any problem. If she is upset, then she is upset about it all, (no mater it is) big and small. She is not immediately concerned with finding solutions to her problems but rather seeks relief by expressing herself and being understood. By randomly talking about her problems, she becomes less upset.参考译文：女人有压力时，会直觉地需要找人谈自己的感受以及所有可能与之相关的问题。