英汉语言对比-习题·+答案

Chapter 1Ⅰ. Answer QuestionsDirections: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary.1. What are synthetic languages(综合语)? How are they characterized?2. What are analytical languages（分析语）? How are they characterized?3. How man formal changes are possible to English words? Is there any formal change（形态变化）in Chinese language?4. Why English language is more flexible is word order（语序）? Why is it not so in Chinese?5. What is the usual word order in English sentences? Which are the nine types of inversion in English sentences?6. What are the E—C differences in formal words（形式词）?7. How many kinds of formal words （形式词）are there in English language?8. How is English phonological system(语音系统) formed? How is Chinese one?9. Does Chinese phonological and characteristic system have any advantage in literary forms?10. Why Chinese is called Tone Language（声调语言）?Ⅱ. Fill in the BlanksDirections: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook.11.综合语的特征是，分析语的特征是。

英汉互译英汉语言对比练习2英语语言对比练习分析句子内部结构和关系，翻译时注意母语的迁移现象：1. 人到齐就开会。

2.不要人云亦云。

3. 帐单撕碎了。

4. 问题解决了。

5.你再说一个字，我马上走6. 你死了，我去当和尚。

7. 人在阵地在。

8. 人无远虑，必有近忧。

9. 病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。

10. 我来他已去。

11. 他人老心不老。

12. He wore dark glasses, and thick jersey, and stopped up his ears with cotton wool.13. Some Americans pop across the border simply to fuel up on flavorful Mexican food and beer.14. But his attack was always repulsed击退by a kick or blow from a stick.15. Kino hurrying towards to his house, felt a surge of exhilaration.分析观察汉语的句式并翻译：1. 他决定去拉车，/就拉车去了。

/赁了辆破车，/他先练练腿。

/第一天没拉着什么钱。

/第二天的生意不错，/可是躺了两天，/他的脚脖子肿得像两条瓠子似的，/再也抬不起来。

2. 原来这婆娘自从药死武大，/哪那里肯带孝，/每日只是浓妆艳抹，/和西门庆作一处取乐。

/听得武松叫声“武二归来了”，/慌忙去面盆里洗落了脂粉，/剥去了首饰钗环，/蓬松挽了个髻，/脱去了红裙绣袄，/旋穿上孝群孝衫，/便从楼上哽哽咽咽假哭下来。

//3. 武松沉吟了半晌，/便出门去，/径投县里来；/开了锁，/去房里换了一身素净衣服，/便叫士兵打了一条麻绦，/系在腰里；/身边藏了一把尖长柄短背厚刃薄的解腕刀，/取了些银两带在身边。

翻译时注意英汉两种语言之间修饰语的差异：姑娘北京姑娘漂亮的北京姑娘年轻漂亮的北京姑娘身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘正看着我们的两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘正面带笑容看着我们的两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘翻译下面句子，注意英汉两种语言形合与意合的差异：5.All was cleared up some time later when news came froma distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.6.When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.7. It has been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would close their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.8. The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.9. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.10. Power can be transmitted over a great distance with practically negligible loss if it is carried by an electric current.11. The present onslaught猛攻/猛击of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind.12.He boasts that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil and he sells the children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash in the factories for sixteen hours a day.13.They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma耻辱/瑕疵that they had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war.14. Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly可怕whimsical荒谬than that of gunners using science to shatter men’s bodies while, cl ose at hand, surgeons use it to restore them?15. There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.1.说是说了，没有结果。

一引入1.What Is Language Transfer?谈谈自己的想法并举两个例子Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired . Odlin (1989: 27)迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之间的相似和差异而产生的影响。

奥德林Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning.对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。

Examples of Negative Transfer：He only eat two meal a day. Morphological transfer （词形迁移）Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese. 在汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。

Shanghai is said to have thirteen million population. Collocation transfer (搭配迁移)The noun renkou, the Chinese equivalent of ‘population’, can have a numerical pre-modifier. Population的汉语对应词“人口”在汉语中可以用前置数词来修饰。

Chinese EnglishMeaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence (隐性连贯)Paratactic语义型语言(以意统形) Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion（显性联接）Hypotactic形态型语言(以形驭意)left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion狮子型语言right-extending heavy-tailed like a peacock孔雀型语言moving point of sight（视点流动）fixed point of sight（视点固定）bamboo-like sentence structure（竹式结构）with different sections linked and yet separated tree-like sentence structure （树式结构）with different parts connected like branches and sub-branches to the trunk lineTopic-Comment Sentence Structure （话题-评论结构）Topic-prominent Language话题突出型语言Subject-Predicate Sentence Structure （主语-谓语结构）Subject-prominent Language主语突出型语言Order of linguistic elements: relatively fixed like bamboo-making （制竹）（语序相对固定）Order of linguistic elements: relatively flexible like block-building （积木）（语序相对灵活）3.中文的竹式结构，英文的树式结构能够举例说明从前这里有一个渔村，村里住着十户人家，这十户人家全靠打鱼、种地为生，生活艰苦，但很安宁。

第3章英汉语言的对比3.1 英汉词汇现象对比一、试译下列各短语，注意英汉语中词的多义性和搭配能力的不同1. ①soft music②soft life③soft drink④soft goods⑤soft light⑥soft breeze【译文】①轻音乐；②安逸的生活；③软饮料（不含酒精）；④纺织品；⑤柔和的光线；⑥微风2. ①a handsome car②a handsome man③a handsome profit④a handsome compliment【译文】①漂亮的车；②英俊的男士；③一大笔利润；④大加赞赏3.①good results②good food③a good point④a good deed【译文】①好的结果；②符合标准的食物；③有说服力的依据；④高尚的习惯行为4.①poor health②poor food③poor light④poor soil⑤a poor country⑥a poor swimmer【译文】①身体不好；②劣质食物；③昏暗的光线；④贫瘠的土壤；⑤贫穷的国家；⑥不擅长游泳的人5. ①regular breathing②regular customers③a face with regular features④a regular army/soldier⑤a regular disaster【译文】①均匀的呼吸；②老主顾；③五官端正的脸庞；④正规军；正规军士兵；⑤一场彻底的灾难6. ①to cut wheat②to cut cake③to cut finger-nails【译文】①割麦子；②切蛋糕；③剪指甲7. ①to fuel up on food②to fuel up on water【译文】①吃点食物；②喝点啤酒二、试译下列单词和句子，根据汉语表达习惯进行增添1. sorting【答案】分类法2. allergy【译文】（医学）变（态反）应性/过敏性3. measurement【译文】测量法/测量结果4. neutralization【译文】中和作用/中立状态5. modification【译文】修改方案/修正稿6. oxidation【译文】氧化作用7. transmission【译文】传递方式/传动装置8. cycling【译文】周期变化9. programming【译文】程序编制10. magnetization【译文】磁化作用/磁化强度11. mercuriality【译文】易变特性12. substitution【译文】取代作用13. corrosive【译文】腐蚀剂14. dripping【译文】滴注法15. assimilation【译文】同化作用16. relativity【译文】相对论17. lithonephrotomy【译文】肾结石切除术18. memory【译文】存储器19. After the First World War, the mine-owners of South Wales were unable toproduce coal as cheaply as the more mechanized mines abroad, with the result that for many years there was serious unemployment in South Wales.【译文】第一次世界大战以后，南威尔士矿主不能像海外机械化程度较高的煤矿一样廉价出煤，结果南威尔士多年来有着严重的失业现象。

英语语言对比练习分析句子内部结构和关系，翻译时注意母语的迁移现象：1. 人到齐就开会。

2.不要人云亦云。

3. 帐单撕碎了。

4. 问题解决了。

5.你再说一个字，我马上走6. 你死了，我去当和尚。

7. 人在阵地在。

8. 人无远虑，必有近忧。

9. 病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。

10. 我来他已去。

11. 他人老心不老。

12. He wore dark glasses, and thick jersey, and stopped up his ears with cotton wool.13. Some Americans pop across the border simply to fuel up on flavorful Mexican food and beer.14. But his attack was always repulsed击退by a kick or blow from a stick.15. Kino hurrying towards to his house, felt a surge of exhilaration.分析观察汉语的句式并翻译：1. 他决定去拉车，/就拉车去了。

/赁了辆破车，/他先练练腿。

/第一天没拉着什么钱。

/第二天的生意不错，/可是躺了两天，/他的脚脖子肿得像两条瓠子似的，/再也抬不起来。

2. 原来这婆娘自从药死武大，/哪那里肯带孝，/每日只是浓妆艳抹，/和西门庆作一处取乐。

/听得武松叫声“武二归来了”，/慌忙去面盆里洗落了脂粉，/剥去了首饰钗环，/蓬松挽了个髻，/脱去了红裙绣袄，/旋穿上孝群孝衫，/便从楼上哽哽咽咽假哭下来。

//3. 武松沉吟了半晌，/便出门去，/径投县里来；/开了锁，/去房里换了一身素净衣服，/便叫士兵打了一条麻绦，/系在腰里；/身边藏了一把尖长柄短背厚刃薄的解腕刀，/取了些银两带在身边。

翻译时注意英汉两种语言之间修饰语的差异：•姑娘•北京姑娘•漂亮的北京姑娘•年轻漂亮的北京姑娘•身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘•两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘•正看着我们的两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘正面带笑容看着我们的两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘翻译下面句子，注意英汉两种语言形合与意合的差异：5.All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.6.When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.7. It has been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would close their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.8. The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.9. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.10. Power can be transmitted over a great distance with practically negligible loss if it is carried by an electric current.11. The present onslaught猛攻/猛击of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind.12.He boasts that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil and he sells the children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash in the factories for sixteen hours a day.13.They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma耻辱/瑕疵that they had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war.14. Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly可怕whimsical荒谬than that of gunners using science to shatter men’s bodies while, cl ose at hand, surgeons use it to restore them?15. There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.1.说是说了，没有结果。

班级：姓名：学号：序号：
根据相关英汉语言对比知识回答下列问题：
1.英汉语动词在语法意义和造句作用方面有什么差异？此种差异对翻译和第二
语言习得有什么借鉴意义？
2.如何理解英语重形合、汉语重意合？英汉语此种特征对翻译有什么指导意
义？
3.什么是异化和归化？在语际转换过程中，异化原则和归化原则可用于解决那
些问题？
4.英汉语合成构词有什么区别？其各自的特点对于翻译实践有何意义？
5.英汉语语序有何差异？
6.为什么说英语是树状结构语言而汉语是竹状结构语言？此种差异对英汉互译有什么样
的启示？
7.如何理解英语是静态语言而汉语是动态语言？举例说明此种差异对翻译的指导意义。

8.什么是话题和评论？如何理解汉语多话题-评论型句式而英语多主语-谓语型句式？举例
说明。

9.英汉名词的语法功能之间的差异是什么？
10.为什么有些语言学家认为英语是综合-分析语？
11.试从英汉思维差异说明说明为什么英语多物称主语，而汉语多人称主语？
12.英汉定语的位置和词序有何差异？
13.“祈使句+陈述”能表示哪些意义？
14.什么情况下英语要使用被动句？
15.英汉社会差异有何差异？。

汉英对比考题版汉英对比考题版第一章导论1. 重要概念对比语言学比较语言学2. 简答3）结合自身实际情况，谈谈你对汉英语言对比学习要求的认识。

3. 论述1）第一讲中图（1）的四个象限分别代表了什么类型的比较？其研究对象分别是什么？第二章思考题一．重要概念沃尔夫假说使用明显不同的语法的人，会因其使用的语法不同而有不同的观察行为，对相似的外在观察行为也会有不同的评价；因此，作为观察者他们是不对等的，也势必会产生在某种程度上不同的世界观。

形合重形式结构协调，让读者和听者分析其中的意义和关系：词有严格意义的形态变化，用词强调“人称”、“数”、“格”等的一致；句子受严谨的主谓结构协调一致的制约，多用或常用关联词语，注重形式衔接，以形显义、以形统意、以法摄神，以形态变化制约句子结构。

意合重意义组合而轻形式结构，让读者和听者领悟其中的意义和关系：词没有严格意义的形态变化，用词注重功能、意义；句子不受严谨的主谓结构的约束，少用或不用关联词语，摆脱形式的束缚，直接表达现实和思维过程，体现悟性的象似性，词语之间的关系常在不言之中，语法意义和逻辑联系常隐含在字里行间。

受事施事化从思维上作深层分析，汉语多用主动式显然受到“主体意识”的影响。

在汉语思维定势中，行为是“人”这个主体进行或完成的，“事”或“物”不可能自己去进行或完成任何行为，再加上汉语言文字上并不具备这种给以“说明”的形态手段，因此表现为广泛的“受事施事化”。

1、汉语缺乏像英语那样的词缀虚化手段，因而常常用比较具体的方式来表达抽象的意义。

那么汉语可采用什么样的手段来表达英语的抽象词义呢？试举例说明。

汉语往往采用如下的手段表达英语的抽象词义：A：动词取代抽象名词He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions.在决策过程中，他已经不那么抛头露面了。

B：范畴词使抽象概念具体化范畴词(category word)用来表示行为、现象、属性等概念所属的范畴，是汉语常用的特指手段：What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties.那时他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的局面。

一引入1.What Is Language Transfer?谈谈自己的想法并举两个例子Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired . Odlin (1989: 27)迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之间的相似和差异而产生的影响。

奥德林Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning.对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。

Examples of Negative Transfer：He only eat two meal a day. Morphological transfer （词形迁移）Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese. 在汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。

Shanghai is said to have thirteen million population. Collocation transfer (搭配迁移)The noun renkou, the Chinese equivalent of ‘population’, can have a numerical pre-modifier. Population的汉语对应词“人口”在汉语中可以用前置数词来修饰。

Chinese EnglishMeaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence (隐性连贯)Paratactic语义型语言(以意统形) Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion（显性联接）Hypotactic形态型语言(以形驭意)left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion狮子型语言right-extending heavy-tailed like a peacock孔雀型语言moving point of sight（视点流动）fixed point of sight（视点固定）bamboo-like sentence structure（竹式结构）with different sections linked and yet separated tree-like sentence structure （树式结构）with different parts connected like branches and sub-branches to the trunk lineTopic-Comment Sentence Structure （话题-评论结构）Topic-prominent Language话题突出型语言Subject-Predicate Sentence Structure （主语-谓语结构）Subject-prominent Language主语突出型语言Order of linguistic elements: relatively fixed like bamboo-making （制竹）（语序相对固定）Order of linguistic elements: relatively flexible like block-building （积木）（语序相对灵活）3.中文的竹式结构，英文的树式结构能够举例说明从前这里有一个渔村，村里住着十户人家，这十户人家全靠打鱼、种地为生，生活艰苦，但很安宁。