Study on process of roll bonding stainless and carbon steel under non-vacuum condition

Designation:A934/A934M–04Standard Specification forEpoxy-Coated Prefabricated Steel Reinforcing Bars1This standard is issued under thefixed designation A934/A934M;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope*1.1This specification covers deformed and plain steel reinforcing bars which prior to surface preparation are prefab-ricated and then coated with a protective fusion-bonded epoxy coating by electrostatic spray or other suitable method.1.2Prefabricated steel reinforcing bars coated with fusion-bonded epoxy formulations in accordance with this specifica-tion are not intended to be bent or rebent.N OTE1—Experience has shown epoxy-coated prefabricated steel rein-forcing bars have limited capability to be successfullyfield bent or rebent (see9.3.1).If the construction project requires epoxy-coated steel rein-forcing bars that must be able to sustainfield bending or rebending,the use of coated bars conforming to Specification A775/A775M should be considered.1.3Organic coatings other than epoxy may be used pro-vided they meet the requirements of this specification.1.4Requirements for epoxy coatings are contained in An-nex A1.1.5Guidelines for application process and product test procedures of epoxy coatings for steel reinforcing bars are presented in Appendix X1.1.6Guidelines for construction practices at the job-site for coated steel reinforcing bars are presented in Appendix X2.1.7This specification is applicable for orders in either SI (metric)units(as Specification A934M)or inch-pound units [as Specification A934].1.8The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.Within the text,the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.The values stated in the two systems are not exact equivalents:therefore,each system must be used independently of the bining values from the systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.1.9This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:2A615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Billet-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA706/A706M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel De-formed and Plain Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA775/A775M Specification for Epoxy-Coated Steel Re-inforcing BarsA944Test Method for Comparing Bond Strength of Steel Reinforcing Bars to Concrete Using Beam-End Specimens A996/A996M Specification for Rail-Steel and Axle-Steel Deformed Bars for Concrete ReinforcementB117Practice for Operating Salt Spray(Fog)Testing ApparatusD4060Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber AbraserG8Test Methods for Cathodic Disbonding of Pipeline CoatingsG14Test Method for Impact Resistance of Pipeline Coat-ings(Falling Weight Test)G20Test Method for Chemical Resistance of Pipeline CoatingsG42Test Method for Cathodic Disbonding of Pipeline Coatings Subjected to Elevated TemperaturesG62Test Methods for Holiday Detection in Pipeline Coat-ings2.2NACE International Standard:3RP0287Field Measurement of Surface Profile of Abrasive Blast Cleaned Steel Surfaces Using a Replica Tape2.3Society for Protective Coatings Specifications:4 SSPC-SP10Near-White Blast CleaningSSPC-VIS1Pictorial Surface Preparation Standards for Painting Steel SurfacesSSPC-PA2Measurement of Dry Coating Thickness with Magnetic Gages1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01on Steel, Stainless Steel,and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.05on Steel Reinforcement.Current edition approved March1,2004.Published April2004.Originally approved st previous edition approved in2003as A934/A934M–03.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3Available from NACE International,1440South Creek,Houston,TX77084.4Available from Society for Protective Coatings,4024th Street,Pittsburgh,PA 15222.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard. Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.2.4American Concrete Institute Specification:5ACI 301Specifications for Structural ConcreteACI 315Details and Detailing of Concrete Reinforcement 2.5Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute:6“V oluntary Certification Program for Fusion-Bonded Ep-oxy Coating Applicator Plants”3.Terminology3.1Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1conversion coating —a preparation of the blast-cleaned metal surface prior to coating application that is designed to pretreat the metal to promote coating adhesion,reduce metal coating reactions,improve corrosion resistance,and increase blister resistance.3.1.2disbonding —loss of adhesion between the fusion-bonded epoxy coating and the steel reinforcing bar.3.1.3fusion-bonded epoxy coating —a product containing pigments,thermosetting epoxy resins,crosslinking agents,and other additives,which is applied in the form of a powder onto a clean,heated metallic substrate and fuses to form a continu-ous barrier coating.3.1.4holiday —a discontinuity in a coating that is not discernible to a person with normal or corrected vision.3.1.5patching material —a liquid two-part epoxy coating used to repair damaged areas.3.1.6prefabricated bars —steel reinforcing bars that are cut to specified lengths and bent to the required shapes prior to coating.3.1.7wetting agent —a material that lowers the surface tension of water allowing it to penetrate more effectively into small discontinuities in the coating,giving a more accurate indication of the holiday count.4.Ordering Information4.1It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to specify all requirements that are necessary for the coated steel rein-forcing bars under this specification.Such requirements to be considered include,but are not limited to,the following:4.1.1Reinforcing bar specification and year of issue,4.1.2Quantity and bend types of bars,4.1.3Size and grade of bars,4.1.4Requirements for the powder coating and provision of test data (5.2),4.1.5Requirements for patching material (5.3),4.1.6Quantity of patching material,4.1.7Coated specimens shall be provided by the manufac-turer out of the same production lot of coated reinforcement being furnished to the purchaser (13.1).4.1.8Whether a report on tests performed on the coated steel reinforcing bars being furnished is required (15.1),4.1.9Method for temperature reduction of hot,freshly coated bars (unforced air cool down or forced air/water quench)(8.3).N OTE 2—A typical ordering description is as follows:Deformed Grade 420bars to ASTM A 615M –____;6000m,No.19;cut to specified lengths and fabricated prior to coating;epoxy-coated to ASTM A 934M –____;including written certifications for the powder coating and coated bars and 1L of patching material.[Deformed Grade 60bars to ASTM A 615–______;20000ft,No.6;cut to specified lengths and fabricated prior to coating;epoxy-coated to ASTM A 934–____;including written certifications for the powder coating and coated bars and 1qt.of patching material.5.Materials5.1Steel reinforcing bars to be coated shall meet the requirements of one of the following specifications:A 615M,A 706M,or A 996M [A 615,A 706,or A 996]as specified by the purchaser and shall be free of contaminants such as oil,grease,or paint.N OTE 3—Prior to coating,the steel reinforcing bars should be inspected for their suitability for coating.Bars with sharp edges on the deformations,rolled-in slivers,or other surface imperfections are difficult to coat properly.The coating will flow away from the sharp edges and may result in inadequate coating thickness at these points.5.2The powder coating shall meet the requirements of Annex A1.Upon request,the purchaser shall be provided with test data for review.5.2.1A written certification shall be furnished to the pur-chaser that properly identifies the lot designation of the powder coating used in the order,material quantity represented,date of manufacture,name and address of the powder coating manu-facturer,and a statement that the supplied powder coating is the same composition as that qualified according to Annex A1of this specification.The powder coating shall be used within the powder coating manufacturer’s written recommended shelf life.5.2.2If specified in the order,a representative 0.2-kg [8-oz]sample of the powder coating shall be supplied to the purchaser from each batch.The sample shall be packaged in an airtight container and identified by the batch designation.5.2.3The powder coating shall be maintained in a temperature-controlled environment following the written rec-ommendations of the powder coating manufacturer until ready for use,at which point the powder coating shall be given sufficient time to reach approximate plant ambient temperature.5.3If specified in the order,patching material,compatible with the coating,inert in concrete,and recommended by the powder coating manufacturer,shall be supplied to the pur-chaser.6.Prefabrication of Steel Reinforcing Bars6.1The steel reinforcing bars to be coated shall have been prefabricated in accordance with the purchaser’s requirements or project specifications prior to surface preparation.N OTE 4—Drive rolls on shear beds and backup barrels on benders should be protected with a suitable covering to minimize crushing or creating rollover damage to the steel reinforcing bar deformations during the fabrication process.7.Surface Preparation of Steel Reinforcing Bars7.1The surface of the steel reinforcing bars shall be cleaned by abrasive blast steel grit to near-white metal in accordance with SSPC-SP10.5Available from American Concrete Institute,38800Country Club Drive,Farmington Hills,MI 48331.6Available from Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute,933N.Plum Grove Rd.,Schaumburg,IL60173.7.1.1The final surface condition shall be defined according to SSPC-VIS1.7.1.2Average blast profile roughness depth readings of 37to 100µm [1.5to 4.0mils],as determined by replica tape measurements using RP0287or other methods acceptable to the purchaser,shall be considered suitable as an anchor pattern.N OTE 5—The use of a profilometer type surface measurement instru-ment that measures the peak count as well as the maximum profile depth is recommended.7.2A steel grit of Rockwell Hardness C50or higher shall be used.A maximum of 5%steel shot is allowable in the media.N OTE 6—Recycled steel grit abrasive should be maintained so as to minimize contaminants such as oil,salt,and dust caused by the blasting operation.7.3Multidirectional,high-pressure dry air knives shall be used after blast cleaning to remove dust,grit,and other foreign matter from the steel surface.The air knives shall not deposit oil on the steel reinforcing bars.N OTE 7—It is recommended that incoming steel reinforcing bars and blast media be checked for salt contamination prior to use.Blast media found to be salt contaminated should be rejected.Steel reinforcing bars found to be salt contaminated from exposure to deicing salts or salt spray should be cleaned by acid washing or other suitable methods to remove salt contiminants from the surface prior to blast cleaning.7.4It shall be permissible for the manufacturer to use a chemical wash or conversion of the steel reinforcing bar surface,or both,to enhance coating adhesion.This pretreat-ment shall be applied after abrasive cleaning and before coating,in accordance with the written application instructions specified by the pretreatment manufacturer.8.Coating Application8.1Cleaned,uncoated steel reinforcing bars shall be handled by personnel wearing clean gloves to prevent contami-nation of the steel surface.8.2If pretreatment is used in the preparation of the surface the powder coating shall be applied to the cleaned and pretreated steel reinforcing bar surface as soon as possible after surface treatments have been completed,and before visible oxidation of the surface occurs as discernible to a person with normal or corrected vision.In no case shall application of the coating be delayed more than 3h after cleaning.8.3The fusion-bonded epoxy powder coating shall be applied in accordance with the written recommendations of the manufacturer of the powder coating for initial steel surface temperature range and post application cure requirements.The temperature of the surface immediately prior to coating shall bemeasured using infrared guns or temperature-indicating cray-ons at least once every 30min during continuous operations.N OTE 8—The use of infrared and temperature-indicating crayon mea-surement of the steel reinforcing bars is recommended.8.4The powder coating shall be applied by electrostatic spray or other suitable method.9.Requirements for Coated Steel Reinforcing Bars 9.1Coating Thickness :9.1.1The coating thickness on straight sections of bars,after curing,shall be 175to 300µm [7to 12mils].The coating thickness on bent sections of bars,after curing,shall be 175to 405mm [7to 16mils].Bent sections of bars are defined as the entire radius of each bend and portions of the bar extending 150mm [6in.]beyond the beginning and ending bend points on the bar.Bars that are bent with a radius such as Bend Type 9(Fig.1)shall have the same coating thickness requirements as straight bars,when the 9H 9dimension is equal to or less than one-half of the 9R 9dimension.N OTE 9—Section 9.1.1permits a maximum coating thickness of 405µm [16mils]on bent sections of bars.Discussion of the effect of the permissible increased coating thickness on the anchorage capacity of bent bars embedded in concrete is presented in Appendix X3.9.1.2A single recorded steel reinforcing bar coating thick-ness measurement is the average of three individual gage readings obtained between three consecutive deformations.A minimum of five recorded measurements shall be taken ap-proximately evenly spaced along each side of the test specimen (a minimum of ten recorded measurements per bar).9.1.3For acceptance purposes,the average of all recorded coating thickness measurements shall not be less than the specified minimum thickness or more than the specified maximum thickness.No single recorded coating thickness measurement shall be less than 80%of the specified minimum thickness or more than 120%of the specified maximum thickness.9.1.4Measurements shall be made in accordance with SSPC–PA2following the instructions for calibration and use recommended by the thickness gage manufacturer.Pull-off or fixed probe gages shall be used.Pencil-type pull-off gages that require the operator to observe the readings at the instant the magnet is pulled from the surface shall not be used.9.1.5Approximately equal numbers of straight and bent sections of coated steel reinforcing bars shall be evaluated.On the bent sections,approximately half of these measurements shall be made on the inside radius and half on the outsideradius.FIG.1Bend Type 9(ACI315)9.2Coating Continuity:9.2.1Holiday checks to determine the acceptability of the coated steel reinforcing bars prior to shipment shall be made at the manufacturer’s plant with a hand-held67.5-V,80000-V, wet-sponge-type dc holiday detector.9.2.2There shall not be on average more than three holidays per metre[one holiday per linear foot]on the coated steel reinforcing bars.The average applies to the full production length of a bar.For coated bars less than0.3m[1ft]in length, the maximum shall be one holiday.9.2.3A wetting agent shall be used in accordance with Test Methods G62in the inspection for holidays on the coated steel reinforcing bars.9.2.4The coated steel reinforcing bars shall be inspected ata maximum rate of0.05m/s[0.2ft/s],wiping one side of the coated bar and then the other with the wetted sponge or an equivalent method.N OTE10—Care should be taken that contact of the sponge along the entire steel surface being tested is maintained in order to obtain an accurate holiday count.9.3Coating Flexibility:9.3.1Coatingflexibility shall be evaluated by bending production-coated steel reinforcing bars around a mandrel eight times the nominal diameter(d)of the bar at a uniform rate and within5s.The exception to the8d mandrel requirement shall be Nos.43and57[Nos.14and18]bars.A430-mm [17-in.]mandrel(9.71d)shall be used when evaluating No.43 [No.14]bar,and a580-mm[23-in.]mandrel(10.22d)shall be used with No.57[No.18]bar.For Nos.10to16[Nos.3to5] coated steel reinforcing bars,the bend angle after rebound shall be9°.For No.19to57[Nos.6to18]coated steel reinforcing bars,the bend angle after rebound shall be6°.The two longitudinal deformations shall be placed in a plane perpen-dicular to the mandrel radius.The temperature of the test specimens shall be between20and30°C[68and86°F].9.3.2Cracking or disbonding of the coating on the outside radius of the bent bar discernible to a person with normal or corrected vision shall be considered cause for rejection of the coated steel reinforcing bars represented by the bend test sample.9.4Coating Adhesion:9.4.1Coating adhesion shall be evaluated by cathodic disbondment testing of production-coated steel reinforcing bars.Test Method G42shall be followed except,(1)the cathode shall be a200-mm[8-in.]long coated steel reinforcing bar;(2)the anode shall be a150-mm[6-in.]long solid platinum electrode(1.6-mm[0.06-in.]nominal diameter)or platinized wire(3-mm[0.12-in.]nominal diameter);(3)a calomel reference electrode shall be used;(4)the electrolyte solution shall be3%NaCl by mass dissolved in distilled water;(5)the electrolyte solution temperature shall be656 2°C[15063.6°F];(6)the drilled coating defect shall be3mm [0.12in.]in diameter;(7)a potential of–3V measured against the calomel reference electrode shall be applied and a10–ohm shunt resistor used,and;(8)the test duration shall be24h.9.4.2Following the24-h exposure and prior to coating evaluation,the coated steel reinforcing bar shall be given a minimum of a1-h cooling-off period to allow the bar to reach 20to30°C[68to86°F].9.4.3Measurements of the cathodic disbondment radius shall be obtained at0°,90°,180°,and270°.The average of the four values shall not exceed6mm[0.24in.]when measured from the edge of the intentional coating defect.9.4.4Approximately even numbers of straight and bent sections of coated steel reinforcing bars shall be evaluated (approximately half of these tests shall be made on the inside radius and half on the outside radius on the bent bar sections).10.Frequency of Tests10.1Tests for coating thickness shall be made on a mini-mum of two bars of straight section and two bars of bent section of each size from each production hour.10.2Tests for coating continuity shall be conducted on a minimum of two bars of each size from each production hour.10.3Tests for coatingflexibility shall be made on a mini-mum of one bar of each bar size from each four production hours.10.4Tests for coating adhesion shall be made on a mini-mum of two bars from each8-h production shift:one straight bar section and one bent bar section.If there are no bent bars being coated during the production period,a second straight bar section shall be substituted for the test.11.Retests11.1If any test specimen for coating thickness,continuity,flexibility,or adhesion fails to meet the specified requirements, the bar from which the test specimen was taken shall be rejected and two further coated steel reinforcing bars from the same lot shall be subjected to the test or tests in which the original bar failed.If both additional coated steel reinforcing bars pass the retest,the lot from which they were taken shall be deemed to meet the requirements of this specification.If either of them fails,the lot shall be deemed not to comply with this specification.11.2If the lot does not comply with this specification,two coated steel reinforcing bars shall be selected from the lot immediately preceding and immediately following the non-compliant lot and subjected to the test or tests in which the original bars failed.If all bars pass the retests,then the lots shall be deemed to meet the requirements of this specification. If any bar fails a retest,the lot from which it originated shall be deemed not to comply with this specification.11.3In the case of a second noncompliant lot,the untested lot immediately next to it,which may be preceding or following,shall be subjected to retest.This procedure shall be repeated until a compliant lot is tested.N OTE11—In the use of the Retest provision of this specification,a“lot”is defined as the coated steel reinforcing bars that are represented by the sample which has been tested.A certain number of coated steel reinforcing bars will have been produced since the last acceptance test was performed and accepted.The steel reinforcing bars that have been coated since that last test should be divided into four equal time period groups according to when they were produced.Each lot should then be further defined as those coated steel reinforcing bars that have been produced in a given time period since the last acceptedtest.12.Permissible Amount of Damaged Coating and Repairof Damaged Coating12.1Damaged coating discernible to a person with normal or corrected vision shall be repaired with patching material meeting the requirements of5.3in accordance with the written recommendations of the patching material manufacturer.Any rust shall be removed by suitable means before application of the patching material.12.2The maximum amount of repaired damaged coating shall not exceed1%of the total surface area in each0.3-m [1-ft]length.N OTE12—If the amount of repaired damaged coating in any 0.3–m[1–ft]length of a coated bar exceeds1%,that section should be removed from the coated steel reinforcing bar and discarded.In patching damaged coating,care should be taken not to apply the patching material over an excessive area of the intact coating during the repair process.Too large an area of thick patching material,especially on smaller-size reinforcing bars,is likely to cause a reduction in bond strength of the bars to concrete.12.3Repaired areas shall have a minimum thickness of250µm[10mils].13.Inspection13.1The inspector representing the owner/purchaser shall have free entry at all times,while work on the contract of the purchaser is being performed,to the parts of the manufactur-er’s coating line that concern the manufacture of the coated steel reinforcing bar ordered.The manufacturer shall provide access to all reasonable facilities to satisfy the inspector that the coated steel reinforcing bar is being furnished in accor-dance with this specification.All tests and inspections shall be made at the place of manufacture prior to shipment unless otherwise specified,and shall be conducted so as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the coating line. At a mutually agreed upon frequency,the purchaser or the purchaser’s representative shall be permitted to take lengths of coated steel reinforcing bar from the production run for testing.14.Rejection14.1Coated steel reinforcing bars represented by test speci-mens that do not meet the requirements of this specification shall be rejected and marked with a contrasting color paint or other suitable identification.At the manufacturer’s option,the affected lot shall be replaced or,alternately,stripped of coating, recleaned,recoated,and resubmitted for acceptance testing in accordance with the requirements of this specification.N OTE13—If the coating is not to be stripped from the rejected steel reinforcing bars,the bars should be scrapped.15.Certification15.1The purchaser shall be furnished,at the time of shipment,written certification that samples representing each lot of coated steel reinforcing bars have been either tested or inspected as directed in this specification and the requirements have been met.When specified in the purchase order or contract,a report of the test results shall be furnished.16.Handling and Identification16.1Coated steel reinforcing bars shall be transported and handled with care.All systems for handling coated steel reinforcing bars shall have padded contact areas.All bundling bands shall be padded,or suitable banding used to prevent damage to the coating.All bundles of coated steel reinforcing bars shall be lifted with a strong back,spreader bar,multiple supports,or a platform bridge to prevent bar-to-bar abrasion from sags in the bundles.The coated steel reinforcing bars or bundles shall not be dropped or dragged.16.2Smaller pieces of coated steel reinforcing bars,such as stirrups and ties,shall be packaged in such a way as to minimize damage to the coating during shipping and handling.16.3If circumstances require storing coated steel reinforc-ing bars outdoors for more than two months,protective storage measures shall be implemented to protect the material from sunlight,salt spray,and weather exposure.If the manufacturer stores coated steel reinforcing bars outdoors without cover,the date on which the coated bars are placed outdoor shall be recorded on the identification tag of the bundled steel.Coated steel reinforcing bars stored in severe corrosive environments will require protection sooner.Coated steel reinforcing bars or bundles shall be covered with opaque polyethylene sheeting or other suitable opaque protective material.For stacked bundles, the protective covering shall be draped around the perimeter of the stack.The covering shall be secured adequately,and allow for air circulation around the bars to minimize condensation under the covering.16.4All coated steel reinforcing bars or bundles shall be stored off the ground on protective cribbing.16.5The identification of all steel reinforcing bars shall be maintained throughout the fabrication and coating process to the point of shipment.16.6Quality assurance codes that certify compliance to this specification shall be placed on all identification tags of the coated steel reinforcing bars or bundles.These codes shall include references to the date of fabrication,the date of coating,the powder coating lot designation and the quality assurance testing performed.17.Keywords17.1concrete reinforcement;corrosion resistance;epoxy coating;prefabrication;steel reinforcingbarsANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1.REQUIREMENTS FOR FUSION-BONDED EPOXY POWDER COATINGS FOR PREFABRICATED STEEL REINFORCINGBARSA1.1Epoxy Powder CoatingsA1.1.1This annex covers qualification requirements for fusion-bonded epoxy powder coatings for protecting steel reinforcing bars from corrosion.A1.1.2Other organic coatings may be used provided they meet the requirements of this specification.A1.2Test MaterialsA1.2.1A0.5-kg[1-lb]sample of the powder coating with its generic description and itsfingerprint(including the method such as infrared spectroscopy or thermal analysis)shall be submitted to the testing agency.Thefingerprint and generic description shall become an integral part of the qualification test report.A1.2.2A sample of patching material shall be submitted to the testing agency.The product name and a description of the patching material shall be given in the test report.A1.2.3Test Specimens:A1.2.3.1The following specimens shall be submitted as a minimum for testing:(1)Fourteen1.2-m[4-ft]long No.19[No.6],Grade420 [Grade60]deformed steel reinforcing bars,with a coating thickness of175to300µm[7to12mils].(2)Six uncoated and uncleaned No.19[No.6]steel reinforcing bars,1.2m[4ft]long,from the same lot of steel as the coated bars.(3)Four100by100by1.3-mm[4by4by0.05-in.]thick steel plates with center holes for Taber abrasers with a coating thickness of250650µm[1062mils].(4)Four100by100-mm[4by4-in.]freefilms of coating material with a thickness of175to225µm[7to9mils]. (5)Twelve coated No.19[No.6]steel reinforcing bars, 0.25-m[10-in.]long,with a coating thickness of175to300µm [7to12mils].The coated bars shall have their ends sealed witha minimum of250µm[10mils]of patching material.(6)Ten coated No.19[No.6]steel reinforcing bars,0.20–m [8–in.]long,with a coating thickness of175to300µm[7to12 mils].The coated bars shall have their ends sealed with a minimum of250µm[10mils]of patching material.A1.2.3.2Steel reinforcing bars with a nominal diameter within61mm[0.04in.]of No.19[No.6]bars shall be acceptable for qualification testing.A1.2.3.3The coating on the bars andfilms tested shall be free of holes,voids,contamination,cracks,and damaged areas. The coated bars shall be checked for holidays using a67.5-V, 80000-V,wet-sponge-type dc holiday detector in accordance with Test Method G62.The total number of coating holidays found on the bar specimens tested shall be reported.A1.2.3.4The powder coating manufacturer shall specify the method and grade of metal surface preparation and the coating application procedures for the test specimens and for contract production of coated steel reinforcing bars.These procedures shall be listed in the test report.Note that production-coated steel reinforcing bars shall be required to be manufactured in the same manner as the qualification bars.Therefore,it is necessary that the qualification coated steel reinforcing bars be prepared in the same manner proposed for production.Varia-tions in the critical preparation,thermal treatment,coating procedures and cure methods known to be allowable without a compromise in quality shall also be detailed in the qualification report.A1.3Coating RequirementsA1.3.1Chemical Resistance—The chemical resistance of the coating shall be evaluated in accordance with Test Method G20by immersing coated steel reinforcing bars in each of the following:distilled water,a3-M aqueous solution of CaCl2,a 3-M aqueous solution of NaOH,and a solution saturated with Ca(OH)2.Specimens without holidays and specimens with an intentional6-mm[0.25-in.]diameter hole drilled through the coating shall be tested.The temperature of the test solutions shall be2462°C[7563.6°F].The immersion shall last45 days.The coating must not blister,soften,lose bond,or develop holidays during this period.The coating surrounding the intentionally made hole shall exhibit no undercutting during the45-day period.A1.3.2Cathodic Disbondment—The effects of electrical and electrochemical stresses on the bond of the coating to steel and on thefilm integrity shall be assessed in elevated and ambient temperature cathodic disbondment tests.Fig.A1.1 presents the recommended equipment configuration for per-forming cathodic disbondment testing on steel reinforcing bars. The intentional coating defect shall be placed approximately50 mm[2in.]from the sealed end of the test bar centered between the longitudinal and transverse ribs.It shall be drilled just deep enough to expose a full3–mm[0.12–in.]diameter in the steel. The test bar shall be inserted with the sealed end of the bar resting on the bottom of the test vessel and electrolyte added until100mm[4in.]of the bar length is submerged.A1.3.2.1Test A—Test Method G42shall be followed except,(1)the cathode shall be a200-mm[8-in.]long coated steel reinforcing bar;(2)the anode shall be a150-mm[6-in.] long solid platinum electrode(1.6-mm[0.06-in.]nominal diameter)or platinized wire(3-mm[0.12-in.]nominal diam-eter);(3)a calomel reference electrode shall be used;(4)the electrolyte solution shall be3%NaCl by mass dissolved in distilled water;(5)the electrolyte solution temperature shall be 6562°C[15063.6°F];(6)the drilled coating defect shall be 3mm[0.12in.]in diameter;(7)a potential of−3V measured against the calomel reference electrode shall be applied and a 10–ohm shunt resistor used;and(8)the test duration shall be 24h.The tested bars shall be allowed to cool for approximately 160.25h prior to evaluation.Four measurements shallbe。

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Historical Development of Organometallic Chemistry
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金属有机化学及其在高 分子合成中的应用
胡爱国
课程简介
金属有机化学是近几十年发展起来的一门交叉学科，它 有力地推动了有机合成化学的飞速发展，并且逐步渗入 高分子科学领域，成为现代高分子工业发展的主要研究 方向之一。本课程将介绍金属有机化合物的发展历史，
金属有机化合物的合成及特性，逐步介绍它们在高分子
compounds
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LC 300 HPLC/UHPLC Consumables and Supplies2Table of ContentsIntroductionLC 300 INSTRUMENT SPARESDetectors: Lamps, Flowcells, and AccessoriesOur extensive quality control and inspection process demand the very best quality sources. Choosing a PerkinElmer deuterium, tungsten, or xenon source provides outstanding ultraviolet and true visible performance.• E xceptional performance anywhere in the detector wavelength ranges (UV/Vis: 190 - 700 nm, photodiode array detector (PDA) and multi-wavelength UV/Vis detector (MWD): 190 - 790 nm, Fluorescence: 200 - 900 nm).• L amp changes are quick and easy due to a uniqueself-aligning clamp mount for the for the UV/Vis, MWD, and PDA detectors.MWD and PDA Detector LampThe LC 300 lamps provide true UV/VIS detection. The excellent signal-to-noise characteristics make it ideally suited for low- volume or low concentration samples. Additionally, the LC 300 PDA detector provides high-resolution spectral data.Fluorescence Detector LampsThe major benefit afforded by fluorescence detection is the inherent high sensitivity of the technique coupled with outstanding specificity. The LC 300 Fluorescence detector provides excellent signal-to-noise ratio for trace analysis using a 150 W xenon source.Refractive Index Detector Light SourceThe LC 300 Refractive Index detector, with its deflection-type design, allows sensitive detection of non-UV absorbing compounds with low noise and drift characteristics. The lamp is a long-lasting LED light source.UV/VIS Detector LampsLampsDeuterium LampTungsten LampINTRODUCTION ...................................................2LC 300 INSTRUMENT SPARES ...................... 2-3AUTOSAMPLER ACCESSORIES ..................... 4 VIALS AND CAPS ............................................5-6EPIC HPLC AND UHPLC COLUMNS ............7EPIC C18 ......................................................8CLONE LC COLUMNS .............................9-10TUBING AND FITTINGS ..................................10 SYRINGE FILTERS .............................................11STARTER KITS (12)3Detector FlowCellsThe LC 300 flowcells provide the highest detection limitspossible for your sample. The 6 mm pathlength flowcell for the UV/Vis detector has been optimized for lower-dispersion LC analysis and is the perfect choice when using narrow bore,2.1 mm or microbore, 1 mm columns.Detector Backpressure RegulatorThe detector backpressure regulator is a device that is attached to the outlet of the detector to prevent outgassing in theflowcell, eliminating variations to the detector baseline.Multiwavelength (MWD) and PhotodiodeArray (PDA) Detectors FlowcellsFluorescence Detector FlowcellsFlowcellsPump AccessoriesAll pump accessories listed are applicable for the 10K (HPLC) and the 18K (UHPLC) binary and quaternary pumps.Pump Preventive Maintenance (PM) andLubrication KitsPump Seals, Pistons and Check ValvesPump Replacement TubingHigh Pressure Analytical MixersPump Backpressure RegulatorCombo MixerMixers are important in facilitating complete mobile phase blending, resulting in improved retention performance. These mixers should be used as part of LC 300 systems, where high pressure blending is required. Mixers incorporate a highly efficient cross-flow shearing mechanism that produces vortex sheer mixing over a wide range of volumes. They are now offered in 18,000 psi pressure max flavor. The Combo mixer used in the LC 300 pump is a mixer and in-line filter combined. A 35 µL mixer ships with the 18K (UHPLC) binary pump and a 100 µL mixer ships with the 10K (HPLC) binary pump.Sampling SyringesNeedles and Syringes Kits Valve Maintenance PartsValve PartsSyringesStainless Steel Sample Loops45The PureView MS certified vials and range of caps, including the ultra-low bleed septa, have additionally been thoroughly tested for residuals and approved on MS systems. So, you can have complete confidence in your results and minimize unplanned laboratory downtime.Standard 2 mL Convenience KitsPureView Certified Convenience KitsPureView MS Certified Convenience Kits* ULB= Ultra Low Bleed6CAPS AND SEPTAPerkinElmer offers a variety of caps and septa to fulfil your application needs. Our range of ultra-low bleed septa offers the ultimate in purityand inertness.Screw TopMicrovolume Autosampler VialsFor easy liquid sampling, try our glass vials with fused sample inserts; a variety of volumes are available in either clear or amber glass. They are ideal when handling micro volume samples7EPIC HPLC AND UHPLC COLUMNSThe Epic ® line is our latest range of LC columns, based on high density monomerically bonded phases produced through aproprietary bonding process. Epic HPLC and UHPLC columns are compatible with a wide range of organic modifiers and buffers and stable over a wide pH range. All Epic products use an ultra-high purity metal free silica and undergo strict quality control testing. For flexibility, we offer a wide range of column sizes as well being fully scalable from analytical to preparative dimensions.An extensive range of column chemistries are available, providing a broad range of selectivities to enhance method development. The Epic line offers reversed-phase C18 columns and shorter alkyl chain chemistries for general purpose separations. The groundbreaking AQ phase from ES Industries (AquaSep), offers improved polar compound retention under RP conditions. This phase has been further refined in the Epic Polar column. Extensive selectivity options are also available (e.g. phenyl-hexyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, fluorooctyl (FO), HILIC, and cyano) to provide analysts with amethod development tool kit ready to tackle any separation. As the first to commercialize fluorinated stationary phases, the continued development yielded Epic PFP LB (low bleed) and FO LB; truly unique low bleed stationary phases capable of performing many challenging separations.Many of the commercially available HILIC stationary phases are converted normal phase columns which yield poor methods, poor separations and lack durability. Our line of HILIC columns, including the new Epic HILIC POH, are specifically designed for HILIC chromatography to achieve high performance separations, yield rugged methods and deliver long column lifetimes.Whatever your separation need, we have a chemistry or dimension to fill it.Features and Benefits• Ultra-high purity silica for improved peak shape, especially for basic compounds • E xtensive range of stationary phase chemistries with innovative bonding chemistry to enhance method development• H igh density bonding produces columns with better pH stability, increased sample loading and better lot-to-lot reproducibility • Extended pH stability across commonly used mobile phase buffers • M icrobore to preparative dimensions available to allow flexibility and full scalability*************************************************************************************************************Note: LB = Low Bleed, MS = Mass Spec, SD = Super Dense, HD = High Density, POH = Polyhydroxylated, FL = Fluorinated, RP = Reversed Phase, PI = Polar Imbedded HILIC = Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid ChromatographyMaterial CharacteristicsVIEW OUR FULL CATALOG |8EPIC C18Epic C18 is a highly inert reversed phase due to its superior base deactivation. As a result of the high-density bonding levels(> 4 µmol/m 2), the Epic C18 demonstrates superior peak shapes for the most demanding applications. This phase provides exceptional peak shape and selectivity over a wide range of compounds and pH and is the workhorse HPLC and UHPLC phase for RP small molecule analysis. It can be used with basic, neutral and acidic analytes.* TMS = Trimethylsilyl groupVIEW OUR FULL CATALOG |Other column dimensions and guard cartridges are available.Please enquire for more details at *******************************CLONE LC COLUMNSLegacy methods, by their very nature, often use older column technologies.These older phases can be accompanied by larger variations in batch to batch performancewhich can lead to inconsistent results and out of specification(OOS) occurrences. With routine analysis, often completed with compliantprocedures, any unplanned down time to investigate OOS instances can impactproductivity. Our range of clone phases offer a cost-effective comparablealternative to many of the older leading brands, whilst ensuring consistency andstability in analysis.Our product line is fully scalable from analytical to preparative columns, please enquire for more information.Features and Benefits•C ost effective and comparable alternative to older leading brands to support legacy methods•B etter lot-to-lot reproducibility due to more stable production methods, especially when compared to very old brandsMobile Phase65% Acetonitrile/35% WaterColumn Temp23°CFlow Rate 1.0 mL/minDetection UV @ 254 nmInjection Volume10 µL HPLC analysis of beclomethasone dipropionate and betamethasone dipropionate using Harmony C18 (top) and Symmetry C18 (bottom), 150 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm.VIEW OUR FULL CATALOG |910* O ther brand alternatives are also available including HyperSelect HiPurity (Hypersil HyPurity alternative), etc.************************************************************** Preparative columns of these phases are also available. Please enquire for more details at *******************************TUBING AND FITTINGSVIEW OUR FULL CATALOG |11SYRINGE FILTERSNylon and PTFE Syringe FiltersOur syringe filters are lab tested and certified to bring you the highest quality products available. Our membrane materials are supplied per ISO9001:2008 certified manufacturing practices, in certified clean room conditions, using the latest manufacturing technology to ensure you receive a high quality, consistent product every time. Select our superior premium 17- and 30-mm filters that are suitable for coarse/crude samples or higher detection limit applications (such as food, beverage, or environmental analysis), and our 4-, 13- and 25-mm syringe filters are ideal for routine QA/QC analysis.Ideal for aqueous (non-acidic) or organicsample preparation and HPLC, GC, or dissolution sample analysis. With its excellent flow characteristics, very low extractable levels and mechanical stability, nylon offers the bestcombination of physical parameters to meet the most stringent analytical needs.Nylon Syringe FiltersY ellow Nylon Syringe Filters, 17 mm, 0.45 μm, Pkg. 100 - 02542880These filters are suitable for use with aqueous and aggressive organicsolvent-based solutions and are suitable for HPLC sample preparation. They have broad chemical compatibility and high pH resistance.PTFE (Hydrophilic) Syringe FiltersClear PTFE (Hydrophilic) Syringe Filters, 0.45 µm, 4 mm (200/pack) - 02542923Compatible with a wide range of mild organic solutions. PVDF membranes are not recommended for use with acetone, DMF, DMSO, or bases >6N.PVDF (Hydrophobic Polyvinylidene Fluoride)Syringe FiltersVersatile filters for use with aqueous and aggressive organic solvent-basedsolutions and are suitable for HPLC sample preparation. They have broad chemical compatibility and high pH resistance.PTFE (Hydrophilic) Syringe FiltersMaroon PVDF Syringe Filters, 0.45 µm, 17 mm (100/pack) - 02542917Red PTFE (Hydrophobic) Syringe Filters, 0.22 µm, 13 mm (100/pack) - 0254290812For a complete listing of our global offices, visit /ContactUsCopyright ©2022, PerkinElmer, Inc. All rights reserved. PerkinElmer ® is a registered trademark of PerkinElmer, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.508430 PKIPerkinElmer, Inc. 940 Winter StreetWaltham, MA 02451 USA P: (800) 762-4000 or (+1) 203-925-4602Quick and Efficient Three Steps - that’s how easy it is to buy online1. Visit 2. C lick on “Login/Register” at the top of the web page to register. All you need is your PerkinElmer account number.3. 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The manufacture of stainless steel involves a series of processes. First, the steel is melted, and then it is cast into solid form. After various forming steps, the steel is heat treated and then cleaned and polished to give it the desired finish. Next, it is packaged and sent to manufacturers, who weld and join the steel to produce the desired shapes.To make stainless steel, the raw materials—iron ore, chromium, silicon, nickel, etc.—are melted together in an electric furnace. This step usually involves 8 to 12 hours of intense heat. Next, the mixture is cast into one of several shapes,including blooms, billets, and slabs.The raw materials are first melted together in an electric furnace. This step usually requires 8 to 12 hours of intense heat. When the melting is finished, the molten steel is cast into semi-finished forms. These include blooms (rectangular shapes), billets (round or square shapes 1.5 inches or 3.8 centimeters in thickness), slabs, rods, and tube rounds.Next, the semi-finished steel goes through forming operations, beginning with hot rolling, in which the steel is heated and passed through huge rolls. Blooms and billets are formed into bar and wire, while slabs are formed into plate, strip, and sheet. Bars are available in all grades and come in rounds, squares, octagons, or hexagons 0.25 inch (.63 centimeter) in size. Wire is usually available up to 0.5 inch (1.27 centimeters) in diameter or size. Plate is more than 0.1875 inch (.47 centimeter) thick and over 10 inches (25.4 centimeters) wide. Strip is less than 0.185 inch (.47 centimeter) thick and less than 24 inches (61 centimeters) wide. Sheet is less than 0.1875 (.47 centimeter) thick and more than 24 (61 centimeters) wide.After the stainless steel is formed, most types must go through an annealing step. Annealing is a heat treatment in which the steel is heated and cooled under controlled conditions to relieve internal stresses andsoften the metal. Some steels are heat treated for higher strength. However, such a heat treatment—alsoknown as age hardening—requires careful control,for even small changes from the recommended temperature, time, or cooling rate can seriously affect the properties. Lower aging temperatures produce high strength with low fracture toughness, while higher-temperature aging produces a lower strength, toughermaterial.Though the heating rate to reach the aging temperature (900 to 1000 degrees Fahrenheit or 482 to 537 degrees Celsius) does not effect the properties, the cooling rate does. A post-aging quenching (rapid cooling) treatment can increase the toughness without a significant loss in strength. One such process involves water quenching the material in a 35-degree Fahrenheit (1.6-degree Celsius) ice-water bath for a minimum of two hours.The type of heat treatment depends on the type of steel; in other words, whether it is austenitic, ferritic, ormartensitic. Austenitic steels are heated to above 1900 degrees Fahrenheit (1037 degrees Celsius) for a time depending on the thickness. Water quenching is used for thick sections, whereas air cooling or air blasting is used for thin sections. If cooled too slowly, carbide precipitation can occur. This buildup can be eliminated by thermal stabilization. In this method, the steel is held for several hours at 1500 to 1600 degrees Fahrenheit (815 to 871 degrees Celsius). Cleaning part surfaces of contaminants before heat treatment is sometimes also necessary to achieve proper heat treatment.Annealing causes a scale or build-up to form on the steel. The scale can be removed using several processes. One of the most common methods, pickling, uses a nitric-hydrofluoric acid bath to descale the steel. In another method, electrocleaning, an electric current is applied to the surface using a cathode and phosphoric acid, and the scale is removed. The annealing and descaling steps occur at different stages depending on the type of steel being worked. Bar and wire, for instance, go through further forming steps (more hot rolling, forging, or extruding) after the initial hot rolling before being annealed and descaled. Sheet and strip, on the other hand, go through an initial annealing and descaling step immediately after hot rolling. After cold rolling (passing through rolls at a relatively low temperature), which produces a further reduction in thickness, sheet and strip are annealed and descaled again.A final cold rolling step then prepares the steel for final processing.Cutting operations are usually necessary to obtain the desired blank shape or size to trim the part to final size. Mechanical cutting is accomplished by a variety of methods, including straight shearing using guillotine knives, circle shearing using circular knives horizontally and vertically positioned, sawing using high speed steel blades,blanking,and nibbling.Blanking uses metal punches and dies to punch out the shape by shearing. Nibbling is a process of cutting by blanking out a series of overlapping holes and is ideally suited for irregular shapes.Stainless steel can also be cut using flame cutting, which involves a flame-fired torch using oxygen and propane in conjunction with iron powder. This method is clean and fast. Another cutting method is known as plasma jet cutting, in which an ionized gas column in conjunction with an electric arc through a small orifice makes the cut. The gas produces extremely high temperatures to melt the metal.Surface finish is an important specification for stainless steel products and is critical in applications where appearance is also important. Certain surface finishes also make stainless steel easier to clean, which is obviously important for sanitary applications. A smooth surface as obtained by polishing also provides better corrosion resistance. On the other hand, rough finishes are often required for lubrication applications, as well as to facilitate further manufacturing steps.Surface finishes are the result of processes used in fabricating the various forms or are the result of further processing.There are a variety of methods used for finishing.A dull finish is produced by hot rolling, annealing, and descaling. A bright finish is obtained by first hot rolling and then cold rolling on polished rolls.A highly reflective finish is produced by cold rolling in combination with annealing in a controlled atmospherefurnace, by grinding with abrasives, or by buffing a finely ground surface. A mirror finish is produced bypolishing with progressively finer abrasives, followed by extensive buffing. For grinding or polishing, grinding wheels or abrasive belts are normally used. Buffing uses cloth wheels in combination with cutting compounds containing very fine abrasive particles in bar or stick forms. Other finishing methods include tumbling, whichforces movement of a tumbling material against surfaces of parts, dry etching (sandblasting), wet etching using acid solutions, and surface dulling. The latter uses sandblasting, wire brushing, or pickling techniques.The initial steel shapes—blooms, billets, slabs, etc.—are hot rolled into bar, wire, sheet, strip, and plate. Depending on the form, the steel then undergoes further rolling steps (both hot and cold rolling), heat treatment (annealing), descaling Ito remove buildup), and polishing to produce the finished stainless steel. The steel is then sent the end user.After the stainless steel in its various forms are packed and shipped to the fabricator or end user, a variety of other processes are needed. Further shaping is accomplished using a variety of methods, such as roll forming, press forming, forging, press drawing, and extrusion. Additional heat treating (annealing), machining, and cleaning processes are also often required.There are a variety of methods for joining stainless steel, with welding being the most common. Fusion and resistance welding are the two basic methods generally used with many variations for both. In fusion welding, heat is provided by an electric arc struck between an electrode and the metal to be welded. In resistance welding, bonding is the result of heat and pressure. Heat is produced by the resistance to the flow of electric current through the parts to be welded, and pressure is applied by the electrodes. After parts are welded together, they must be cleaned around the joined area.。