Human-Centered Systems Group BBN Technologies

人工智能与人类社会未来：挑战：人文视角陈斌北京大学gischen@〉对人的认知的冲击随着人工智能的发展，人们对自身的理解越来越物化和去意义化，人和机器的边界越来越模糊。

我们应该如何对待机器和自身的关系，人和机器是否应该整合？如何定义新的整合体？人有超越机器的东西吗？〉对人类思维的挑战机器人真的能模仿人类思维模式理解人的意图吗？〉深度学习可使机器高度模拟人的思维方式，不断学习。

AlphaGo深度学习两年就打败围棋世界冠军。

〉人工智能，正让人类渐渐失去学习的热情。

〉对人类社会结构的冲击人工智能一方面可以为解决贫困与不平等问题提供方案；另一方面也可能因为技术的壁垒将一部分人永久性地排斥在劳动力市场之外。

〉对人类心理的冲击机器人越来越聪明，我们有朝一日会被人工智能取代吗？〉人工智能可以推动进一步的专业分化和创造新的工作机会，但并非所有人都有能力迈过技术性和社会性的壁垒。

〉未来社会可能出现“无用阶级”，人对技术进步和快速经济社会转型所产生的“无用感”和“无力感”，会挫伤人的发展信心。

〉对隐私保护的冲击随着人工智能的发展，即使合法地获取和利用数据也会对隐私产生威胁，大数据技术揭示人的行为规律，使人前所未有地暴露在他人面前。

〉对经济市场的冲击迄今为止的经济学理论都是为物化的商品准备的，在人工智能介入知识经济时代后，经济规律将如何改写？在知识经济时代，有条件接触到大量数据的企业会拥有独特的竞争优势，这种垄断对于公共福祉的影响同样值得重视。

〉人类应如何看待人工智能的发展？人工智能一方面给我们带来极大的便捷与财富，另一方面又给我们带来许多社会焦虑。

技术的革新无法阻挡，与其逃避，不如解决问题〉总结：人工智能的发展是机遇也是挑战，挑战着我们的智力，也挑战着我们的心理，但新时代会以不可阻挡的趋势到来，我们要做的应是：克服恐惧，勇往直前！。

人力资源三支柱模型SSC、COE、BP（二）引言概述：人力资源三支柱模型（SSC、COE、BP）是指由共享服务中心（Shared Service Center，SSC）、卓越中心（Center of Excellence，COE）和业务合作伙伴（Business Partner，BP）组成的一种组织架构模型。

在这个模型中，每个支柱都有独特的职责和功能，共同为组织提供全面的人力资源支持和解决方案。

正文：1. 共享服务中心（SSC）1.1 提供人力资源日常运营服务，如薪资发放、员工信息管理等。

1.2 中心化管理人力资源流程和系统，提高效率。

1.3 提供员工自助服务平台，方便员工自助查询和办理相关事务。

1.4 通过大数据分析，为组织提供人力资源决策支持。

1.5 提供标准化的人力资源政策和流程，确保公司的运营一致性。

2. 卓越中心（COE）2.1 将人力资源专业知识和技术集中在一个中心，为整个组织提供专业支持。

2.2 负责组织的人才发展和绩效管理，确保组织具备竞争力的人力资源。

2.3 进行市场研究和趋势分析，及时调整人力资源策略和实践。

2.4 提供培训和发展计划，帮助员工提升技能和职业发展。

2.5 与业务合作伙伴合作，提供定制化的人力资源解决方案。

3. 业务合作伙伴（BP）3.1 与业务领导层密切合作，理解业务需求，并提供相关人力资源支持。

3.2 参与业务决策的制定，为业务目标的实现提供人力资源战略。

3.3 负责招聘和人才管理，确保组织有合适的人才来支持业务发展。

3.4 提供员工关系管理和员工满意度调查，增进员工与组织的互动和合作。

3.5 推动变革和创新，通过人力资源策略提高业务绩效。

4. 具体案例和实践4.1 XX公司通过建立SSC，统一管理全国范围的人力资源流程和系统，在效率和成本控制方面取得显著的成效。

4.2 XX公司的COE与业务部门合作，制定了全新的绩效管理体系，提升了员工的绩效和满意度。

4.3 XX公司的BP与业务领导层紧密合作，制定了适应业务发展需求的招聘和培训计划，成功储备了一批关键岗位的人才。

An Exploration of Teacher-Student Collaborative Translation with CAT+MT+PE Model under the Concept of Human-Computer Interaction 作者： 肖志清[1];魏光凤[2,3]
作者机构： [1]武汉科技大学外国语学院,湖北武汉;[2]武汉科技大学外国语学院,湖北武汉;
[3]北京外国语大学英语学院,北京
出版物刊名： 语言教育
页码： 69-74页
年卷期： 2021年 第2期
主题词： 计算机辅助翻译工作;机器翻译;译后编辑
摘要：随着计算机辅助翻译工具(CAT)和神经网络机器翻译技术(NMT)的迅速发展,基于计算机辅助翻译工具的机器翻译+译后编辑模式(CAT+MT+PE)日益成为语言服务行业的主流翻译模式.本文在总结师生图书翻译项目实践经验的基础上,从人机交互角度提出以在线CAT工具为翻译生产平台的师生协同翻译模式,继而分析了该协同翻译模式的三大优势以及仍需改进和优化的不足之处.研究结论认为,图书翻译应用机器翻译的译后编辑凸显了工具理性和价值理性的融合,符合Web2.0时代人机交互新理念以及"互联网+"时代的翻译生产模式和译后编辑能力培养新模式.。

Introduction to Managing the HumanResourceName:YunZhao AnClass:Business Management 1NO：5920090283Date:April 6, 2011Beijing Institute of Technology1 Define human resource managementEffective development of human resources, reasonable configuration, full use and scientific management system, laws, procedures and methods of the sum of the Human Resource Management: The policies and practices involved in carrying out the “people” or human resource aspects of a management position ,inc luding: recruiting, screening, training, rewarding, and apprising.2. Describe how human resource management differs from personnel ManagementPersonal management(traditional approach) including Marginalised mangament function that is not seen as central to the business needs of the organisation but merely there to provide a welfare sevice to workers.Reactive role takes action to put in place policies and procedures in response to requestes from line mangers.Besides,Human resource management(new approach) is included as well that Strategic management function.There are 2 points,one is seen as key to the business needs of the organisation and involved in decision making at a strategic level. Recognises that the workers in an organisation are its most valuable asset.Another one is anticipates organisational needs and introduces innovative ideas,for example restructuring the whole organisation to increase communication between management and workers.3 In the evolution of personnel and human resource management, four major stages can be discerned social justice,human bureaucracy,consent by negotiation organisation and integration.Briefly describe the key developments in each of these stagesA:Human resource management as a distinct profession development can be traced back to the Industrial Revolution, factory establishment personnel department, researchstaff wages and welfare Personnel management policy of giving way to human resources personnel functions from the nineteenth century the work of social reformers appear. In the early factory workers facing extremely bad conditions, long working hours, and mostly living in slums. This soon caused riots in several workers, the Government will intervene to provide basic rights and protection of workers and the need to force the manufacturers to comply with the establishment of a formal mechanism to study the wages and benefits and other laws and regulations, and other remedies labor-related issues. This has led to personnel management as a unique industry appear. These workers, reformers criticized Robert Owen, Lord Shaftesbury, or exploitation.BIn the early 20th century, began to focus on human welfare and more areas, this period began large-scale enterprises. Human Resource Management aims to maximize the efficiency of the employees, so the organization should be the most effective way to use labor. Later, the rise of employee relations began to study the theory of social relations, staff morale and productivity is also affected an important factorC Consent by negotiationThe labor union history dates back to the guild system in Europe began, the purpose is to protect the status and choice of professional skills of the master control system. This is the beginning of how to form trade unions is how to combine large numbers of workers to create their own rules, not those set by their employer in the following section an example. This is ten?? Nineteenth century became the alliance, the National Labor Union, this is the first establishment of the National Union is very popular. This is the union how to start?? Exist. It all started as a great idea, and become what we see today. Although the agenda of today's Union may be changed, but the ideals and objectives are more or less unchanged. University courses began to personnel experts. The Government has set up a consulting service for employers to continue today's ACAS. Employee relations is an underlying philosoph, and the necessary attitudes and skills, rather than specific management functions and specificactivities. Union is its name implies - it is the people for the sake of their trade union. In other words, it is an organization of workers, wage increases in order to achieve some common goal, better working conditions, the Government established employers, ACAS advisory serviceD Organisation and integrationFrom around 1970, human and professionals to start building a relationship between organization and management more closely, not only deal with staff matters. Appeared at this time of recruitment, training these new areas of human expertise has also been progress, can be an example. Promotion of information technology to human. Sector development and change of personnel reasons: since the 1970s, the emergence of the law on employment, labor structure change. Layoffs and recruitment organizations, employment of women, as well as the emergence of part-time employees, technology development and the weakening of trade union rights4 What are the key functions of human resource management?Business transformation and change managementBusiness transformation and change management,which means Business transformation is a key executive management initiative[by whom?] that attempts to align an organisation's initiatives relating to people, process and technology more closely with its business strategy and vision. The initiative aims to support and help innovate new business strategies and to meet long-term objectives.Compensation and employee benefit management means Employee benefits and (especially in British English) benefits in kind (also called fringe benefits, perquisites, perqs or perks) are various non-wage compensations provided to employees in addition to their normal wages or salaries.[1] Where an employee exchanges (cash) wages for some other form of benefit, this is generally referred to as a 'salary sacrifice' or 'salary exchange' arrangement. In most countries, most kinds of employee benefits are taxable to at least some degreeTraining and development (learning management)In the field of human resource management, training and development is the field concerned with organizational activity aimed at bettering the performance of individuals and groups in organizational settings. It has been known by several names, including employee development, human resource development, and learning and development.There are some key fuction including Employee motivation and morale-building (employee retention and loyalty),Maintaining awareness of and compliance with local, state and federal labor laws,Recruitment, selection, and on boarding (resourcing) Employee recordkeeping and confidentiality。

Haab s pupilla reflex 哈氏瞳孔反射Haas effect 哈斯效应habile 能干的habilitation 资格habit 习惯habit deterioration 习惯退化habit disorder 习惯性障碍habit disturbance 习惯错乱habit family hierarchy 习惯层序habit formation 习惯形成habit hierarchy 习惯层序habit interference 习惯干扰habit pattern 习惯组型habit reversal 习惯消除habit set 习惯定势habit strength 习惯强度habit theory of learning 学习的习惯说学习的习惯说habit tic 习惯性抽搐habit training 习惯训练habitability 习惯能力habitant 居住者habitat 栖息地habitat complex 生境综错作用habitat isolation 生境隔离habitat type 生境型habitation 习惯化habitation error 习惯误差habitation method 习惯化法habitual 习惯的habitual crime 习惯性犯罪habitual excessive drinking 习惯性酗酒习惯性酗酒habitual masturbation 习惯性手淫habituation 习惯化habituation error 习惯误差habitude 习惯habitus 习性habit family hierarchy 习惯群阶层habromania 欣快狂hadesphobia 地狱恐怖症haematophobia 血恐怖症Haenel s symptom 眼球压觉缺失症hair esthesiometer 毛发触觉器hair root ending 毛根末梢hair tactometer 毛发触觉器halation 晕光作用Hales s piesimeter 黑尔斯压觉计half vision 偏盲half blood 混血儿half blood 同父异母关系half blood 同母异父关系half brother 异父兄弟half brother 异母兄弟half length illusion 半长度错觉half sister 异父姐妹half sister 异母姐妹half way house 中途康复站Hall Occupational Orientation Inventory 贺尔职业取向量表Haller s circle 视神经血管环hallmark 标志hallucination 幻觉hallucination experience 幻觉体验hallucination of perception 知觉性幻觉知觉性幻觉hallucinatory effect 幻觉效应hallucinatory image 幻象hallucinogen 致幻剂hallucinogenesis 幻觉发生hallucinogenic drug 致幻药hallucinosis 幻觉症halmatogenesis 突然异变halo effect 光环效应halo effect 晕轮效应haloperidol 氟呱啶醇Halstead Neuropsychological Test Battery for Adults 霍尔斯德成人神经心理成套测验Halstead Neuropsychological Test Battery for Childrens 霍氏儿童神经心理成套测验Halstead Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery 霍 里神经心理成套测验halter 束缚halving method 减半法hamartophobia 过失恐怖症Hamilton path 汉米尔顿径Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression 汉米尔顿抑郁评定量表hammer 槌骨Hammond s disease 指痉症hamper 防碍Hampton Court maze 汉普顿 科特迷津汉普顿 科特迷津hamster 腮鼠ham handed 笨手笨脚hand 手hand controls 手控制器hand length 手宽hand maze 手指迷津hand operating mechanism 手动操作机械hand sign 手势语hand skill 手部技能hand test 手势测验handedness 利手handedness 偏手性handgrip 紧握handicap 障碍handicapped 缺陷者handicapped child 缺陷儿童handicapped workers 残疾工人handicraft 手工艺handler 管理者handler 信息处理机handling 管理hands coordination 两手协调handwheel 手轮handwriting 手迹hand arm system 手臂系统hand eye coordination 手眼协调hand to mouth reaction 手口反应hangover phenomenon 宿醉现象hanker 渴望haphalgesia 触痛haphazard sampling 不当抽样haplopia 单视haploscope 双眼视觉仪happenstance 偶然事件happiness 快乐happy feeling from tragedy 悲剧中的喜感happy feeling of action 动作愉快感haptic 触觉的haptic hallucination 幻触haptic illusion 触错觉Haptic Intelligence Scale for Adult Blind 成年盲人触觉智力量表haptic perception 触觉haptic stimulus 触觉刺激haptic system 触觉系统haptic type 触觉型haptics 触觉学haptometer 触觉计haptotypic characters 内部环境特性hard color 硬色hard psychology 硬心理学hard training 强化训练hardening period 锻炼期hardihood 大胆hardship 受苦hardware 硬件Hardy Weinberg s law 哈 威二氏法则哈 威二氏法则harm 伤害harmavoidance need 避险需求harmful factor 有害因素harmful gas 有害气体harmful substance 有害物质harmonic 和睦harmonic analysis 调和分析harmonic component 调和成分harmonic habitat 协调生境harmonic mean 调和平均数harmonic progression 调和级数harmonize 协调harmony 和谐harp theory 琴论harp theory of hearing 听觉琴论harpaxophobia 恐盗贼症Harris Test of Lateral Dominance 哈里斯侧优势测验Harrison antinarcotic act 哈里森抗麻醉品法案Harrower s hypothesis 哈罗尔假设harry 折磨harshness 粗鲁态度Harvard case study method 哈佛个案研究法Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility 哈佛催眠易感性小组量表Harvard School 哈佛学派HAS 高振幅吸吮技术Hasegawa Dementia Screening Scale 哈氏痴呆筛检量表hash 无用数据hasheesh 大麻制剂hashish 大麻制剂hatch 入口hate 憎恨hatrack problem 帽钩问题hauteur 傲慢having spiritual sustenance 寄托Hawthorne effect 霍桑效应Hawthorne experiment 霍桑实验Hawthorne research 霍桑研究Hawthorne studies 霍桑研究hazard 机遇haze 糊涂HCI 人机相互作用head 头head breadth 头宽head circumference 头围head control 头部控制head form 头形head holder 头部固定器head injuries 头部受伤head length 头长head start 提前教育Head Start Program 启智计划head work 脑力劳动headache 头痛headform 头型headward acceleration 头向加速度head down displays 下视显示器head eye coordination 头眼协调head up displays 平视显示器heal 治愈healer 治病者healing dream 治愈梦health 健康health behavior 健康行为health care 保健health care delivery 提供保健服务health locus of control 健康控制点health psychology 健康心理学Health Psychology 健康心理学health self actualization 健康型自我实现health survey 健康调查healthful 有益健康的healthy personality 健康人格Healy Picture Completion Test 希利图画补缺测验hearing 听觉hearing acuity 听敏度hearing aids 助听器hearing area 听区hearing damage 听力损伤hearing defect 听觉缺陷hearing disorder 听力障碍hearing impairment 听力损伤hearing level 听觉水平hearing loss 听力损失hearing loss criteria 听力损失标准hearing mute 听哑hearing organ 听觉器官hearing protectors 护耳器hearing range 听觉范围hearing test 听力测验hearing theories 听觉理论hearing threshold 听觉阈限hearken 倾听hearsay 传闻hearsay knowledge 传知heart 心脏heart action 心动作heart beat 心搏heart muscle 心肌heart rate 心律heart rate recovery 心率恢复heart sound 心声heart volume 心脏容量heartache 痛心heartburn 妒忌hearten 振作heartsease 内心平静heartsick 沮丧的heart to heart interviewing method 交心深谈法heat 热heat adaptation 热适应heat balance of body 身体热平衡heat effect 热效应heat permissible limit 高温允许限界heat protective clothing 隔热服heat radiation 热辐射heat ray 热线heat regulating center 体温调节中枢heat sensation 热觉heat sensor 热感受器heat shock 中暑heat spots 热点heat stress 热应激heat stress index 热应激指标heat tolerance 耐暑性heatspot 热觉点heat sensitive 热敏的heave man integration 天人合一妄想heaviness 沉闷heavy weather 恶劣气侯heavy footed 动作迟钝Hebb s synapse 赫伯突触Hebb s theory 赫伯理论Hebb Williams maze 赫伯 威廉姆迷津赫伯 威廉姆迷津hebephilia 爱恋青年hebephilia 恋青年癖hebephrenia 青春期精神病hebephrenic dementia 青春期痴呆hebephrenic schizophrenia 青春型精神分裂症hebephrenictype 青春型hebetic 青春期的hebetude 感觉迟钝hebetude 兴趣丧失hebiatrics 青春期医学heboid schizophrenia 单纯型精神分裂症heboidophrenia 单纯型早发痴呆heboidophrenia 类青春期痴呆hector 威吓者hedge 障碍hedonia 欢乐hedonic dimension 快感度hedonic relevance attribution 快乐相关归因hedonic response 感情反应hedonic self regulation 享乐的自我调整享乐的自我调整hedonic theories 享乐论hedonic theories of motivation 动机享乐说hedonic tone 快乐情调hedonic value of stimulus 刺激的愉快值刺激的愉快值hedonics 快感学hedonism 享乐主义hedonismus 欢乐主义hedonist 享乐主义者hedonophobia 欢乐恐怖症heebie jeebies 神经过敏heed 注意Heider s attribution theory 海德归因理论海德归因理论height 高度height of seat 座高Heinis constant 海因斯常数helicopters 直升机heliophobia 日光恐怖症heliotaxis 趋日性heliotropism 趋日性helix 耳轮Helmholtz free energy 赫尔姆霍茨自由能Helmholtz illusion 赫尔姆霍茨错觉Helmholtz square 赫尔姆霍茨四方形Helmholtz theory of vision 赫尔姆霍茨三色说Helmholtz resonance theory of hearing 赫尔姆霍茨听觉共鸣说helotism 奴隶制helping behavior 助人行为helpless 无助的helplessness 失助helpmate 配偶Helson Judd effect 赫尔森 贾德效应hematomanometer 血压计hematophobia 血恐怖症hemeralope 昼盲者hemeralopia 昼盲hemiablepsia 偏盲hemiachromatopsia 偏色盲hemiageusia 半侧失味症hemiageustia 偏侧味觉缺失hemialgia 偏侧痛hemiamaurosis 偏盲hemiamblyopia 半侧弱视hemiamyosthenia 偏身肌无力hemianacusia 单侧聋hemianalgesia 偏身痛觉缺失hemianesthesia 偏身麻木hemianesthesia cerebralis 大脑性偏身麻木hemianesthesia spinalis 脊髓性偏身麻木hemianopsia 偏盲hemianopsia bilateralis 两外侧偏盲hemianopsia heteronyma lateralis 外侧偏盲hemianopsia heteronyma medialis 内侧偏盲hemianosmia 偏侧失嗅症hemiapraxia 偏侧失用症hemiasomatognosia 偏身失认hemiasynergia 偏侧协同不能hemiataxia 偏侧失动症hemiataxy 偏侧运动失调hemiathetosis 偏侧手足徐动症hemiballism 偏身挥舞症hemicerebrum 大脑半球hemichorea 偏身舞蹈症hemichromatopsia 偏色盲hemicrania 偏头痛hemidcortication 偏侧大脑皮层切除hemidysergia 偏侧传出性共济失调hemidysesthesia 偏身感觉障碍hemidystrophy 偏身发育障碍hemiepilepsy 偏身癫痫hemigeusia 半侧味觉缺失hemihypalgesia 偏身痛觉减退hemihyperesthesia 偏身感觉过敏hemihypesthesia 偏身感觉减退hemihypoesthesia 偏身感觉减退hemineurasthenia 偏侧神经衰弱hemiopia 偏盲hemiparesis 偏瘫hemiparesthesia 偏身感觉异常hemiplegia 半身不遂hemiplegia 偏瘫hemiplegic gait 偏瘫步态hemisomnambulism 半梦游症hemisphaerium 半球hemisphaerium cerebelli 小脑半球hemisphere 大脑半球hemispherectomy 大脑半球切除术hemispheric asymmetry 大脑半球非对称性hemispheric speech dominance 言语的半球优势hemithermoanesthesia 偏身热觉缺失hemophilia 血友病hemophiliac 血友病患者hemophilioid 血友病样的hemophobia 血恐怖症hemopiezometer 血压计hemotachometer 血流速度计hemp 大麻hempen 大麻的Henmon Helson Tests of Mental Ability 亨奈二氏智力测验henogenesis 个体发生heptachromic 七色的Herbartian psychology 赫尔巴托派心理学herd 群herd instinct 群居本能Herder s attribution theory 海德归因论海德归因论hereditability 可遗传性hereditable 可遗传的hereditarianism 遗传主义hereditary 可遗传的hereditary basis 遗传基础hereditary capacity 遗传力hereditary change 遗传改变hereditary character 遗传特性hereditary characterology 遗传性格学hereditary connection 遗传联系hereditary constitution 遗传结构hereditary determinism 遗传决定论hereditary difference 遗传差异hereditary disorder 遗传性异常hereditary engineering 遗传工程hereditary factor 遗传因素hereditary feature 遗传特征hereditary form 遗传类型hereditary information 遗传信息hereditary material 遗传物质hereditary predisposition 遗传潜因hereditary property 遗传特性hereditary stability 遗传稳定性hereditary substance 遗传性物质hereditary unit 遗传单位hereditary variability 遗传变异性hereditary variation 遗传变异hereditism 遗传学heredity 遗传heredity carrier 遗传载体heredity of acquired character 获得性遗传heredity environment controversy 遗传与环境争议heredoataxia 遗传运动失调heredobiologic 遗传内因性的heredodegeneration 遗传性变性heredodiathesis 遗传素质heredofamilial 家族遗传性的heredopathia 遗传病heredopathia atactic polyneuritifor 多神经炎型遗传性运动失调here and now 此时此地Hering after image 黑灵后像Hering figure 黑灵图形Hering illusion 黑灵错觉Hering theory of color 黑灵色觉论Hering theory of vision 黑灵四色说Hering s law 黑灵定律Hering s test 黑灵试验Hering Breuer reflex 黑 布二氏反射赫 布二氏反射heritability 遗传性heritability of personality traits 人格特质的遗传性hermaphrodism 雌雄同体hermaphrodite 阴阳人hermaphroditism 雌雄同体hermaphroditismus 两性畸形hermaphroditismus complexus 复合两性畸形hermaphroditismus excessus 过剩性两性畸形hermaphroditismus masculinus 男性两性畸形hermaphroditismus masculinus complexus 复合男性两性畸形hermaphroditismus neutralis 中性两性畸形hermaphroditismus spurius 假两性畸形假两性畸形hermaphroditismus verus 真两性畸形hero 英雄hero worship 英雄崇拜heroin 海洛因heroin addiction 白粉毒瘾heroine 女英雄heroinismus 海洛因中毒heroism 英雄主义heroize 以英雄自居herpetophobia 恐虫症hertz 赫兹Herzberg s two factor theory 赫兹伯格双因素理论Heschl s convolution 海斯奇尔回hesperanopia 夜盲症Hess after image 海斯后象Hesselgren color solid 海斯格林色立体海斯格林色立体hetaera fantasy 娼妓幻想heteradenia 腺组织异常heterauxesis 不对称发育heteresthesia 差异感觉heteroactive hyper suggestibility 异作用超易受暗示性heterocinesia 动作倒错heterodromous 反向运动的heterodromous 异向的heteroerotism 异体性欲heteroganglionic 不同神经节的heterogeneity 异质性heterogeneous 异质的heterogeneous group 异质群体heterogeneous grouping 异质群体heterogeneous reinforcement 异质强化heterogeneous summation 异质总合heterogenesis 异代生殖heterogenetic 异代生殖的heterogeny 异代生殖heterography 书写异常heterolalia 异语症heterologous 异种的heterologous stimulus 异种刺激heteromorphosis 畸形heteronomous 异律的heteronomous morality 他律性道德heteronomous stage 他律期heteronomous superego 他律性超我heteronomy 他律heteronymous hemianopsia 异名偏盲heteropathy 反应性异常heterophasis 错语症heterophobia 异性恐怖症heterophonia 发声异常heterophoria 隐斜视heterophthalmia 两眼异常heterophthongia 言语异常heteroplasia 发育异常heteropsia 两眼不等视heteropsychologic 异常心理的heteroptics 视觉异常heterosex 异性爱heterosexual 异性的heterosexual anxiety 异性焦虑heterosexual period 异性期heterosexual stage 异性恋期heterosexuality 异性恋heterosmia 嗅觉异常heterostereotype 异己刻板印象heterosuggestion 他人暗示heterosynaptic facilitation 异突触易化heterotopia 异位heterotrophia 营养异常heterotropia 斜视heterozygosis 异型接合heterozygote 异卵合子heterozygote 异型接合子heterozygotic twin 异卵孪生子heuristic 启发式的heuristic method 启发法heuristic models 启发性模式heuristic models of teaching 启发式教学法heuristics 启发法Hewson ratio 休森比率Heywood case 赫武德个案hibernation 冬眠Hick Hyman law 希克 海曼定律hidden figure 隐藏图形Hidden Figure Test 藏图测验 藏图测验hidden observer 秘密观察者hidden observer phenomenon 隐蔽观察者现象hidden cue situation 隐示情境hierarchical agglomerative method 集结层序聚类分析法hierarchical cluster analysis 层序聚类分析hierarchical communication 层序沟通hierarchical control system 等级控制系统hierarchical design 层序设计hierarchical feature analyzer 层序特征分析器hierarchical group factor theory 等级群体因素说hierarchical method 层序法hierarchical model 层系模型hierarchical network model 层次网络模型hierarchical organization 层次组织hierarchical relationship 等级关系hierarchical theory of needs 需要层次论需求层次论hierarchical tree structure 分层枝状结构分层枝状结构hierarchy 层次hierarchy 等级hierarchy in business organization 企业组织中的层次hierarchy of function 机能层次hierarchy of moral behavior 道德行为等级hierarchy of motives 动机层次hierarchy of needs 需要层次hierarchy of needs theory 需要层次理论需求层次论hierarchy of personality 人格层hierarchy structure theory of intelligence 智力层次结构理论hierophobia 宗教恐怖症high altitude flight 高空飞行high amplitude sucking technique 高振幅吸吮技术high birthweight infant 出生高体重儿high correlation 高相关high dream 陶醉的梦high frequency transduction 高频传导high myopia 高度近视high risk group 高危人群high school 中学High School Personality Questionnaire 中学人格问卷high temperature 高温high words 怒气冲冲higher education 高等教育higher form of scientific generalization 高级形式的科学概括higher mental process 高级心理过程higher nervous activity 高级神经活动高级神经活动higher olfactory center 高级嗅觉中枢higher order conditioning 高级条件作用高层制约作用higher order conditioning reflex 高级条件反射higher synthesis 高级综合higher order factor 高阶因素higher order needs 较高层次需要highest audible tone 最高可听音highway hypnosis 公路催眠highway hypnosis accident 公路催眠事故highway safety 公路安全high altitude flight 高空飞行high grade defective 轻度心智缺陷high strung 神经兴奋型的high tone deafness 高音聋hindbrain 后脑hindrance 障碍hip 情绪低落hip breadth 臀宽hip circumference 臀围hip depth 臀厚hippie movement 嬉皮运动hippocampal commissure 海马连合hippocampal cortex 海马皮层hippocampal formation 海马结构hippocampal gyrus 海马回hippocampus 海马Hippocrates theory of humor 希波克拉底体液说Hippocrates theory of temperament types 希波克拉底气质类型理论Hipp s chronoscope 希普计时器hips 臀部hipsterism 颓废派Hiskey Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude 希 内二氏学习能力测验Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 拉美行为科学杂志histamine 组胺histiocyte 组织细胞histochemistry 组织化学histocompatibility 组织适合性histogenesis 组织发生histogram 直方图histological anatomy 组织解剖学histological stain 组织染色素histology 组织学histoneurology 神经组织学histophysiology 组织生理学historical development 种族发生historical materialism 历史唯物主义historical method 历史法historical psychology 历史心理学historical research 历史性研究historical rudiment 历史痕迹historical succession 历史演替history of psychology 心理学史histrionic muscles 表情肌histrionic personality 剧化型人格histrionic personality disorder 剧化型人格异常hit 击中hit the bottle 酗酒HMG 人绝经期促性腺激素HNTLAhoard 贮藏hoarding behavior 贮藏行为hoarding character 囤积性格hoarding orientation 囤积取向hobbledehoy 青少年hobby 癖好hodophobia 旅行恐怖症Hoffding step 海弗丁步骤Hofler illusion 霍夫勒错觉hold back 阻止hold down 抑制holdback 阻碍物holder 固定器hole in the pattern 模式短缺hole screen 减光屏holergasia 重性精神病holiday syndrome 假日综合症holism 整体论holistic 整体的holistic analysis 整体分析holistic approach 整体研究holistic health 整体健康holistic psychology 整体心理学holistic recognition 整体性识别holistic dynamic psychology 整体动力心理学hollow pith 髓Holme and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale 社会再调整评定量表Holmes method 霍姆斯法Holmes s degeneration 霍姆斯变性Holmgren s test 霍姆格伦彩线试验hologenesis 泛生说hologram 全息照相holograph 手迹holophrase 单词语holophrastic 单字复义语holophrastic speech 单字语holophrastic stage 单字期holotonia 全身肌强直Holtzman inkblot technique 贺茨曼墨迹方法Holtzman Inkblot Test 贺茨曼墨迹测验Homans s systems theory 霍曼斯系统理论home accidents 家庭事故home advantage 主场优势home education 家庭教育home environment 家庭环境home for juvenile training and education 少年教养院home inventory 家庭调查表home setting of emotionality 家庭感情气氛home visiting 家访Homen s syndrome 霍曼综合症homeostasis 恒定性homeostasis 内衡状态homeostatic 内衡的homeostatic control 稳态控制homeostatic drive 内衡驱力homeostatic index 内衡指标homeostatic mechanism 稳态机制homeostatic principle 均衡原则homeostatic system 自体调节系统home educational psychology 家庭教育心理学home sickness 思乡病homichlophobia 雾恐怖症homicidal 杀人的homicidal behavior 嗜杀行为homicide 杀人homicidomania 杀人狂homiculture 积极优生学homilophobia 说教恐怖症homing 归巢homing behavior 返回行为homing instinct 返巢本能hominids 人种homo 人属homo sapiens 人类homoactive hyper suggestibility 等作用超易受暗示性homocarnosine 高肌肽homochronous 同期的homocystinuria 高胱氨酸尿症homoeroticism 同性恋homogamy 同族通婚homogeneity 同质性homogeneity assumption 同质假设homogeneity of universe 整体同质性homogeneity of variance 方差同质性homogeneity test 同质性检验homogeneous 同质的homogeneous group 同质团体homogeneous reinforcement 同质强化homograph 同形异义字homoiostasis 内环境稳定homoiostasis 体内平衡homoiotherm 温血动物homoiothermic animal 温血动物homoiothermism 温度调节homologous 类似的homologous chromosomes 同染色体homologous organs 类似器官homologous stimulus 适宜刺激物homologous theory 同源论homologous variation 同源变异homology 同源性homomorphism 同态homonym 同音异义字homonymous hemianopsia 同名半盲homophobia 同性恋恐怖症homophone 同音homoscedasticity 同方差性homosexual 同性homosexual marriage 同性婚homosexual period 同性期homosexual person 同性恋者homosexual stage 同性阶段homosexuality 同性恋homostasis 同态homosynaptic inhibition 同源性突触抑制homotropic inheritance 获得性遗传homozygosis 同型接合homozygote 同卵合子homozygote 同型接合子homunculus 侏儒honesty 诚实Honesty Test 诚实测验Honi phenomenon 霍尼错视现象honor system 荣誉制度hope 希望hopelessness 绝望Hopkins Symptom Checklist 贺普金斯症状检核表hopping reaction 跳跃反射Horan s model 霍然模式horizontal association 水平联想horizontal bar chart 横条图horizontal cell 水平细胞horizontal communication 平行沟通horizontal differentiation of organization 组织的横向分化horizontal disparity 水平视差horizontal group 水平群体horizontal growth 水平成长horizontal inventory 水平式量表horizontal line of sight 水平视线horizontal loyalty 平行效忠horizontal mobility 横向流动horizontal plane 水平面horizontal process 水平过程horizontal relationship 水平关系horizontal sampling 水平抽样horizontal social distance 横向社会距离横向社会距离horizontal social mobility 横向社会流动横向社会流动horizontal transfer 水平迁移horizontal vibration 水平振动horizontal work space 水平面作业horizontal vertical illusion 横竖错觉horme 本能horme 渴求hormesis 毒物刺激作用hormic 策动的hormic psychology 策动心理学hormic theory 策动论hormonal 激素的hormonal control 激素控制hormonal regulation 激素调节hormonal system 内分泌系统hormone 荷尔蒙hormone 激素hormone receptor 激素受体hormone therapy 激素疗法hormone types 激素类型hormonogenesis 激素生成hormonology 内分泌学hormonoprivia 激素缺乏hormonosis 激素过多症hormonotherapy 内分泌疗法hormothyrin 促甲状腺激素Horn Art Aptitude Inventory 贺恩美术能力倾向量表Horner s law 荷氏定律Horney s theory of basic anxieties 霍妮基本焦虑理论horopter 视野单像区horopter 双眼单视界horopter circle 双眼单视界圆horror 恐怖horror autotoxicosis 恐惧自身中毒horror fiction 恐怖小说horse racing model 赛马模式Hortega method 霍特加法Hortega s cell 霍特加氏细胞Hortega s cell 小神经胶质细胞hospital 医院hospital discharge 出院hospital psychiatry 医院精神医学hospitalismus 住院癖hospitalization 住院治疗host 宿主hostage 人质hostageship 充当人质hostile aggression 敌对性攻击hostility 敌意hot information 最新消息hot line 热线hot material 强放射性物质hot spot 热点Hotelling T square test 赫特灵T平方检验hot tempered 性急的hourly wage 按时计酬housebound housewife syndrome 居家主妇综合症household 家庭household interview 家庭访问household systems 家的制度housewife s neurosis 主妇型神经官能症主妇型神经官能症housewife s syndrome 主妇综合症housework 家务劳动House Tree Person Technique 屋 树 人技术House Tree Person Test 屋 树 人测验Howard Dolman depth perception apparatus 霍华德 多尔曼深度知觉仪HP 人性潜力HPG 人垂体促性腺激素HRP 下丘脑调节性多肽HTP 屋 树 人技术hue 色调hue circle 色相环hue constancy 色调常性hull 外壳human 人human ability 人的能力human action 人类行动human affections 性善情恶论性善情恶论human approach 人类探讨human associative memory 人的联想记忆human associative memory model 人的联想记忆模型human behavior school 人类行为学派human behavioral rhythms 人的行为节律human biological rhythm 人类生物节律人类生物节律human biology 人类生物学human courtship patterns 人类求偶模式人类求偶模式human criteria 人的判据human cytogenetics 人体细胞遗传学human desires 存理灭欲说human development 人类发展human ecology 人类生态学human embryology 人体胚胎学human engineering 人体工程学human engineering laboratory 人类工程学实验室human error 人的误差human ethology 人类习性学human factor 人的因素human factor data 人的因素数据human factor engineering 人类因素工程学human factor psychology 人的因素心理学human figures drawing 人像描绘human finitude 人的极限human genetics 人类遗传学human information processing 人类信息加工human instructor 教师human intellect 人的理智human knowledge 人的认识human longevity 人的寿命human machine compatibility 人机相容性human memory 人类记忆human menopausal gonadotropin 人绝经期促性腺激素human nature 人性human nature changes 人性变化human needs 人类需要human operator 人操作者human organism 人类有机体human paleoanthropology 古人类学human performance 人的业绩Human performance 人类绩效human performance reliability 人的操作可靠性human physiology 人体生理学human pituitary gonadotropin 人垂体促性腺激素human potential 人性潜力human potential movement 人类潜能运动human pride 人类自尊human relation 人的关系human relations approach 人群关系理论人 关 理论human relations movement 人群关系运动human relations training 人际关系训练人际关 训练human relations views 人际关系观点human relations views of conflict 冲突的人际关系观点human reliability 人的可靠性human resources 人力资源human resources planning 人力资源计划人力资源计划human resources utilization 人力资源利用human right 人权human science 人文科学human skills 人际技能human society 人类社会human sociobiology 人类社会生物学human system characteristics 人的系统特性human thinking 人类思维human time lag 人的时间延迟human transfer function 人的传递函数人的传递函数human understanding 人的理解力human will 人的意志humanism 人本主义理论humanistic 人本主义的humanistic community 人本社会humanistic feeling 人道主义情感humanistic psychology 人本主义心理学人本主义心理学humanistic psychotherapy 人本主义心理治疗humanistic study 人文科学humanistic theory 人本主义理论humanistic therapy 人本主义心理治疗人本治疗法humanistic existential therapy 人本 存在主义心理治疗humanitarian 人道主义者humanitarianism 人道主义humanity 人性humankind 人类human computer conversation 人机对话人机对话human computer interaction 人机相互作用Human Computer Interaction 人与计算机相互作用human factor engineering evaluation 人因素工效评定human growth movement 人性成长运动人性成长运动human machine engineering 人机工程学人机工程学human problem of industrial civilization 工业文明中的人的问题humidity 湿度humiliation 羞辱humility 谦逊humor 体液humor 幽默humoral 体液的humoral regulation 体液调节humoral selection 体液分泌humoral stimulus 体液性刺激humoral transmission 体液传递humoral transmitter 体液传递介质humoural theory 体液理论humouralism 体液学说Humphrey s effect 汉弗莱效应hunger 饥饿hunger center 饥饿中心hunger contraction 饥饿收缩hunger drive 饥驱力hunger pain 饥饿痛hunger pang 阵发饥饿感Huntington s chorea 亨廷顿舞蹈症Hunt s disease 亨特病Hurler s disease 胡尔勒氏症Hutchinson Gilford disease 早老性侏儒症hyalophagia 食玻璃癖hybrid 混血儿hydrargyromania 汞中毒性精神病hydraulic model of action specific energy 行为特异能的水力模型hydriatrics 水疗法hydriatrist 水疗法派hydroadipsia 不渴症hydrocephalus 脑积水hydrodipsomania 剧渴性癫狂hydrophobia 恐水症hydrophobia 狂犬病hydrostatic pressure 液静压hydrotherapy 水疗hydroxydopamine 羟多巴胺hydroxylase 羟化酶hydroxytryptamine 羟色胺hygeiophrontis 疑病症hygiene 卫生学hygiene factor 保健因素hygrophobia 潮湿恐怖症hylogenesis 物质生成hylomorphic nature 身心二元性hylophobia 森林恐怖症hylozoism 万物有生论hypacusia 听觉减退hypadrenia 肾上腺机能减退hypaesthesia 触觉减退hypalgesia 痛觉迟钝hypalgia 痛觉减退hypanakinesia 运动机能减退hypengyophobia 责任恐怖症hyperactive 活动过强的hyperactivity 多动性hyperactivity syndrome 过动综合症hyperacusia 听觉过敏hyperacusis 听觉过敏hyperadiposis 肥胖过度hyperadrenalismus 肾上腺机能亢进hyperaffectivity 情感过强hyperakusis 听觉过敏hyperalgesia 痛觉过敏hyperandrogenism 雄激素过多症hyperaphia 触觉过敏hyperbulia 意志过强hyperchromatopsia 色视症hypercolumn 超柱状体hypercomplex 超复杂的hypercomplex cell 超复杂细胞hypercoria 易饱症hypercorrection 矫枉过正hypercorticalismus 肾上腺皮质机能亢进hypercrinaemia 内分泌过多hypercrinismus 内分泌过多hypercritical 过于苛严的hypercryalgesia 冷觉过敏hyperdipsia 剧渴hyperemotivity 情感过强hyperendocrinism 内分泌过多hyperenergia 精力过盛hyperepinephry 肾上腺机能亢进hyperequilibrium 平衡觉过敏hypererethisia 兴奋过度hyperergasia 活动力过强hyperergia 超反应性hyperergy 超反应性hyperesthesia 感觉过敏hyperestrinaemia 雌激素过多血症hyperestrinemia 血雌激素过多hyperevolutism 发育过度hyperexcitability 超兴奋性hyperexcitation 兴奋过度hyperfunction 机能亢进hyperfunctioning 机能亢进hypergasia 活动力减退hypergenitalismus 性腺机能亢进hypergeusesthesia 味觉过敏hypergeusia 味觉亢进hypergia 变应性减弱hyperglandular 腺机能过强的hyperglycemia 血糖过多hypergnosia 知觉过敏hypergonadism 性腺机能亢进hypergraviation 超重hyperhedonia 快感过盛hyperhormonal 激素过多的hyperhypophysismus 垂体机能亢进hyperingestion 摄食过度hyperinterrenopathy 肾上腺皮质机能亢进病hyperirritability 应激性亢进hyperkinesis 运动过度hyperkinetic 运动过度的hyperkinetic reaction 过动反应hyperkinetic syndrome 多动综合症hyperlexia 阅读早慧hyperlogia 言语过多hypermania 重躁狂hypermetabolism 代谢亢进hypermetamorphosis 思维奔逸hypermetropia 远视hypermetropic astigmatism 远视散光hypermimia 表情过分hypermnesia 超常记忆hypermotility 运动过度hypernea 精神活动亢进hyperneurotization 神经机能加强法hypernoia 精神活动过度hypernormal 超常的hypernutrition 营养过度hyperontomorph 甲状腺机能亢进体型者hyperopia 远视hyperopic astigmatism 远视散光hyperopsia 视力过强hyperorchidismus 睾丸机能亢进hyperorexia 食欲过旺hyperosmia 嗅觉过敏hyperovaria 卵巢机能亢进hyperpallesthesia 振动觉过敏hyperparathyroidism 甲状旁腺机能亢进甲状旁腺机能亢进hyperpathia 痛觉过敏hyperphagia 过度摄食hyperphagia 食欲增强hyperphasia 多语症hyperphasia 言语过度hyperphonia 发声过强hyperphrenia 精神兴奋过度hyperpinealismus 松果体机能亢进hyperpituitarism 垂体机能亢进hyperplasia 增生hyperpnea 呼吸亢进hyperpolarization 超极化hyperponesis 皮层运动区活动过度hyperpostpituitary 垂体后叶激素过多hyperpragic 精神活动过度hyperpraxia 活动过度hyperprolanemia 血内促性腺激素过多血内促性腺激素过多hyperprosexia 注意亢进hyperpselaphesia 触觉过敏hyperpsychosis 精神活动亢进hyperpsychosis 意想奔逸hyperquantivalent idea 超价观念hyperreflexia 反射过强hyperresonance 反响过强hypersalivation 唾液分泌过多hypersecretion 分泌过多hypersensitive 过敏的hypersensitiveness 过敏性hypersensitivity 超敏性hypersensitization 超敏感化hypersomatotropism 生长激素分泌过多生长激素分泌过多hypersomia 巨大发育hypersomnia 睡眠过多hypersthenia 体力过盛hypersusceptibility 感受性过强hypersympathicotonus 交感神经张力过敏hypertarachia 神经兴奋性过度hypertension 高血压hyperthermalgesia 热觉过敏hyperthymia 情感增盛hyperthyroidism 甲状腺机能亢进hypertonia 张力亢进hypertonicity 过度紧张hyperventilation 过速呼吸hyper urbanism 矫枉过正hypesthesia 触觉减退hyphedonia 快觉减退hyphephilia 恋丝绸癖hypnagogic 入睡的hypnagogic hallucination 睡前幻觉hypnagogic state 入睡状态hypnalgia 睡眠疼痛hypnoanalysis 催眠分析hypnoanesthesia 催眠麻醉hypnocatharsis 催眠疏泄hypnocinematograph 睡眠动作记录仪hypnodontia 牙科催眠术hypnodrama 催眠演戏hypnody 昏睡hypnogenesis 催眠hypnoid 催眠样的hypnoid state 催眠样状态hypnoidal 催眠样的hypnoidization 催眠样状态hypnolepsy 发作性睡病hypnologist 催眠学家hypnology 催眠学hypnonarcoanalysis 催眠麻醉精神分析催眠麻醉精神分析hypnonarcosis 催眠麻醉hypnophobia 恐入睡症hypnopompic 觉醒前的hypnopompic hallucination 醒前幻觉hypnopompic image 觉醒前意象hypnopompic state 朦胧状态hypnosia 嗜睡症hypnosis 催眠。

22ENGLISH ON CAMPUS2023年34期总第682期构建产教研合作视域下的“A+B+D”口译实训系统

摘　要：产教研合作视域下的“A+B+D”口译实训系统将华为公司开发的“图鸦”虚拟现实技术软件（Application）应用于专题口译课堂，通过创建主题清晰与难度适宜的虚拟仿真旅游口译实战应用场景，为学生提供定制化和情景化的沉浸式口译体验；教师转变为辅助教学的桥梁（Bridge）；译后的反思评估（Discussion）在引导学生发现并解决问题的同时，为教师提供了丰富的科研素材，也为技术公司的软件开发与优化提供了定期的系统性反馈，而定制化升级后的软件又将进一步促进课堂效果的提升，从而形成产教研深度融合发展的完整闭环。这一尝试旨在对传统口译教学的观念、模式、方法与评价进行改革探索，以满足新时代经济社会发展对语言服务专业人才的最新需求，也为其他院校进行产教研合作教改提供参考。关键词：虚拟现实；口译实训系统；产教研合作作者简介：李佳芮（1990-），女，四川成都人，四川大学锦江学院，讲师，硕士研究生，研究方向：翻译、英语教学。

一、引言“虚拟现实（Virtual Reality）”这一概念由Myron Krurger于1973年提出，在20世纪80年代逐步得到广泛认可和使用。虚拟现实技术是一种多源信息融合的交互式三维动态视景和实体行为系统，用户通过体验与感知可以实现与虚拟世界的仿真交互。在信息化时代背景下，以虚拟现实为主导的前沿技术推动语言教学发生结构性变革，高校传统课堂向智慧课堂进行过渡和转型成为必然趋势。《教育部办公厅关于2017-2020年开展示范性虚拟仿真实验教学项目建设的通知》明确提出，高校应推进信息技术与实验教学的深度融合，紧密结合经济社会发展对高校人才培养的需求，紧密结合专业特色和行业产业发展的最新成果，采用现代信息技术，研发原理准确和难度适宜的虚拟仿真实验教学项目。2021年4月，教育部高教司司长吴岩在《夯实教学“新基建”托起培养高质量》主题报告中指出，高校应当推动信息技术和课程教学的深度融合，将虚拟现实等科技领域的最新突破引入课堂教学，以虚拟仿真实验教学深化产教研融合，从而实现人才培养供给侧与产业发展需求侧的高度匹配。二、产教研合作视域下“A+B+D”口译实训系统机理分析

FINAL PROGRAMTHE 2007 ACM SIGAPPSYMPOSIUM ON APPLIED COMPUTING/conferences/sac/sac2007Seoul, Korea March 11 - 15, 2007Organizing CommitteeRoger L. Wainwright Hisham M. Haddad Sung Y. ShinSascha Ossowski Ronaldo MenezesLorie M. Liebrock Mathew J. Palakal Jaeyoung Choi Tei-Wei Kuo Jiman HongSeong Tae Jhang Yookun Cho Yong Wan KooH OSTED BYSeoul National University, Seoul, Korea Suwon University, Gyeonggi-do, KoreaSPONSORED BYSAC 2007 I NTRODUCTIONSAC 2007 is a premier international conference on applied com-puting and technology. Attendees have the opportunity to hear from expert practitioners and researchers about the latest trends in research and development in their fields. SAC 2007 features 2 keynote speakers on Monday and Wednesday, from 8:30 to 10:00. The symposium consists of Tutorial and Technical programs. The Tutorial Program offers 3 half-day tutorials on Sunday March 11, 2007, starting at 9:00am. The Technical Program offers 38 tracks on a wide number of different research topics, which run from Monday March 12 through Thursday March 15, 2007. Regular sessions start at 8:30am and end at 5:00pm in 4 parallel sessions. Honorable ChairsYookun Cho, Honorable Symposium ChairSeoul National University, KoreaYong Wan Koo, Honorable Program ChairUniversity of Suwon, KoreaOrganizing CommitteeRoger L. Wainwright, Symposium ChairUniversity of Tulsa, USAHisham M. Haddad, Symposium Chair, Treasurer, Registrar Kennesaw State University, USASung Y. Shin, Symposium ChairSouth Dakota State University, USASascha Ossowski, Program ChairUniversity Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, SpainRonaldo Menezes, Program ChairFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FloridaJaeyoung Choi, Tutorials ChairSoongsil University, KoreaTei-Wei Kuo, Tutorials ChairNational Taiwan University, ChinaMathew J. Palakal, Poster ChairIndiana University Purdue University, USALorie M. Liebrock, Publication ChairNew Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, USAJiman Hong,Local Organization ChairKwangwoon University, KoreaSeong Tae Jhang,Local Organization ChairUniversity of Suwon, KoreaSAC 2007 Track OrganizersArtificial Intelligence, Computational Logic, and Image Analysis (AI)C.C. Hung, School of Computing and Soft. Eng., USAAgostinho Rosa, LaSEEB –ISR – IST, PortugalAdvances in Spatial and Image-based Information Systems (ASIIS)Kokou Yetongnon, Bourgogne University, FranceChristophe Claramunt, Naval Academy Research Institute, France Richard Chbeir, Bourgogne University, FranceKi-Joune Li, Prusan National University, KoreaAgents, Interactions, Mobility and Systems (AIMS)Marcin Paprzycki, SWPS and IBS PAN, PolandCostin Badica, University of Craiova, RomaniaMaria Ganzha, EUH-E and IBS PAN, PolandAlex Yung-Chuan Lee, Southern Illinois University, USAShahram Rahimi, Southern Illinois University, USAAutonomic Computing (AC)Umesh Bellur, Indian Institute of Technology, IndiaSheikh Iqbal Ahamed, Marquette University, USABioinformatics (BIO)Mathew J. Palakal, Indiana University Purdue University, USALi Liao, University of Delaware, USAComputer Applications in Health Care (CACH)Valentin Masero, University of Extremadura, SpainPierre Collet, Université du Littoral (ULCO), France Computer Ethics and Human Values (CEHV)Kenneth E. Himma, Seattle Pacific University, USAKeith W. Miller, University of Illinois at Springfield, USADavid S. Preston, University of East London, UKComputer Forensics (CF)Brajendra Panda, University of Arkansas, USAKamesh Namuduri, Wichita State University, USAComputer Networks (CN)Mario Freire, University of Beira Interior, PortugalTeresa Vazao, INESC ID/IST, PortugalEdmundo Monteiro, University of Coimbra, PortugalManuela Pereira, University of Beira Interior, PortugalComputer Security (SEC)Giampaolo Bella, Universita' di Catania, ItalyPeter Ryan, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UKComputer-aided Law and Advanced Technologies (CLAT) Giovanni Sartor, University of Bologna, ItalyAlessandra Villecco Bettelli, University of Bologna, ItalyLavinia Egidi, University of Piemonte Orientale, ItalyConstraint Solving and Programming (CSP)Stefano Bistarelli, Università degli studi "G. D'Annunzio" di Chieti-Pescara, ItalyEric Monfroy, University of Nantes, FranceBarry O'Sullivan, University College Cork, IrelandCoordination Models, Languages and Applications (CM) Alessandro Ricci, Universita di Bologna, ItalyBernhard Angerer, Michael Ignaz Schumacher, EPFL IC IIF LIA, SwitzerlandData Mining (DM)Hasan M. Jamil, Wayne State University, USAData Streams (DS)Jesus S. Aguilar-Ruiz, Pablo de Olavide University, SpainFrancisco J. Ferrer-Troyano, University of Seville, SpainJoao Gama, University of Porto, PortugalRalf Klinkenberg, University of Dortmund, GermanyDatabase Theory, Technology, and Applications (DTTA) Ramzi A. Haraty, Lebanese American University, LebanonApostolos N. Papadopoulos, Aristotle University, GreeceJunping Sun, Nova Southeastern University, USADependable and Adaptive Distributed Systems (DADS)Karl M. Göschka, Vienna University of Technology, AustriaSvein O. Hallsteinsen, SINTEF ICT, NorwayRui Oliveira, Universidade do Minho, PortugalAlexander Romanovsky, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Document Engineering (DE)Rafael Dueire Lins, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil Electronic Commerce Technologies (ECT)Sviatoslav Braynov, University of Illinois at Springfield, USADaryl Nord, Oklahoma State University, USAFernando Rubio, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain Embedded Systems: Applications, Solutions and Techniques (EMBS)Alessio Bechini, University of Pisa, ItalyCosimo Antonio Prete, University of Pisa, ItalyJihong Kim, Seoul National University, KoreaEvolutionary Computation (EC)Bryant A. Julstrom, St. Cloud State University, USA Geoinformatics and Technology (GT)Dong-Cheon Lee, Sejong University, KoreaGwangil Jeon, Korea Polytechnic University, KoreaGeometric Computing and Reasoning (GCR)Xiao-Shan Gao, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ChinaDominique Michelucci, Universite de Bourgogne, FrancePascal Schreck, Universite Louis Pasteur, FranceHandheld Computing (HHC)Qusay H. Mahmoud, University of Guelph, CanadaZakaria Maamar, Zayed University, UAEInformation Access and Retrieval (IAR)Fabio Crestani, University of Strathclyde, UKGabriella Pasi, University of Milano Bicocca, ItalyMobile Computing and Applications (MCA)Hong Va Leong, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong KongAlvin Chan, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong KongModel Transformation (MT)Jean Bézivin, University of Nantes, FranceAlfonso Pierantonio, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, ItalyAntonio Vallecillo, Universidad de Malaga, SpainJeff Gray, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USAMultimedia and Visualization (MMV)Chaman L. Sabharwal, University of Missouri-Rolla, USAMingjun Zhang, Agilent Technologies, USAObject-Oriented Programming Languages and Systems (OOP) Davide Ancona, DISI - Università di Genova, ItalyMirko Viroli, Università di Bologna, ItalyOperating Systems and Adaptive Applications (OSAA)Jiman Hong, Kwangwoon University, KoreaTei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, TaiwanOrganizational Engineering (OE)José Tribolet, Technical University of Lisbon, PortugalRobert Winter, University of St. Gallen, SwitzerlandArtur Caetano, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal Programming for Separation of Concerns (PSC)Corrado Santoro, Catania University, ItalyEmiliano Tramontana, Catania University, ItalyIan Welch, Victoria University, New ZealandYvonne Coady, Victoria Univeristy, CanadaProgramming Languages (PL)Chang-Hyun Jo, California State University at Fullerton, USAMarjan Mernik, University of Maribor, SloveniaBarrett Bryant, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USAReliable Computations and their Applications (RCA)Martine Ceberio, University of Texas at El Paso, USAVladik Kreinovich, University of Texas at El Paso, USAMichael Rueher, Universite de Nice ESSI, FranceSemantic Web and Application (SWA)Hyoil Han, Drexel University, USASemantic-Based Resource Discovery, Retrieval and Composition (SDRC)Eugenio Di Sciascio, SinsInfLab Politecnico di Bari, ItalyFrancesco M. Donini, University of Tuscia, ItalyTommaso Di Noia, SinsInfLab Politecnico di Bari, ItalyMassimo Paolucci, DoCoMo Euro-Labs, GermanySoftware Engineering (SE)W. Eric Wong, University of Texas at Dallas, USAChang-Oan Sung, Indiana University Southeast, USASoftware Verification (SV)Zijiang Yang, Western Michigan University, USALunjin Lu, Oakland University, USAFausto Spoto, Universita di Verona, ItalySystem On Chip Design and Software Supports (SODSS) Seong Tae Jhang, Suwon University, KoreaSung Woo Chung, Korea University, KoreaTrust, Recommendations, Evidence and other Collaborative Know-how (TRECK)Jean-Marc Seigneur, University of Geneva, SwitzerlandJeong Hyun Yi, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, South Korea Ubiquitous Computing: Digital Spaces, Services and Content (UC)Achilles Kameas, Hellenic Open University, GreeceGeorge Roussos, University of London, UKWeb Technologies (WT)Fahim Akhter , Zayed University, UAEDjamal Benslimane, University of Lyon, FranceZakaria Maamar, Zayed University, UAEQusay H. Mahmoud, University of Guelph, CanadaLocal SupportLocal support for SAC 2007 is provided by the Seoul National University in Seoul, Suwon University in Gyeonggi-do, Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development, Samsung, mds technology, KETI, MIC, CVB, and ETRI. The SAC organizing committee acknowledges and thanks the local supporters for their generous contributions to SAC 2007. Their support has been essential to the success of Symposium, and is greatly appreciated. ACM SIGAPPThe ACM Special Interest Group on Applied Computing is ACM's primary applications-oriented SIG. Its mission is to further the interests of the computing professionals engaged in the development of new computing applications and applications areas and the transfer of computing technology to new problem domains. SIGAPP offers practitioners and researchers the opportunity to share mutual interests in innovative application fields, technology transfer, experimental computing, strategic research, and the management of computing. SIGAPP also promotes widespread cooperation among business, government, and academic computing activities. Its annual Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC) provides an international forum for presentation of the results of strategic research and experimentation for this inter-disciplinary environment. SIGAPP membership fees are: $30.00 for ACM Non-members, $15.00 for ACM Members, and $8.00 for Student Members. For information contact Barrett Bryant at bryant@. Also, checkout the SIGAPP website at /sigapp/M ESSAGE FROM THE S YMPOSIUM C HAIRSRoger WaiwrightUniversity of Tulsa, USAHisham M. HaddadKennesaw State University, USASung Y. ShinSouth Dakota State University, USAOn behalf of the Organization Committee, it is our pleasure to welcome you to the 22nd Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC 2007). This year, the conference is hosted by Seoul National University and Suwon University in Gyeonggi-do, Korea. Many thanks for your participation in this international event dedicated to computer scientists, engineers, and practitioners seeking innovative ideas in various areas of computer applications. The sponsoring SIG of this Symposium, the ACM Special Interest Group on Applied Computing, is dedicated to further the interests of computing professionals engaged in the design and development of new computing applications, interdisciplinary applications areas, and applied research. The conference provides a forum for discussion and exchange of new ideas addressing computational algorithms and complex applications. This goal is reflected in its wide spectrum of application areas and tutorials designed to provide variety of discussion topics during this event. The conference is composed of various specialized technical tracks and tutorials. As in past successful meetings, talented and dedicated Track Chairs and Co-Chairs have organized SAC 2007 tracks. Each track maintains a program committee and group of highly qualified reviewers. We thank the Track Chairs, Co-Chairs, and participating reviewers for their commitment to making SAC 2007 another high quality conference. We also thank our invited keynote speakers for sharing their knowledge with SAC attendees. Most of all, special thanks to the authors and presenters for sharing their experience with the rest of us and to all attendees for joining us in Seoul, Korea.The local organizing committee has always been a key to the success of the conference. This year, we thank our local team from Seoul National University and Suwon University. In particular, we thank Dr. Jiman Hong, from Kwangwoon University, and Dr. Seong Tae Jhang, from Suwon University, for chairing the local organization effort. We also thank Dr. Jaeyoung Choi, from Soongsil University, and Dr. Tei-Wei Kuo, from National Taiwan University, for organizing the Tutorials Program. Other committee members we also would like to thank are Lorie Liebrock for her tremendous effort putting together the conference proceedings, Mathew Palakal for coordinating another successful Posters Program, and Sascha Ossowski and Ronaldo Menezes for bringing together the Technical Program. Finally, we extend outthanks and gratitude to our honorable Symposium and Program Chairs Drs. Yookun Cho of Seoul National University and Dr. Yong Wan Koo of Suwon University. Many thanks for hosting the conference and coordinating governmental and local support. Again, we welcome you to SAC 2007 in the lively city of Seoul. We hope you enjoy your stay in Seoul and leave this event enriched with new ideas and friends. Next year, we invite you to participate in SAC 2008 to be held in the costal city of Fortaleza, Brazil. The symposium will be hosted by the University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR) and the Federal University of Ceará (UFC). We hope to see there!M ESSAGE FROM THE P ROGRAM C HAIRSSascha OssowskiUniversity Rey Juan Carlos, SpainRonaldo MenezesFlorida Institute of Technology, USAWelcome to the 22nd Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC 2007). Over the past 21 years, SAC has been an international forum for researchers and practitioners to present their findings and research results in the areas of computer applications and technology. The SAC 2007 Technical Program offers a wide range of tracks covering major areas of computer applications. Highly qualified referees with strong expertise and special interest in their respective research areas carefully reviewed the submitted papers. As part of the Technical Program, this year the Tutorial Program offers several half-day tutorials that were carefully selected from numerous proposals. Many thanks to Jaeyoung Choi from the Soongsil University and Tei-Wei Kuo from the National Taiwan University for chairing the Tutorial Program. Also, this is the fourth year for SAC to incorporate poster papers into the Technical Program. Many thanks to Mathew Palakal from Indiana University Purdue University for chairing the poster sessions. SAC 2007 would not be possible without contributions from members of the scientific community. As anyone can imagine, many people have dedicated tremendous time and effort over the period of 10 months to bring you an excellent program. The success of SAC 2007 relies on the effort and hard work of many volunteers. On behalf of the SAC 2007 Organizing Committee, we would like to take this opportunity to thank all of those who made this year's technical program a reality, including speakers, referees, track chairs, session chairs, presenters, and attendees. We also thank the local arrangement committee lead by Jiman Hong from the Kwangwoon University and Seong Tae Jhang from Suwon University. We also want to thank Hisham Haddad from Kennesaw State University for his excellent job again as the SAC Treasurer, Webmaster, and Registrar.SAC's open call for Track Proposals resulted in the submission of 47 track proposals. These proposals were carefully evaluated by the conference Executive Committee. Some proposals were rejected on the grounds of either not being appropriate for the areas that SAC covers traditionally or being of rather narrow and specialized nature. Some others tracks were merged to form a single track. Eventually, 38 tracks were established, which then went on to produce their own call for papers. In response to these calls, 786 papers were submitted, from which 256 papers were strongly recommended by the referees for acceptance and inclusion in the Conference Proceedings. This gives SAC 2007 an acceptance rate of 32.5% across all tracks. SAC is today one of the most popular and competitive conferences in the international field of applied computing.We hope you will enjoy the meeting and have the opportunity to exchange your ideas and make new friends. We also hope you will enjoy your stay in Seoul, Korea and take pleasure from the many entertainments and activities that the city and Korea has to offer. We look forward to your active participation in SAC 2008 when for the first time SAC will be hosted in South America, more specifically in Fortaleza, Brazil. We encourage you and your colleagues to submit your research findings to next year's technical program. Thank you for being part of SAC 2007, and we hope to see you in sunny Fortaleza, Brazil for SAC 2008.O THER A CTIVITIESReview Meeting: Sunday March 11, 2007, from 18:00 to 19:00 in Room 311A. Open for SAC Organizing Committee and Track Chairs and Co-Chairs.SAC 2008 Organization Meeting: Monday March 12, 2007, from 18:00 to 19:00 in Room 311A. Open for SAC Organizing Committee.SAC Reception: Monday March 12, 2007 at 19:00 to 22:00. Room 402. Open for all registered attendees.Posters Session: Tuesday March 13, 2007, from 13:30 to 17:00 in the Room 311C. Open to everyone.SIGAPP Annual Business Meeting: Tuesday March 13, 2007, from 17:15 to 18:15 in Room 311A. Open to everyone.SAC Banquet: Wednesday March 14, 2007. Rooms 331-334. Open for Banquet Ticket holders. See your tickets for full details. Track-Chairs Luncheon: Thursday April 27, 2006, from 12:00 to 13:30. Hosu (Lake) Food-mall. Open for SAC Organizing Committee, Track Chairs and Co-Chairs.SAC 2008SAC 2008 will be held in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, March 16 – 20, 2008. It is co-hosted by the University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR) and the Federal University of Ceará (UFC). Please check the registration desk for handouts. You can also visit the website at /conferences/sac/sac2008/.M ONDAY K EYNOTE A DDRESSA New DBMS Architecture for DB-IRIntegrationDr. Kyu-Young WhangDirector of Advanced Information Technology Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute ofScience and Technology, Daejeon, Korea M ONDAY M ARCH 12, 2007, 9:00 – 10:00ROOM 310 A, B AND CABSTRACTNowadays, there is an increasing need to integrate the DBMS (for structured data) with Information Retrieval (IR) features (for unstructured data). DB-IR integration becomes one of major challenges in the database area. Extensible architectures provided by commercial ORDBMS vendors can be used for DB-IR integration. Here, extensions are implemented using a high-level (typically, SQL-level) interface. We call this architecture loose-coupling. The advantage of loose-coupling is that it is easy to implement. But, it is not preferable for implementing new data types and operations in large databases when high performance is required. In this talk, we present a new DBMS architectureapplicable to DB-IR integration, which we call tight-coupling. In tight-coupling, new data types and operations are integrated into the core of the DBMS engine in the extensible type layer. Thus, they are incorporated as the "first-class citizens" within the DBMS architecture and are supported in a consistent manner with high performance. This tight-coupling architecture is being used to incorporate IR features and spatial database features into the Odysseus ORDBMS that has been under development at KAIST/AITrc for over 16 years. In this talk, we introduce Odysseus and explain its tightly-coupled IR features (U.S. patented in 2002). Then, we demonstrate excellence of tight-coupling by showing benchmark results. We have built a web search engine that is capable of managing 20~100 million web pages in a non-parallel configuration using Odysseus. This engine has been successfully tested in many commercial environments. In a parallel configuration, it is capable of managing billons of web pages. This work won the Best Demonstration Award from the IEEE ICDE conference held in Tokyo, Japan in April 2005.W EDNESDAY K EYNOTE A DDRESS The Evolution of Digital Evidence asa Forensic ScienceDr. Marc RogersChair of the Cyber Forensics Program,Department of Computer and InformationTechnology, Purdue University, USAW EDNESDAY M ARCH 14, 2007, 9:00 –10:00ROOMS 310 A, B AND CABSTRACTThe field of Digital Evidence while garnering significant attention by academia, the public, and the media, has really just begun its journey as a forensic science. Digital Forensic Science (DFS) in general is an immature discipline in comparison to the other more traditional forensic sciences such as latent fingerprint analysis. Digital Evidence, which falls under the larger umbrella of DFS, truly encompasses the notion of being an applied multi-disciplinary science. The areas of Computer Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, Law, Sociology, Psychology, Criminal Justice etc. all have played and will continue to play a very large role in maturing and defining this scientific field. The presentation will look at the history of Digital Forensic Science and Digital Evidence, the current state of the field, and what might be in store for the future.S EOUL R EPRESENTATIVE A DDRESSKoran IT policy - IT839Dr. Jung-hee SongAssistant MayorChief of Information OfficerInformation System Planning DivisionSeoul Metropolitan Government, KoreaW EDNESDAY M ARCH 14, 2007, 18:30 – 19:00ROOMS 331-334(DURING BANQUET)ABSTRACTKorean IT policy initiated by Ministry of Information and Communication called IT839 Strategy will be introduced. By defining government role in the u-Korea vision pursuit, it removes uncertainties for IT industry and increases its active participation. As capital of Korea, Seoul presented a grand plan to be u-Seoul. An overview of u-Seoul masterplan will be delivered with introduction of 5 specific projects.SAC 2007 S CHEDULES UNDAY M ARCH 11, 200709:00 – 17:00 L OBBYR EGISTRATION09:00 – 10:30 R OOMS 310 A AND BAM T UTORIALS IT1: Introduction to Security-enhanced Linux(SELinux)Dr. Haklin Kimm, Professor, omputer Science Department, ast Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania, USAT2: Similarity Search - The Metric Space Approach Pavel Zezula, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech RepublicGiuseppe Amato, ISTI-CNR, Pisa, ItalyVlastislav Dohnal, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic10:30 – 11:00 L OBBYC OFFEE B REAK11:00 – 12:30 R OOMS 310 A AND BAM T UTORIALS IIT1: Introduction to Security-enhanced Linux(SELinux)Dr. Haklin Kimm, Professor, omputer Science Department, ast Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania, USAT2: Similarity Search - The Metric Space Approach Pavel Zezula, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech RepublicGiuseppe Amato, ISTI-CNR, Pisa, ItalyVlastislav Dohnal, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic 12:00 – 13:30 H OSU (L AKE) F OOD-MALL,1ST F LOORL UNCH B REAK13:30 – 15:00 R OOM 310 APM T UTORIAL IT3: Introduction to OWL Ontology Developmentand OWL ReasoningYoung-Tack Park, Professor, School of Computing, SoongsilUniversity,Seoul, Korea15:00 – 15:30 L OBBYC OFFEE B REAK15:30 – 17:00 R OOM 310 APM T UTORIAL IIT3: Introduction to OWL Ontology Developmentand OWL ReasoningYoung-Tack Park, Professor, School of Computing, SoongsilUniversity,Seoul, Korea18:00 – 19:00 R OOM 311A SAC 2007 R EVIEW M EETINGM ONDAY M ARCH 12, 200708:00 – 17:00 L OBBYR EGISTRATION08:30 – 09:00 R OOM 310O PENING R EMARKS09:00 – 10:00 R OOM 310K EYNOTE A DDRESSA New DBMS Architecture for DB-IRIntegrationDr. Whang, Kyu-YoungDirector of Advanced Information TechnologyResearch CenterKorea Advanced Institute of Science andTechnologyDaejeon, Korea10:00 – 10:30 L OBBYC OFFEE B REAK10:30 – 12:00 R OOM 310A(DS) Data StreamsJoao Gama, University of Porto (UP), Portugal RFID Data Management for Effective ObjectsTrackingElioMasciari, CNR, ItalyA Priority Random Sampling Algorithm for Time-based Sliding Windows over Weighted StreamingDataZhang Longbo, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China Li Zhanhuai, Northwestern Polytechnical University, ChinaZhao Yiqiang, Shandong University of Technology, ChinaMin Yu, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China Zhang Yang, Northwest A&F University, ChinaOLINDDA: A Cluster-based Approach forDetecting Novelty and Concept Drift in DataStreamsEduardo Spinosa, University of Sao Paulo (USP), BrazilAndré Carvalho, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Brazil Joao Gama, University of Porto (UP), PortugalA Self-Organizing Neural Network for DetectingNoveltiesMarcelo Albertini, Universidade de Sao Paulo, BrazilRodrigo Mello, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil10:30 – 12:00 R OOM 310B (AI) Artificial Intelligence, ComputationalLogic and Image AnalysisChih-Cheng Hung, Southern Polytechnic State University, USA Toward a First-Order Extension of Prolog'sUnification using CHRKhalil Djelloul, University of Ulm, GermanyThi-Bich-Hanh Dao, University d'Orléans, FranceThom Fruehwirth, University of Ulm, GermanyA Framework for Prioritized Reasoning Based onthe Choice EvaluationLuciano Caroprese, University of Calabria, ItalyIrina Trubitsyna, University of Calabria, ItalyEster Zumpano, University of Calabria, ItalyA Randomized Knot Insertion Algorithm for Outline Capture of Planar Images using CubicSplineMuhammad Sarfraz, King Fahd University of Petroleum andMinerals, Saudi ArabiaAiman Rashid, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals,Saudi ArabiaEstraction of Arabic Words from Complex ColorImagesRadwa Fathalla, AAST, EgyptYasser El Sonbaty, AAST College of Computing, Egypt Mohamed Ismail, Alexandria University, Egypt10:30 – 12:00 R OOM 310C (PL) Programming LanguagesMarjan Mernik, University of Maribor, Slovenia Implementing Type-Based Constructive Negation Lunjin Lu, Oakland University, USATowards Resource-Certified Software: A Formal Cost Model for Time and its Application to anImage-Processing ExampleArmelle Bonenfant, University of St Andrews, UKZehzi Chen, Heriot-Watt University, UKKevin Hammond, Univestiy of St Andrews, UKGreg Michaelson, Heriot-Watt University, UKAndy Wallace, Heriot-Watt University, UKIain Wallace, Heriot-Watt University, UK。