入舵市安恙阳光实验学校专题04阅读理解之主旨大意学与练Part 1 整体感知主旨大意题有一个明显的特点：要求学生通读全文，从四个选项中选出最佳标题或能够说明文章或段落大意的选项。
考查对象分为三大类：即篇标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落主旨大意题。
篇章主旨是针对全文主题进行提问，而段落主旨是针对某一段落或几个段落的主题进行提问。
主旨大意题考查阅读理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力，所以在阅读理解中难度较大。
一、选项特征1.正确选项特征1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。
2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。
3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
2.干扰选项特征1.过于笼统，不知所云所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。
2.以偏概全，主次不分所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。
3.移花接木，偷换概念4.无中生有，生搬硬套所给选项的关键词虽然文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。
二、主旨大意类题目常见的设问方式如下：1.The main idea/key point of this passage is that _____.2.The passage is mainly about_____.3.The best title/headline for this passage is ______.4.The topic/subject discussed in this passage is ______.5.From the passage we can learn/conclude that_____.6.The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with ______.7.Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea ofthe passage?8.Which of the following best states the theme of the passage? Part 2 方法指导1.明确一个好的标题应具备三大特点：1.概括性——准确而有简短；2.针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；3.醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
高考主旨题的解题技巧与方法6种能力1．理解归纳语篇的主旨要义；——主旨题2．获取事实性信息；——简单细节题3．利用上下文推测词义；——含义题4．推断隐含意义；——推断题5．理解作者意图、观点和态度；——复杂细节题6．理解语篇的基本结构——结构题•全文主旨题1.标题，大意，目的题-找主旨2.全文结构题-主旨句与分论点的逻辑关系3.推断题-对主旨句进行加工推理如何找到文章主旨4个基本出处：首尾句转折处中心词(重复次数最多的名词)问答处选材07广东AHow should one invest a sum of money in these days of inflation (通货膨胀)? Left ina bank it will hardly keep its value, however high the interest rate. Only a brave man, or a very rich one, dares to buy and sell on the Stock Market. Today it seems that one of the best ways to protect your savings and even increase your wealth is to buy beautiful objects from the past. Here I am going to offer some advice on collecting antique clocks, which I personally consider are among the most interesting of antiques.45. The purpose of the passage is ______.A. to introduce the culture of antique clocksB. to offer some advice on collecting antique clocksC. to compare different ways to make a future profitD. to explain convenient and reliable ways of telling time选材09上海D., a generally bad predictor of success, even in realms like chess. Instead, it s’ deliberate practice. Top performers spend more hours (many more hours) rigorously practicing their craft. If you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, you’d t ake a girl who possessed a slightly above average verbal ability. It wouldn’t have to be a big talent, just enough so that she might gain some sense of distinction. Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally shared some similar biographical traits. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same ethnic background, or, shared the same birthday.76The passage mainly deals with ______.A. the function of IQ in cultivating a writerB. the relationship between genius and successC .the decisive factor in making a geniusD .the way of gaining some sense of distinctionIn the UK, most children have their lunches at school, but in some schools, parents can choose what their children eat. The children can have a school dinner—a hot,cooked meal; or they can take a packed(包装的) lunch with them, which usually includes cold food like sandwiches.Often parents know what their children want. Cathy, a mother of three children, told us, "My children have packed lunches because they say they hate school dinners. So I make three packed lunches every morning."However, another mother, Susan, made a different choice. She said, "My daughters have always had school dinners. I think they probably get healthier food at school than a few sandwiches I make for them."But how healthy are school dinners? Kaz, a father, thought poorly of them. He said, "Fizzy (起泡的) drinks were offered and I think there were a lot of chips.”Jamie Oliver spent a year working in a school kitchen. He was worried about the unhealthy food which included burgers, pizzas and chips. So he tried to cook healthy food such as good stews and curries for the children instead.So Jamie improved the school dinners, and trained the dinner ladies to cook health y food in that school. Then he advised the government to improve school food across the country. And it seems that the changes have begun. Anna, a pupil, told us, "We used to have a fast food window where you got chips and coke, but they stopped that this year. where you got chips and coke, but they stopped that this year. There's a salad restaurant, which is good, so it's healthier than it was."1．What is the best title for this text? (中心词)A. Healthy FoodB. Unhealthy FoodC. Packed LunchesD. School Dinners讲解提示：名词短语school dinner在本文中出现5次，可以判断答案选D(福建一模）Try to imagine what life would be like if there were no electric lights, no television or no cars. What if you had no running water to take a shower and no refrigerator to keep your food cold? Life would be hard without these great your food cold? Life would be hard without these great inventions.Since ancient times, people have been inventing new machines, materials, and ways of doing things. The people who come up with new things are called inventors. Sometimes an inventor makes an invention to solve a problem. Sometimes an inventor discovers something new by accident.Everyone probably has his or her favorite inventions. One great invention was the printing press. A German named Johannes Gutenberg in the 1400s invented a press that made it easy to print books Books became much more common after easy to print books. Books became much more common after the invention of the printing press. The books helped other inventors make new things.The invention of the steam engine around 1700 led to the Industrial Revolution (工业革命). Inventors made many new machines that were powered by steam engines. They invented locomotives (机车), steamboats, and all kinds of factory machines.Another great invention, the internal engine, led to the invention of automobiles in the late 1800s. Inventors made better and better internal engines. These are the engines we use today in cars trucks buses and airplanes today in cars, trucks, buses, and airplanes. The discovery of electricity led to many wonderful inventions. Many scientists studied electricity. An American inventor named Thomas A. Edison invented the electric lamp, phonograph (留声机), and other things that ran on electricity in the late 1800s. New things are invented today faster than ever before. Inventors are making new kitchen tools toys computers video Inventors are making new kitchen tools, toys, computers, video games, telephones, and all kinds of other things.The ways people invent things have changed over time. No one knows the names of the earliest inventors. Until the 1900s, most inventors worked alone. Some of them became wellknown for their inventions all around the world Today most known for their inventions all around the world. Today, most inventions come from scientists and engineers who work in teams. The teams work in big research labs. Most of today's inventors work for universities, government agencies, or big companies.5．Which will be the best title for the passage? (问题与回答)A．Great Inventions Change Our LivesB．The Most Important InventionsC．New Inventions Become Faster New Inventions Become FasterD．Different Kinds of Inventions1.标题，大意，目的题-找主旨-对主旨句进行加工推理-主旨句与分论点的逻辑关系1.标题，大意，目的题-找主旨（1）主旨(main idea):• The text is mainly about _____.• The main idea of the passage is that _____.• What is mainly discussed in the text?• Which of the following is the author’s main argument?• The passage is mainly concerned with _____.• This passage mainly tells us that .• The text mainly deals with______.• The passage mainly focuses on _____.• What does the author mainly want to say?• What is mainly described in the passage?• What is the message of the story?• What is the general idea of the text?• From the text, we can see ______.• What can we learn from the story?（2）写作目的题• 1. In the passage, the writer tries to __________.• 2 What is the main purpose of this passage?• 3. The writer of this passage aims to recommend an approach to _______. • 4. The aim of this text would probably be ______.• 5 The writer of the text seems to _______ .• 6. The article is intended to ________.全文主旨题（3）标题(title/topic) (title/topic)—①What is the best/the most suitable/possible title for the passage?②What is the What is the subject subject of the news story?③What is the main problem being discussed in the passage?1)When students and parents are asked to rate subjects according to theirimportance, the arts are unavoidably at the bottom of the list. Music is nice,people seem to say, but not important. Too often it is viewed as mereentertainment, but certainly not an education priority (优先). This view isshortsighted. In fact, music education is beneficial and important for all students.2)Music tells us who we are….3)Music provides a kind of perception (感知) that cannot be acquired any otherway….4)The arts are forms of…5)Sci ence and technology do not tell…6)So music education is far more necessary than people seem to realize.3. What is the main idea of the passage?（09北京D-71）• A. Music education deserves more attention.• B. Music should be of top education priority.• C Music is an effective communication tool• D. Music education makes students more imaginative.• It’s not easy being a teenager（13至19岁青少年）—nor is it easy being the parent of a teenager You can make your child feel angry being the parent of a teenager. You can make your child feel angry, hurt, or misunderstood by what you say without realizing it yourself. It is important to give your child the space he needs to grow while It is important to give your child the space he needs to grow while gently letting him know that you you’ll still be there for him when he needs you.• 1. The main purpose of the text is to tell parents .（09全国I D-68）• A. how to get along with a teenager• B. how to respect a teenager• C. how to understand a teenager• D. how to help a teenager grow up-主旨句与分论点的逻辑关系出题形式• 1. The author develops the passage mainly by _____.• 2. How is the passage mainly developed?• 3. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?• 4. What purpose does Paragraph 1 serve in the passage?• 5. In the second paragraph, the author presents his idea by _______.• ⑶标志词• develop/present ... by/answer the question with• the structure/organization of the passage• How is the passage o rganized/developed?• 出题形式• 1．It can be concluded from be concluded from the text that ______.• 2．It can be inferred from the passage that _______.• 3．It is implied in is implied in the passage that _______09安徽• Rainforests are often called the world’s drug store. More than 25％of the medicines we use today come from plants in rainforests. However fewer than 1 However, fewer than 1％of rainforest plants have been examined for of rainforest plants have been examined for their medical value. It is extremely likely that our best chance to cure diseases lies somewhere in the world diseases lies somewhere in the world s’ shrinking rainforests. shrinking rainforests.• 74. It can be inferred from the text that_______• A we can get enough resources without rainforests• B. there is great medicine potential in rainforests• C we will grow fewer kinds of crops in the gained land• D. the level of annual rainfall affects wind pattern。
■阅读与理解(5)主旨大意题(归纳要点抓大意)■购物■在高速发展的商品经济社会，购物是人们的必修课，新的购物方式也层岀不穷。
购物込一莒题也是高考中常常涉及的话题，如2013课标全国卷I阅读理解A篇，2013江苏卷阅读理解B篇等■美文赏析■ From June 8th through July 7th , shoppers in some parts of New York City will be in for a special treat—touchscreen shopping windows.They will allow them to purchase①the goods displayed without walking into the shop or interacting with② any human.■ The shoppable windows" are the creation of auction site eBay.The site is working closely with large retailers® to come with innovative④ ways to sell more goods to their online and mobile shoppers. This latest shopping experience is in cooperation with Fifth and Pacific Companies Inc., the company that owns the Kate Spade brand and will feature⑤ 30 items from its new line—Kate Spade Saturday.The new line will be displayed in four shop windows that are currently unoccupied in the city's bustling Soho andLower East Side locations.■ Each window will be fitted with a special screen that will transform it into a touchscreen and a potential customer has to do is to select the product he/she wants to buy and place the order. Within an hour, a courier will deliver it to the destination of their choice・■ If the experiment proves to be successful, the touchscreen windows may become the norm（基准）across the country—in not just empty shopfronts but also the existing stores.Fifth and Pacific Inc. is already planning to extend them to their existing Kate Spade, as well as Juicy Couture stores. According to Steve Yankovich, the head of eBay's innovation and New Ventures Group it is a win- win for all.Customers get a free shopping experience and shops get to test out new brands, without going through the expense of opening physical stores. Window shopping just becomes a hit mnrp intArpetinal■【解题导语】在纽约市的几家店里，顾客可以不用进店购买东西，只要在窗外点击窗子上的触摸屏即可下单购物。
