1汉译英的词语处理-精选文档

汉译英翻译技巧总结：（第二次课讲义笔记补充）Deng一、确定句型（理解下列重要句型相应的中英文含义且会运用/必会）1.It is + adj. + to do sth.2.It is a +n.(pity, surprise, fact) that + 从句——很可惜/让人惊讶的是……3.It is +被强调的部分+ that/who …——正是xxx 做了……4.Doing sth. is adj.5.There be6.Not only … but also7.As…as…/ not as … as …8.… so + adj./ adv. that …9.… so that + 从句/ so as to do sth. ——做某事为的是10.… in order that + 从句/ in order to do sth.11.Only …+ 倒装only+ 介短/状语从句如when … + 倒装——只有……才……12.Sb. would rather do … than do…我宁死也不头像。

I would rather die than give up.13.Sb. may / must /can’t have done… (某人可能/一定/不可能做了……)14.Sb. should / could have done … (某人本应该/本来能做……(然而却没做))15.V-ing …, 句子(前面动词为伴随状态)二、把握时态（有时主句从句时态并不一致）三、把握语态（主动或被动）四、语气（真实语气还是虚拟语气）五、增加定语、状语、修饰成分（修饰成分通常后置）六、情态动词的使用must/may / can’t have done(猜测) should/could have done(本来该/能做)七、句子组合（复合句及并列句）八、主语从句（当主语用一个词或词组无法表达时）巩固模拟练习：1.我过去常去看电影，可现在总是没时间。

汉译英基本词汇收藏教育教育方针Guideline(s) / guiding principle(s) for education教育必须为社会主义现代化服务，必须同生产劳动相结合，培养德、智、体全面发展的建设者和接班人Education must serve the needs of socialist modernization, be integrated with production labor, and train builders and successors who are well developed morally, intellectually and physically.适应社会主义现代化需要，面向二十一世纪，具有中国特色的社会主义教育体系A socialist education system with distinct Chinese characteristics that meets the needs of socialist modernization and is oriented to the 21st century坚持社会主义方向To keep to the socialist orientation身体好、学习好、工作好Keep fit, study hard and work well德才兼备To combine ability with character; equal stress on integrity and ability成为有理想、有道德、有文化、守纪律的劳动者To become working people with lofty ideals, moral integrity, education and a sense of discipline教育要面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来Gear education to the needs of modernization, the world and the future爱国主义教育Education in patriotism国际主义教育Education in internationalism集体主义教育Education in collectivism共产主义道德品质Communist ethics政治思想教育Political and ideological education五爱：爱祖国、爱人民、爱劳动、爱科学、爱护公物“Five love”: love the motherland, the people, labor, and science and take good care of public property教书育人To educate the person as well as impart book knowledge培养独立分析问题和解决问题的能力To cultivate the ability to analyze and solve concrete problems independently启发学生独立思考的能力To help develop the ability of the students to think things out for themselves培养学生的自学能力To foster the students’ ability to study on their own发挥学生主动性、创造性To give scope to the students’ initiative and creativeness自学成才To become educated though independent study启发式Elicitation method (of teaching); heuristic method填鸭式教学法Cramming/forced feeding method of teaching普及教育Universal education义务教育Compulsory education; free education经济一个中心，两个基本点one central task and two basic points以经济建设为中心，坚持四项基本原则（1）社会主义道路，（2）党的领导，（3）人民民主专政，（4）马列主义毛泽东思想，坚持改革开放the central task refers to economic construction and two basic points are the four cardinal principles –adherence to the socialist road, to Communist Party leadership, to the people’s democratic dictatorship and Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought – and persisting in reform and opening up 改革是“社会主义制度自我完善和自我发展”Reform is “the self-perfection and self-development of the socialist system”我们辨别的标准是看这样做是否有利于发展社会主义生产力，是否有利于增强社会主义国家的综合国力，是否有利于提高人民的生活水平The criterion for our judgment is whether the move facilitates the developmentof socialist productive forces, whether it helps increase the overall national strength of a socialist country, and whether it brings about better living standards.社会主义的主要目标是解放生产力，消灭剥削，消除贫富两极分化，最终达到共同富裕The main goals of socialism are the liberation and development of productive forces, the elimination of exploitation and polarization between the rich and the poor and the final achievement of common prosperity.中国要警惕右，但更要防“左”China needs to be vigilant against the Right deviation, but primarily, it should guard against the “Left” deviation.资本主义和社会主义并不是以计划经济的多少来判断的Socialism and capitalism are not distinguished by the proportion of planned and market economy.随着改革的深化，国家指令性计划的范围将会缩小，而市场调节的范围将会扩大As the reform further develops, the scope for mandatory state plans will be narrowed, while the scope for market forces will be enlarged.初步建立社会主义计划商品经济新体制to establish at a preliminary level a new system of socialist planned commodity economy经济结构改革reform in economic structure剩余劳动力surplus labor经营机制operative mechanism发挥市场调节作用to give play to the regulatory role of the market经济和法律的杠杆economic and legal leverages计划经济与市场调节相结合to combine economic planning with market regulation取消国家对农产品的统购统销to cancel the state’s monopoly on the purchase and marketing of agricultural products改革重点转移到城市the focus of reform is shifted to cities国家的根本任务是，集中力量进行社会主义现代化建设The basic task of the nation is to concentrate efforts on socialist modernization.逐步实现工、农业、国防和科学技术的现代化，把我国建设成为富强、民主、文明的社会主义国家to modernize the country’s industry, agriculture, national defense and science and technology step by step to turn China into a strong and prosperous socialist country with a high level of culture and democracy社会主义经济制度的基础是生产资料的社会主义公有制，即全民所有制和劳动群众集体所有制The basis of the socialist economic system is socialist public ownership of the means of production, namely, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working people.国有经济，即社会主义全民所有制经济，是国民经济中的主导力量The state economy is the sector of socialist economy under ownership by the whole people; it is the leading force in the national economy.国家保障国有经济的巩固和发展The state ensures the consolidation and growth of the state economy国家民族统一的、多民族国家a unified/unitary multi-national country中国各民族不论大小，一律平等All Chinese nationalities, large or small, are equal.在各少数民族间建立起平等、团结、互助的关系to establish a relationship based on equality, unity and mutual assistance between different national minorities在维护民族团结的斗争中，要反对大民族主义，主要是大汉族主义，也要反对地方民族主义In the struggle to safeguard the unity of the nationalities, it is necessary to combat big-nationality chauvinism, mainly great Han chauvinism, and to combat local national chauvinism.禁止对任何民族的歧视和压迫，禁止破坏民族团结和制造民族分裂的行为Discrimination against and oppression of any nationality are prohibited; any act which undermines the unity of the nationalities or instigates division is prohibited.民族平等，民族团结，民族区域自治，所有民族共同发展、繁荣equality of all nationalities, national unity, regional national autonomy, and mutual development and prosperity for all nationalities国家根据各少数民族的特点和需要，帮助各少数民族地区加速经济和文化的发展The state assists areas inhabited by minority nationalities in accelerating their economic and cultural development according to the characteristics and needs of the various minority nationalities在少数民族聚居的地方实行区域自治，设立自治机关，行使自治权Regional autonomy is practiced in areas where people of minority nationalities live in concentrated communities; in these areas organs of self-government are established to exercise the power of autonomy.各民族都有使用和发展自己的语言文字的自由，都有保持或者改革自己的风俗习惯的自由All nationalities have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages and to preserve or reform their own folkways and customs.民族感情national sentiments 民族压迫national oppression 民族对立national antagonism 强迫同化forced assimilation这种事实上的不平等是历史遗留下来的。

来源：英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难,需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。

常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。

这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练，因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。

1增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。

这种方式多半用在汉译英里。

汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或”There be…"结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。

英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。

英语中代词使用频率较高,凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。

因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词,而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。

英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示,而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。

因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。

英语句子离不开介词和冠词。

另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。

总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整,二是保证译文意思的明确。

如：（1)What about calling him right away？马上给他打个电话,你觉得如何? （增译主语和谓语）（2)If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！(增译主句)(3) Indeed, the reverse is true实际情况恰好相反。

汉译英常用词汇(一)(2006-03-28 13:16:03)“安全岛”pedestrian island按国际惯例according to the international practices保护知识产权to protect intellectual property (right)成人教育和职业教育adult education and job training (vocational education)惩治腐败to combat corruption第三产业the service sector；tertiary industry多极化趋势the trends towards multi-polarity改革开放政策the policies of reform and open-up(opening-up)岗位培训和就业技能培训pre-job and on-the-job training高新技术产业开发区new and high-tech industrial development zone合法权益lawful rights and interests宏观经济模式macro-economic mode后起之秀promising young people黄色出版物和非法出版活动pornographic publications and illegal publishing practices基础设施、基础工业和支柱产业infrastructure, basic industries and pillar industries集装箱运输container traffic假冒伪劣商品和牟取暴利的行为fake and poor quality commodities and themaking of exorbitant profits健身房gymnasium; fitness center精品店boutique经济技术开发区economic and technological development zone (ETDZ)经济特区special economic zone (SEZ)就业培训vocational training or employment科学工业园区science-based industrial park科教兴国战略和可持续发展战略the strategies for revitalizing the nationthrough science and education and sustainabledevelopment科技成果转化为生产力to translate the results of scientific research intoproductive force汉译英常考词汇(二)(2006-03-28 13:29:23)高等院校institutions of higher learning/education 准时be punctual私人开办的公司privately owned companies公共卫生public health机关集体government and social institutions增强妇女的参政意识enhance women’s awareness of political participation取暖heating太阳能solar energy信息information全国性nation-wide信息网络information network承担take over功能function体力劳动physical labor代价太高high cost宇宙飞行space flight新的发现discoveries与日俱增increase every day国际经济秩序global economic order妨碍hinder统计数学statistics乡镇企业township enterprise生活质量the quality of life偏远地区remote areas文化素质cultural qualities推动give a push to促进promote进步progress, advance唐代Tang Dynasty概念concept汉译英常考词汇(三)(2006-03-28 13:32:53)改进教和学improve teaching and learning按分数according to the grades传真机fax machines个体经营者self-employed businessmen工作安排work arrangement电子邮件electric mail工作场所working place总产值general output of跟上时代的步伐keep pace with the times获取知识的重要渠道an important channel to acquire knowledge 每隔一段时间at short intervals进餐习俗eating customs落后backward外语能力foreign language ability恢复restore获得acquire, master统一考试unified test培养train, cultivate外语中学foreign language school地区性的regional读写困难difficulties in reading and writing就业机会opportunities for employment受过良好教育well-educated未受教育uneducated遗憾的是It is a pity that…造成了困难cause some difficulties财富 a treasure to汉译英常考词汇(四)(2006-03-28 13:35:17)人才外流The brain drain急需need badly缺乏lack, be short of中国政府the government of China投资环境environment for investment集中力量concentrate on鼓励encourage技术改造technological transformation进口货物imported goods进口或出口import or export创收外汇earn foreign exchange (currency)竞争competition厂商manufacturers活跃市场enliven the market逐步建立gradually establish造成损失cause a loss to…被列为be listed as全国人民代表大会the National People’s Congress制定……的法律make a law of (to)…十分重视attach importance to基本国策fundamental national policies大力发展strive to develop社区服务community service社会福利事业social welfare system高层建筑high-rising buildings住房建设housing construction不吸烟者nonsmokers从长远的观点看in the long run古代中国ancient China汉译英常考词汇(五)长时间闭关锁国be closed and self-fettered for a long time 境况circumstances必然结论inevitable solution争取外援win foreign aid闭关自守Closed-door policy资本capital项目items / projects冒险的成分element of risk承担风险bear (take) the risk of…世界银行The World Bank计算方法method of calculation估算estimate局限性limitation经济结构economic structure指示说明instruction, direction追求眼前利益pursue one’s short-term interests原料raw materials重工业heavy industry装配和修理assemble and repair大型large-sized中型medium-sized小型small-sized合理的发展rationally developed长处strong points短处weak points各级政府government at all levels各行各业的人们people from all trades and professions 祖先ancestors长江流域Yangtze river basins长江三峡the Three Gorges of Yangtze River汉译英常考词汇、短语(六)鸦片战争The Opium War连续十年for ten years running衡量measure, evaluate财政资助financial support高等学校institutions of higher education高等教育higher education初等教育elementary education secondary schools 山区mountain areas发电produce electricity取代replace主张hold ,state共同管理jointly manage一律平等be all equal牟取任何暴利seek excessive profits灵活的flexible领导和组织guide and organize充分发挥……积极性bring one’s initiative into full play普遍规律general law“星火”计划“spark” program广大农村vast rural areas推广spread把……应用于生产apply…to production第三世界the third world维护民族独立defend national independence国家主权state sovereignty政治独立political independence巩固back up, consolidate苦难经历hard experience , sufferings实践practice改造transformation汉译英常考词汇(七)中国的国情China’s own conditions人力资源manpower, human resources资金不足short of funds围绕focus on经济效率economic efficiency降低生产成本lower production cost生产力productive forces劳动生产率labor productivity巨大发展have made a big advance技术转让technology transfer对待treat改善improve认真执行faithfully implement中外合资企业joint ventures现有企业existing enterprises独立自主independence自力更生self-reliance对…有利beneficial to加强strengthen实行implement, carry out货物goods汉译英常考词汇、短语(八)不附带任何条件be accompanied by no conditions 自信心confidence和平共处coexist peacefully原则立场principled stand民族自尊心national dignity一贯主张constantly state国际局势international situation经济差距economic gap发达国家developed countries发展中国家developing countries不利于not contribute to对内开放和对外开放to open up both externally and internally战略目标strategic goal加强与……的合作strengthen exchanges and co-operation in有潜能have potential共同努力jointly work hard for能量power ,energy“温室效应”“green-house effect”土地沙漠化desertification生态恶化deterioration of the ecology酸雨acid rain提高人们的环境意识raise people’s awareness of the environment保护生态环境environmental protection罕见的rare吃饭穿衣food and clothing保持丰收gain a good harvest增加农业投入invest more in agriculture可行性研究报告feasibility study report可视电话video telephone汉译英常考词汇、短语(九)控股公司holding company; controlling company; parent company跨国公司/集团/企业multinational corporation/group/enterprise会计事务所public accounting firm劳动密集型工业labor-intensive industry立交桥flyover; overpass（美）“2002中国”旅游年“Visit China’ 2002”贸易往来trade contracts; commercial intercourse美容美发中心beauty salon企业兼并和联合the merger and association of enterprises人均国民收入per capita national income人均国民生产总值达中等发达国家水平an average per capita GNP up to thestandard of medium-developedcountries实践是检验真理的唯一标准take practices as the sole criterion for judging truth 投资环境investment environment外资企业foreign-funded enterprises温饱问题the people’s basic need for food and clothing物价指数price-rise index“希望工程”、“青年志愿者”和“手拉手”活动activities like the “Hope Project”,“Young Volunteers” and “Hand inHand”香港特别行政区Hong Kong Special AdministrativeRegion(HKSAR)香港特别行政区长官the chief Executive of the HKSAR消费者协会consumer association消费者权益consumer’s rights and interests小康生活living a relatively comfortable life（发展是）“硬道理”development is the most essential criterion 职业道德occupational ethics; professional ethics职业道德规范norms of occupational ethics综合国力comprehensive national strength; the overallstrength of the country自尊、自信、自强的民族精神the national spirit of self-respect, self-confidenceand self-support。