概率论与数理统计第5讲 (2)
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欢迎阅读内容串讲第一章 随机事件及其概率1. 事件的关系与运算必然事件:Ω—随机试验全部结果构成的集合。
不可能事件:φ 一般事件A :A φ⊂⊂Ω若A 若A 11111,,nnni i i i i i i i A A A A ∞=====等等。
例1 2(1(2(3(4(5))()()(AB P A P B A P -=-(6)若n A A A ,,21两两互不相容,则∑===ni i ni i A P A P 11)()((7)若n A A A ,,21相互独立,则例2 设1.0)(,4.0)(,2.0)(===AB P B P A P则5.0)()()(1)(1)(=+--=⋃-=⋃AB P B P A P B A P B A P3.古典概型古典概型:当随机试验的结果为有限个且诸结果等可能发生时,任一事件A 的概率为例3 从五个球(其中两个白球、三个红球)中任取两球,设A :取到两个白球;B :一白一红球,求)(),(B P A P(1)无放回抽样:(2)有放回抽样:每次有放回的取一球,连取两次[注]:若设X 为两次有放回取球中取到白球数,则X ~)52,2(B ,从而)(=P A P 4(1(2例103 (3,j i j i ,,≠)(i B(4例5 某工厂生产的产品以100个为一批,在进行抽样检查时,只从每批中抽取10个来检查,如果发现其中有次品,则认为这批产品是不合格的,设每批产品中的次品最多不超过4个,并且恰有)4,3,2,1(=i i 个次品的概率如下(1)求各批产品通过的概率;(2)求通过检查的各批产品中恰有i 个次品的概率。
)4,3,2,1(=i解:(1)设事件i B 是恰有i 个次品的一批产品)4,3,2,1(=i ,则由题设设事件A 是这批产品通过检查,即抽样检查的10个产品都是合格品,则我们有1)(0=B A P由全概率公式,即得8142.0)()()(40≈=∑=i i i B A P B P A P(2)由Bayes 公式,所求概率分别为5.事件的独立性(1)定义:A 、B 相互独立等价于)()()(B P A P B A P ⋅=(2)若n A A A ,,,21 相互独立,则有)()()()(2121n n A P A P A P A A A P =(3)有放回抽样中的诸事件是相互独立的。
5. Random vectors and Joint Probability Distribution s随机向量与联合概率分布5.1 Concept of Joint Probability Distributions(1) Discrete Variables Case 离散型Often, trials are conducted where two random variables are observed simultaneously in order to determine not only their individual behavior but also the degree of relationship between them.( X, Y)For two discrete random variables X and Y, we write the probability that X will take the value x and Y will take the value y as P(X=x, Y=y). Consequently, P(X=x, Y=y) is the probability of the intersection of the events X=x and Y=y.(X=x, Y=y) ------ (X=x)∩(Y=y)The distribution of probability is specified by listing the probabilities associated with all possible pairs of values x and y, either by formula or in a table. We refer to the function p(x, y)=P(X=x, Y=y) and the corresponding possible values (X, Y) as the j oint probability distribution (联合分布)of X and Y.They satisfy(,)0, (,)1xyp x y p x y ≥=∑∑,where the sum is over all possible values of the variable.Example 5.1.1 Calculating probabilities from a discrete joint probability distributionLet X and Y have the joint probability distribution.(a) Find (1)P X Y +>;(b) Find the probability distribution ()()X p x P X x == of the individualrandom variable X . Solution(a) The event 1X Y +>is composed of the pairs of values (l,1), (2,0), and (2,l). Adding their corresponding probabilities(1)(1,1)(2,0)(2,1)0.20.100.3.P X Y p p p +>=++=++=(b) Since the event X =0 is composed of the two pairs of values (0,0) and (0,1), we add their corresponding probabilities to obtain(0)(0,0)(0,1)0.10.20.3P X p p ==+=+=.Continuing, we obtain (1)(1,0)(1,1)0.40.20.6P X p p ==+=+= and(2)(2,0)(2,1)0.100.1P X p p ==+=+=.In summary, (0)0.3X p =, (1)0.6X p = and (2)0.1X p =is the probabilitydistribution of X . Note that the probability distribution ()X p x of appears in the lower margin of this enlarged table. The probability distribution ()Y p y of Y appears in the right-hand margin of the table. Consequently, the individual distributions are called marginal probability distributions .(边缘分布)From the example, we see that for each fixed value of x , the marginalprobability distribution is obtained as()()(,)X yP X x p x p x y ===∑,where the sum is over all possible values of the second variable. Continuing, we obtain()()(,)Y xP Y y p y p x y ===∑.Example 3.5.3Suppose the number X of patent applications (专利申请)submitted by a company during a 1-year period is a random variable having thePoisson distribution with mean λ, (()!n e P X n n λλ-==)and the variousapplications independently have probability (0,1)p ∈ of eventually being approved.Determine the distribution of the number of patent applications during the 1-year period that are eventually approved.先求联合分布密度,再求边缘分布Solution Let Y be the number of patent application being eventually approved during 1-year period. Then the event {}Y k = is the union of mutually exclusive events {,}X n Y k == ()n k ≥.If X n =, then the random variable S has the binomial distribution with parameter n and p :(|)(1)k k n k n P Y k X n C p p -===-. (0)n k ≥≥ Thus(,)()(|)P X n Y k P X n P Y k X n ====== (1)!nk kn k n e C p p n λλ--=⋅⋅-when k>n, P(X=n, Y=k)=0,Hence the distribution of Y is()(,)(,)n n kP Y k P X n Y k P X n Y k ∞∞=========∑∑(1)!nk kn k n n ke C p p n λλ∞--==⋅⋅-∑!(1)!!()!nk n k n k n e p p n k n k λλ∞--==⋅⋅--∑(1)!()!kn kkn k n ke p p k n k λλλ-∞--==⋅⋅--∑()(1)(1)()()!!!mk k p m p p p e e ek m k λλλλλλ∞---=-==∑ ()!k pp e k λλ-= Thus, Y has the Poisson distribution of mean p λ. exercise从1,2,3,4,5五个数中不放回随机的接连地取3个,然后按大小排成123X X X <<,试求13(,)X X 的联合分布,x1,x3 独立吗?Homework Chap 5 1,(2) Continuous Variables Case 连续型随机向量There are many situations in which we describe an outcome by giving the values of several continuous random variables. For instance, we may measure the weight and the hardness of a rock, the pressure and the temperature of a gas. Suppose that X and Y are two continuous random variables. A function (,)f x y is called the joint probability density of these random variables, if the probability that , a X b c Y d ≤≤≤≤ is given by the multiple integral(, )(,)b da cP a X b c Y d f x y dxdy ≤≤≤≤=⎰⎰Thus, a function (,)f x y can serve as a joint probability density if all of the following hold:for all values of x and y , f is integrable on R 2 andTo extend the concept of a cumulative distribution function to the two variables case, we can define F (x , y )(, )(, )F x y P X x Y y =≤≤,and we refer to the corresponding function F as the joint cumulative distribution function of the two random variables.Example 5.1.2If the joint probability density of two random variables is given by236 for 0,0(,)0 elsewherex y e x y f x y --⎧>>=⎨⎩ Find the joint distribution function, and use it to find the probability(2,4)P X Y ≤≤.Solution By definition,23006 for 0, 0(,)(,)0 elsewhere y x yu vxe du e dv x y F x yf u v dudv ---∞-∞⎧>>⎪==⎨⎪⎩⎰⎰⎰⎰Thus,23(1)(1) for >0, >0(,)0 elsewhere x y e e x y F x y --⎧--=⎨⎩.Hence,412(2, 4)(2, 4)(1)(1)0.9817P X Y F e e --≤≤==--=.ExampleIf the joint probability density of two random variables is given by2,1,01(,)0,kxy x y x f x y ⎧≤≤≤≤=⎨⎩其他(a)find the k; (b)find the probability2((,)),{(,)|,01}P X Y D D x y x y x x ∈=≤≤≤≤solutionsince(,)1f x y dxdy ∞∞-∞-∞=⎰⎰24111001(,)()226x x kf x y dxdy dx kxydy k x dx ∞∞-∞-∞==-=⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰ hence k=6.21124001((,))663()4xx DP X Y D xydxdy dx xydy x x x dx ∈===-=⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰joint marginal densities 边缘密度Given the joint probability density of two random variables, the probability density of the X or Y can be obtained by integrating out another variable,The functions f X and f Y respectively are called the marginal density (边缘密度)of X and Y .,ExampleThe joint probability density of two random variables is given by26,1,01(,)0,xy x y x f x y ⎧≤≤≤≤=⎨⎩其他find the marginal density from the joint density when [0,1]x ∈,215()(,)633X xf x f x v dv xydy x x +∞-∞====-⎰⎰[0,1]x ∉,()0X f x =,hence 533,01()0,X x x x f x elsewhere ⎧-≤≤=⎨⎩23,01()0,Y y y f x elsewhere ⎧≤≤=⎨⎩exercises求服从B 上均匀分布的随机向量(X,Y )的分布密度及分布函数。
第一章 随机事件和概率 第一节 基本概念1、排列组合初步(1)排列组合公式)!(!n m m P n m -= 从m 个人中挑出n 个人进行排列的可能数。
)!(!!n m n m C n m -=从m 个人中挑出n 个人进行组合的可能数。
例1.1:方程xx x C C C 76510711=-的解是 A . 4 B . 3 C . 2 D . 1例1.2:有5个队伍参加了甲A 联赛,两两之间进行循环赛两场,试问总共的场次是多少?(2)加法原理(两种方法均能完成此事):m+n某件事由两种方法来完成,第一种方法可由m 种方法完成,第二种方法可由n 种方法来完成,则这件事可由m+n 种方法来完成。
(3)乘法原理(两个步骤分别不能完成这件事):m ×n某件事由两个步骤来完成,第一个步骤可由m 种方法完成,第二个步骤可由n 种方法来完成,则这件事可由m ×n 种方法来完成。
例1.3:从5位男同学和4位女同学中选出4位参加一个座谈会,要求与会成员中既有男同学又有女同学,有几种不同的选法?例1.4:6张同排连号的电影票,分给3名男生和3名女生,如欲男女相间而坐,则不同的分法数为多少?例1.5:用五种不同的颜色涂在右图中四个区域里,每一区域涂上一种颜色,且相邻区域的颜色必须不同,则共有不同的涂法A.120种B.140种 C.160种D.180种(4)一些常见排列①特殊排列②相邻③彼此隔开④顺序一定和不可分辨例1.6:晚会上有5个不同的唱歌节目和3个不同的舞蹈节目,问:分别按以下要求各可排出几种不同的节目单?①3个舞蹈节目排在一起;②3个舞蹈节目彼此隔开;③3个舞蹈节目先后顺序一定。
例1.7:4幅大小不同的画,要求两幅最大的排在一起,问有多少种排法?例1.8:5辆车排成1排,1辆黄色,1辆蓝色,3辆红色,且3辆红车不可分辨,问有多少种排法?①重复排列和非重复排列(有序)例1.9:5封不同的信,有6个信箱可供投递,共有多少种投信的方法?②对立事件例1.10:七人并坐,甲不坐首位,乙不坐末位,有几种不同的坐法?例1.11:15人中取5人,有3个不能都取,有多少种取法?例1.12:有4对人,组成一个3人小组,不能从任意一对中取2个,问有多少种可能性?③ 顺序问题例1.13:3白球,2黑球,先后取2球,放回,2白的种数?(有序) 例1.14:3白球,2黑球,先后取2球,不放回,2白的种数?(有序) 例1.15:3白球,2黑球,任取2球,2白的种数?(无序)2、随机试验、随机事件及其运算(1)随机试验和随机事件如果一个试验在相同条件下可以重复进行,而每次试验的可能结果不止一个,但在进行一次试验之前却不能断言它出现哪个结果,则称这种试验为随机试验。
第五章复习题Page1941、 设i (i=1,2,,50)ξ 是相互独立的随机变量,且它们都服从参数为0.03λ=的泊松分布。
记1250ξξξξ=+++ ,试用中心极限定理计算P(3)ξ≥。
解:由中心极限定理可认为~ξ((),())(1.5,1.5)N E D N ξξ=,则(3)P ξ≥1.31.5)1)1(1.225)10.889751.51.5P ===-Φ=-=。
2、 一部件包括10部分。
每部分的长度是一个随机变量,它们相互独立且具有同一分布。
其数学期望为2mm ,均方差为0.05mm ,规定总长度为20±0.1mm 时产品合格,试求产品合格的概率。
解:由中心极限定理可认为总长度~ξ((),())(20,0.025)N E D N ξξ=,则(19.920.P ξ≤≤()2(0.6325)10.4735025P ξ=≤=Φ-=。
3、 一个加法器同时收到20个噪声电压(1,2,,20)k V k = 。
设它们是相互独立的随机变量,且都在区间[0,10]上服从均匀分布。
V 为加法器上受到的总噪声电压,求(105)P V >解:由中心极限定理可知)3500,100()121020,520())(),((~2N N V D V E N V =⨯⨯=,则(105))1(0.39)10.65170.3483P V P >=>=-Φ=-= 4、 计算机在进行加法时,对每个加数取整(取为最接近它的整数),设所有的取整误差是相互独立的,且它们都在(0.5,0.5]-上服从均匀分布。
(1) 若将1500个数相加,问误差总和的绝对值超过15的概率是多少?(2) 问几个数加在一起可使得误差总和的绝对值小于10的概率为0.90?解:(1)由中心极限定理:误差总和)125,0()1211500,01500(~N N =⨯⨯ξ,因此(||15)2(12(10.9099)0.1802P P ξ>=>=-Φ=⋅-=。